In Focus by The Hindu

In India's coastal state of Goa, the world's best chess players are chasing titles at the FIDE World Cup, a biennial tournament run by FIDE, the International Chess Federation. On the East Coast of the United States, Kenneth Regan chases fairness. Each night he downloads every game, feeding the moves into his program to see if the play looks human or too perfect. Cheating today isn't just glances or notes. It can mean phones, signals, or online help from chess engines. Regan's math hunts for patterns that feel off, walking the thin line between genius and help. From the 2006 “Toiletgate” scandal—when a world champion was accused of using computer aid during long bathroom breaks—to the 2022 storm between Magnus Carlsen and Hans Niemann, when Carlsen withdrew mid-tournament, suspicion has shadowed the board. Regan's work keeps the focus on the moves, not the murmurs.Guest: Kenneth Regan, Professor of Computer Science, University at Buffalo; Anti-Cheating Expert for FIDE, the World Chess Federation Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Ask for ORS at your local pharmacy and odds are you will be handed a tetrapack of ORSL or some other liquids that may have the letters ORS on their packaging but are not actually the formulations recommended by the World Health Organization. ORS or oral rehydration salts are a vital formulation that is used in the treatment of dehydration. And it was this mislabelling and the potential of these products to cause harm, that led Hyderabad paediatrician Dr Sivaranjani Santosh to take this case up. Dr Sivaranjani first wrote to the Central Drugs Standards Control Organisation, then to the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India and finally approached the courts to get these products to stop using ORS on their labels. Finally last month, the Delhi High Court upheld the FSSAI's ban on the use of the term ‘ORS'  in food and beverage labels, which Dr Sivaranjani termed a 'major victory for public health and consumer safety.' Guest: Dr. Sivaranjani Santosh, Hyderabad-based paediatrician Host: Zubeda Hamid Edited by Sharmada venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

New York City has just chosen a socialist as its leader. At 34, Zohran Mamdani is the city's first Muslim to hold the office. The son of filmmaker Mira Nair and scholar Mahmood Mamdani, Ugandan-South Asian parents who built lives across continents. He ran on ideas like rent freezes, free buses, and universal childcare. Once, that would've sounded like fantasy in the home of Wall Street, the location of the world's most powerful stock market. But maybe it isn't. Maybe it's part of something larger. Young people from Nepal to Madagascar saying they've had enough of politics that listens only to the rich, while prices climb and jobs vanish. Is this what happens when capitalism fails to keep its promises across the globe? Guest: Suketu Mehta, author of Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found and This Land Is Our Land: An Immigrant's Manifesto Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Produced and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Last week, Open AI reported that over a million people discuss suicide or self harm tendencies with ChatGPT every week. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based tools are now being developed specifically to support mental health, especially for students in institutions such as IIT Kharagpur and coaching institutions for engineering and medical entrance exams. Is using AI-based tools for mental health useful or harmful? Here we discuss the issue. Guests: Neeraj Kumar, Founder and CEO of Peak Mind; Jamila Koshy, Bengaluru-based psychiatrist Host: Priscilla Jebaraj Edited by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

India's economy has been humming. Easing of income tax rules, followed by GST rate cuts for daily-use items have helped the it along. One important indicator of economic health is the microfinance sector. That has had its highs and lows over the past decade. Today we have with us Alok Misra, CEO of MFin, the representative organisation of the sector to give us an idea about how self-regulation has helped and why defaults rates, while improved from earlier levels, could still be lower than where they are. Guest: Alok Misra, CEO, MFin Host: Bharath Kumar K Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Bihar is one state made up of many distinct worlds. In Seemanchal, floods and identity anxieties take over everyday life. In Magadh, jobs and economic justice are among the demands. The people of Mithilanchal lean on migration remittances. Meanwhile, a major electoral roll revision in 2025 removed a large number of names—women among them—raising questions about voter inclusion ahead of November's Assembly elections. Now that the rallies have begun, are leaders listening closely enough to what each corner of Bihar wants?Guest: Srinivasan Ramani, Deputy National Editor, The Hindu Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A month ago India's women's team looked uncertain. There were early wins over Sri Lanka and Pakistan but then came bruising losses to England, Australia and South Africa. That sparked some stern words in the dressing room. What followed was a transformation that saw India stun Australia while South Africa routed England. In the final 21-year-old Shafali Verma, recalled just two weeks ago, smashed 87 and took two wickets while Deepti Sharma's fifty and record five wickets anchored India's win. South Africa, led by 26-year-old Laura Wolvaardt with Nadine de Klerk and Marizanne Kapp, kept up the fight. Has this final redrawn women's cricket map dominated by Australia and England? And will India's win finally bring the resources and respect women's cricket has long been denied? Guest: Lavanya Lakshminarayanan, sports journalist, The Hindu and Sportstar Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Despite her widespread appeal, Taylor Swift still draws some polarising opinions, especially since the release of her brand new album on October 3rd, The Life of a Showgirl. This outing was a departure from her previous era, as she would call it, The Tortured Poets Department, which saw her lament about her inner life for 31 songs. Showgirl was branded as Swift's foray into “life behind the curtains”, coming off a huge career-high, the Eras Tour, the highest-grossing tour of all time, and a three-and-a-half-hour-long celebration of Swift's catalogue. In this weekender episode, we explore the mixed reactions to Life of a Showgirl and Swift's appeal in non-Western countries, such as India. Guest: Ms. Rituparna Pathgiri, an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati. She is an expert in digital sociology, pedagogy, culture, gender, and media. Host: Nitika Francis Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Anyone who lives in a city in India knows there are pigeons everywhere – on the balconies of buildings, roosting on rooftops, nesting in air-conditioners, and gathering in open spaces. Recently, pigeons have found their way into the news too – the Maharashtra government's order to shutdown 51 kabutarkhanas in Mumbai has stirred up a controversy. While the government has cited health hazards arising from pigeon droppings and feathers, some communities have maintained that pigeon feeding is a daily act of compassion. Residents have clashed with the police, the Bombay High Court has gotten involved, and a committee of experts is to study the issue.So what exactly are the health hazards associated with pigeons? Whose health is being affected and how? And what is the way forward?  Guest: Dr Lancelot Pinto, a pulmonologist and epidemiologist based at P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai Host: Zubeda Hamid Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court of India quashed multiple FIRs filed under Uttar Pradesh's anti-conversion law on October 17, 2025. The court found that the FIRs were marred by “legal flaws, procedural errors, and lacked credible evidence”, and ruled that continuing such prosecutions would amount to a “travesty of justice”. The ruling is expected to have far-reaching implications for the State, and is being seen as a critical pushback against the misuse of these laws as instruments of intimidation and persecution. The decision also comes at a time when the Supreme Court in a separate case is considering the constitutional validity of the anti-conversion laws passed by multiple States. So, what are the implications of the SC quashing the FIRs in UP? What is the ground reality in the States that have enacted these laws? And are they safeguarding citizens from forced conversion or enabling the policing of personal belief and identity? Guest: Rebecca John, Senior Advocate Host: Reuben Joe Joseph Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Recently, the Ministry of Education announced that an Artificial Intelligence (AI) curriculum would be introduced from Class 3 onwards for the next academic year (2026-27). In July, the government had launched the Skilling for AI Readiness (SOAR) initiative, under which thousands of CBSE schools will offer AI as a skill subject starting from Class 6. Should AI be introduced as part of school curricula? Here we discuss the issue. Guests: Aparajita Bharti, co-founder of public policy firm The Quantum Hub and Young Leaders for Active Citizenship; Viplav Bakshi, founder of EdTech platforms AmplifyU and Edulist AI Host: Sruthi Darbhamulla Edited by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Earlier this month, the vast forest-grassland mosaic of the Western Ghats, Assam's Manas National Park, and West Bengal's Sundarbans, a mangrove where tigers swim from island to island, were all listed as being of “significant concern”. This was the assessment of the natural World Heritage sites in Asia and was released by The International Union for Conservation of Nature or IUCN. IUCN is the world's oldest and largest global environmental organisation, that tracks the health of ecosystems and species worldwide. And today, climate change has overtaken hunting as the greatest threat to wildlife, says IUCN's World Heritage Outlook 4 report which was released this month. India's forests are turning into concrete jungles. Tourism has reached its tipping point. Highways splice through natural habitats. And illegal wildlife trade thrives.  The most recent scandal was the ED chargesheet against Elvish Yadav, a YouTuber, for wildlife crime. The agency said he had “illegally used protected species of snakes, exotic animals, such as iguanas, in the production of commercial music videos and vlogs for the purpose of increasing followers and generating money”. Guest: Vivek Menon, founder of the Wildlife Trust of India, who has become the first Asian to head the IUCN's Species Survival Commission Host: Divya Gandhi, The Hindu Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In today's episode we turn our attention to Manipur; a state in India's Northeast that has been experiencing conflict on ethnic lines. In 2023, the violence between the valley-dwelling Meitei community and hill-based Kuki-Zo tribes erupted in full force: homes burned, villages razed, thousands displaced, and lives forever changed. As per data from the National Crime Record Bureau, crimes in many categories, such as arson and murder surged. Arson cases alone soared from just 27 in 2022 to 6,203 in 2023, while rioting cases rose from 84 to 5,421.However, the number of registered crimes against women showed a 30% drop. The number of rape cases fell from 42 in 2022 to 27 in 2023. Why did crimes against women decline during a period of widespread violence, and what might this reveal about reporting, safety, and justice in conflict-torn Manipur? Tune in! Guest: Siam Thangsing, an independent researcher who has published work on Gender and Health during the conflict; and Greeshma Kuthar, a reporter and lawyer who has been in Manipur's conflict zones. Host: Nitika Francis Edited by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Evidence-based policy. Randomised Control Trials or RCTs. These are buzzwords in developmental policy these days. They have become almost synonymous with each other. The ‘evidence' in ‘evidence-based' has largely come to mean whatever data is produced by one method of research – RCTs. But as some economists have been trying to tell us, RCTs have their limits. Regardless of whether it is RCTs, or some other research methodology, is it wise to let so-called ‘evidence' be the sole arbiter of public policy? What are the ways in which ‘evidence-based' approaches can go wrong, and how have RCTs ended up being misused, resulting in actual harm? Guest: Professor Jean Drèze, Development Economist Host: G Sampath Recorded, edited, and produced by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In a major shift in policy, China has announced that it will no longer seek the special treatment reserved for developing countries under World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreements.Speaking in New York while he was in the U.S. to attend the United Nations General Assembly, Chinese Premier Li Qiang declared that his country would no longer seek the special treatment given to developing countries in WTO agreements. Beijing said the decision aims to strengthen the global trading system amid rising protectionism and tariff wars. It noted is still part of the developing world, the move reflects its growing global economic influence as the world's second-largest economy. Chinese officials said Beijing's decision was voluntary and not meant to suggest that other developing countries should follow suit. “It's China's own decision,” China's top envoy to the WTO, Li Yihong, told reporters in Geneva.Leaders, including WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, welcome China's move, saying it was a key step toward reforming the organisation. The U.S. has demanded that China, India and other larger countries give up the benefits of being a developing country at the WTO and called for reforming the trade body. How will China's decision influence the functioning of the body and how will it affect India's prospects at the WTO?Guest: Abhijit Das, International Trade Policy and WTO Expert, and the former Professor & Head, Center for WTO Studies. Host: Nivedita V Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Over the past few months, the stray dog crisis has rocked the country. The numbers are staggering and how to deal with them has elicited multiple, heated opinions. One crucial aspect to this however is rabies: a disease that is completely preventable and yet claims many lives, primarily of children, every year. While the government states that there were 54 human rabies deaths in 2024, a research paper in The Lancet earlier this year put the number at over 5,700 every year. More of concern is cases that have emerged recently – of people dying even after having taken the rabies vaccination.What is the rabies situation in India? Why does the vaccine not work in some cases – are there systemic gaps that need to be addressed? Where does India stand on surveillance of rabies cases, and do dog bites need to be made notifiable? Guest: Dr Subramanian Swaminathan Director of infectious diseases, Glenagles Global Hospital, president, Clinical Infectious Diseases Society of India Host: Zubeda Hamid Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Election Commission is all set for a country-wide roll out of the Special Intensive Revision of electoral rolls. The first phase of the process would implemented in more than 10 states, including in poll-bound Assam, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala and West Bengal. This exercise comes in the wake of the controversial SIR in Bihar, which was done hurriedly. As has been widely reported, the final voter list in Bihar is riddled with inaccuracies – including excess deletions, gibberish names, and fake addresses. Now, with a pan-India SIR on the anvil, questions abound: Why is it necessary? Will the process incorporate the changes suggested by the Supreme Court in the Bihar context - especially with regard to the use of Aadhaar, publishing voter lists in searchable format, and checking of migrant names in other states before deleting their names? How serious are concerns about mass disenfranchisement on a national scale in a nation-wide SIR? Guest: Sreeparna Chakrabarty, who covers the Election Commission for The Hindu. Host: G. Sampath Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Camera: Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Ahead of Conference of the Parties 30 (COP30) in November in Belém, Brazil, global headwinds have left many developed countries in the West increasingly reluctant to take on the mantle of climate leadership. India, like other countries, is expected to update climate commitments and present an adaption plan. Should India take global leadership on climate change? Here we discuss the question. Guests: Hisham Mundol, Chief Adviser, India, Environmental Defense Fund; Ulka Kelkar, Executive Program Director — Climate, Economics and Finance, WRI India Host: Jacob Koshy Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A serene Sunday morning at the Louvre turned chaotic in just seven minutes. Four thieves, using construction vests and a mechanized lift, cut through reinforced glass and stole eight priceless pieces of the French Crown Jewels—some linked to Napoleon Bonaparte. Guards prioritized visitor safety, while a 60-officer manhunt began. What does this heist reveal about museum security, cultural heritage and the lengths organized criminals will go to target history's treasures? Guest: Christopher Marinello, founder of Art Recovery International, art crime investigator Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Bihar will go to the polls in November. There are 243 seats, and three major players. The NDA Chief Minister Nitish Kumar is facing 20 years of incumbency. There are also adverse reports about his health, and his ability to lead for another term. The BJP doesn't have a strong electoral face either. As for the Mahagathbandhan, many believe this is their election to win – provided they get their act together. But can they? There is also the unknown variable -- Prashant Kishore's Jan Suraaj Party. Whose fortunes will it dent more – the NDA's or the Mahagathbandhan's? Which will way will the Extreme Backward Classes (EBCs), Dalits and the Pasmanda vote swing? The NDA is big time into ‘revdi' politics. Offering ₹10,000 through the Mukhyamantri Mahila Rozgar Yojana (MMRY). Will it be enough to get them the women's vote? How will the Special Intensive Revision impact the polls? Guest: Professor Kumar Sanjay Singh, who teaches history at Swami Shraddhanand College, Delhi. Host: G Sampath Shot, produced, and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In a paper in 1992, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt explained how economic growth is propelled by a cycle of innovation, in which outdated technologies and firms are replaced by newer technology. This cycle of “creative destruction” leads to sustained economic growth, as new technologies and firms outcompete and replace the old, driving productivity and efficiency.  Joel Mokyr's historical analysis shows that technological progress is not merely a result of scientific discovery, but also depends on the cultural and institutional contexts that support the dissemination and application of knowledge.  Together, their work underscores the importance of innovation in driving economic prosperity and the need for supportive institutions and policies to sustain this growth. So, what can we understand from these works, given that are entering a new era of technological innovation? Guest: Partha Chatterjee, Dean of Academics, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. Professor, Department of Economics, Shiv Nadar University.  Host: Nivedita V Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

They travel with boards in their backpacks and cameras in their faces. Praggnanandhaa, Gukesh, Vaishali, Divya now play before millions online. For parents, the dream is intoxicating: can my child be next? But the path is heavy: endless hours and lonely tournaments. Few know this better than R.B. Ramesh, who has walked it himself and guided India's brightest through it. In this weekender episode, he strips away the glamour and tells us what the game really demands of children and of their families. Guest: RB Ramesh, Indian chess grandmaster and renowned chess coach Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited and Produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

India's World Cup has been a mix. Some matches went well. Others, not so much. The regular batters haven't quite clicked. The bowling still lacks variety. Five reliable options weren't enough to trouble South Africa or Australia. With tough games against England, New Zealand and Bangladesh coming up, India will need a new strategy.This World Cup has also been about inter-team relationships. Harmanpreet Kaur and Alyssa Healy fight hard on the field. But off it, there's banter and respect. A two-year-old clip shows Ellyse Perry, Australia's pace-bowling allrounder, talking with Pakistan's 23-year-old captain Fatima Sana. She's learning control. You see curiosity and the game passing from one player to another.Sri Lanka's Chamari Athapaththu leads by example. She pushes her team to believe in themselves. Fans cheer her because she earns it, not because she shouts or poses.From the stands, The Hindu's Anirudh Velamuri sees it all—the tension, the laughs and moments like when Nadine de Klerk, South Africa's captain, gesticulates and talks to herself. Now, the question is whether India can find the spark to turn the tables on an unbeaten England in the upcoming match? Guest: Anirudh Velamuri Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

India has big plans — and even bigger dreams — to host the 2036 Olympics. But before that, the country will look to prove its ability to do so, by hosting the 2030 Commonwealth Games. India has bid for Ahmedabad as the host city for the Games — with Nigeria being the only other contender. This comes 15 years after the 2010 Delhi Games, the largest multi-sport event India has ever hosted. On October 15, Commonwealth Sport endorsed India's bid, making it all but certain that the CWG will be held in Ahmedabad. But India's lofty ambitions raise plenty of questions. Do mega sporting events really benefit India, or do they simply strain public resources? And can we pull it off this time — without the scandals, overruns, and chaos that marred Delhi 2010? Guest: Sharda Ugra, veteran sports journalist Host: Reuben Joe Joseph Produced and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

It is election season in Bihar. While the Opposition often speaks about the lack of development and industrialisation in the State, in its campaigns, the National Democratic Alliance, which is in power, argues that a change of government will bring back the ‘Jungle Raj' of the earlier decade. What makes Bihar one of India's most underdeveloped States? Is landlockedness a reason for its underdevelopment, as some argue? Here we discuss the question. Guests: R. Nagaraj, Economist and retired professor from the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai; Manindra Nath Thakur, Professor , Centre for Political Studies, JNU, Delhi Host: Saptaparno Ghosh Edited and produced by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A few weeks ago, U.S. president Donald Trump made a startling announcement: he said using the common painkiller paracetamol, or acetaminophen, known as Tylenol in the U.S. during pregnancy, could cause autism in the baby. This announcement came after earlier this year, the U.S. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a known vaccine sceptic, announced a massive testing and research effort to identify the “environmental toxins” that he said were behind the growing “epidemic” of autism in the U.S. It is true that more cases of autism are being reported now than in previous decades, and this is the case in several countries including India. But is autism actually caused by Paracetamol use? Why are cases on the rise? And how much do we actually know about genetic and environmental factors that contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders? Guest: Dr. Ennapadam S. Krishnamoorthy, neuropsychiatrist and founder, Buddhi Clinic, Chennai. Host: Zubeda Hamid Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In a significant diplomatic development, a Taliban delegation led by Afghanistan's Foreign Minister recently visited New Delhi for official talks, the first such high-level engagement since the group took power in Kabul in 2021. Following the talks, India announced plans to reopen its full-fledged embassy in Kabul and expand cooperation in health, infrastructure, and education. But the visit also drew criticism after female journalists were reportedly barred from attending the Taliban minister's press briefing, a reminder of the regime's continuing restrictions on women and the media, and a point of discomfort for India's democratic image. This renewed engagement comes as Taliban–Pakistan relations deteriorate, creating new strategic openings that India appears ready to explore. Yet, New Delhi's outreach raises difficult questions: what has prompted this shift now? Can India balance pragmatic diplomacy with the values it has historically stood for? And can it deepen ties with the Taliban without extending formal recognition? Guest: Kallol Bhattacharjee, Foreign affairs reporter, The Hindu. Host: Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Supreme Court is set to take up a plea challenging the constitutional validity of the Securities Transaction Tax (STT). This is a direct tax levied on all transactions that happen through a stock exchange. The STT was brought in under the Finance Act, 2004. It has since become a significant source of revenue for the government, netting an estimated ₹55,000 crore in FY 2025. But this petition argues that the STT is deeply flawed, and violates constitutional guarantees of equality, freedom of trade and proportionality. How valid are these arguments? Should the STT be scrapped, or retained with modifications? Guest: Deepak Joshi, advocate-on-record at the Supreme Court, and a Chartered Accountant. Host: G Sampath Recorded, produced, and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Another upgrade, another round of applause. OpenAI's GPT-5 has arrived—sleeker, quicker and kind of the talk of the town. But peel back the glitz and questions pile up. In this episode, we will know who builds these systems, and at what cost? Who reaps the rewards? And what happens when a few voices decide how billions will live, work and learn? Guest: Payal Arora, Professor of Inclusive AI Cultures, Utrecht University; author of From Pessimism to Promise Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Produced and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

She has been tear-gassed, threatened, and banned from office — yet María Corina Machado never stopped speaking for a silenced nation. Now, at 58, Venezuela's most determined dissident has been named the country's first Nobel Peace Prize winner — and only the 20th woman to ever receive it. An engineer turned opposition leader, she has spent years standing up to Nicolás Maduro's regime in Venezuela, a government that jails critics and silences dissent. Now in hiding, Machado continues to speak out — urging even soldiers to trade loyalty to power for loyalty to the people. Her surprise and humility in accepting the award stood in sharp contrast to nominee Donald Trump, who chest thumped and demanded it. Amid bloody wars in Gaza, Ukraine and Sudan, peace seems unattainable. But perhaps that's why this award matters — because someone, somewhere, must still believe. The question is, do we? Guest: Harsh Mander, human-rights activist and founder of Karwan-e-MohabbatHost: Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

President Donald Trump's new 20-point peace plan promises to end hostilities, free hostages, and rebuild Gaza under a new framework of international oversight. Backed by several Arab nations, it's being routed as the most detailed roadmap yet to stop the war. But is this really a plan for peace, or just another political blueprint that sidesteps the core issues fuelling the conflict ? Who gets to decide what Gaza's future looks like? And with Israel still reluctant to commit to a full withdrawal, can any of this hold on the ground? Guest: Stanly Johny, International Affairs Editor, The Hindu Host: Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Edited and Produced by Sharmada Venkatausbramanian Camera: Shivaraj S Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the run-up to the Bihar Assembly elections, political parties are rolling out several welfare measures for women. On October 3, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar transferred ₹10,000 to the bank accounts of 25 lakh women under the Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana. Earlier, on September 26, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had also announced the transfer of ₹7,500 crore under the same scheme to 75 lakh women. This pattern has been seen in other Assembly elections as well. Moreover, the share of women voters has also been steadily increasing over the years. Are women deciding Assembly elections?  Host: Joan Sony Cherian  Guests: Ruhi Tiwari and  Rajeshwari Deshpande  Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

For decades, Indian households relied on fixed deposits, insurance, and gold to grow their savings. A large faction still continues to do that. But in the last few years, more and more Indians have opened demat accounts, started SIPs, and entered the stock market. In this episode, we explore what's driving this shift in how Indians invest, and whether the rise of domestic investors is making our markets more resilient at the time when foreign investors have been pulling money out from Indian stock markets. Guest: Ankit Mandholia, Head Equity and Derivatives, Wealth Management at Motilal Oswal Financial Services Host: Devyanshi Bihani Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Nearly 40 years ago, 14 patients died at Mumbai's J.J. hospital, as the medication they took was contaminated with diethylene glycol, an industrial solvent that is toxic to human beings. Over the past few weeks, at least 16 children, a majority of them in Madhya Pradesh and a few in Rajasthan have died, and their deaths are suspected to be because of the same issue: a cough syrup, given to them for treatment, contained diethylene glycol. The issue of medicines being contaminated is not new – how it happens and how it can be stopped are both well known. And yet, India, which accredits itself as the pharmacy of the world, providing generic drugs to many parts of the globe, cannot seem to ensure that medicines for its own children are safe. What are the issues plaguing the drug regulatory system? Why do these deaths continue to take place with little accountability? And are cough syrups necessary at all for children? Guest: Anant Phadke who is with the All India Drug Action Network, a national network that advocates for rational and affordable drug policies in India Host: Zubeda Hamid Edited by Jude Francis Weston For more episodes of In Focus: Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Recently, the Supreme Court of India issued guidelines with regard to DNA samples in criminal cases. These guidelines, issued to preserve the integrity of such samples, highlighted the need for chain of custody documentation as well as for proper procedures to be put in place for the collection, packaging of transportation of such samples. DNA samples can play a tremendously important role in criminal investigations, but in several cases, the evidence has been rejected by the court due to quality control and procedural issues. How is DNA evidence collected and analysed in India? How do our forensic labs work and what are the gaps that need to be plugged to make such evidence reliable and error-free? Guest: Shreya Rastogi, Director of Death Penalty Litigation and Forensics, The Square Circle Clinic, NALSAR University of Law, Delhi. Host: Zubeda Hamid Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On a July morning in 1960, Jane Goodall stepped off a boat onto the shores of Lake Tanganyika in Tanzania. She was 26, untrained by universities, armed only with binoculars, a notebook and patience. What she saw in the forests of Gombe in East Africa altered science itself: chimpanzees who shaped tools, who mourned, who loved. She gave them names and with that simple act, insisted on their individuality. But Goodall did more than open a window into the lives of chimpanzees. She opened doors for women. In an era when female scientists were almost absent, she, alongside gorilla researcher Dian Fossey and orangutan expert Biruté Galdikas, staked a claim in a field dominated by men. Reluctant at first, passionate in time, she traded the intimacy of the forest for activism on world stages, becoming a gentle but firm voice for nature and for children who would inherit it. On Wednesday (October 1, 2025), Jane Goodall died at 91. She was still on tour, still speaking for the wild. Will we carry her hope and continue the path she opened for women in science? In this weekender episode, we talk about how Goodall's life reshaped research, storytelling and the role of women in conservation. Guests: Catherine Crockford, primatologist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, Lyon; Neha Sinha, wildlife biologist, conservationist, and author, based in Delhi Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Produced and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Adding a page to the history of the Israel-Palestine question, UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer announced that the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia now formally recognise a Palestinian state. However, data show that the share of people surveyed in the UK who support this decision has decreased since the same time last year. On the other hand, according to a YouGov poll, the share of Americans backing Israelis in this conflict has reached a 25-year low. Both sets of opinions represent a shift away from their respective governments' stances. Guest: Stanly Johny, the International Affairs Editor, The Hindu Host: Nitika Francis Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On September 24, Ladakh witnessed unprecedented violence and protests which left four persons dead in police action. Two days later, climate activist Sonam Wangchuk, who was sitting on a hunger strike with 15 others, was detained under the National Security Act (NSA) and taken to Jodhpur Central Jail in Rajasthan. The government accused the activist of instigating the violence, a charge denied by Wangchuk. A year after it was turned into a Union Territory in 2019, the region, with a population of around three lakh, has been protesting for constitutional safeguards, the two major demands being statehood and tribal status under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. The government is engaged in talks with two civil society groups, the Leh Apex Body and the Kargil Democratic Alliance, representing the Leh and Kargil regions, respectively, for the past three years. The talks led to few outcomes regarding policies on reservation and domicile status, but this was not acceptable to the groups as the two core demands remained unmet. Should Ladakh get statehood? Here we discuss the question. Guests: Rangarajan R, former IAS officer and author of Courseware on Quality Simplified, and Sajjad Kargili, member of the Kargil Democratic Alliance. Host: Vijaita Singh Produced by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Asia Cup has never been straightforward. Scheduled every two years, it often slips away — undone by border tensions and government quarrels. This year, despite tensions between India and Pakistan, the tournament managed to be held.The young Indian team, missing the usual veterans, went unbeaten. Pakistan made the final a nail-biting contest: a reminder of why this rivalry endures and is eagerly awaited by people of two countries that were once one.Sadly, the clashes between these famed rivals were overshadowed by fighter-plane gestures and snubbed handshakes. India lifted nothing but an imaginary trophy. They had won every match but refused the silverware from the Pakistani head of the Asian Cricket Council. Why do the shadows of politics so often creep onto a field made for sport? To make sense of this, we turn to KC Vijaya Kumar, Sports Editor of The Hindu, who has spent decades tracing this much-cherished rivalry on the pitch and behind the scenes. Guest: KC Vijaya Kumar, Sports Editor, The Hindu Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Over the last decade, "Make in India" has been at the heart of the Centre's economic policy and increasing defence manufacturing is a important part of that goal given India is one of the largest importers of defence equipment in the world. The sector, plagued by bureaucratic delays, budgetary constraints, and corruption, was opened to the private sector. The government streamlined procedures, earmarked weapons and platforms that will be manufactured domestically and allowed more FDI in the sector. Now, domestic manufacturing is booming. Defence expenditure increased from ₹2.53 lakh crore in 2013–14 to ₹6.81 lakh crore in 2025–26. In 2024–25, defence production touched a record ₹1.50 lakh crore, more than triple the 2014–15 level. Defence exports grew thirty-four times over the last decade, reaching ₹23,622 crore in 2024–25.  What does this mean for our defence preparedness?  Guest: Dinakar Peri, a fellow in the Security Studies program at Carnegie India Host: Nivedita V Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A recent analysis in The Lancet Regional Health Southeast Asia, found that one in five deliveries in India are now by Caesarean section. From 2005, when the rate of C-section was 8.5%, it has risen to 21.5% as of 2021, the analysis said. International bodies such as the World Health Organization discourage high rates of C-section, as they are associated with longer hospital stays and higher healthcare costs, burdening both patients' families and the healthcare system. So what is driving the rates up in India despite the fact that C-sections, in general, cost more? Is patient preference a factor? Is this an area that could do with guidelines or regulations? Guest: Dr A. Jaishree Gajaraj, senior obstetrician and gynaecologist based in Chennai Host: Zubeda Hamid Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Fringed by China and Pakistan, Ladakh is India's high-altitude borderland. For years now, locals led peaceful protests demanding statehood and constitutional protections for land, jobs, and identity. But last week, that peace broke. Violence erupted in Leh city in the Union Territory of Ladakh on Wednesday (September 24, 2025), several protesters were killed as security forces launched a heavy crackdown. At the centre of it all is Sonam Wangchuk — an engineer, climate activist, and one of Ladakh's most respected voices. He was arrested under the National Security Act, a law that allows detention without trial for up to 12 months. What triggered this escalation? Why did peaceful protests turn deadly? And what does Wangchuk's detention mean for the future of Ladakh's struggle? Guest: Peerzada Ashiq, Kashmir-based journalist with The Hindu Host: Anupama Chandrasekaran Produced and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In recent times, India has seen a sharp spike in the popularity of IB schools. In fact, having your kid in an IB school has become something of a status symbol, although that may or may not be the primary motive for most parents. But many parents, regardless of their reasons for choosing an IB school, face a number of confusing questions and dilemmas. For instance, how does the pace of learning for an IB student compare with that of a child in a CBSE school? Will an IB curriculum help a child who wants to sit for IIT or Medical entrance exams in India? If the idea is to prep the child for higher education abroad – when do you decide, how do you figure which stream, which country, and which university? Guests: Nayantara Handa, who leads the careers and university guidance team at The British School, New Delhi, and Sobhana K Nair from The Hindu's Delhi Bureau. Host: G. Sampath Edited and Produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the World Wrestling Championships in Croatia, India's Olympic medallist Aman Sehrawat was shockingly disqualified ahead of his opening bout on September 14. At the official weigh-in before his match, Aman was found to be 1.7kg over the 57kg limit. The Wrestling Federation of India on September 22 served a show-cause notice to Aman, asking his staff to explain his disqualification. This is the third time in just over a year that an Indian wrestler has failed to make weight, beginning with Vinesh Phogat's infamous miss at the Paris Olympics. Neha Sangwan, who is just 18, was the other wrestler to not make weight at the U20 world championships. She was suspended for two years. Why does this keep happening despite the money and resources poured into Indian wrestling? What does it say about the system, and how will this episode affect a young star like Aman Sehrawat? Guest: Y.B. Sarangi from The Hindu sports bureau Host: Reuben Joe Joseph Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On September 19, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order, raising the H-1B visa fee to $1,00,000. Many fear that this will disproportionately impact Indian workers, especially those with lower median salaries. Although the White House has clarified that the fee applies only to new applicants and not those up for renewal or already in the country, there are concerns, especially against the backdrop of immigration control and protectionism. Is the American Dream dead for Indians? Here, we discuss the question. Guest: Arjun Appadurai and Ajay Srivastava Host: Saptaparno Ghosh Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have signed a new defence deal. It's called the Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA). Under this deal, “any aggression against either country shall be considered an aggression against both”. There are also vague indications that Saudi Arabia will get the benefit of Pakistan's nuclear capabilities but in what is not clear. What triggered this deal? What's in it for Saudi Arabia, which is already under the US security blanket? What does this deal mean for India, especially in the context of ongoing tensions with Pakistan? And what does it mean for our relations with Saudi Arabia? Guest: Bashir Ali Abbas, Senior Research Associate at the Council for Strategic and Defence Research, New Delhi. Host: G Sampath Shot, produced and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

90% of the world's natural diamonds are cut and polished by about 5000, largely family run businesses out of Surat in Gujarat, but the recent 50% US tariffs on India has led to deep anxieties about the very survival of this sector, which is part of the country's sprawling gem and jewellery industry. Kunal Shankar, The Hindu's Deputy Business Editor discusses the repercussions of the steep tariffs on the sector with Lalatendu Mishra who covers markets, finance and all things business for The Hindu, based out of Mumbai.  Guest: Lalatendu Mishra, Senior Deputy Editor, The Hindu  Host: Kunal Shankar  Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Through a new executive order, President Donald Trump has added 100,000 US dollars to the annual fee for H1B visa applicants. H1B is a visa programme for skilled foreign workers. So far, the biggest beneficiaries of this visa have been Indian-origin IT workers, employed by American and Indian companies in the US. President Trump has justified this move by citing abuse of the H1B visa programme to the detriment of American workers. He has also said that through this humongous fee, he wants to raise the cost of hiring foreign workers for jobs that could be filled by local workers. Is there any merit to Trump's claims regarding the abuse of H1B program? Has it really led to higher unemployment among American IT graduates, as Trump claims?? And how will this impact Indians currently in the US on an H1B visa? Guest: Tanul Thakur, an independent journalist and author of Wild Wild East: Exiled Americans, Enslaved Indians, and the Systemic Abuse of the H1-B Programme, due for publication later this year. Host: G Sampath Recorded, produced, and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

When the Goods and Services Tax — or GST — was rolled out in 2017, it was billed as one of India's biggest tax reforms. It replaced a maze of indirect taxes like excise duty, VAT, and service tax, with the promise of creating a single, unified market. It was meant to create a simpler, fairer, and more transparent system. GST is what's known as a destination-based tax, levied on every stage of value addition — a system designed to be simpler, fairer, and more transparent.Nearly eight years later, the system has seen major reforms. In its 56th meeting, the GST Council revamp the tax structure into a primarily two-rate system of 5% and 18%, and a 40% “special rate” on sin goods such as tobacco and luxury items such as large cars, yachts, and helicopters. The government is stated that this rationalise will help both businesses and also put more money in the hands of the public. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has said the changes will put nearly ₹2 lakh crore back into the hands of people. The government hopes that this extra money will boost domestic consumption. What this means for businesses, consumers, and the economy at large? Guest: Dr Sacchidananda Mukherjee, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Host: Nivedita V Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Sample Registration Survey's Statistical Report, released last week had some significant numbers. One, India's total fertility rate has dipped – it has gone down from 2.0 and now stands at 1.9, as of 2023. The second significant number was that for the first time, the total fertility rate in rural India has reached replacement levels. Replacement level is the average number of children each woman needs to give birth to for one generation to replace the other. There are, of course, wide regional disparities – some States in the country have fertility rates much below replacement levels of 2.1, while others continue to have higher numbers. India's crude birth rate is declining, while at the same time, the report found an increase in the number of people aged over 60. How is the dipping fertility rate going to impact India's population going forward? Will some States continue to grow population wise, while others see a steep fall? What does this mean for population stabilization and decline in the future? And how fast is our country ageing? Guest: Sonalde Desai, Professor at the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), and Distinguished University Professor, University of Maryland, U.S. Host: Zubeda Hamid Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Earlier this week, the Supreme Court of India stayed certain provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. Among the provisions stayed are the one requiring a person intending to create a Waqf, to prove that he had been practising Islam for five years. It also paused the provision granting District Collectors the power to determine the status of a disputed waqf property, and capped the non-Muslim representation in Waqf boards. At the same time, it has upheld the deletion of waqf-by-users, another contentious issue flagged by the petitioners. But this is only an interim order, and the case will be heard on merits sometime in the future. But for now, the government is free to implement the new law except for the stayed provisions. So what are the implications of this interim order, and how will it change things on the ground? Guest: Tasneem Ahmadi, eminent advocate Host: G Sampath Recorded. produced, and edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices