Podcasts about diptheria

TWiV reviews universal vaccine initiative at NIAID, shut down of the Integrated Research Facility at Ft. Detrick, modeling the reemergence of infectious diseases as vaccination rates drop, and bacterial outer membrane vesicles bound to bacteriophages modulate neutrophil responses to bacterial infection. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Jolene Ramsey Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Support science education at MicrobeTV ASV 2025 Paul has Measles (YouTube, virology blog) Universal vaccine project (NIAID, CIDRAP) Measles update (US, Texas) Integrated Research Lab closed (Telegraph) Modeling reemergence of infectious diseases (JAMA) Outer membrane vesicles attached to phage (Front Cell Inf Micro) Pf phage review (Front Immunol) Letters read on TWiV 1215 Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks! Weekly Picks Alan – A Paradise Built in Hell, by Rebecca Solnit (and here's my review of it) Jolene – Virology course student communication projects, Spring 2025 Vincent – Vaccine Education Center Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv Content in this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.

Diphtheria Awareness: Protecting Our Community Together Join us as we raise awareness about the ongoing diphtheria outbreak in the Western Cape. We'll be discussing the symptoms of diphtheria, how it spreads, and the importance of vaccination in preventing this deadly disease. Your health matters—don't miss out on vital information that can help protect you and your loved ones.

Diptheria, Jeroboam's downfall, and an indomitable will.  This week we learn to be brave.This episode is the eighth installment in a ten-part series on learning to love with all our heart, part of a broader goal this year to study the greatest commandments – to love the Lord (and our neighbor) with all our heart, soul, mind, and strength.  In every account of the gospels, the command to love always begins with the heart… and if you are going to make a difference in this world, it is going to take some heart to make that happen."Remember, you are loved, so go, love better!"New episodes drop on Tuesdays.

Canadian journalist Nora Loreto reads the latest headlines for Wednesday, September 27, 2023.TRNN has partnered with Loreto to syndicate her daily news digest and share it with our audience—tune in every morning on the TRNN podcast feed to hear about the latest important news stories from Canada and around the world.Find more headlines from Nora at Sandy & Nora Talk Politics podcast feed.Help us continue producing radically independent news and in-depth analysis by following us and becoming a monthly sustainer:Donate: https://therealnews.com/donate-podSign up for our newsletter: https://therealnews.com/newsletter-podLike us on Facebook: https://facebook.com/therealnewsFollow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/therealnews

This week Krysta get's things started talking about a 40 question test she completed where she somehow got the score 8 out of 10. This blows the minds of both Laura and Dean before they settle in for some opening announcements and then they head to Krysta's Corner, this week a very glittery space! From there, Dean begins talking about Joseph Kinney, one of the greatest Boonslick river pilots of his age. We also discuss how Boonslick is a euphemistic reference to Boone's Lick, Missouri. (Yup there's a Lick in Missouri and it's Boone's), From there we talk about the fact that the Rivercene Mansion was intended as something of a party house where Joseph would moor his steamship, his guests would disembark and go into the house for some relaxation. We also cover the death's of 7 of Matilda's children (she would lose eight in all and her husband before her own passing). as well as the many spirits who now call the place home. Welcome to this well-to-do local paranormal edition of the Family Plot Podcast!

Happy New Year! Join us as Laura and Nicole discuss diptheria and dogs.   Social distance yourself with our new Scissors N Scrubs face masks. For each one ordered, a medical grade one will be donated to Direct Relief. They can be found at https://www.teepublic.com/user/mikedenison/masks Please check out (& subscribe!) our YouTube channel at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmrdobwH0i4Gh7yINyZ_zMQ Lastly, we want to hear from you! Send us your stories to scissorsnscrubs@gmail.com and we may just read it on an upcoming episode. Include your shipping info and we will send you a free sticker!

Subscribe Apple | Google | Spotify | Stitcher | iHeart   The Daily Gardener Friday Newsletter Sign up for the FREE Friday Newsletter   Facebook Group The next time you're on Facebook, search for Daily Gardener Community, where you'd search for a friend and request to join.   Historical Events 1880 Birth of Reginald Farrer ("Fair-rur")(books by this author), the legendary English rock and alpine gardener, plant explorer, nurseryman, writer, and painter. A son of a wealthy family in the Yorkshire Dales, Reginald repeatedly referenced Yorkshire in his writing. Reginald was born with many physical challenges. He had a cleft palate, speech difficulties, and what Reg himself called a "pygmy body." He had many surgeries to correct his mouth, which meant he was homeschooled. But the silver lining of his solitary childhood was his connection to nature. Reginald found happiness among flora and fauna, and he particularly loved the rocks, ravines, and hills around his home. At 14, he created his first rock garden, which eventually became a Craven nursery specializing in Asian mountain plants. Every time Reginald went on expeditions, he sent new alpine plants and seeds to Craven.  After college, Reginald became a devout Buddhist, and he liked to say that he found "joy in high places." The European Alps became a yearly touchstone. And although he saw some of the most incredible mountains vistas in the world - they held no sway with Reginald. For Reginald - it was always about the plants. Reginald wrote, It may come as a shock and a heresy to my fellow Ramblers when I make the confession that, to me, the mountains… exist simply as homes and backgrounds to their population of infinitesimal plants. Reginald's book, The Garden of Asia, launched his writing career and showed garden writers a new way to write about plants. The botanist Clarence Elliot observed, As a writer of garden books [Reginald] stood alone. He wrote… from a peculiar angle... giving queer human attributes to his plants, which somehow exactly described them. His passion for rock gardens was perfectly timed. The British gardening public latched on to rock gardening with a frenzy. Rockeries were in every backyard. Reginald's book My Rock Garden (1907)was an instant success and earned him the moniker Prince of Alpine Gardeners.  In 1919, at the age of 40, Reginald took a trip to Myanmar. He would never see his beloved Yorkshire again. He met his end alone on a remote Burmese mountain. Most reports say he died of Diptheria, but the explorer and botanist Joseph Rock said he heard Reginald drank himself to death on the night of October 17th, 1920. And I thought of Reginald up on that mountain alone when I researched the etymology of the name of his nursery, Craven, which means defeated, crushed, or overwhelmed. Today Reginald is remembered in the names of many plants like the beautiful blue Gentiana farreri ("jen-tee-AYE-na FAIR-ur-eye"). And the Alpine Garden Society's most highly-prized show medal is the Farrer Medal, which honors the best plant in the show. It was Reginald Farrer who said, I think the true gardener is a lover of his flowers, not a critic of them. I think the true gardener is the reverent servant of Nature, not her truculent, wife-beating master. I think the true gardener, the older he grows, should more and more develop a humble, grateful and uncertain spirit. He also said, All the wars of the world, all the Caesars, have not the staying power of a lily in a cottage garden.   1918 On this day, Dora Hughes wrote an article for the New-York Tribune called, The Carrot Comes into its Own, (carrot cookbooks). She wrote,  Time was when the carrot held high estate, for in the days of King Charles I, the ladies of the royal court used its feathery plumes in place of feathers for their adornment. Physicians prized the roots for their diuretic properties, from which came the general impression that eating carrots beautified the complexion and hair. Possibly the reason why carrots are not more often served is that, as a rule, they are prepared always in the same way. But one may serve carrots each day for a week and never have them twice in the same form. It is a pity that so few housekeepers seem to realize this. Then Dora offers up a diverse list of options for serving carrots: CRECY SOUP ("Chrissy") Crecy soup takes its name from the town in France where it was first made. MASHED CARROTS AND CARROT CAKES  Carrots are excellent simply mashed and dressed with butter. CARROT CROQUETTES ("krow-kets") Carrot croquettes are made of mashed carrot and cracker crumbs, seasoned and mixed with egg. FRIED AND CANDIED CARROTS  Fried carrots are prepared by cutting cooked carrots in long slices, dipping in egg and bread crumbs, and then brown in hot fat.  Candied carrots: Butter a baking dish, lay in it slices of cold carrot.. sprinkle sugar ...and cinnamon or mace, add water or milk. FRENCH CARROTS AND PEAS  Carrots and peas are a favorite French dish and their method is to cut the carrot in dice not much larger than the peas... heated together in a saucepan with oil for the dressing.  SALAD OF CARROTS AND PEAS  CARROT AND CELERY ON TOAST  Carrot and celery make another good combination. Have an equal amount of each, the celery in thin slices and the carrot in small pieces. Boil the carrots till tender and drain. Scald the celery; mix the two and put to cook in a pint of milk. Thicken with a teaspoonful of cornstarch dissolved in a little cold milk, season with salt, pepper and butter and serve as soon as boiled. For a supper dish serve on toast.   Grow That Garden Library™  Book Recommendation Small Garden Style by Isa Hendry Eaton  This book came in 2020, and the subtitle is A Design Guide for Outdoor Rooms and Containers. Little gardens, petite gardens, mini-gardens - whatever you call them, they are manageable, doable, and fun. Now Isa's approach is to layer in big style to these little marvels so that you end up with a garden that is lush and lovely. Her designs have a dramatic flare - no doubt thanks to her background in graphic design.  There's a time in all our lives for small gardens. When I first lived at the cabin during the pandemic, I was quite content with a small kitchen garden on the deck compared to my wrap-around full-scale garden set up in the suburbs. What Isa shows us how to do is to embrace the smaller size but not sacrifice style. Isa's gardens are joyful, elegant, inviting, and exciting - and she has mastered creating outdoor living in small spaces for entertaining or relaxing. Now, if you don't even know where to start, never fear. Isa has a style quiz to help you pinpoint your own personal garden style. She also gets you thinking about your small space in new ways so that you can utilize all of the space - factoring in horizontal, vertical, and overhead spaces. Isa shows you some design tricks with pots and containers to create stunning planters, and she loves to tuck in succulents and grasses and all kinds of textures to add that drama - that graphic design approach - that Isa is known for. Isa also shares what she's learned from garden pros and reveals her favorite plants and decor for small spaces. She offers ideas for lawn alternatives and guides you through how to add in all kinds of elements like a fire pit, an instant mini orchard (my favorite!), a boulder birdbath, a perfumed wall, and a faux fountain with cascading plants - just to name a few. You'll learn from Isa that Small Gardens do not have to be dull or unimaginative. Isa is all about helping you transform your space into a jewel of Pinterest-worthy garden style - a modern garden oasis. You can get a copy of Small Garden Style by Isa Hendry Eaton and support the show using the Amazon link in today's show notes for $4.   Botanic Spark 1864 Birth of Elizabeth Roberts MacDonald, Canadian poet, and short-story writer. She was a teacher at the School for Blind in Halifax. She's remembered for her 1906 collection of poems called Dream Verses and Others. Here's the last stanza from her poem A Song of Seasons, in which she praises the virtues of every season and then ends with these words:  Sing a song of loving! Let the seasons go; Hearts can make their gardens Under sun or snow; Fear no fading blossom, Nor the dying day; Sing a song of loving,  That will last for aye! (forever)   Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener And remember: For a happy, healthy life, garden every day.

In this episode we continue exploring the realm of Gram positive bacilli. Jame and Callum discuss Corynebacterium looking at Diptheroids and Diptheria and explaining the difference.We're going to spend the next few episodes talking about Gram positive Bacilli and the infections they cause.Send suggestions to idiotspodcasting@gmail.com

Today we celebrate one of the earliest botanists and his essential discoveries about plant physiology. We'll also learn about a man known as the 'Prince of Alpine gardeners.’ We hear the story of a woman who over-nurturers her houseplants. We Grow That Garden Library™ with a book about worms from one of the best garden writers alive today. And then we’ll wrap things up with the fascinating birth flowers for the month of February.   Subscribe Apple | Google | Spotify | Stitcher | iHeart To listen to the show while you're at home, just ask Alexa or Google to “Play the latest episode of The Daily Gardener Podcast.” And she will. It's just that easy.   The Daily Gardener Friday Newsletter Sign up for the FREE Friday Newsletter featuring: A personal update from me Garden-related items for your calendar The Grow That Garden Library™ featured books for the week Gardener gift ideas Garden-inspired recipes Exclusive updates regarding the show Plus, each week, one lucky subscriber wins a book from the Grow That Garden Library™ bookshelf.   Gardener Greetings Send your garden pics, stories, birthday wishes, and so forth to Jennifer@theDailyGardener.org   Curated News Stickiness Is A Weapon Some Plants Use To Fend Off Hungry Insects | Phys Org | Eric Lopresti   Facebook Group If you'd like to check out my curated news articles and original blog posts for yourself, you're in luck. I share all of it with the Listener Community in the Free Facebook Group - The Daily Gardener Community. So, there’s no need to take notes or search for links. The next time you're on Facebook, search for Daily Gardener Community, where you’d search for a friend... and request to join. I'd love to meet you in the group.   Important Events February 17, 1721 Today is the anniversary of the death of Rudolph Jacob Camerarius, the botanist who demonstrated the existence of sexes in plants. Rudolph was born in Germany. He was a professor of natural philosophy. Rudolph identified and defined the flower’s male parts as the anther, and he did the same for the female part; the pistol. And Rudolph figured out that pollen made production possible. Rudolph's work was recorded for the ages in a letter he wrote to a peer in 1694 called On the Sex of Plants.   February 17, 1880 Today is the birthday of the legendary rock and alpine gardener, plant explorer, nurseryman, writer, and painter Reginald Farrer. A son of the Yorkshire Dales, Reginald was raised in upper-middle-class circumstances on the Farrer family estate called Ingleborough Hall in Clapham. And although Reginald was a world traveler, his heart belonged to Yorkshire, and he repeatedly referenced Yorkshire in his writing. Given Reginald’s influence on rock gardening, I always find it rather fitting that Reginald’s Ingleton home place was itself a large natural rock garden. Reginald was born with many physical challenges. He had a cleft palate, speech difficulties, and what Reginald called a "pygmy body. “ Growing up, Reginald endured many surgeries to correct his mouth, which resulted in him being homeschooled. The silver lining to his solitary childhood was that Reginald learned to find happiness looking at the flora and fauna as he scoured the rocks, ravines, and hills around Ingleborough. By the time Reginald was 14 years old, he had created his first Rock Garden in an old kitchen garden at his family home. This little magical space would eventually transform into a nursery Reginald called Craven, and it naturally specialized in Asian mountain plants. And every time Reginald went on an expedition, he would send back new alpine plants and seed from Craven.   When it was time, Reginald attended St. John's College at the University of Oxford. It brings a smile to know that before Reginald graduated in 1902, he had left the school with his signature gift: a rock garden. Once he finished school, Reginald began botanizing in high places from the Alps to Ceylon and China. His first trip was to Tokyo, and Reginald found a little house to rent that had, of course, a real Japanese rock garden. This living and botanizing experience in Japan became the basis for his first book called The Garden of Asia (1904). During his twenties, Reginald liked to say that he found “joy in high places,” and the European Alps became a yearly touchstone. And although he saw some of the most incredible mountains in the world - they held no sway with Reginald. For Reginald - it was always about the plants. Reginald wrote, “It may come as a shock and a heresy to my fellow Ramblers when I make the confession that, to me, the mountains…  exist simply as homes and backgrounds to their population of infinitesimal plants.  My enthusiasm halts... with my feet, at the precise point where the climber’s energies are first called upon.” Reginald’s book, The Garden of Asia, launched his writing career, and Reginald’s writing changed the way garden writers wrote about plants. The botanist Clarence Elliot observed, “As a writer of garden books [Reginald] stood alone.  He wrote… from a peculiar angle of his own, giving queer human attributes to his plants, which somehow exactly described them.” As an example, here’s a journal entry from Reginal from June 2nd, 1919: “I sat down to paint it (the most marvelous and impressive Rhododendron I've ever seen -  a gigantic, excellent, with corrugated leaves and great white trumpets stained with yellow inside -  a thing alone, by itself WELL worth all the journey up here… And oddly enough, I did not enjoy doing so at first...  a first false start -  a second, better, splashed and spoilt, then a mizzle,  so that umbrella had to be screamed for and held up with one hand while I worked with the other.  Then flies and torment  and finally a wild dust storm  with rain and thunder came raging over  so that everything had feverishly to be hauled indoors  and the Rhododendron fell over… But one moral is -  only paint when fresh or before the day's toils;  The rhododendron gave me such a bad night...  I… satisfactorily finished it -  though it took till after 12." Many people have tried to puzzle out the personality of Reginald. While it’s unanimously agreed that he could be eccentric, I’m not a fan of his harsher critics. I say, to discover Reginald’s heart, learn how much he loved Jane Austen. In fact, his 1917 essay on Jane was judged the “best single introduction to her fiction.” When he traveled, Reginald always brought Jane's books along. Reginald once wrote that, when traveling, he really only needed his clothing and Jane’s books - and if he had to choose between the two, he’d keep the books. And there’s a well-told story about Reginald that speaks to his ingenuity and uniqueness. Reginald was always searching for alpine plants that would grow in the British climate. One time, after an inspiring visit to Ceylon, Reginald got the idea to create a cliff garden with the seeds from his trip. So, when he returned home, he rowed a boat to the middle of the lake at Ingleborough and used a shotgun to blast the seeds into the face of a cliff. You can imagine his delight when his idea worked and the cliff was alive with plants. Today, although the cliff garden is no longer, there are many Himalayan plants - like bamboo and rhododendron - that remain around his home place, still thriving among the rocks in Ingleborough. In addition to having an impact on the field of garden writing, Reginald helped to change the course of British gardening. Reginald’s influence happened to be timed perfectly - as millions of eager British gardeners wrenched the hobby of gardening away from the elite. By this time, Reginald had earned the moniker The Prince of Alpine Gardeners. Reginald had mastered rock gardens - the trick was to make them look as natural as possible - and Reginald’s passion for rock gardens came through in his famous 1907 book My Rock Garden. Reginald’s book and exploits made rock gardens trendy, and suddenly everyone wanted a rockery in their backyard. The rock garden craze made it all seem so simple, but Reginald knew full well the lengths he had to go to in order to source new alpine plants. During his two years in China, Reginald wrote, “You're on an uncharted mountainside, and you have to, first of all, find the Plant in the summer on the way up the mountain.  Then in the autumn, you have to find the same plant – if it hasn't been eaten or trodden on – hope it's set seed and that the seeds haven't fallen yet – and this is just the start.” After China, Reginald pivoted and became a war journalist during WWI - even embedding for a time along the Western Front. And, of course, it was botany that helped Reginald carry out this work. While he wrote stories along the Italian frontlines, he collected plants - once while taking fire from Austrian troops. Reginald knew this was insane and wrote: “What Englishman ever before has collected cyclamen on Monte Santo among the shell-fire?” After the war, in 1919, Reginald took a trip to the mountains of Myanmar in Upper Burma. He would never see his beloved Yorkshire again. He was just 40 years old. Somehow, Reginald met his end alone on a remote Burmese mountain, and his body was buried in Konglu in Burma. Most reports say he died of Diptheria, but the explorer and botanist Joseph Rock said he was told Reginald - who had become a devout Buddhist after college - had drank himself to death on the night of October 17th, 1920. And I thought of Reginald up on that mountain alone when I researched the etymology of the name of his nursery, Craven, which means defeated, crushed, or overwhelmed. Today Reginald is remembered in the names of many plants like the beautiful blue Gentiana farreri ("jen-tee-AYE-na FAR-ur-eye"). And the Alpine Garden Society’s most highly-prized show medal is the Farrer Medal, which honors the best plant in the show.   Unearthed Words When I first began growing houseplants, my mother sent me a cactus garden of native plants from her home in Phoenix, Arizona. My Gardening Style: I nurture plants to death. I check them daily, pluck off alien leaves, and water them every time I notice dryness. Now my mother told me to watch the news and only water my cacti when it rained in Phoenix, I could not help primping my plants. They died within weeks by turning into a brown, mushy mess. My gardening style is an overly involved one, and once I choose plants that craved that kind of style; they flourished more than anything else I grew. Some of my most successful - and needy - plants have been an Umbrella Plant, an African Violet, and [a Tradescantia pallida]. I also find that my kitchen windowsill herb garden thrives when I constantly rotate the plants in the sun and prune them for dinner recipes. — Angela Williams Duea ("Do-ee")and Donna Murphy, The Complete Guide to Growing Windowsill Plants, What is Your Gardening Style, The Over-Nurturer   Grow That Garden Library The Earth Moved by Amy Stewart  This book came out in 2012, and the subtitle is On the Remarkable Achievements of Earthworms. In this book, Amy introduces us to earthworms, and it turns out there's a ton to learn. Amy’s book helps us understand more about these blind creatures and the vital work they do on our planet - from moving soil, suppressing pests, and cleaning up pollution - earthworms regenerate the soil. If you’ve ever wanted to know more about worms, you’re in good company. Charles Darwin was endlessly intrigued by earthworms, too. This book is 256 pages of life underground with the magnificent earthworm and Amy Stewart as your enlightening and entertaining guide. You can get a copy of The Earth Moved by Amy Stewart and support the show using the Amazon Link in today's Show Notes for around $3   Today’s Botanic Spark Reviving the little botanic spark in your heart Even though roses are often associated with February thanks to Valentine's Day, February’s birth flower is not the rose. Instead, February has two birth flowers. In England, February's birth flower is the Violet, and in the United States, February is honored with the primrose. Concerning the violet, the plantsman Derek Jarman once wrote: “Violet has the shortest wavelength of the spectrum. Behind it, the invisible ultraviolet. ‘Roses are Red, Violets are Blue.’ Poor Violet violated for a rhyme.” The adorable little violet signifies many virtues; truth and loyalty, watchfulness, and faithfulness. Gifting a violet lets the recipient know you’ll always be true. Like the theme song from Friends promises, you’ll always be there for them. The ancient Greeks placed a high value on the violet. When it came time to pick a blossom as a symbol for Athens, the violet made the cut. The Greeks used Violet to make medicine. They also used violets in the kitchen to make wine and to eat the edible blossoms. Today, Violets are used to decorate salads, and they can even be sprinkled over fish or poultry. Violets are beautiful when candied in sugar or used to decorate pastries. Violets can even be distilled into a syrup for a Violet liqueur. Finally, Violets were Napoleon Bonaparte's signature flower. When his wife, Josephine, died in 1814, Napoleon covered her grave with violets. His friends even referred to Napoleon as Corporal Violet; after he was exiled to Elba, Napoleon vowed to return before the Violet season. Napoleon’s followers used the violet to weed out his detractors. They would ask strangers if they liked violets; a positive response was a sign of loyalty. The other official February flower is the primrose, which originated from the Latin word "primus," meaning "first" or "early.” The name is in reference to the fact that the primrose is one of the first plants that bloom in the spring. As with the violet, the leaves and flowers of primrose are edible and often tossed into a salad. The leaves are said to taste like lettuce. Gifting a primrose has a more urgent - stalkerish- meaning than the violet; a primrose tells a person that you can’t live without them. In Germany, people believed that the first girl to find a primrose on Easter would marry that same year. And, the saying about leading someone down the primrose path refers to enticing someone to do something terrible by laying out irresistible traps. The phrase originated in William Shakespeare's Hamlet as Ophelia begs her brother: Do not, as some ungracious pastors do, Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven; While like a puffed and reckless libertine, Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads. And the man known as "The Daffodil King, Peter Barr, bred over 2 million daffodils at his home in Surrey, and he’s credited with popularizing the daffodil. Yet, when Barr retired, he went to Scotland and grew - not daffodils, but primroses. Two years before he died, Peter Barr, the Daffodil King, mused, "I wonder who will plant my grave with primroses?"   Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener. And remember: "For a happy, healthy life, garden every day."

A recent medical breakthrough in treating Diptheria skips the animal experimentation on horses and goes straight to viable medical treatments for humans. PETA funded the research through its International Animal Consortium. Additionally, the research can apply to developing medicine for other diseases. Jeffrey Brown, PETA Science Advisor, talked to Emil Guillermo about the significance of the breakthrough and how it shows the evolution of the animal rights activist. The impact goes beyond saving animals from researchers; it now involves contributing to an emerging, ethical, and cruelty-free scientific approach. See more at PETA.org. Emil Guillermo is certified in Plant-based Nutrition and a graduate of the T.Colin Campbell/E-Cornell nutrition studies program. The PETA Podcast PETA, the world's largest animal rights organization, is 6.5 million strong and growing. This is the place to find out why. Hear from insiders, thought leaders, activists, investigators, politicians, and others why animals need more than kindness—they have the right not to be abused or exploited in any way. Hosted by Emil Guillermo. Powered by PETA activism. Contact us at PETA.org. Listen to the very first PETA podcast with Ingrid Newkirk. Music provided by CarbonWorks. Go to Apple podcasts and subscribe. Contact and follow host Emil Guillermo on Twitter @emilamok Or at www.amok.com Please subscribe, rate and review wherever you get your podcasts. Help us grow the podcast by taking this short survey. Thanks for listening to THE PETA PODCAST! (Originally published Jan. 27, 2021).  

VAX vs ANTI-VAX. To Vax or Not to Vax. We learn the ins and outs from a REAL LIFE nurse, then we settle the debate ONCE AND FOR ALL! And, let me tell you, Nurse Sandy don't pull no punches! One listener referred to her as a Straight-shooter and admitted that her frankness scared him to death. Be warned and be well-informed, then do what we say! #YoureWelcome Other topics include: Covid 19, Corona, Whooping Cough, Pertussis, Mumps, Rubella, Smallpox, Diptheria, Polio, Tetanus,  Measles, Chicken pox, the Flu, Vaccines, Danny Masterson Alleged Rapist, Rape, Scientology, Scientologists, Tuskegee Syphilis Study, quarantine, Godzilla, King Kong, Masks ARE Dangerous, Corneal Abrasian, Movie Trailers, and True Lies, but NOTHING about a demented entitled juvenile sociopath who could take not responsibility and blamed everyone for his own faults. Hasn't it been refreshing for the last couple of weeks? So sit back, relax, and enjoy the most downloaded podcast in the world! The Unimaginary Friendcast! The Unimaginary Friendcast is hosted by David Monster, Erin Marie Bette Davis Jr. and Nathan Von Edmondson. https://unimaginaryfriend.com/podcast/ And find us on Facebook!

We look back on the grand discovery of Alexander Fleming, known as penicillin. Learn about antibiotics as they began and how they factor into our modern existence. Find us on the internet wherever you get podcasts!

We look back on the grand discovery of Alexander Fleming, known as penicillin. Learn about antibiotics as they began and how they factor into our modern existence. Find us on the internet wherever you get podcasts!

A potential diphtheria epidemic in Alaska was avoided after a dogsled relay transported vials of antitoxin 674 miles in five and a half days in “Great Race of ...

In this episode, Dr’s J and Santhosh once again perform a deep dive into a world disease, this time with a focus on diphtheria. Along the way they cover Francisco de Goya, the angel of strangulation, medical etymology, the first nobel prize in medicine, toxin and antitoxin, pseudomembranes, signs, symptoms, and treatment of diptheria and more! So sit back and relax as we once again take you around the world in 80 Plagues!Contact Us! Twitter: @doctorjcomedy @toshyfro Instagram: @travelmedicinepodcast Facebook: facebook.com/travelmedicinepodcast Squarespace: travelmedicinepodcast.squarespace.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/travelmedicinepodcast Gmail: travelmedicineinfo@gmail.com

Dengue. Polio. Diptheria. Jap Encephalitis. Kaliwa't-kanang outbreak! Sa dami ng mga balita ngayon na patungkol sa mga sakit na nagsusulputan, heto nanaman tayo at nag-aalala na. Syempre naman, basta kalusugan ng anak, number 1 priority yan diba. Samahan nyo kami sa panibago naming episode na medyo seryoso ang vibes dahil ang mga nangyayari ngayon ay hindi talaga dapat gawing biro lalo na mga bata ang involved. Ano nga ba ang magagawa matin para makaiwas sa mga sakit? (Medyo pagpasensyahan nyo na ang audio quality dahil first time na nagrecord kami nang magkahiwalay)

LISTENING DISCRETION IS ADVISED! NOT FOR THE FAINT OF HEART OR PEOPLE THAT CAN'T TAKE A JOKE. Episode 1 is a basic, unscripted intro into the minds and unsuitable humor of Diptheria and Chode. Filled with off the wall rubbish and lots of inappropriate language. This podcast has no bounds and will take you on a epic ride comparable to the Never Ending Story. Enjoy!

Story of Dr Kildare starring Lew Ayers and Lionel Barrymore, originally broadcast July 20, 1951, Evelyn Braggs, Diphtheria. Also Lum n Abner, originally broadcast July 20, 1948

In this episode, Facts Machine makes a PAWEDcast! Noah, Rob, and Emily learn all about dogs — the good boys and good girls who make life worth living. Listen to find out how good the first good boy was, how some good girls are helping reseed forests after fires, and how some good boys and good girls (and one especially good boy) braved wind and snow to save a bunch of kids from Diptheria!

Crowfoot The First Nations of the plains were a diverse and powerful collection of Tribes that were often at war with one another. Wars over territory, the best hunting areas, the theft of horses, and many other grievances kept the borders of various nations constantly in flux. One of the most powerful groups were the Blackfoot Confederacy of southern Alberta and northern Montana. The Confederacy was formed by three nations, the Siksika or Blackfoot, Piikani or Piegan, and the Kainai or Blood Nation. The Piegans are further separated into their Canadian and American counterparts with the Northern Piegan or Pikani and the Southern Piegan known as Piikuni. Later, they allied with the Tsuut'ina or Sarcee nation of Alberta, and the Atsina or Gros Ventre's from Montana. Early life on the plains was centred around the bison. European contact across the American West changed the life of the Plains Indian dramatically. As horses and guns made their first appearances in the 17th and 18th centuries, those nations with larger quantities of each could alter the balance of power between tribes. The Blackfoot Confederacy became masters of the horse and gun and used this to control large areas of southern Alberta and northern Montana. Their territory stretched from the North Saskatchewan River to the Yellowstone in Montana. East to west, they occupied areas from the Great Sand Hills in Saskatchewan to the Continental Divide. Their alliance became incredibly powerful, but they were often at war with the First Nations that surrounded their lands. The Blackfeet also controlled the trade of guns to their enemies on the British Columbia side of the Continental Divide.  Back in Episode 53, I shared the stories of David Thompson trading with the Kootenay or Ktunaxa in British Columbia and running for his life when the Piegans discovered he was violating their prohibition of trading guns. You can listen to that story at www.MountainNaturePodcast.com/ep053. Into this landscape was born one of the most influential leaders of the Blackfeet, a man that would later take the name of Crowfoot and who would be one of their greatest leaders at a time when they needed him most. Hugh Dempsey, in his book Crowfoot, offers an intimate glimpse into the world of this amazing leader. The year was 1830. The buffalo were still plentiful on the plains, and while smallpox had decimated the Cree of eastern Saskatchewan, it was still unknown to the Blackfoot Nation. In  a tipi somewhere in the Piegan nation, a Woman known as "Attacked Towards Home", the wife of Piegan warrior "Packs a Knife", gave birth to a healthy little boy they named "Shot Close." In these First Nations, a child may have several names throughout their life as major events prompted a new identity. Shot Close was simply the childhood name of Crowfoot. Names in Blackfoot culture were transient affairs. They changed with maturity, experience, and significant accomplishments. They were family possessions and had value. Great names could only be claimed by someone achieving something worthy of claiming the name. At this time, white men were of little concern to the Confederacy. They avoided the territory of the Blackfoot Confederacy, especially since David Thompson had narrowly escaped after trading with the Kootenay on the west side of the Divide. Additionally, a member of Lewis and Clark's expedition had killed a Blackfoot and so this also led them to exclude white men from their territory. At the same time, the Blackfoot did want the guns and horses that trade with the whites provided. And unlike most of the other native groups, the fact that the Blackfoot had plentiful bison meat to trade meant that the whites didn't try to coax them into trapping as had been done to many other nations. Crowfoot's father died when he was still an infant after joining a raid on the Crow Nation of Montana. Crowfoot was raised by his mother and his grandfather, "Scabby Bull." Crowfoot learned the history of his people and the skills needed to be a great warrior. After a long period of mourning, Crowfoot's mother Attacked Towards Home married a Blackfoot known as "Many Names". Crowfoot, his younger brother and grandfather all joined their mother and they left the Piegan to became a part of the Blackfoot Nation. With a new nation, Crowfoot was given a new Blackfoot name, "Bear Ghost." Soon after Crowfoot's family arrived in the Blackfoot camp, the nation was introduced to the ravages of diphtheria. Crowfoot was just 6 years old, and this terrible disease spread from child to child throughout the camp, taking many of the youngest, but somehow Crowfoot and his brother survived. Diptheria was followed by the Blackfoot's first experience with smallpox in 1837. The disease arrived on a steamer owned by the American Fur Company. First, it ravaged the Mandan, almost wiping them out, then it spread to the Assiniboine, and finally to the Blackfoot after a member of the nation was allowed to board the diseased steamer. Smallpox hit the Blackfoot camp in a way never witnessed by them before. Before long, white traders noticed a lack of Blackfoot at Fort McKenzie on the Upper Missouri River. Chief Trader, Alexander Cuthbertson went to look for them. Dempsey shared: "After travelling for a few days, he found a camp of about sixty lodges from the Piegan tribe. There was no sound and as he approached, a horrible stench permeated the air. When he came to the first tipi, he saw the grim results of the white man's disease. 'Hundreds of decaying forms of human beings, horses and dogs lay scattered everywhere among the lodges,' he recorded. 'Two old women, too feeble to travel, were the sole living occupants of the village.'" The Blackfoot had been a proud people who had fought for the right to hunt buffalo for generations. In the course of a single year, some two-thirds of the nation, or six-thousand people, perished from this deadly plague. That's like the population of Calgary dropping from 1.2 million people to just 400,000 people in a single year. For the Blackfoot, it was a population apocalypse from which they never fully recovered. Sure, those that survived and recovered continued on. Somehow the people close to Crowfoot survived, but they were one of few families left directly untouched by this pestilence. In time, as Crowfoot grew into a young man, he was drawn to be a part of a war party heading out to challenge one of their enemies. With this raid, he earned the right to claim a man's name, and he immediately the name of his father: "Packs a Knife". It took him little time to demonstrate his bravery in battle. To the nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy, brave acts were retold around the campfire. Counting coup was one of the greatest signs of bravery in many First Nations. It involved heading out into battle and instead of trying to kill your enemy, you simply try to touch them or their defences and then escape alive. In the case of Crowfoot, the Blackfoot attacked a camp of Crow Indians along the Yellowstone River in Montana. In the camp, they recognized a Piegan tipi by its markings and realized that it had been captured in battle. In Dempsey's account, the Blood Chief leading the raid said: "See that painted lodge? Whoever gets to it and strikes it will be the future leader of his people in hunting and in war." Crowfoot took this challenge to heart and when they attacked, he ran straight towards the camp, straight past numerous Crow warriors who fired at him. One of the balls hit his arm and, despite stumbling, he continued on. He managed to touch the tipi before anyone else, and in doing so, gained great prestige among the warriors. With this achievement, he chose a new name. "Crow Indian's Big Foot", which was later shortened to Crowfoot. This was indeed a great name. Only one man had previously used it. As Dempsey put it: "According to tribal tradition, only one person had previously held this honoured name. He was a relative of Many Names, perhaps an uncle or older brother, who had been a victim of treachery two years before the young Crowfoot was born. The first Crowfoot had been a brave man whose exploits had made him a chief. One day he and his companions in a war party found a camp which recently had been abandoned by the Crows. Prowling into the clearing, the Blackfeet saw a large footprint in the mud near the edge of a stream. Curiously, each of the other Indians placed his own foot within the imprint, but in each case his foot was too small. Then the chief tried. To the amazement and delight of his comrades, his foot fitted perfectly in the large imprint made by the unknown Crow Indian. Because of this incident, he took the name Crow Indian's Big Foot." In 1828 though, as the original Crowfoot travelled to a peace summit with the Shoshone, he was ambushed and killed. His bravery as a man, when coupled with the deceitful way in which he was killed, left a name that could only be claimed by a great man. During his lifetime, Crowfoot was a part of nineteen battles and was wounded 6 different times. He showed his bravery, but more importantly his leadership. To lead raids, you need to muster followers and he always had plenty of men willing to follow him into battle. In one battle, Crowfoot was shot in the back, and while he recovered, it was a wound that stayed with him throughout his life as the ball was never removed. Crowfoot gained a reputation as a formidable warrior. During the 1840's, it seemed that there were enemies in every direction. As Dempsey put it: "To the north were the Crees, to the east the Assiniboins [sic], to the south the Crows, and across the mountains the Kutenais [sic], the Shoshonis, Nez Perces, Flatheads, and the Pend d'Oreilles. Other battles were fought from time to time with the Sioux, Ojibwas, and mixed-blood buffalo hunters." The Blackfoot were wealthy and controlled some of the best Buffalo hunting grounds. They also had access to European trade goods and plenty of horses. The Cree and Assiniboine usually had few horses and the Crow, along with the nations on the far side of the mountains, usually had few guns. Access to both horses and guns made the Blackfoot the most powerful nation on the plains. As missionaries made their way onto the plain, Crowfoot didn't oppose them bringing their message to his people, although he never paid much attention to it. This tolerance for the whites helped to strengthen his reputation with them. He took every person, native or white, at their word. If you are true to your word then you had little to fear from Crowfoot. During the 1850s there were three principal chiefs of the Blackfoot, each with a large number of followers. Crowfoot was led by Three Suns. The others were Old Sun and Old Swan. Time took their toll on these great men and gradually they passed away. As each man's rule ended, they were succeeded by others. First, in 1858, Old Swan died and soon after, Old Sun also passed away. They were both replaced by much more warlike chiefs who saw white traders as enemies. The forts of the prairies began to see more and more attacks from the Blackfoot.  The Chief Factor of Fort Edmonton wrote in 1861: "…the Blackfoot have been un-bearable [sic] for the last 3-years or more, always getting worse and worse destroying our crops, stealing our horses, and doing everything they could to annoy us, in order to provide a quarrel so as to kill us. They now threaten openly to kill whites, half breeds, or Crees wherever they find them and to burn Edmonton Fort…". When Three Suns died, Crowfoot succeeded him. Unlike the two other high chiefs, he had built relationships with the traders and knew that his people needed the trade goods that the whites provided. To Crowfoot, as long as you are true to your word, you had nothing to fear. Crowfoot did not care what colour you were. If you were a benefit to his people, you were a friend. You didn't want to be his enemy. Crowfoot was fearless in battle but wise in his council, and these traits made him beloved by his people and respected by white traders. Crowfoot became so welcome at white trading posts, that he was treated as though he was the principal chief, regardless of his actual rank in the tribal hierarchy. Over time, Crowfoot amassed a large herd of horses, making him a man of means among his people. At the same time, he was a man who was "one of the people". He was generous with his wealth and was always willing to help those in need. This would be critical when smallpox once again visited his people in 1869. In an almost identical story to the outbreak that hit Crowfoot's camp when he was just seven years old, the disease arrived with an American steamer. The boat docked at the mouth of the Milk River and a Piegan crept aboard. As a Montana newspaper wrote: "to purloin a blanket from the couch of one of the smallpox patients, while the steamboat discharged its freight at the mouth of that turbid stream…the dreaded disease broke out among the copper-colored [sic] devils, and spreading like wildfire from tepee to tepee and from camp to camp, has made a great havoc in their strength and numbers - sending them to perdition in quicker time than bullets and bad bread could do the work. " Once again, smallpox ravaged the camps of the Blackfoot. The death toll was unimaginable. As bands split up in a futile attempt to outrun the trail of death that followed them, one after another they fell to the dread disease. Trading forts closed their doors to keep out the pestilence and neighbouring tribes were warned to stay far away lest they be routed as well. The death toll began to wane the following spring and the three tribes of the Confederacy began to tally their losses. Hugh Dempsey described the devastation: "The Piegans, who were the most severely affected, counted more than a thousand dead, the Bloods and Blackfeet over six hundred each, and the tiny tribe of fifty Sarcee lodges was reduced to only twelve." Somehow, Crowfoot once again escaped the disease. But he lost a quarter of his camp. The Blackfoot were never the same. Their undisputed rain on the plains had been dealt a mortal blow. In time, perhaps they could recover, but time was not a luxury they were afforded. The plains were changing, white settlers were moving in and their ability to stem the tide of incursions into their territory were never the same. In the following years, while some Blackfoot continued to wage war on their enemies, Crowfoot tried to remain a largely peaceful man. One of Crowfoot's sons died when out on a raiding party, but his wife Cutting Woman told him that she had met a young man that looked almost just like their lost son. While he was a few years older than their boy, as soon as Crowfoot met him, it was obvious that the similarities were remarkable. Crowfoot had suffered so much loss in his life that he invited the young man named Poundmaker to visit his camp. While Poundmaker was a Cree, he became Crowfoot's adopted son. As was the way on the plains, before long the Blackfoot and the Crees were at war again. Eventually Poundmaker had to return to his people but before he left, Crowfoot gave him horses and gifts, but more importantly, he shared the importance of wisdom. On the plains, so many wars were caused by tempers and emotion when wisdom could have brought peace instead. Crowfoot always seemed able to see beyond the emotion and look towards what was best for his people. In 1867, the nation of Canada was created. Up until this time, the plains had been under the purview of the Hudson's Bay Company whose forts had provided the only semblance of white rule to the west. By 1869, negotiations were in place to turn over these western lands, formerly known as Rupert's Land, to the fledgling nation of Canada. As the fur traders vacated the territory, it left a vacuum in terms of British control over the west. Well, nature abhors a vacuum, and whiskey traders in Montana began to cast envious glances northward. The state had prohibited the sale of alcohol and so, if there was nobody there to patrol Canada's prairies, then they would take advantage of the opportunity. Forts with names like Fort Whoop-Up began to open and sell whiskey to the members of the Blood tribe within who's territory it was built. Now when I say "whiskey", there was a bit of whiskey in those barrels, along with turpentine, strychnine, red ink, and red pepper. Within a short time, the fort had grossed $50,000 and more posts began to open in other areas. Infamous forts like Slide Out, Standoff, and Robber's Roost spread the liquor to Blackfoot country. Along with whiskey, they also offered repeating rifles for trade. As alcohol spread through the camps, fights between both friend and foe broke out. Even Crowfoot was not immune to the draw of whiskey. He visited forts at Blackfoot Crossing as well as Spitzee Post on the banks of the Highwood River. The missionaries that witnessed the illicit whiskey trade urged the fledgling government of Canada to do something…and so they did…they created the Northwest Mounted Police, the pre-cursor of the mighty Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The march west of the Mounties is a story I'll share in another episode, but suffice it to say that the word of these red-coated policeman riding westward travelled far in advance of the columns. When Reverand John McDougall met with Crowfoot to tell him of the impending arrival of the Mounties, he assured them that, although they would be building forts in Blackfoot territory, the Mounties were here to protect them from the whiskey. He also assured Crowfoot that white-man's justice would treat all people fairly, regardless of whether they were Indian or white. Crowfoot replied: "my brother, your words make me glad.  I listen to them not only with my ears, but with my heart also.  In the coming of the long knives, with their fire water and their quick-shooting guns, we are weak, and our people have been woefully slain and impoverished.  You say this will be stopped.  We're glad to have it stopped.  We want peace.  What you tell us about this strong power which will govern with good law and treat the Indians the same as the white man makes us glad to hear.  My brother, I believe you, and am thankful." Crowfoot had earned enough respect that the other chiefs supported his words. The first red-coats arrived in the fall of 1874. Colonel James Macleod was in charge and Crowfoot developed a strong relationship with him. Prior to meeting Macleod, Crowfoot sent his foster brother, Three Bulls to test the truth of Rev. MacDougall that the policemen were here to help them. Three Bulls told Macleod of the whiskey trading post at Pine Coulee, and then led the police to the fort. The traders were arrested and from the first time Crowfoot met Macleod, he saw in him an ally. It was at this time that Crowfoot the warrior had to transition to Crowfoot the politician and peacemaker. The presence of the police meant that the debauchery associated with the whiskey trade quickly waned and the powerful Blackfoot began to grow in numbers again. Instead of whiskey, valuable buffalo hides were traded for horses and within two years the Blackfoot had purchased more than 2,000. Yet all was not rosy on the horizon. Crowfoot saw that with the police, more white men were moving onto their lands and, at the same time, the buffalo were becoming more and more scarce. When Crowfoot spoke to Rev. MacDougall, he was told that First Nations in other parts of the country had treaties that set down the rights of the tribes and the lands that belonged to them. Crowfoot could not understand the implications of what a treaty might mean, but he did appreciate the fact that some form of accommodation would be made for them. He could also see how rapidly things were changing and that the lives of the Blackfoot would never be as they once were. Next week, I'll look at how the expansion of white men and police, along with the loss of the buffalo, forever changed the Blackfoot Nation. Next up…tracking track bears Trains and Bruins For decades, train tracks have been graveyards for black and grizzly bears, as well as many hoofed animals unlucky enough to be struck while wandering the tracks. The area surrounding train tracks offers a number of benefits for both bruin and herbivore alike. Train tracks mean openings in the forest canopy. Openings in the canopy mean opportunities for plants to grow. New growth attracts animals looking for forage. In the winter, train tracks offer easier travel corridors than walking through deep snow. For bears, the area around tracks can be very attractive. In July, the open area allows buffaloberry bushes to thrive. These bushes are one of the key summer foods for black and grizzly bears. In the spring, dandelion blooms offer a similar enticement. Trains all too regularly cost animals travelling them their lives. Their carcasses serve to attract other bears, coyotes, and other carnivores looking for an easy meal - unless they too don't recognize the danger that the tracks represent. Canada's railroads have a single track running coast to coast with periodic sidings to allow opposing trains to pass. The longer a train sits on a siding, the more opportunity there is for grain to leak out of hopper cars. For bears, after meat, seeds and nuts represent the next most nutritious food source. This makes grain spills an irresistible attraction for bears and serves to attract bears back to the tracks after experiencing these easy calories. Back in Episode 19, I mentioned a study that has shown that as much as 110 tonnes of grain is spilled along the tracks within Banff and Yoho National Parks annually. That's enough to supply the annual caloric needs of 50 grizzly bears. With numbers like this, it's easy to see that bears would find the tracks to be an enticing place to explore. In Episode 46, I described a study that showed that while not all of our bears regularly use the tracks, those that do, like the Boss, use them a lot. Researchers satellite collared 21 grizzlies and they found that only 4 were regular users of the tracks, but they popped by the rail line on 20% of the days they were being monitored. They also found that bears used the tracks much more in the fall. During autumn, 85% of scat samples near tracks contained grain as compared to only 14% in the summer and 17% in the spring. This likely reflects the seasonal availability of other food options at other times of the years. Now, just because scat samples don't include grain, the bears that left these samples were still hanging out near to the tracks. They may have been looking for elk and moose carcasses or feeding on dandelions and buffaloberries that are also plentiful near the railroad right-of-way. In fact, this same study found that scat found near tracks had a much higher likelihood of containing the hair of elk, deer, or moose. Banff's most famous bear, Bear 122, also known as "The Boss", is the current king of the tracks. His reign was almost cut short in 2010 when he was clipped by a passing freight train and somehow survived. The Boss is one of the heaviest users of the major transportation corridors in the park, spending much of his time around the train tracks and the Trans-Canada Highway - often munching on dandelions along the highway fences in the spring. He also spends time wandering near Highway 93S, through Kootenay National Park. This is another high-risk place to hang out, especially with cars exceeding the speed limits in some cases by as much as 30 or 40 km/h, all in a race to get to cottage country in the Columbia Valley. More than 1,200 large animals have been the victim of train impacts in Banff and Yoho since 1982, and since 1998 they have represented the number one cause of death for grizzlies in both parks. In just one 80 day stretch over the winter of 2015-16, 26 animals were killed along the tracks through Banff. This included 14 white-tail deer, six elk, two moose and four mule deer. During the last week of May of this year, two black bears died in separate incidents within Banff National Park. Parks is also looking into particularly dangerous spots for bears along the tracks. Morant's Curve, near Lake Louise, along with Five Mile Bridge west of Banff are two of the worst. Five Mile Hill represents a straight stretch after a series of curves have slowed the trains down. Here they begin to accelerate and this has resulted in at least 7 deaths. Three more grizzlies have died on Morant's Curve. Parks is building additional travel corridors away from the tracks to encourage bears near these danger zones to take advantage of other convenient trails. The trails at Five Mile are finished and work is currently underway at Morant's Curve. Fire is another tool that Parks staff will take advantage of this year, with an 800 ha burn planned for the Baker Creek area this fall. Numerous studies have shown that forest fire sites provide excellent forage for bears and the open canopy makes for a perfect home for buffaloberry bushes. Canadian Pacific Railway has been working very closely with Parks Canada in terms of redesigning the areas adjacent to tracks in order to give animals more options to escape when they see an oncoming train. Hopefully, with this ongoing collaborative effort, we will see the numbers of fatal strikes of bears and other animals begin to diminish over the next decade. And with that, it's time to wrap this episode up. Next week, I'll carry on with the story of Crowfoot and his people as the Blackfoot Nation signs Treaty Seven is settled onto reserves and struggles with the disappearing buffalo. As always, be sure to check out the show notes at www.MountainNature.com/ep062 for links to additional stories, as well as for a convenient way to subscribe to the show so that you never miss an episode. If you'd like to reach out to me directly, you can hit me up on Twitter @wardcameron, or drop me a line at info@wardcameron.com. Don't forget that Ward Cameron Enterprises is your source for step-on, hiking, photography, and nature guides in the mountain west. Why not give us a call for your next mountain experience. We'd love to hear from you…and with that said, the sun's out and it's time to go hiking! I'll talk to you next week.

Ep. 287: Should I Get a Flu Shot? In this episode, Stacy and Sarah answer a question from a healthcare professional about mandatory flu shots. Click here to listen in iTunes or download and listen by clicking the PodBean Player below If you enjoy the show, please review it in iTunes!   The Paleo View (TPV), Episode 287: Should I Get a Flu Shot? Intro (0:00) News and Views (0:40) Backstreet's Back, and so are Sarah and Stacy! Reminiscing about the 90s, and Stacy breaking out into song- a rare treat! Stacy is working on The Body Love series. Her free ebook will be launching with this series - sign up to get it here. It encourages never dieting again, a sustainable lifestyle perspective. It's about finding what works for you. Stacy hears feedback of people noting reduced illness and increased immune function with a health diet. This is an interesting metric of health. Stacy avoided the flu in multiple instances this year. Sarah woke up feeling the yuk one morning, took good care of herself and never got sick. As an adult its hard to take it easy and take care of yourself when you're sick. Sarah has several friends who had complications from this year's flu. Sarah is sick far less often that she was pre-Paleo. Stacy attributes "souping" to her staying health when exposed to illness. Stacy's post on Souping here. Sarah's post on Souping here. The nutrients in soup are quite different than other liquid-type diets like juicing. It's a balanced meal with a lot of nutrient density. Soup is more efficiently digested and filling than things like smoothies or juice. Sometimes things like souping and vitamin C aren't enough and medicine is needed. Listener Question - Science with Sarah (13:01) Kelly asks, "I work in skilled nursing as an occupational therapist. My company requires taking the flu vaccine or wearing a mask from November to February. I understand the company's position looking at lost work time and revenue due to sick days. My direct supervisor says her reason for wanting all employees to take the vaccine is that if we don’t we are at an increased risk of passing the flu to our residents even if we don’t have the flu ourselves (she quotes a 30% increase). I have looked and cannot find studies to support this. I actually found from the Cochrane review and PubMed that no relation is found. I have opted not to vaccinate this year, I’m the only employee in my department to not vaccinate this season. I am wearing a mask daily and actually feel like it will decrease my risk of catching a cold. I was just wondering if there was any evidence that not taking the vaccine increases the risk for my residents. Last year I did take the vaccine in October and in January in a 2 week period was diagnosed with strep throat, sinus infection, bilateral eye, and bilateral ear infections. Was not tested for flu due to having had the vaccine." Disclaimer: we realize that vaccination is a highly debated and hot topic, and all the information we are presenting is based in science. Please take this information and decide what is right for you, we are not medical professionals. References for this show can be found below. The flu vaccine is different than most other vaccines. With all vaccines there is a very small risk of allergic reactions or adverse reactions. Aside from those reactions, vaccines are completely safe. Diseases like Polio, Measles, and Tetnis, which had a very high morbidity rate and were killing tens of thousands of people every year, is a different equation compared to the flu vaccine. The flu virus mutates rapidly, which means the vaccine isn't as effective as other types of vaccines. The flu is very virulent- with around 3 million cases every year. The number of flu-related deaths every year differs quite a bit. It is not usually associated with intestinal symptoms, bur rather fever, aches and pains, runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fatigue. Flu increases risk of secondary infections, which is what usually causes death, not the flu itself. Flu is spread through respiratory secretions. Microscopic droplets of saliva are spread through coughing, even breathing. The flu vaccine is based off an educated guess every year. Based on data and modeling as to how it is going to mutate in the coming year. Vaccines contain inactivated or dead virus for typically 2-4 strains of flu. The immunity we get from flu vaccines in often very transient. Estimates are that immunity from the flu vaccine lasts about 6 months. This is why it is recommended to get one every year. When they guess well and the vaccine matches up with the actual dominant flu viruses for the year, the vaccine is at best 50-60% effective. This would decrease your chance of getting the flu by 50-60%. A study showed between 2010-2015 the average flu vaccine was 41% effective. During a bad guessing year, the vaccine was 14% effective. The Cochrane review that Kelly referenced was a 2010 meta-analysis of 50 different studies. It showed the absolute difference in the incidence of flu during a year when the vaccine was a good match was a 3% difference. Unvaccinated risk of getting the flu was 4%. Vaccinated risk of getting the flu was 1%. A recent paper updated those statistics and shows that on average your risk of getting the flu if you are unvaccinated is 2.3% , compared to 0.9% if you are not. This is on a good match year. Rationale for getting the vaccine includes: You are less likely to get sick, even though the percentage seems small, it is significant. 2 out of 100 who would have gotten the flu, won't if they are vaccinated. Risk of hospitalization showed 14.7% chance if unvaccinated, and 14.1% in vaccinated population. Benefit was much higher in the elderly. The elderly (vaguely defined as those over 65) have less robust immune systems. This raises the question of if the elderly are actually developing immunity against the flu. Unvaccinated elderly have 6% chance of getting flu, compared to 2.4% in vaccinated. The statistics regarding the flu will mean different things to different people. Some people will hear there is a 2% difference in chance and want to get the vaccine. Some people will hear there is a 2% difference and won't want to bother. No matter how you develop immunity against the flu, whether you get the flu or the flu vaccine, it will still be incomplete immunity. This is because the flu virus mutates so quickly. There is always some cross-protection in both situations. The flu vaccine become a really individual choice in terms of if you are an at-risk individual or you have at-risk individuals in your life. Kelly mentioned that last year when she got the flu vaccine she got a lot of other infections. There have been robust studies that showed no difference in side effects after vaccination. Those who got the flu vaccine had more arm soreness and mild fever in the few days after. There was no difference in non flu-related infections or symptoms. There is a perception that if we get sick after getting a vaccine, it was the vaccine that made us sick. This is unfortunate timing. You were likely exposed to something before you got the vaccine. Some illness can have incubation periods of two weeks or more. Mandatory vaccines for health care professionals- part of Kelly's questions. You are typically most contagious right before you develop symptoms. This is part of the reason why the flu can spread so quickly. We are out doing normal activities, not realizing we are sharing the virus with others. Even when symptoms just start, we often do our normal activities. Kelly reference the Cochrane paper, which was looking at whether or not health care workers getting vaccinated protected patients from the flu. It showed a lack of sufficient evidence to make claims. More recent evidence probably refutes this somewhat. Another study looked at flu season mortality in residents of chronic care institutions. There was a 10-20% decrease in mortality where staff vaccination rates were higher. Staff vaccination rates of 60-70% versus 20% showed up in the mortality of the patients. Healthy care givers and an at-risk population give a sensitive statistical model. There is compelling evidence that health care workerss getting vaccinated can protect patients in a hospital or residential care setting. This could be mostly related to herd immunity. The flu won't spread as quickly when there are less hosts around to get it. Wearing a mask versus getting a vaccine as a health care provider. Best practices say to get as many staff vaccinated as possible. Recommendation #2 is to have people wear masks. Have hand sanitizer readily available and encourage hand washing. Kelly thinks wearing a mask will protect her from getting a cold. She is absolutely right- many illness are spread through respiratory secretions. This is a great way to protect yourself and those around you. There are valid arguments for the flu vaccine and not really many to be made against it. Vaccines are safe and the risks are low. Those with autoimmune disease don't like to vaccines because the adjuvants can cause symptoms or a flare. This is often transient. This definitely changes the equations, as a flare is an awful thing to go through. We need a better way to vaccinate against the flu. This is the number one conclusion that can be drawn from looking at the research and statistics. There is a lot of information out there, and you should make the best decision for yourself. In regard to Kelly's question whether or not her getting the vaccine can protect residents of the facility she works in, the science does say yes. Getting the flu itself can also trigger for an autoimmune flare. Stacy doesn't consider herself in a high risk category for getting the flu. Even though she does have kids, she doesn't work in a medical setting, and she has the ability to take off work if she needs to should she become ill. She made the best choice for her. Other adults in her household have made other decisions regarding the flu vaccine. Know your body and what you are comfortable with - it's your decision. She feels the Doterra OnGuard blend has helped her in avoiding the flu this year. We talked about essential oils in this podcast. Stacy used the hand sanitizer and diffused the blend in her office. She was one of only a few from her office to not get the flu this year. She is also supporting her immune system with diet and lifestyle. We all need to own that this is our choice and our body. Vaccination against illness other than the flu, such as Measeles, Mumps, Diptheria is different than the flu. The mortality rate is higher, as is the effectiveness of the vaccines. This becomes a no-brainer to get those vaccines and contribute to herd immunity. We should be able to put more than just Small Pox into extinction. This is a different conversation than the flu vaccine one, because the statistics aren't as strong. Stay well everybody! If you have follow-up questions, reach out through the contact forms on our websites or social media. Real Everything The Paleo Mom If you've enjoyed the show, please recommend it to someone who might enjoy it. We love when you share and when you leave reviews for us! Thanks for listening! Support us by shopping through links on our sidebars- thanks! Citations: Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):36–44. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(9):655. van den Dool C, Bonten MJ, Hak E, Wallinga J. Modeling the effects of influenza vaccination of health care workers in hospital departments. Vaccine. 2009;27(44):6261–7. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Bawazeer GA, Al-Ansary LA, Ferroni E. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(7):CD001269.

Amongst our chief topics this week are Spidey in Iron Man 2, Kevin Bacon on television and he's not fried and crispy, forthcoming Predator movie not a reboot but a sequel... kinda, X-Files writers are sexist, Star Wars consistency is gone, Bond spinoffs, Infinity War news and trailers galore! If you miss this program, then you'll be banished to the lakes of Diptheria for all eternity.... or until you listen to the show.  Unless you don't, at which point I'm rather obligated to tell you that the show really is worth listening to and we'd really appreciate it. Sincerely, the Management www.cinemasavants.com 

Hey Medicare Nation! Learn More About Medicare Here I receive many questions from clients and listeners about Medicare.  A question that is quite common is: "What vaccinations are covered under Medicare?" That's what this week's episode is all about.... vaccinations! There are currently three vaccinations that are covered under preventative and screening services under Medicare: 1. Flu Shot 2. Hepatitis Shot 3. Pneumococcal Vaccine   Flu Shot If you are enrolled in Medicare Part B, you can receive a Flu Shot from your doctor or other qualified health provider, who accepts Medicare assignment for administering the flu shot.  The cost for the Flu Shot under this scenario is $0 out-of-pocket for you. If your doctor or other healthcare provider does not accept Medicare assignment, your out-of-pocket cost be up to 100% of the cost of the Flu shot. Ensure your doctor or healthcare physician is contracted with Medicare before receiving treatment. For more information on the Flu, I'm sending you to this website: www.Flu.gov   Hepatitis B The Hepatitis B shot is available to individuals who are enrolled in Medicare Part B, have a doctor or other qualified health provider, who accepts Medicare assignment and you are at a "Medium" or "High" Risk to contract Hepatitis B. What indicates a Medium or High Risk? Well....there are many answers, but if you have certain diseases like hemophilia, ESRD (End Stage Renal Failure), Diabetes or other conditions that lower your resistance to infection are some good examples. If you have any questions regarding your eligibility for the Hepatitis B shot, ask your doctor. Since the Hepatitis B shot is covered under the Preventative and Screening Services of Medicare, there is $0 out-of-pocket cost to you. To learn more about Hepatitis B, I'm giving you the link to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Learn More About Hepatitis B   Pneumococcal Shot You are entitled to a Pneumococcal Shot if your doctor believes you need one, he or she is a qualified health provider, who accepts Medicare assignment and you are enrolled in Medicare Part B. There is also a second, different Pneumococcal shot that is administered one year after the first shot is given. Medicare Part B will cover this additional shot if your doctor says you need the two shots. You should always discuss your options and your concerns with your primary doctor. Here is the link to the CDC website on additional information about pneumococcal vaccinations: Learn More About Pneumococcal Vaccinations   Additional Vaccinations and Shots Available Other commercially administered vaccinations are available under Medicare Part "D" Tetanus, Diptheria and Pertussis (Whooping Cough) are examples of Part D coverage. A "Booster" shot, given to adults, adolescents and children is available as Tdap. Depending on what type of Prescription Drug Plan you are on, will depend on your out-of-pocket cost. You should contact your Medicare Insurance Carrier customer service department to request such information.   Shingles The Shingles Vaccine (Herpes Zoster) is also available under Part "D" of Medicare. The Shingles Vaccine out-of-pocket costs will vary by plan. You must contact your Medicare Plan Carrier's customer service department to determine your out-of-pocket cost for the Shingles Vaccine.  If you are not enrolled in Medicare Part D, you may have to pay up to 100% of the cost for the Shingles Vaccine. Here is the link to the CDC website for information on Shingles. Learn More about Shingles I also did an ENTIRE EPISODE ON SHINGLES! Go to Apple Podcasts and search in the Medicare Nation "Feed" directory. You'll see the episode is number 46, and was published on June 17, 2016. Listen to that episode! It is EXTREMELY educational. As the Medicare season has slowed down, I will be taking a break from the weekly publishing for the next few months. I'll post a new episode about every 3-4 weeks until September, when I'll pick right up and publish weekly shows again. Thank you soooo much for being a loyal Medicare Nation listener!  If you are enjoying Medicare Nation, give us a 5 Star Review on Apple Podcasts! The more people we can reach, the more people will learn more about Medicare. It' as simple as that! Thank you for listening to Medicare Nation! I'm so happy you are here! Share Medicare Nation with your family and friends, so they can learn more about Medicare and their benefits. Have a peaceful and prosperous week! Diane      

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