HURSTORIES

Uff Da! It's the land of 10,000 Lakes, Minnesota Nice, and lots of history. This is the 10,000 podcast, a show where your hosts will take you on a journey through the histories of the Northstar State. I'm Yanet Tadele, your host for this episode where we travel back in time to 1965 in St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, where a group of women challenged the status quo in sports.

Uff Da! It's the land of 10,000 Lakes, Minnesota Nice, and lots of history. This is the 10,000 podcast, a show where your hosts will take you on a journey through the histories of the Northstar State. I'm Apple, your host for this episode where we will be talking about the defeat of Jesse james day! Bibliography “Defeat Of Jesse James Days - Bank Raid Re-Enactment Script.” Northfield Area Chamber of Commerce 22 Bridge Square, Northfield, Minnesota 55047.  Freeland, Tim. “Home Page.” Defeat of Jesse James Days, 23 Sept. 2022, https://www.djjd.org/.  “How Emotions Affect Learning.” ASCD.  “James-Younger Gang Bank Raid Primary Source Set: Northfield-Rice County Digital History Collection.” Northfield-Rice County Digital History Collection |, 28 Sept. 2020,.  “Jesse James' Bank Robberies.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/james-robberies/. Magelssen, Scott, and Rhona Justice-Malloy. Enacting History, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, 2011.  “Northfield Bank Raid of 1876.” Northfield Bank Raid of 1876 | Minnesota Digital Library “Norfield History Research Files.” Northfield History Society, Northfield, Minnesota, 1 Mar. 2023. Press, Pioneer. “Gun Used to Kill Bandit in Famed 1876 Raid Returns to Northfield.” Twin Cities, Twin Cities, 28 Oct. 2015 Radio, Minnesota Public. “MPR: Following the Trail of Jesse James.” News & Features, 7 Sept. 2001,   Rizzo, Mary. “History at Work, History as Work: Public History's New Frontier.” American Quarterly, Johns Hopkins University Press, 31 Mar. 2016, Says, Jacko, et al. “Once a Booming Organization, Jaycees Struggling as Membership Continues to Fade.” Nonprofit Sector News, 29 July 2020, https://nonprofitsectornews.org/2020/06/26/once-a-booming-organization-jaycees-struggling-as-membership-continues-to-fade/. The Entertainment Guide, https://entertainmentguidemn.com/hh-sep14. Tyson, Amy. The Wages of History: Emotional Labor on Public History's Front Lines. University of Massachusetts Press, 2013.

Uff Da! It's the land of 10,000 Lakes, Minnesota Nice, and lots of history. This is the 10,000 podcast, a show where your hosts will take you on a journey through the histories of the Northstar State. I'm Sophia, your host for this episode where we will be talking about Henrietta Larson of Ostrander, Minnesota and what it meant to be an educated woman in the first half of the 20th century.  Bibliography Hidy, Ralph W., and Muriel E. Hidy. “Henrietta M. Larson: An Appreciation.” Business History Review 36, no. 1 (1962): 3–10. Lagerquist, DeAne L. “As Sister, Wife, and Mother: Education for Young Norwegian-American Lutheran Women.” Norwegian-American Studies 33 (1992): 99–138. Carol Jenson. "The Larson Sisters: Three Careers in Contrast," in Barbara Stuhler and Gretchen Kreuter, eds., Women of Minnesota: Selected Biographical Essays (St. Paul, 1977), 301-324.  Solomon, Barbara Miller. In the Company of Educated Women : a History of Women and Higher Education in America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985. Eisenmann, Linda. Higher Education for Women in Postwar America, 1945-1965. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.  Nash, Margaret A. Women's Higher Education in the United States: New Historical Perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59084-8. Jones, Martha S. All Bound up Together the Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830-1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Minneapolis Tribune clipping “Ostrander Woman's Career Reaches From Farm to Top Faculty Rank” by Richard P. Kleeman, n.d. , ACC#3100, “Larson Sisters: Henrietta (1918), Agnes (1916), and Nora (1923)”, Alumni Files, St.Olaf College Archives and Special Collections, St.Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota. Harvard Magazine “Remember Henrietta Larson” by H. Ronken Lynton ‘41, n.d. , ACC#3100, “Larson Sisters: Henrietta (1918), Agnes (1916), and Nora (1923)”, Alumni Files, St.Olaf College Archives and Special Collections, St.Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota. Harvard press release “Henrietta Larson, Business Historiam and First Woman Professor at HBS Dies at 88”, 1 September 1983,  ACC#3100, “Larson Sisters: Henrietta (1918), Agnes (1916), and Nora (1923)”, Alumni Files, St.Olaf College Archives and Special Collections, St.Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota.

Intro: Uff Da! It's the land of 10,000 Lakes, Minnesota Nice, and lots of history. This is the 10,000 podcast, a show where your host will take you on a journey through the histories of the Northstar State. I'm Coleen, your host for this episode where we will be learning about Northfield's own St. Olaf College's ski jump, which stood for nearly 50 years. 

Uff Da! It's the land of 10,000 Lakes, Minnesota Nice, and lots of history. This is the 10,000 podcast, a show where your hosts will take you on a journey through the histories of the Northstar State. I'm Nellie Phillips, your host for this episode where we will be talking about the beloved St. Olaf radio station, WCAL. Bibliography “A Word From Our Editors…” Manitou Messenger. December 3, 2004.   Blodgett, Steve. “Appellate court rejects attempt to overturn sale of WCAL.” Manitou Messenger. December 30, 2009.   “Brief Overview.” SaveWCAL, March 7, 2009.  Gage, Amy. “FCC approves sale of WCAL to Minnesota Public Radio.” Manitou Messenger. November 15, 2004.    Gage, Amy. “Faculty Members to Get Additional Raise along with Cost-of-Living Increase.” Manitou Messenger. August 1, 2005. Gage, Amy. “St. Olaf College reaches agreement to sell WCAL to Minnesota Public Radio.”  Manitou Messenger. August 10, 2004.  Heltsley, Emelie, Jean Mullins. “SaveWCAL Stays Strong.” Manitou Messenger. October 15,  2004.  Roberts, Kate. “WCAL: The Nation's First Public Radio Station.” Essay. In Minnesota 150: The People, Places, and Things That Shape Our State, 180–80. Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2007.  Schroeder, Carl. “Save WCAL.” Manitou Messenger. September 17, 2004. Slotten, Hugh Richard. "Radio's Hidden Voice: Noncommercial Broadcasting, Extension Education, and State Universities during the 1920s." Technology and Culture 49, no. 1  (2008): 1-20. Shaw, Joseph M. History of St. Olaf College, 1874-1974. Northfield, Minn: St. Olaf College Press, 1974.  Walker, Jesse. “The FCC's Wars.” Rebels on the Air : An Alternative History of Radio in  America. New York: New York University Press, 2001. Accessed March 2, 2023. 

By Sydney Hitchcock   Transcript:   Sydney: Not many people when asked about the War of 1812 could tell you why the war was fought, who was involved, or about any of the key battles. Some may recall that the White House was burned and that at some point in our country’s history the lyrics to the Star-Spangled Banner must have been written, but few could tell you that both of these events occurred during this War. The War of 1812 was the United States of America’s first chance to flex its newly independent muscles. Tired of being pushed around by the British in the Atlantic and to the North, the United States wanted to make it clear - the British were no longer welcome on their soil. It is no surprise that most people who are not historians have never learned about the Battle of Lake Erie, which is known as the turning point of the War of 1812. Fought between the British and the U.S. over control of Lake Erie, this battle was the first major naval victory the U.S. had ever won against the Royal Navy. Control of Lake Erie meant the U.S. no longer had to fear invasion by British forces from the North and could prevent the British from penetrating the ever-expanding middle of the country. This gave the U.S. more control over communication and trade during the remainder of the war, which allowed an eventual victory. Take that King George, this will teach you not to mess with an independent country – you power hungry tyrant! My name is Sydney Hitchcock and I will be your host for today’s Hurstories podcast on the Battle of Lake Erie.   Sydney: The Battle of Lake Erie began at daybreak the morning of September 10th, 1813. The battle took place between the United States Navy, under the command of Captain Oliver Hazard Perry and the British Royal Navy, under the command of Captain Robert H. Barclay. The two fleets met in Put-In-Bay Ohio, where the battle was fought. Sydney: That morning, the American fleet which consisted of nine vessels in total and 416 crew members fit for duty set sail towards the approaching six British vessels. Perry commanded a squadron that consisted of three Brigs, the Lawrence, the Niagara, and the Caledonia, five schooners the Ariel, Scorpion, Somers, Porcupine, and Tigress, and one sloop called the Trippe. The British squadron was made up of six vessels, two ships the Detroit and Queen Charlotte, one brig the Hunter, two schooners the Lady Prevost and Chippeway, and one sloop the Little Belt.[1] Despite the United States having more ships,  the British had the advantage of having more experienced commanders.[2] Barclay who was commander of the Detroit had the best guns, which were more accurate when hitting their target.[3] During this period the strength of the Royal Navy was known throughout the world. Their experience having been perfected over centuries spent colonizing foreign lands and controlling overseas trade routes. Sydney: Before the battle began Perry’s, strategy was to pair each of his vessels to a British ship; for example, the brig Niagara was supposed to mainly fight against Britain’s Queen Charlotte. Depending on Barclay’s tactical formation, Perry would change the American battle line so his ships would stay with the ships he had assigned them to fight against.[4] Man voice: “At daylight discovered the Enemy’s fleet in the NW. Made the signal immediately to the Squadron to get underway-“[5]. Sydney: As the fleets sailed towards each other the Detroit was the first to fire, shooting a long 24 which missed Perry’s advancing ships. Their second fire was more successful than the first, hitting its mark which was Perry’s brig, the Lawrence. The Lawrence in response fired her long 12’s and carronades at the British fleet but was unsuccessful in hitting her intended targets. [6] Naval vessels during this period were outfitted with different types of cannons, which were mounted on their decks and poked out of windows that looked like eyes on the sides of the ship so that they could fire cannon balls toward their enemies. The “longs” were more slender cannons, and shot different weight cannon balls like 12 and 24 pounds, but were not very accurate. The carronades were squat and able to shoot heavier cannon balls capable of doing more damage because they were more accurate.  (maybe dramatic pause) Sydney: As the battle progressed, the Lawrence continued to take the majority of the hits from the enemy, while Perry’s other Brig the Niagara commanded by Captain Jesse D. Elliott, stayed out of fighting range. The Niagara only shot long range shots towards its assigned ship the Queen Charlotte, refusing to come closer. Confused by this tactic and unable to get into range to hit the Niagara, the Queen Charlotte turned her focus to helping the Detroit battle the Lawrence. The Lawrence was now taking an even larger number of shots and still had yet to hit the British forces. It took the Lawrence twenty minutes until it successfully hit one of the British vessels.[7] Not known for their maneuverability, it often took hours for the captains to get these vessels into good positions to fight. This was often made even more difficult by weather conditions. You can only imagine how chaotic this scene must have been and how fearful you would be if you were a soldier on one of these ships. Fighting vessels bobbing around like bath toys on the lake, huge explosions accompanied by bursts of fire and loud noises, as cannon balls either connected with a target – not necessarily the one they were aiming at – or landed with loud splashes in the water around the battle. Sydney: By 12:20 the Lawrence had moved into close proximity of the British vessels fighting in closer range. Despite having Commander Oliver Perry as their captain, the Lawrence could not make up for the fact the American crews were less experienced than the British. Because of their inexperience they overloaded their carronades sometimes causing them to overheat or burst. Too much weight on one side of the ship would also cause the ship to become off balance, meaning its cannon’s aim would become even less accurate. At the end of the battle line, long range action took place between the Somers, Tigress, Porcupine, and Trippe all on the American side, while the Lady Prevost fought against them on the British side. The Lady Prevost was suffering a great amount of damage from the long guns of the American forces, causing her to fall leeward. Supporting the Lawrence at the front of the battle was the Scorpion, Ariel, and Caledonia fighting in close quarters with the Detroit, Queen Charlotte, Hunter, and Chippeway. Both sides were taking heavy hits and great losses. The Lawrence took the most number of hits and lost over four fifths of its crew, being either wounded or killed.[8] Male voice: “every brace and bowline was shot away, and the brig almost completely dismantled; her hull was shattered to pieces, many shot going completely through it, and the guns on the engaged side were by degrees all dismounted”.[9] Sydney: Yet, Commander Perry refused to surrender, determined to win against the British and take control of Lake Erie. Sydney: Noticing that the Niagara had yet to engage in the fight and was practically unharmed, Perry decided to abandon the Lawrence and use the Niagara as his relief ship.[10] Before leaving the Lawrence, Perry took down his private flag which read Don’t Give up the Ship, which he took with him onto the Niagara.[11] The Niagara had yet to fire her carronades, so Perry sent Elliott back to bring up the three schooners and turned the Niagara towards the British fleets.[12] Sydney: At 2:45 the schooners that Perry had sent Elliott back to bring up had caught up with the Niagara and together the vessels broke through Barclay’s line.[13] As the Niagara sailed passed the Lady Prevost, captain Perry witnessed the crew of the Lady Prevost run below deck from fear of the Niagara, while their brave commander Lieutenant Buchan remained on deck. He had been shot through the face, Perry seeing this immediately ceased fire at the Lady Prevost.[14]   Sydney: The Detroit and Queen Charlotte by this point had very little left to fight against the practically new Niagara. On the opposite side of the Niagara the America’s Caledonia and schooners fired at the other sides of the Detroit and Queen Charlotte.[15] Sydney: By 3pm with nothing else that they could do, the British raised their flag and surrendered to Perry. The Chippeway and Little Belt began to flee the battle but were captured by the Trippe and Scorpion forcing them to surrender as well, ending the battle of Lake Erie.[16] Sydney: That evening Perry would write one of the most famous lines from the Battle of Lake Erie in his after-action report: Male Voice: “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”[17]     Bibliography Dudley, William S. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. Edited by Dean C Allard . Vol. 2. Washington, D.C. , Washington, D.C. : Naval Historical Center Department of the Navy , 1992. History.com Editors. “The Star-Spangled Banner.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, September 28, 2017. https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/the-star-spangled-banner. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812. United States: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1882. Skaggs, David Curtis. “Creating Small Unit Cohesion: Oliver Hazard Perry at the Battle of Lake Erie.” Armed Forces & Society (0095327X) 23, no. 4 (Summer 1997): 635–68. doi:10.1177/0095327X9702300406. Taylor, William V. “Sloop of War Lawrence Journal.” July 31, 1813 and September 1813. Erie Maritime Museum. Transcribed from The Weekly Messenger. Vol. 3.  No. 29. Friday, May 6, 1814. Boston. published by James Cutler.       [1] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 or The History of the United States Navy During the Last War with Great Britain (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1882), 260-261. [2] David Curtis Skaggs, “Creating Small Unit Cohesion: Oliver Hazard Perry at the Battle of Lake Erie,” Armed Forces & Society (0095327X) 23, no. 4 (Summer 1997): 635–68. doi:10.1177/0095327X9702300406. [3]. Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 or The History of the United States Navy During the Last War with Great Britain, 264. [4] David Curtis Skaggs, “Creating Small Unit Cohesion: Oliver Hazard Perry at the Battle of Lake Erie”. [5] William V, Taylor, “Sloop of War Lawrence Journal,” July 31, 1813 and September 1813, Erie Maritime Museum. [6] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 263. [7] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 263. [8] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 263-265. [9] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 265-266. [10] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 266. [11] William V, Taylor, “Sloop of War Lawrence Journal.” [12] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 266. [13] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 267. [14] The Weekly Messenger, Vol. 3, No. 29.  [15] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 267. [16] Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 267. [17] William S. Dudley, The Navy War of 1812: A Documentary History, Edited by Dean C Allard, Vol. 2. Washington, D.C. , Washington, D.C. : Naval Historical Center Department of the Navy , 1992.  

By Rebekah Prather   Sources Lisa Thompson, “Rhodes Granted Parole in Infant Death Case.” GoErie.com, October 1, 2015. https://www.goerie.com/article/20151001/NEWS/610151934. Superior Court of Pennsylvania. COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee v. Teri RHODES, Appellant. No. 143 WDA 2009., December 31, 2009. Nancy Grace, “Nancy Grace”, CNN, Aired September 20, 2007. Beyer, Kristen, Shannon McAuliffe Mack, and Joy Lynn Shelton. “Investigative Analysis of Neonaticide: An Exploratory Study.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, no. 4 (April 2008): 522–35. Raymond Pierotti, "Infanticide Versus Adoption: An Intergenerational Conflict." The American Naturalist 138, no. 5 (1991): 140-158. Accessed January 29, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/2462512.

By Kayla Rieck Transcript: [Woman 1]: 911, what’s your emergency? [Woman 2]: We’ve been robbed. [Woman 1]: Okay, stay on the line. [Woman 2]: Okay. [Woman 1]: Is anyone hurt? [Woman 2]: No. [Police Siren droning on] You’re listening to Hurstories. A podcast about Western Pennsylvanian history. Created by the digital history students at Mercyhurst University. Hello everyone, my name is Kayla Rieck and you are listening an episode of Hurstories – a podcast created by Mercyhurst students – and today you will be listening to one of the weirdest things to happen to Erie. This is the story of Brian Wells, more famously known as the Pizza Bomber. August 28th, 2003 – Brian Wells is killed. Part one: The phone call. At roughly 1:30pm, Mamma Mia’s receives a phone call. The owner, Mr. Tony Ditomo, first picked up the call, but couldn’t understand who was talking, so he handed the phone to Brian Well who proceeded to write his own directions. Two sausage and pepperoni pizzas were to be delivered to 8631 Peach Street, the location of a WSEE-TV transmitting tower as the end of a long, dirt road. Upon arriving to the address, there was a struggle, and by the time Wells left the premises he had a live bomb collared around his neck. Wells received 9 pages of hand-written, rambling instructions and a cane adapted to be a loaded shotgun (instructions included of course). While Wells claimed it was a group of black men that jumped him and forced him to complete these tasks, interviews by law enforcement had Floyd Stockton sweating, claiming to be the one who strapped the bomb to Wells. To this day, these details are still very muddy, and no one really knows who put this collar on Wells. Part two: The Scavenger hunt. “Bomb Hostage, you are to go to PNC bank at Summit Town Centre on Peach St. Quietly give the following demand notes to a receptionist or bank manager. Do not cause alarm. Get retired money and deliver to a specified location by following notes that you will collect as you race against time. Each note leads to the next note and key until finished. You will collect several keys and a combination to remove bomb. After, police won’t charge you because you were a hostage.”[1] This is the beginning paragraph of the crudely written instructions Wells was given by a group calling themselves The Troubleshooters commanding him to rob a bank, the PNC bank on Peach street to be specific. They were mapped out in a scavenger hunt style, listing strictly timed tasks that would help him collect keys that would delay the bomb’s detonation until he found the final key which would defuse the bomb. He was told he only had 55 minutes until detonation. With 25 minutes travel time, he had a safety margin of less than 10 minutes, the remaining time, 20 minutes, were to be used to “retrieve and obey their instructions.” Additional time could be gained by finding keys, but he isn’t told how much. To ensure Wells was following their instructions the writer made him aware that they would be following his moves in 3 cars to make sure he obeyed their requests. They would be scanning police radio frequencies, calls, and driving around to make sure they stayed away. If Wells alerted the police to what happened, they told him plain and simple: “you will be destroyed”. “You must deliver money alone. You must return all weapons/notes to us. Turn yourself in to bank and police after we release you to safety,” and in all capital letters at the end of the first page, “ACT NOW, THINK LATER OR YOU WILL DIE!”   Part 3: PROCEED NOW. With notes to give to the receptionist, bank manager, and the police in hand as well as instructions for each stop of this gross goose chase, Wells enters the bank. His first instructions read as follows: “1) take the following demands to PNC bank and get $250,00.00. Instruct bank managers to help or else everyone will be killed. Enforce demands with your weapon and bomb. 2) Put $250,00.00 in black garbage bag. Leave your driver’s license at the bank and promise to return. Then return money to us by following a course of instructions. You will receive further instructions as you proceed.” Brian entered the bank around 2:30pm, following his instructions, he stood in line for a second before he decided to go around to give the teller the demand note. The teller’s face most likely drained of color as she read her instructions, meanwhile Wells was calmly reaching into the basket of lollipops on the counter: “RECEPTIONIST. Do not cause panic or many people will be killed. Sounding any alarm will interrupt this action and guarantee injuries and death. Involving authorities at this point will get this hostage and other people killed. Immediately, without causing alarm, you must contact the bank manager. The bomb hostage must accompany you. Give manager the following demands.” After this there is a paragraph explaining the bomb and Wells’ instructions, reminding them that no money meant he gets no keys. The bank manager is told to: 1) ensure all people are remaining quiet and calm, and to prevent anyone from using outside contact, especially to the police, 2) close the bank with all people remaining inside, and 3) act fast or the hostage’s time will run out and that the bomb may detonated if the police are seen. The writer goes on to describe what will happen if they are met with resistance. They will not only detonate the bomb, but there will also be further means of retaliation. From here, the manger is given two options - just in case they don’t have $250,000.00 laying around. Plan A is $150,000.00, 50s and 20s only but 50s are preferred. This plan only prevents the bomb to save the hostage, but it does not prevent retaliation. Plan B, which is weirdly the actual demand, $250,000.00 with a limit of $100k in 100s to be accepted. This would prevent both the bomb detonating and the retaliation, this plan, in their words, “guarantees everyone’s safety”. The bank manager, unable to open the safe during this time crunch, was only able to give Wells what was in the drawers which added up to roughly $8,000 – a miniscule amount compared to what The Troubleshooters were asking. A witness reported that Wells “walked out of the bank like Charlie Chaplin, swinging the bag and cane gun” in his hands.    Part 4: McDonald’s. “Exit the bank with the money and go to the McDonald’s restaurant. Get out of the car and go to the small sign reading drive thru/open 24 hours. In the flower bed by the sign there is a rock with a note taped to the bottom. It has your next instructions.” To get his next note, Wells stopped at McDonald’s after he left the bank and retrieved it from a flower bed outside before getting back into his vehicle and proceeding to head south on Route 19/Peach Street like instructed. Little did he know, in less than 300 feet he would be pulled over in the Eyeglass World parking lot by countless police units.   Part 5: Everything goes wrong. “POLICE. You may still save Bomb-hostage. To do so, all police vehicles/aircraft must stand down and assemble all units at the specified location. Country fair and Eyeglass World parking lots. No lights, vehicles face away from the road. Light 3 flares and place next to fire hydrant at Eyeglass World to indicate full cooperation. Stop no traffic in Erie County during this time. All other units must gather at this location. For every 15 units we count we will spare one retaliation target. You can be sure it is in our best interests to act upon and maintain future credibility regarding these matters.” At roughly 3pm, Morgan, an officer responding to the commotion, said, “We got him out of the car and handcuffed him. And Brian said something about a bomb.”[2] Another officer cut parts of Wells’ shirt away o reveal what he confirmed as an actual bomb. The police proceed to sit him down and isolate him. Wells, remaining calm, asked them to remove the cuffs, and asked why they weren’t helping him remove the collar. With the bomb squad over ten miles away, and a traffic problem slowly getting worse due to the closing of Peach Street (though it was specifically outlined in the notes that the police received to NOT shut down traffic), the police on scene were left with very little options. Wells asked the police if maybe they could find the keys before the bomb went off, but, sadly, it was too late. Seconds after, the collar started to beep, changing Brian’s demeanor from calm, to panicked. At 3:18pm, 3 minutes before the bomb squad arrived, he states that he doesn’t think he has a lot of time when the beeping starts accelerating before the long-awaited explosion occurs.   Part 6: The Aftermath. With a portion of the collar still attached around his neck, the bomb squad examined his body and his car to search for more explosive devices. Investigators later attempted to complete the route the troubleshooters told Wells to follow and could not complete it. No matter how successful Brian was, how fast he drove, or how seamlessly the plan was carried out, his captors knew all along that Brian wouldn’t make it out alive.   Thank you for listening to this episode of Hurstories and supporting the students here at Mercyhurst University. I hope you have a good day, and never get forced to rob a bank.     [1] Harris, Chris. “After Robbing a Bank Wearing a Bomb, a Pizza Guy Was Told to Go on a Scavenger Hunt to Save Himself.” People.com, May 22, 2018. https://people.com/crime/evil-genius-read-handwritten-instructions-pizza-bomber-brian-wells/. [2] Evil Genius: The True Story of America's Most Diabolical Bank Heist. Duplass Brothers Productions, 2018. https://www.netflix.com/title/80158319.

Written and researched by Adam Macrino [Evening News Inspired Music Intro written and recorded by Adam Macrino] Newscaster Voice: Hello everyone, and welcome to Hurststories. My name is Nathan de Panda. On this edition of Hurststories we bring you a story out of the town of Erie, Pennsylvania. On the night of Saturday, July 9th, 1898, the sleepy town was brought to life with the whoops and hollers of Cowboys and Natives as Buffalo Bill Cody and his Congress of Rough Riders paraded into town. The members of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show were greeted by the citizens of Erie, who lined the streets, as the long caravan of performers made their way into the town. This was one of 7 times that Buffalo Bill and his Rough Riders brought their skill to showcase to the town of Erie. Here to bring you more details is Hurststories correspondent, Brian Pedactor.[1] Narrator Voice: Thank you, Nathan. To understand what a spectacle this would have been for the citizens of the day, we at Hurststories want to familiarize the audience with the man called Buffalo Bill. Before obtaining the infamous nickname, William Frederick Cody, was born in Scott County, Iowa, in 1846. He migrated west with his father, where the young Cody was witness to an awful altercation between his father and a mob of pro-slavery sympathizers. An argument escalated out of control, resulting in the mortal wounding of Cody’s father. The London Times reported in William Cody’s obituary that when this occurred, “Young Cody turned to the assailant saying, ‘You have killed my father. When I’m a man I’ll Kill You.’”[2] [Announcement Chime] Public Service Announcement: Hurststories would like to take this opportunity to condemn revenge killing. We are a Catholic University and would not support revenge killing even to avenge our own father. [Ending Announcement Chime] Narrator: Cody relocated during the gold rush of the 1860’s but did not strike it rich. Instead he obtained a job as a package runner for the Pony Express. This was an extremely dangerous occupation due to the lawlessness of the West. Bandits would ambush package carriers during their trek, stealing the valuable parcels that they were carrying. It was this job that taught William Cody what it took to live out on the trails of the Wild West. Eventually, Cody would take on a job as a scout for a trapping expedition. It was during this expedition that William Cody was credited with killing his first bear. It is also during this expedition that Cody had an encounter with a Native that ended with violence.  The Native was killed, and Cody was adorned with the name “Boy Indian Slayer.” [3] [Announcement Chime] Public Service Announcement: Hurststories would like to take another moment to acknowledge the awful treatment that the Native Americans received, and if there was a way to go back and time and prevent that from happening, we at Hurstories would certainly do so. This has been another Hurststories Condemnation Moment. [End Announcement Chime] Narrator: During the Civil War, Cody joined up with the US Army. His reputation as a skilled horseman was confirmed as Cody ascended thru the ranks of the 5th Cavalry, achieving the rank of Chief Scout. Cody continued serving in the US Army after the War, earning the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars.  The rapid expansion of the railroad systems created a great demand for food supplies to feed the giant workforce that a project of that magnitude required. Contracts were offered from these railroad companies to anyone who could provide enough food to meet the demand.[4] Narrator: This will be how William Frederick Cody obtains his nom de guerre, Buff- Newscaster: Eh, Adam, what is that, nom de gur? Narrator: yes, it means a nickname. Newscaster: no no no, none of that Narrator: Ok, okay, this will be how William Frederick Cody gets his sobriquet, Buffalo Bil Newscaster: What! Now what is that? Narrator: Sobriquet, it’s synonymous with nick-name Newscaster: Listen buddy, no one’s ‘gonna know what these words mean. You sound condescending. Honestly your whole tone is coming off as condescending. Narrator: Wow, I didn’t know. I'm sorry. I just, wanted to spice it up, ya know. Put some pep on it. [Sad Music] Newscaster: Listen, I was kind of hard on you, go ahead, you can put a little pep on it. Just a little. Narrator: Ok, So, This will be how William Frederick Cody, the famed adventurer from Scott County Iowa, the man who slayed a bear with his own hands, the man who as a boy was called Boy Indian Slayer, for this next coming tale will be how that man will obtain his eternal cognomen, Buffalo Bill. Newscaster: At long last, have you left no sense of decency?" [Announcement Chime] Public Service Announcement: Sorry us again, We at Hurststories would like to take a moment to condemn the last thirty seconds of the podcast. It was far too silly and we promise not to do it again. This has been another, Hurststories Condemnation Moment.  [Ending Announcement Chime} Narrator: Right, So William Cody accepts the contract for supplying the Kansas Pacific Railway with meat for its employees while the railroad line is being constructed. Cody’s hunting prowess was forever immortalized in the fitting moniker, “Buffalo Bill”, as Cody killed 4,820 buffalo in 18 months. Newscaster: Now That is how he obtained his nickname. But why was he known to all Americans at that time and able to travel from town to town performing his little show for everyone. Narrator: These shows were not little, they very impressive. They were advertised as, “the most intensely interesting and strangest entertainment ever... dreamed of.” and, “...a mirror of heroic manhood.” Newscaster: Well. Narrator: Buffalo Bill’s shows would include luminaries from the American West. Sharpshooter married couple Annie Oakley and Frank Butler dazzled audiences with their feats of marks-person-ship. Sitting Bull with 20 members of his tribe joined the show for a time. Buffalo Bill’s show lasted for so many years that he had a rotating cast of the who’s who from the American West joining for brief stints as they pleased. Calamity Jane told tales of the past, Wild Bill Hickok, who was prone to bouts of stage fright, once shot at the spotlight operator for focusing the spotlight on the bashful performer during an early show. Native Americans were an integral part of the experience. Although they often portrayed the villain in re-enactments, famous Native Americans like Sitting Bull participated in these shows and this allowed them the ability to showcase their customs and way of life to interested audiences all over the world.  In fact, performers from all over the world were featured. One advertisement featured in the Erie Herald for a show in July of 1901 promises Cossacks, Boers, Beodouins and Britons, all wearing the uniform or dress of the nation or tribe from which they represent. These shows were living museums. They were very well attended because they showcased a lifestyle that was ceasing to exist. By the end of Buffalo Bill’s entertainment career, you could argue that it had disappeared. [5] Newscaster: No, I think we have done enough arguing today. And one thing we can all agree on here at Hurstories is, those Erie citizens certainly were entertained anytime Buffalo Bill came to town.  Narrator: Yes, We certainly can. Before we go Nathan, I would like to say some more about Buffalo Bill. You see, contrary to his rough and tumble attitude, Buffalo Bill despised being thought of as a brawler or a ruffian. He fought for justice and righteousness. One time another person named Buffalo Bill was shot by a lawman after stealing the sherrif’s horse in Pensicola, Florida. In response to the publication of this story, Buffalo Bill wrote to the New York Herald, telling them that the person who perpetrated such an act was a person different than himself, telling them “When I die it will be maintaining honor-that which constitutes the safeguard of society, whether it apply to man or to woman.” [6]  There was a nobility and grace that Buffalo Bill seemed to carry himself by. He knew the importance of reputation in these times and was careful to portray himself in an honorable light. That will be all for me. This has been a Hurststories special report. Newscaster: Excellent work, Brian. Brian Pedactor, everyone. I am Brian De Panda and from all of us here at Hurststories, ad libb’d goodnight. [Sweet outro music written and recorded by Adam Macrino]   [1] “The Living Heroes of the Romantic Era Buffalo Bill Advertisement”, Erie Evening Herald (Erie, PA), July 2, 1898. [2]“Death of ‘Buffalo’ Bill.’” 2017. Times, The (United Kingdom), January 28,1917. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.mercyhurst.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=7EH121178931&site=eds-live.  [3] “Death of ‘Buffalo’ Bill.’” 2017. Times, The (United Kingdom), January 28, 1917. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.mercyhurst.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=7EH121178931&site=eds-live. [4] “Death of ‘Buffalo’ Bill.’” 2017. Times, The (United Kingdom), January, 28, 1917. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.mercyhurst.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=7EH121178931&site=eds-live. [5] “Just What It Is Buffalo Bill Advertisement”, Erie Evening Herald (Erie, PA),  June 15, 1901 [6] Sagala, Sandra K. Buffalo Bill on Stage. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008. Pg. 78.

Written and researched by Ashley Carr Transcript: If you’re a young woman from a working class family from New Jersey in the years leading up to the outbreak of the Civil War, chances are, you would feel that growing tension, feel it about to burst, and want to do something about it. But for a woman, who has been told she has no use on the battlefield, and no voice in politics, options are limited. You could be a nurse, but, if you don’t have the stomach for gore, like Elizabeth Carter didn’t, you take up work on the home front.[1] Elizabeth moved to Erie, Pennsylvania to be a school teacher, working hard so she could send money back to her family in New Jersey, who depended on her. Amid the terror and freedom of being a young woman on her own in the world for the first time, she met the man who would become her husband, and a Brigadier General of the Union Army: Strong Vincent.[2]   A while into their budding relationship, Elizabeth and Strong were walking the streets of Erie together when man cat-called Elizabeth. We don’t know what was said, but we do know that Strong Vincent, her knight in shining wool uniform, punched him. Right in the face.[3]   The name “Strong” was a family surname before it was given to him.[4] But never was there a man more fit for it than Strong Vincent.   [patriotic, uplifting music]   Perhaps because of a powerful sense of patriotism, or perhaps because he was sick of sitting behind a desk at a law firm, Vincent enlisted into the 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment of the Union Army.[5] He and Elizabeth Carter married that same day, he packed his bag, and was gone.[6]   Sending off your brand new husband into what would become the bloodiest war in American history sounds debilitating, life altering, tragic. But, if you come from a working class family, and the men are off at war, you don’t have time to feel sorry for yourself. You keep going.   And so life went on in Erie without Strong Vincent, and the other men of the Pennsylvania 83rd. Elizabeth, now Mrs. Vincent, continued teaching. News of the war and of the daily life of battle trickled in.   Essentially alone once more, Elizabeth again experienced an exhilarating sense of freedom, this time underlined with the kind of dread that only work could distract from. So, she and the other women of Erie worked, volunteering to put together food, supplies, and clothing for the soldiers.[7] There was no reward for this, no glory, no recognition for the sacrifice of daily stability and what little money she and the other women had. But, they did it anyway.   Not long into their marriage, and, into the war, Elizabeth realized she was pregnant. She gave birth, alone, to a daughter, Blanche Strong Vincent, whose names, all three, were of her husband’s family, not her own. And she buried that child after less than a year of life, alone.   Of course, she did have the family of her new husband to keep her company, and the women of her community, but, when the people you most want near you are away, your husband, your own family, the presence of others can do very little.   [transition music]   We don’t have many letters written by Elizabeth or Vincent, but we do have records of what other soldiers wrote home. Some detailed the mundane and trivial of daily life; I got a tear in my uniform, or the sunset was beautiful today. Others were heavier; my friend just died, or I’ve been wounded, or tell the children I love them, though they may never see me again.   [sad music]   Two years into the war, Strong Vincent had been in and out of battle, and moved up the ranks to Lieutenant Colonel.[8] The infamous battle of Gettysburg loomed around the corner. At 26, Vincent had none of the youthful misconceptions of immortality left in him. In one letter to Elizabeth, just before Gettysburg, he wrote, “If I fall, remember you have given your husband to the most righteous cause that ever widowed a woman.”[9]   [“oh shit this is getting real” music]   What can you do when your husband tells you he might die? When you live in a world where you are nothing without your husband? When your only child died within a year of birth, your family cannot financially support you, and you are hundreds of miles away from being able to physically put your body in anyone else’s place?   You wait. You wait, and you pray, and you busy yourself with work. You try not to allow yourself to think of what you fear might happen, what you don’t dare to imagine, and what happens anyway.   Because the pain of being the one left behind is demanded of you. You must suffer gracefully, for surely others have suffered more in the name of your country.   Elizabeth didn’t know what happened in that fateful battle until days later, when she received word that her husband, fiery Strong Vincent, Colonel and commander of the brigade, had been mortally wounded in Gettysburg, had been shot just after giving a rallying speech to his men, standing on top of a rock.[10]   Elizabeth pieced together the story bit by bit.   Strong Vincent had intercepted an order that otherwise would have gone unfulfilled. His men had been marching for days to offer their support in the battle, many going long hours, and even days, without sleep, shoes torn to pieces, and precious little ammo left. The order Vincent intercepted was from Union General Meade, commanding another battalion to cover one crucial hill called Little Round Top. What the messenger and Meade did not know, though, is that that commander was not there yet to receive the order.   In one of Vincent’s most famous moments, he said, “I will take the responsibility of taking my brigade there.”   This hill, if surrendered to the Confederate Army, would have given a vantage point from which they could gun down the entirety of the Union’s forces. This was a matter of life and death, not just for Vincent and his men, but for the ideal of a free nation.[11]   His last words, just after he was shot, were “Don’t give an inch”.[12] And his men didn’t. The battle was won, and Vincent was moved to a hospital where he was treated for several days.   Union General Meade sent a telegraph to President Lincoln, petitioning him to promote Vincent to Brigadier General for his heroism at Little Round Top in Gettysburg.[13]Lincoln granted this request, and there is debate about whether Strong Vincent was conscious at the time his promotion was announced. He died soon after.     [funeral-ish music] To have buried a child and been widowed by the age of 24 is a tragedy few can imagine, and even fewer can endure. After the death of Strong Vincent in the battle of Gettysburg, historians don’t seem to have paid attention to Elizabeth, but her life did go on. Her husband’s service had bought her some social and financial security.   She lived, fulfilling the dream of the Union, peacefully existing in a nation of states that were once again united. Strong Vincent never got to see that. But Elizabeth did, and she lived it, for the both of them, and for their child who never got to grow up to see the reunited nation her father defended.   Elizabeth Carter Vincent lived until 1914. [14] She is buried next to Strong Vincent and their child in the Erie Cemetery, where to this day visitors place pennies on their headstones, Lincoln-side up, in remembrance of Strong Vincent’s sacrifice.[15]   [music]   The last line of a poem by Wilfred Owen reads “Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori”, which translates “It is sweet and honorable to die for your country.”[16] But, what we forget so often about so many wars is that it is sweet and honorable to live for your country, too.   [end credits music]   This episode of Hurstories was researched and produced by me, Ashley Carr. A special thanks to the Mercyhurst University Digital Storytelling class and Dr. Averill Earls for research and editing assistance.   [1]Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005, page 75. [2] Michael Schellhammer, The 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteersin the Civil War. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003, page 171. [3]Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005, page 77. [4] findagrave.com [5]Michael Schellhammer, The 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteersin the Civil War. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003, page 170. [6]Michael Schellhammer, The 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteersin the Civil War. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003, page 171.   [7] Stonesifer, Roy P. Brigadier General Strong Vincent A Hero of Gettysburg. Erie, PA: Edinboro University, 1996, page 2. [8] Michael Schellhammer, The 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteersin the Civil War. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003, page 171. [9] Stonesifer, Roy P. Brigadier General Strong Vincent A Hero of Gettysburg. Erie, PA: Edinboro University, 1996, page 3. [10] Stonesifer, Roy P. Brigadier General Strong Vincent A Hero of Gettysburg. Erie, PA: Edinboro University, 1996, page 5. [11] Michael Schellhammer, The 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteersin the Civil War. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003, page 169. [12] Stonesifer, Roy P. Brigadier General Strong Vincent A Hero of Gettysburg. Erie, PA: Edinboro University, 1996, page 6. [13] Stonesifer, Roy P. Brigadier General Strong Vincent A Hero of Gettysburg. Erie, PA: Edinboro University, 1996, page 6. [14] findagrave.com [15] Personal experience [16] Wilfred Owen, “Dulce Et Decorum Est”, Viking Press, 1921.

Written and researched by Abby Saunders Transcript: Hurstories Script   ABBY: I’m your host, Abby Saunders, ready to tell you all about Frank “Bolo” Dovishaw, his undercover gambling ring, and his unfortunate demise. First thing’s first – have you heard of the mafia? I think that a lot of people stereotype the mafia into a general group… criminals. The mafia is more like a family, though! No, literally. Mafias from around the world are most often run by groups of families, kind of like a ‘family business.’ Just like fathers in the farming industry pass down farming traditions to their sons, fathers in the mafia pass down mafia traditions to their sons. Boys are taught skills specific to running the business, and girls are taught how to be inconspicuous and lay low. Mafia members become like family members. It is not unusual to find men from different families acting brotherly to their business partners. Also, it is not uncommon to kill family members that act up in the Mafia. This idea will pop up later on, so, stay tuned. Just like in other bureaucratic business, there are leaders and followers. Mafias are typically hierarchal, with a general, boss-like position at the top of the chain, and then a bunch of levels below him. Mafias, in some way or another, exist all over the world. The most popular mafias originated in Italy… and more specifically… Sicily. One popular mafia that originated in Sicily and then migrated to the United States is the Cosa Nostra group. This group settled in New York, but then spread to surrounding cities along the Eastern coast of the country. Some major cities in the north east region of the United States where the mafia operates are Buffalo, Pittsburgh, and Cleveland. Interestingly enough, though, the city directly in the middle of all of these 3 cities, Erie Pennsylvania, had no major mafia activity until the 1950s. Even when the mob came to Erie, though, it was slight and almost insignificant compared to the major criminals and con men of the time[1]. Now, since mafias were on the rise in the United States, the federal law enforcement agencies were busy chasing and arresting various leaders from all over the East coast. This happened especially in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. When a mafia leader is taken out, their section, well, family, may or may not fall. It is very difficult to count how many mafia groups there are in the United States for this reason[2]. Our story starts and ends in Erie, with Frank “Bolo” Dovishaw: one of the most recognized organized crime leaders in Erie, Pennsylvania. Now, you might be wondering why the hell I just explained what mafias are for 2 minutes, even though our main character today was not a member. Here is why: Dovishaw acted as if he were a member of the mafia. But in order for you to see this, you must know what he did to deserve the title: an Erie Goodfella. Picture Erie in the 1950s and 60s. It is a smaller city in the North West corner of Pennsylvania, right next to Lake Erie. There were neighborhoods full of immigrants and past-generation Americans alike, but one neighborhood that stood out was Little Italy. It is located between 12th street and 24th street, with an eastern boundary at Sassafras Street and a western boundary around Cranberry Street. Little Italy is like its own little self-contained town. There were barber shops, stores, churches, schools, and even funeral homes. With all of these good businesses, though, come some pretty illegal ones. There were many criminals in Erie in the 1900s; heck, there still are[3]! Our story starts in 1960 when Frank Dovishaw worked at Dee Cigar Store. On December 10th, 1960, Dovishaw was arrested for burglarizing the store. According to a newspaper article, around $7,000 worth of checks and cash were stolen. Dovishaw had worked at the cigar store for about a year and a half, and he was the main suspect. Although he tried to implicate a couple other individuals, Dovishaw was inevitably found to be the prime burglar. Multiple thousands of dollars’ worth of stolen goods were hidden and buried in a metal box by Dovishaw in St. Mary’s Cemetery. Dovishaw was only 24 years old when this happened[4]. Now, since organized crime was still at a low in Erie, smaller criminals were able to flourish…and then, sometimes, inevitably fall. For example, in 1954, Erie’s mayor, Thomas Flatley, was arrested for corruption, abuse of power, and illegal gambling. After hearing the allegations, he pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy and for violating his oath of office. Flatley later resigned and faced jail time, along with multiple fines[5]. A lot of the early organized crime in Erie dealt with gambling and sports betting. Frank Dovishaw was the go-to guy for this. He had everyone in the city working for him. “In local shops, factories, and pubs throughout the city, old ladies bet pennies, kids traded nickels, and laborers put down dollars on a chance to walk away with the daily take.” Dovishaw and his partner Ray Ferritto conducted their business all around Erie county. They tried to stay out of Little Italy out of fear that their close friends and family members would find out. They had so many individuals wrapped around their fingers and doing their betting, from police officers to children. Ferritto ran number rackets all across the United States, not just in Erie. He was arrested and spent time in prison for it, too! He did time 2,000 miles away from Pennsylvania in a state penitentiary in Chino, California. Ray Ferritto even killed people. There was a “mob war” when the Irish Mob, led by Danny Greene, moved in on a Cleveland mob family. The Cleveland group was run by ‘Jack White’ Licavoli and Angelo ‘Big Ange’ Lonardo.’ Over 40 car bombs were involved in the mob war, but not much success was gained. After some time, the Cleveland mafia asked Ferritto to step in and finish the job against Danny Greene. He finished it. The numbers racket sports betting went on for multiple years with Frank Dovishaw at the head. Thousands of dollars were made, and many Erie residents either gained or lost money throughout this time period. One thing to keep in mind about mafias and mafia-like groups is that the members rarely call the police. If something weird happens, the members just handle it themselves. January 3rd, 1983 started off like any other day. Dovishaw and Ferritto made their usual rounds around the city and took bets. It was a Monday, and the Dallas Cowboys were playing the Minnesota Vikings. Dovishaw always ate meatball subs from Damore’s on Mondays, and that is exactly what he did. Ray Ferritto dropped off Dovishaw at his home on West 21st street around 6pm. When he was home, Dovishaw would always call his employees to gather information about the day. He would never write anything down or leave any messages. If anything was documented, it could be used as evidence. When Dovishaw was not home to answer the phone, multiple other lines in other houses would ring until someone answered the call. So, when Dovishaw got home that Monday evening, he was supposed to make some calls. Around 7pm, Ferritto called Dovishaw to catch up on the night. The phone call went to the next person… and the next person… and the next person; Dovishaw did not answer the multiple calls that Ferritto made to him. Ferritto wondered if he was with one of his “gypsy strippers,” if the police caught him, or if he was just laying low for the night. His curiosity got the best of him because Ferritto ended up driving to Dovishaw’s house to see what was the matter. He knew that the police had been investigating Cosa Nostra for the past few decades, so that was high on the radar for Ferritto.  Ferritto arrived at Dovishaw’s house on West 21st Street. Since the house was his late mother’s, Dovishaw lived alone. Ferritto searched the whole house and ended up in the basement. There, he saw his friend and colleague dead. Dovishaw was bound by his mother’s old dresses, his hands were cut off, and he was shot in the head execution style[6]. Here is the newspaper article that was published on January 5th, 1983: “Frank ‘Bolo’ Dovishaw, reputed head of one of the largest illegal gambling operations in northwestern Pennsylvania, was found shot to death in the basement of his West Side home Tuesday night. Authorities said Dovishaw had been shot once in the head. Police refused comment on the shooting, except to say they were treating it as a homicide. It was believed that Dovishaw’s killer or killers may have fled in his 1979 green Cadillac. As a result, Erie police asked officers in Pennsylvania and nearby states to be on the lookout for the car with Pennsylvania license plate 9U7-469 and hold its occupants for questioning in the death[7]” ABBY: That is all for this episode of Hurstories! Thank you for tuning in and hope to see you next time.     [1] R Anderson, 1965, From Mafia to Cosa Nostra. American Journal of Sociology, 71(3), 302        310. Accessed on January 16, 2020, available at www.jstor.org/stable/2774452   [2] J Jacobs, C Panarella and J Worthington, 1994, Introduction. In Busting the Mob: The United States v. Cosa Nostra (pp. 3-28) (New York: NYU Press) accessed on January 16, 2020, available at www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfvw4.5   [3] J Wertz, Erie’s Goodfellas: A Look at the Unholy Murder of Ash Wednesday, accessed on January 16, 2020, available at eriereader.com/article/eries-goodfellas.     [4] Erie Clerk Says he Took $7,000; Robbery Faked, Jamestown Post Journal, December 10, 1960, accessed on January 16, 2020, available at https://fultonhistory.com/Newspapersv [5] J Wertz, Erie’s goodfellas.   [6] J Wertz, Erie’s Goodfellas.   [7] Reputed Crime Boss Killed, Latrobe Bulletin, January 5, 1983, accessed on January 16, 2020, available at https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27584084/latrobe_bulletin/  

Written and researched by Rachael Wilson Transcript: The landscape of rural northwestern Pennsylvania is quite the beautiful place. There are rolling hills, stretching fields full of crops and wildflowers, and the historic French Creek rolls throughout Mercer, Erie and Crawford counties of Pennsylvania.  For almost two thousand years, the Iroquois people lived in western New York and Pennsylvania, as well as southern Ontario and Quebec. They stayed within the areas of the Great Lakes, specifically lakes Ontario, Huron, and Erie and lived utilizing the land.[1] Those who lived in what is what is modernly known as Waterford, Pennsylvania – about twenty minutes south of Erie – relied on the resources in and around the French Creek watershed, including the nearby Lake LeBoeuf. The Iroquois knew how to take advantage of the landscape that they had been given. The Pennsylvania woods were too thick to hunt and grow food, so they were able to create spanning meadows to grow food and hunt the game of the area.[2] In the mid-1700s, settlers from England began to come to the New World and settle in the area. The French followed right behind. Both British and French forces began to build forts like Fort Duquesne, Presque Isle, and Venango. Tensions began to build between the two nations in their colonies.  Fort de la Rivière au Bœuf, Fort LeBoeuf as it is commonly referred to as now, was second out of four forts that was operated by the French forces who had come to Western Pennsylvania. The fort sat on the bank of LeBoeuf Creek, after which the fort was named. Along with Forts Presque Isle, Machault, and Duquesne, these forts built the line of French bases across western Pennsylvania. Presque Isle was built along the banks of Lake Erie in Pennsylvania, Machault in modern day Franklin, Pennsylvania, and Fort Duquesne in what is now Pittsburgh. These forts, LeBoeuf in particular, was used to trade throughout French territory from Fort Presque Isle and Canada and to protect Presque Isle from any sort of raid.[3] Great Britain did not that all too much. As a result, in 1753, Governor Robert Dinwiddie assigned 21-year old major George Washington – yes, that George Washington – on a mission up to the forts to demand that the French leave the territory ASAP because the British had claimed it. As marked by the journal that Washington had written throughout his trek up north, the journey took him about ten weeks and one thousand miles “by horse, foot, canoe, and raft.”[4] Young Major Washington left Williamsburg on October 31st of 1753 and was accompanied by a team made up  of a surveyor, a French translator, four traders, and eventually met up with various members of native tribes, including a man referred to as the “Half-King.” George’s journal details every single thing he did and saw on his journey. His training as a surveyor came quite in handy when it came to writing his observations down. Once they reached Logtown, a town in what is currently Beaver County, Pennsylvania, northeast of Pittsburgh, they were directed towards Fort LeBoeuf, about 110 miles north. With Washington was a letter a for Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, a French military commander who was the man in charge at Fort LeBoeuf.[5] The letter was the ultimatum posed towards the French from the British. While Washington was generally received pretty well by those who were in Waterford, Legardeur de Saint-Pierre was not a big fan of the message that George brought him. The French king thought that the letter from Dinwiddie and England was ridiculous and his claim to the area was “incontestable.”[6] At the same time as Washington’s trek to the French forts, the French and the natives begin to engage in trade in an unprecedented change in way of life for the natives. Their survival began to depend on it. Frenchmen learned to fight the “Indian Way,” engaging in guerilla warfare, “which was by stealth, surprise, ambush, and frightening terror.”[7] This greatly helped the French as tensions between the British were beginning to come to the surface. When the Seven Years War began in 1756, their new way of fighting was key to their survival while British soldiers were killed, tortured, disfigured, or scalped by the natives. Six years into the war, in 1759, the French were defeated by the British, at least in the colonies and North America as a whole. Forts Duquesne, Machault, LeBoeuf, and Presque Isle were all burned to the ground. The next year, the forts were rebuilt, and named Pitt, Venango, LeBoeuf, and Presque Isle, respectively. Pitt, formerly Duquesne, was built to be a strong fortress and Presque Isle was also built to be tough. But LeBoeuf and Venango? Not so much. In 1766, General Jeffery Amherst called for an attack on all British garrisons in order to ensure that the Natives would stop getting any more of the European guns and weapons that had receiving in trade. This attack backfired on the British, causing the causalities of 450 British soldiers and citizens, with little to damage for the Natives.  After the final fort was demolished, the Judson family built their house and settled on what is believed to be the placement of the original fort. Patriarch Amos was a powerful man in Waterford, working odd jobs until he opened his store in 1823. Judson also was the owner of the Eagle Hotel, which sat across the street from his house.[8] While the fort has not been standing for hundreds of years, Waterford’s Fort LeBoeuf Historical Society is very active in making sure that the area knows about its rich history and the people behind it all. The buildings in the district covered by the historical society display buildings ranging from the time of Judson up until the cusp of World War II.[9] The Judson house still stands, as does the store that he ran until his death. The Eagle Hotel still operates as well, but no one stays here anymore. Nowadays it’s a restaurant that serves Amish style food throughout the summer and autumn months. Part of the land originally taken up by the fort is covered by the post office, but some of that space is dedicated to a museum that displays Waterford’s part in the Seven Years War on the front of the New World. Waterford looks like a sleepy town, but the locals are proud of our crown jewel: our statue on the outskirts of historic downtown.   In 1922, locals in Waterford commissioned a statue of our nation’s first president in a way that no other. After a hefty price of $13,000, a statue of George Washington was placed in what would come to be known as Washington Park. George was quickly used as a part of the culture of Waterford with students from the local high school dressing him as a prank. The local members of the Daughters of the American Revolution had set aside parts of land, some structures were restored, and the statue was placed on that property. This statue, the only statue of President Washington as a young man, proudly stands in Waterford in the spot where it was moved by the Pennsylvania Historical Commission in 1945. [1] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Iroquois.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., January 24, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iroquois-people. [2] “Rich Cultural History.” French Creek Valley Conservancy, July 18, 2019. https://www.frenchcreekconservancy.org/rich-cultural-history/. [3] “Fort LeBoeuf Museum.” Fort LeBoeuf Historical Society, n.d. http://fortleboeufhistory.com/campus/museum/. [4] Washington, George. The Journal of George Washington: an Account of His First Official Mission. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1959. [5] “Ten Facts About George Washington and the French & Indian War.” George Washington's Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/french-indian-war/ten-facts-about-george-washington-and-the-french-indian-war/.  [6]“Ten Facts About George Washington and the French & Indian War.” [7] “Fort LeBoeuf Museum” [8] “Amos Judson House.” Erie's Historic Buildings, n.d. http://www.eriebuildings.info/buildings.php?buildingID=46009058000100. [9] “Historic District.” Fort LeBoeuf Historical Society, n.d. http://fortleboeufhistory.com/around-town/historic-district/.

Written and researched by Deana Hale Narrator: Hello and welcome to this episode of Hurstories. My name is (name First and last) and I will be your host for this episode. Let us begin.  Narrator: Now, I want you to imagine yourself as a person trying to get a job to support your growing family. You find a job in the newspaper at the local GE plant, this means that you can potentially get a job. Once you get hired for the job you were taken to an orientation, where they proceed to tell you about the amazing wages and good benefits you were about to receive.  Narrator: But that was a complete and utter lie, it was like those seen on TV items that you pick up in a supermarket. They have these flashy and sugar coated words slapped onto the packaging, but in the packaging it was a big fat lie and it would fall apart in less than a few months. [sigh] I am getting off topic, we are not here to talk about my hatred for those infernal items and get back to our topic.   Narrator: In this episode we are going to be discussing the strike that happened at the GE plant. I will be talking about how it started, during the event, and the aftermath of the event.  Narrator: Back to the GE, the employees now have it much better than the ones in the past, it was because of this strike that the conditions of the facilities as well as the wages and benefits increased for the workers. But it was 70 years of struggling for it to come to that.  Narrator: Now the reason why this started could be from multiple factors from wages, working conditions, to the management or owners of the facility running it like total garbage. While strikes in general have a dual nature usually consisting of the employers and their employees, usually they try to reach a middle ground or have the errors be  righted in some way in a civil matter before having it come to a strike.  Narrator: This is not the case in the matter of GE, because on December 6 of 1918 there was a letter sent to the Department of Labor about a potential strike happening at GE’s Erie Plant, but they dismissed and rejected the claim. This in turn infuriating the workers and in turn had the gears turning for the strike to occur even without their consent of the Department of Labor. Narrator: Though this was because their wages were not adequate and the workers knew that they were entitled to it. John Nelson, the head of the United Electrical Union for the General Electric Employees, told the workers that the board denied them from initiating an organized strike, but he claimed to them that if they were not going to get a raise, then by all means they were going to get a raise.  Narrator: Though GE knew about the strike and that it would happen eventually, they took no action in preventing or solving this issue before it got to that point. Their reaction was before the strike took place was to have examiners go into the plants and decide which employees stayed and which had to be cut loose. Narrator: Though this was able to prevent the strike that started in 1946, major corporations like GE had made record profits from the World Wars. While making major profits, all of their employees' wages were let’s say frozen for the entire duration of the war. Not to mention the fact that the workers suffered from the massive increase to the cost of living during the wars. It came down to the employees of not only GE, but also the Auto Workers and Steel Workers, they started to combine their abilities to create a bargaining contract. Narrator: In November of 1946 will always be remembered by the Union members, around 500,000 aut works struck General Motors, though in GE, they only realized it after the union gave its notice. GE offered to raise their wages by 10 cents, but it still was falling short of the demanded wage the the workers asked for. In total there were around 200,000 UE members in both GE and Westinghouse who went on Strike from New England to California.     Narrator: Though within 1946 is when the Cold War struck, thus the corporations were determined to weaken the labor movement. They wanted to make it incredibly difficult for unions to organize and take action for issues that were present. The chairman of GE, Charles E. Wilson, said that the problems within the United States could be summed up within two statements, “Russia abroad and labor at home.” Narrator: Though admittingly, the union movements were subjected to ceaseless barrage of charges of being a communist plot against the United States. The union workers knew what was going on and one by the name of Jim Matles said “the damnable slander of communism as a line of propaganda against us started, to the best of my knowledge, on the same day the CIO was found.”   Narrator: Within 1950, that’s when things started to get interesting, there were two rival unions UE and IUE. Then in the middle of the decade, GE  decided to brag that they have dealt with other unions, though all of them with local contracts. The company decided to seek out a five-year contract for peace workers and local understandings including compulsory overtime.蜉 Though with this contract, the aspects were that the workers were to receive retirement at 65 for men and 60 for women, their pension was to be $125/month (that included social security), and pensions after 20 years. Narrator: In the years 1950 to 1969 became known as the age of Boulwarism, due to GE’s Vice President was named Lemuel Boulware. He was troubled by the strength that the Union had with the employees and the general public. He got an actor and started a TV show called GE Theatre. This basically has the actor travel across the country making speeches that were opposing unions as well as taxes and government special programs. Boulware then changed the slogan of GE to “doing the right thing voluntarily” which meant that he was no longer going to negotiate with its employees’ unions.  Narrator: There wasn’t a union that could take on the company by itself, IUE tried, but ultimately failed. Their strike lasted three weeks and it collapsed in on itself. 蜉 This convinced GE to start to call for repeated joint consultations and action with the other unions, but this was to no avail. This resulted in GE dictating the terms of six consecutive national agreements from the years 1950 to 1966. In this mess, GE workers found themselves falling behind in work compared to other industries. It even went as far as taking away the cost of living protection in 1960.  Narrator: Though in 1969 this is where the unions had enough and the leaders finally agreed for the first time in 20 years. The unions created a joint strategy and kept in communication, they waited for when the contract expiration drew near. Though GE stuck to their Boulware formula, its first and final “offer” was that the wage offer was 20 cents the first year, but there was nothing guaranteed the years to come. That’s when the unions presented the contract from 1938, the company proposed that newly organized shops were to not automatically come under the National Contract, this would have weakened the union’s right to strike. In October of 1969, over 150,000 workers walked out in their first national strike in 23 years.  Narrator: GE spent millions trying to undermine the strike with news articles, radio shows, TV ads, but the strikers had support that was widespread. GE tried to have a movement that got them back to work, but it flopped as soon as it was out of the gate. After New Years that’s when it finally came to an end and the two saw their sides. In February, after 102 days on the picket lines that’s when they made a settlement between each other. 

Written and researched by Steven Mooradian Koehler Beer and the Prohibition Era  Steven Mooradian  Hello! Welcome to this episode of the Hurstories, a history podcast presented by Mercyhurst students. My name is Steven Mooradian and I will be your host for this episode.    Any good Erieite will tell you, there’s a church on every street, and a bar on every corner.   Erie’s long history with beer extends to the first large waves of immigration, bringing their brewing practices with them, none more locally famous than the Koehler family.  Their persistence through 13 years of prohibition propelled them into local legend, and the Koheler name remains a staple in northwestern Pennsylvania.  Erie, Pennsylvania has been a Mecca for immigrants for over a century and a half. Groups of Italian, Polish, German, Irish, Russian, Greek, and other European immigrants have historically found a small slice of Erie to call home. Even more recently, large contingencies of Nepalese, Bhutanese, Syrian, Central African, and Latin American groups have found their sanctuary and safety in some of the same areas. Though Erie’s population has decreased significantly since the mid 20th century, these groups are almost single-handedly keeping those numbers steady. There is truly a connection between the success of immigrants and the success of Erie.  Erie has a small, urban center. It is centrally located between three major cities: Buffalo, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh. And it was a center of commerce and industry for a better part of the 19th and 20th centuries, perfect for establishing economic success in anything from paper to beer. When immigrants arrive they bring their interests and talents, making Erie one of the most diverse cities in America for well over a century.  Charles Koehler, a Dutch immigrant who arrived in Erie in the mid 1800’s, knew Erie held for him some of these opportunities. He worked for Frederick Dietz, who owned a brewery at 17th and Parade Street. Dietz died in 1858 and Charles took it over, though he left only a few years later in 1862 to begin a new brewery with his sons at 26th and Holland. Charles son Fred inherited the business, but it was his other son Jackson Koehler, who would take the family name and make it a brand.1   The first brewery built at the site of 21st and State Streets in Erie in 1855 was by George Frey and Peter Schaaf. Frey was himself an immigrant, from Germany, and is credited with introducing the lager style of beer to the Greater Erie-Buffalo region.2  Schaaf would go on to find a new partner several years later, a man by the name of Henry Kavelage, who in 1863 became the sole owner of the operation and named it Eagle Brewery.  Twenty years after, in 1883, Jackson Koehler purchased the brewery, calling it the Jackson-Eagle Koehler Brewery.  Erie in the 1880’s had multiple brewing operations, consisting of four lager plants, one ale, and one porter breweries. They all shared the market, but it didn’t take long for Jackson Koehler to surge to the top of the game. In 1890, Jackson commissioned Louis Lehle, a Chicago architect to design the new brewery.  On April 1, 1899, several of those other breweries, the Fred Koehler and Co. (Jackson’s brother), Cascade Brewery, National Brewery, and Eagle Brewery merged under the command of Koehler now going by the name Erie Brewing Company. The Koehler name became synonymous with beer in the Erie region.  The brewery ran with few flaws for years, until the bombshell hit.  Prohibition became the law of the land, cemented as the 18th amendment to the US Constitution in 1920.  Prohibition was particularly tricky in PA. Lots of working-class people, meant both strong adherence and strong resistance. Labor Unions were some of the fiercest opponents of the eighteenth amendment. However, other unions were avid proponents of prohibition, because labor leaders felt that with their workers boozed up, gave them a disadvantage on negotiations.  Gifford Pinchot, a successful conservationist running for governor during the lead up to prohibition ran under the pretense that he would strictly enforce the prohibition laws.  Unsurprisingly, he drew much of his support from groups like the Women’s Anti-Temperance Movement, which led the charge against prohibition, but also from several types of unions and farmers.  Pinchot won his election in 1923, just three years after the 18th amendment was adopted, and served as Governor of Pennsylvania until 1927.  He began cracking down on the prohibition laws, however, to his dismay, crime and usage increased while the enforcement of the law decreased dramatically by police departments. Whether it was a direct defiance of the governor, or simply lazy police work, is unclear, but needless to say, prohibition wasn’t going as planned for Governor Pinchot.  Despite his overall failure on prohibition, Pinchot won again in 1931, serving a nonconsecutive term until 1935. He also helped to establish the PA Liquor Control Board and hoped to deter alcohol use by making it quote, “as inconvenient and expensive as possible”.  Meanwhile, rum-running and bootlegging were becoming a massive industry along the Lake Erie border.  The proximity to Canada made it easy for smugglers to get across the international border in a hurry. Canada had no prohibition laws.8 Boats would speed across the lake, pick up cargo in places like Port Dover, Ontario and other lakefront towns, and come back to Erie or the Pennsylvania lakeshore. These trips were so frequent, it has been suggested there are hundreds of unopened bootlegged alcohol bottles at the bottom of Lake Erie. Much like the prohibition era on land, the policing of the waters was so ineffective, it was essentially non-existent.  Even today, restaurants and bars in Erie, like Rum-Runners Cove, Smugglers Wharf, and the former Bootleggers Bar and Grille pay homage to this history.   President Franklin Roosevelt signed a bill in March of 1933, legalizing the sale and consumption of wine and beer and by December of the same year, the 18th amendment had been repealed and the 21st amendment ratified, ending prohibition.  Prohibition forced the closure of breweries for Koehler and many others; however, Koehler was so popular, that in 1933, the year prohibition ended, he reopened the Erie Brewing Company resuming normal operations.   Prohibition was viewed as a complete failed experiment. The usage of alcohol was not eliminated and may very well have even been elevated. The implementation of the eighteenth amendment also brought forth several unintended consequences.   Many marginalized groups were targeted. Anti-alcohol meant anti-immigrant as Europeans like Germans, Polish, Irish, and Dutch were the primary brewers.  Catholics were also notable drinkers and the 1920’s saw a great resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan as well as other extreme sects of White Anglo Saxon Protestant vigilantism. Organized crime including the likes of Al Capone and other notable gangsters was also elevated, in this time period.   As for Koehler, the brewery operated normally until the 1970’s when the it was closed down in 1978.  The historic building sat empty for many years, and unfortunately for history, the complex was demolished in 2006.  However, in 2018, two brothers Bruce and Bryan Koehler, brought the name back.  They are unsure if they are directly related to Jackson Koehler, but they are sure of their connection to Erie.  They’re from Pittsburgh but their grandparents lived in Millcreek and remember passing the plant as kids, even remarking that Koehler is the only beer their family drank.  The brothers operate the new Koehler Brewing Company out of Grove City, PA, about an hour away from Erie. The Koehler brand is still one of the most recognizable in Northwestern Pennsylvania. Many families tell stories of drinking Koehler beer with their loved ones and Koehler memorabilia is highly sought after. Though the building does not exist anymore, the original Eagle Brewery sign survives and can be seen inside the BrewERIE at Union Station, which preserves some of Erie’s brewing heritage.   The survival of Koehler, bootlegging, and the prohibition era in Pennsylvania is just a snapshot of the Roaring 20’s, but it’s a legacy that the Erie region is true to, and in a lot of ways is proud of.  With its recent reemergence, generations of Erieites can kick their feet up, drink a Koehler, and tell stories, just as their fathers and grandfathers did.   Something has to keep those bars open!  We’ll see you next time on Hurstories, until then, I have been Steven, and thank you for listening. 

In today’s ‘Hurstories’ episode, we’re going to be talking about Mercyhurst’s strong Black Student Union in the 1970s. While discussing Mercyhurst’s BSU from that time period, we are also going to look at the greater context of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements on college campuses across the country. Get the transcript and Show Notes at hurststories.wordpress.com

On this episode of Hurstories, is Jordan Kessler discusses Mercyhurst's College of Older Americans in the 1970s.  Get the transcript & Show Notes at hurststories.wordpress.com    

Written & produced by Addison Richmond Two yearbooks sit side by side, both the same standard size, both about the same thickness, both with the same school’s name (Mercyhurst college) in scrawled on the front. But there is were the similarities end. One is bound with a classic, marbled paper cover, the other is bolder, louder, bound with bright colors and curvy font. If we peer inside these yearbooks, we can see further evidence of their differences. The first is filled with classic senior pictures: largely dominated with girls, dressed in neat skirts, with smart jackets. Standing proudly and with an air of professionalism that we’d expect to find in a large corporation’s directory.[1] The second is much freer. It’s still mostly dominated by female students, but something’s a little different. The tight pinned curls are replaced with loose straight hair. The stiff pencil skirts are replaced with slacks, and the occasional shorts. Even the settings of the pictures has changed, students frolic in daisy fields, pose in front of abandoned train tracks, and hang out of oak trees. Every photo seems to reflect a new sense of freedom and independence. But also, in those pages are subtler hints to more serious questions lurking behind those smiling faces and flower crowns. Picket signs with peace symbols beg the question of war versus peace. Pictures of the first African American Mercyhurst graduates beg the question of equality and diversity. And the increased number of male student photos beg perhaps the most controversial question faced by Mercyhurst, the question of sexual equality and feminism.[2] Get the full transcript and show notes at hurststories.wordpress.com   [1] “Mercyhurst 1968 Yearbook.” Mercyhurst Archives. [2] “Mercyhurst 1969 Yearbook.” Mercyhurst Archives.

Episode written & produced by Alexandra Strauss Depending on your religious affiliation, the month of May holds significance for upholding religious celebrations. You could celebrate the goddess of spring or Mary, the Mother of God. For some countries, May even holds significance for laborers and the working class with International Workers’ Day. Beltane is a traditional Celtic ritual that is celebrated on the first of May. May Day is a Catholic celebration that is dedicated to the Holy Mother of God, the Virgin Mary. Many Catholic churches host a May Crowning in honor of Mary, and Catholic schools took up the practice of having a girl from the oldest grade crown Mary. I even crowned Mary for my eighth grade May Crowning!... Mercyhurst College held May Day events from 1932 until 1968! I’m your host, Alex, for today’s Hurstories episode on May Day!

Episode written & produced by Frankie Stark Show Notes "Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Fleet in the Wilderness," Naval Historical Foundation (Spring 1979).  Blue Book of American Shipping: Marine and Naval Directory of the United States; Statistics of Shipping and Shipbuilding in America. (Marine Review Publishing Company, 1896).  Stone Laboratory, "The Battle of Lake Erie," Ohio State University's Stone Laboratory.  Radm. Denys W.Knoll, USN (Ret.), Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Fleet in the Wilderness (Washington D.C.: Naval Historical Foundation, Spring 1979) Axel Nelson, "History of Shipbuilding" (1997) "Minnesota's Lake Superior Shipwrecks: History and Development of Great Lakes Water Craft," Minnesota Historical Society. Adapted from the National Register's Multiple Property Documentation(MPDF) "Minnesota's Lake Superior Shipwrecks A.D. 1650-1945" by: Patrick Labadie, Brina J. Agranat and Scott Anfinson.

Episode written & produced by Kaylee Frohring Show Notes Wykoff, Joseph. "Prohibition: Erie." History and Memorabilia | Erie Pennsylvania. December 05, 2016. Accessed January 20, 2017. Gervais, C. H. "The Times - Sneaky Smugglers." The Times - Sneaky Smugglers.  Lawson, Ellen N., P.h.d. "Lake Erie Archives." Smugglers and Bootleggers and New York City."Rum-running." Wikipedia.  "Bootlegging." Encyclopædia Britannica. June 24, 2009.

Episode written & produced by Emily Zbrzezny Show Notes "Haunting Hurst," The Merciad  "Mercyhurst Spooky Sisters"

Episode written & produced by Lindsay Fayett Show Notes Art BEcker, Barbara Hauck, and Brian Sheridan, “A Picture Palace Transformed: How Erie’s Warner Theatre Survived a Changing World.” (2009) "Restored Warner Picture Palace" Midwest Guest (26 Jan 2010) "Erie Warner Theatre" "Warner Theater" "Erie PA Theaters in 1948," Old Time Erie

Episode written & produced by Elijah Whelchel Show Notes "The Battle of Lake Erie." History.com. A&E Television Networks "William Penn (Steamboat), 18 May 1826." Search: Maritime History of the Great Lakes. "History in Erie, PA." History in Erie, PA Presented by The Erie Book Online at Www.theeriebook.com. Matthew D. Walker Publishing LLC "Passenger and Packer Freight Steamers." History and Development of Great Lakes Water Craft.   Eahlgren, C. "The Battle of Lake Erie." (n.d.): n. pag. Flagshipniagara.org. Web.

Episode written & produced by Claire Werynski Show Notes ErieMultimedia. "About." The Erie Art Museum. Erie Art Museum, n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2017.

Episode written & produced by David Nelson

Episode written & produced by Larry Staub Show Notes "The Erie Canal helped define who we are as Americans" "Building the Erie Canal" "Clinton's Big Ditch," ErieCanal.org "Images of the Fairport Lift Bridge," ErieCanal.org "Low Bridge! Everybody Down!" Library of Congress

Episode written & edited by Garrett Vanmeter Show Notes Whitman, Benjamin and N. W. Russell. “Erie County PA Civil War History -Free Pennsylvania Genealogy.”Accessed January 29, 2017. Davis, Caroline. “Civil War on Lake Erie.” March 25, 2014. Accessed January 30, 2017.Warnes, Kathy. “USS Michigan.” 2013. Accessed January 30, 2017. Miller, James Todd. Bound to Be a Soldier: The Letters of Private James T. Miller, 111th. n.p.: Univ. ofTennessee Press, 2001. Leonardi, Ron. “New Civil War Exhibit Details Erie County’s Sacrifices and Effort.” January 7, 2017.Accessed February 1, 2017. Salmon, Verel R. Common Men in the War for the Common Man. Xlibris Corporation, 2013. Whitman, Benjamin. The War for the Union. Edited by N. W. Russell. Erie county PA Civil war history -free Pennsylvania Genealogy. n.p., 1861.“Some Civil War Naval Men from Union City and Northwestern Pennsylvania.” Accessed February 1,2017.Interview with Tom Hanson by Garrett VanMeter on January 30th -31st 2017.

Episode written & edited by Alex McCarthy Show Notes  

Episode written & edited by Cole Plante. Show Notes Joseph Wykoff, "Prohibition: Erie," History and Memorabilia | Erie Pennsylvania. December 05, 2016. C. H. Gervais, "The Times - Sneaky Smugglers," The Times - Sneaky Smugglers. Accessed January 25, 2017.  Ellen N. Lawson, "Lake Erie Archives," Smugglers and Bootleggers and New York City. Accessed January 20, 2017. 

Episode written & edited by Sarah Miller Show Notes André, Naomi, and Ann Sears. "Connections and Celebrations in African American Music."Institute For Studies In American Music Newsletter 36, no. 2 (Spring2007 2007): 9-15. Brooks, Tim, and Richard K. Spottswood. Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the RecordingIndustry, 1890-1919. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004. Floyd, Samuel A. "The Invisibility and Fame of Harry T. Burleigh: Retrospect and Prospect."Black Music Research Journal, 2004., 179 Moon, Brian. "Harry Burleigh as Ethnomusicologist? Transcription, Arranging, and 'The OldSongs Hymnal'." Black Music Research Journal, 2004., 287 Sears, Ann. "'A Certain Strangeness': Harry T. Burleigh's Art Songs and SpiritualArrangements." Black Music Research Journal, 2004., 227 Snyder, Jean E. "Harry T. Burleigh, 'One of Erie's Most Popular Church Singers'." Black MusicResearch Journal, 2004., 195 Woodson, C. G. "Harry Thacker Burleigh." The Journal of Negro History 35, no. 1 (1950): 104-05. 

Episode written & edited by Dan Macey Show Notes "Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Fleet in the Wilderness," Naval Historical Foundation (Spring 1979).  Blue Book of American Shipping: Marine and Naval Directory of the United States; Statistics of Shipping and Shipbuilding in America. (Marine Review Publishing Company, 1896).  Stone Laboratory, "The Battle of Lake Erie," Ohio State University's Stone Laboratory.  Radm. Denys W.Knoll, USN (Ret.), Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Fleet in the Wilderness (Washington D.C.: Naval Historical Foundation, Spring 1979) Axel Nelson, "History of Shipbuilding" (1997) "Minnesota's Lake Superior Shipwrecks: History and Development of Great Lakes Water Craft," Minnesota Historical Society. Adapted from the National Register's Multiple Property Documentation(MPDF) "Minnesota's Lake Superior Shipwrecks A.D. 1650-1945" by: Patrick Labadie, Brina J. Agranat and Scott Anfinson.

Episode written & edited by Andrew Gebauer Show Notes Frank, Lindsay. Personal Interview conducted by Jake Smith and Andy Gebauer. Mercyhurst University, 1 Feb. 2017. Lindahl, Travis. Personal Interview conducted by Andy Gebauer. Mercyhurst University, 1 Feb. 2017. Roberts, Phil. "The Teapot Dome Scandal." WyoHistory.org, Mercyhurst Ambassadors Program, "A Collection of Ghost Stories," Mercyhurst University,(2015). Strausbaugh, Roy. Foundations of a University: Mercyhurst in the Twentieth Century. Erie:Mercyhurst University, 2013. Print. Swope, Robin. "The Crazed Ghost of the Love Lost Nun." The Paranormal Pastor. 12 Aug.2008. Web. 24 Jan 2017.Swope, Robin. "The Love Lost Nun of Mercyhurst College." Online video clip. YouTube. 28Sep. 2009. Web. 24 Jan 2017.  

Episode written & edited by Sydney Van Leeuwen Show Notes Bower, Nadine. “Haunted Hurst ½.” YouTube. YouTube, 21 Apr. 2010. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. ---. “Haunted Hurst 2/2.” YouTube. YouTube, 21 Apr. 2010. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. Bukowski, Gary Leon. Mercyhurst College- The First Decade. Thesis. Mercyhurst College.1973. "Former Mercyhurst Volleyball Player Receives Three to Six Years in Prison." The Merciad.Mercyhurst University, 4 Feb. 2011. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. "Haunting at the 'Hurst." The Merciad. Mercyhurst University, 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.Lohrey, James. “The Road to Mercy.” YouTube. YouTube, 16 Nov. 2016. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. Mercyhurst Ambassadors Program. “A Collection of Ghost Stories.” Mercyhurst University, (2015). TheMercyChannel. “Circle of Mercy—The Life of Catherine McAuley (Part 1 of 2).” YouTube.YouTube, 19 Oct. 2010. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. “The Heritage of Mercyhurst College.” Mercyhurst.edu. Mercyhurst University. Web. 1 Feb.2017.https://www.mercyhurst.edu/sites/default/files/final-heritage-of-mercyhurst-college-7.pdf. “Tragedy on Campus.” The Merciad. Mercyhurst University, 25 September 2013. Web. 01 Feb.2017. Van Leeuwen, Sydney. “Interview with Jacob Fuhrman.” 2 minutes. 19 January 2017.Mercyhurst University campus. https://hurststories.wordpress.com/. ---. “Interview with Ryan Brennen.” 2 minutes. 20 January 2017. Mercyhurst University Campus. https://hurststories.wordpress.com/. ---. “Interview with Mary Jaskowak.” 3 minutes. 22 January 2017. Mercyhurst University Campus. https://hurststories.wordpress.com/. ---. “Interview with John Harry.” 5 minutes. 22 January 2017. Mercyhurst UniversityCampus. https://hurststories.wordpress.com/. ---. “Interview with Connor Adair.” 2 minutes. 24 January 2017. Mercyhurst UniversityCampus. https://hurststories.wordpress.com/.

Episode written and edited by Jake Smith.  Show Notes "Haunting at the 'Hurst." The Merciad. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2017. Mercyhurst Ambassador’s Program, “ A collection of Ghost stories,” Mercyhurst University,(2015) Lindsay , Frank. "Ghost Stories ." Personal interview conducted by Jake Smith. 1 Feb. 2017. Strausbaugh, Roy. The foundations of a university: Mercyhurst in the twentieth century. Erie, PA: Mercyhurst U, 2013. Print.