Podcasts about Jules Ferry

Les élèves du "club radio Ferry Web" du collège Jules Ferry de Beaune ont besoin de vous ! Ils participent en effet au concours national "Réinventons le monde". Pour cela, Ils ont créé de toute pièce un podcast, une fiction sonore intitulé "OPERATION RUCHE", à découvrir ici.Ecoutez Claire Saignez, prof à Jules Ferry et animatrice du club radio "La Ferry Web", elle est accompagnée de deux élèves/Animatrices, Julia et Jeanne.

Dans cet épisode exceptionnel (en français et en anglais), Rem reçoit quatre invités à l'occasion de l'exposition “Sasha Katz x Guests”, visible à la Galerie Data (26 Bd, Jules Ferry 75011, Métro République) à Paris jusqu'au 10 mai.À travers 17 œuvres de Sasha Katz et 3 œuvres invitées, cette exposition propose une immersion dans un univers dense, hybride et profondément sensible, où se croisent art numérique, féminité, mythologie et introspection. Les invités :* Sasha Katz, artiste 3D d'origine russe, installée à Paris* Ganbrood, artiste néerlandais reconnu pour ses portraits créés à l'IA* Gabrielle Debeuret, fondatrice de la Galerie Data* Elisabeth Karolyi, curatrice pour le collectif 1703Ce qu'on y découvre* L'univers de Sasha Katz, influencé par la peinture symboliste, les contes slaves, la photographie, la sculpture et le cinéma (notamment David Lynch).* Des personnages féminins puissants, ambigus, parfois grotesques, souvent mélancoliques — qu'elle fait évoluer comme des actrices dans un théâtre visuel.* Une scénographie pensée comme un écho entre ses œuvres et celles de :* Natalia Shlyakhovaya, photographe russe* Fernand Khnopff, peintre symboliste belge (œuvre de 1921)* Ganbrood, avec Heir Apparent, portrait d'enfants inspiré par les codes de la peinture classique et les ambiguïtés de l'IA. Les séries de Sasha Katz évoquées* Radio Silence : portraits de femmes seules mais connectées par un “bruit blanc émotionnel”* Twilight Drive : série narrative en noir et blanc, entre Hitchcock et Lynch* Yakamoz : hommage à la mer et aux souvenirs d'Istanbul* Orgasm Series : exploration frontale de l'intime et du plaisir féminin La phrase clé de l'épisode"I create synthetic women. They are not real, and that's important to me. Because if they're not real, they can be anything. They can age with me, they can carry emotions, desires, fears. I give them space to exist on their own, to have their own thoughts. They are like actresses in a theatre of solitude."— Sasha Katz

La langue française est souvent perçue comme un symbole d'unité nationale et de prestige culturel. Mais derrière cette image, une réalité bien moins reluisante subsiste : la glottophobie, ou discrimination linguistique.Dans cet épisode, nous explorons comment les accents et les variétés régionales du français sont perçus en France, et pourquoi certains sont valorisés tandis que d'autres sont méprisés.Nous remontons le fil de l'histoire pour comprendre les grandes étapes de l'évolution du français: de l'ordonnance de Villers-Coterrêts à l'école de Jules Ferry, en passant par la Révolution française. Comment la langue française est-elle devenue un outil de centralisation, et à quel prix ?Bonne écoute,Virginie d'ehoui!------------------------------------------------------------------------------Le club de lecture de roman policier ouvre de nouveau ses portes la première semaine d'avril !Pour plus d'informations, c'est par iciLes 40 erreurs à NE PLUS faire, c'est gratuit et c'est ici.Vous voulez enfin passer à la vitesse supérieure ? Prenez des cours avec moi, c'est ici.

Résumé de l'épisode #835 du NFT Morning sur l'exposition Machina FaunaDans cet épisode du NFT Morning, John et Rem accueillent Diane Drubay, curatrice de l'exposition Machina Fauna, ainsi que Gabrielle Debeuret, fondatrice de la Galerie Data, où se tiendra l'événement.L'exposition, qui ouvre ses portes le 27 février à la Galerie Data à Paris, explore la fusion entre l'organique et le synthétique, mettant en scène un monde post-naturel où la faune et la technologie coexistent. Diane explique sa démarche curatoriale par une volonté de dépasser la peur de la technologie en imaginant une symbiose entre le vivant et l'artificiel.Gabrielle Debeuret revient sur l'évolution de la Galerie Data, initialement dédiée à l'art génératif, et son ouverture à des thématiques plus larges grâce à la collaboration avec des curateurs externes comme Diane.Parmi les artistes exposés, on retrouve :* Ziyang Wu, qui présente The Song of the Connectors, une série de vidéos explorant les interconnexions entre espèces et intelligence artificielle.* Viola Rama, dont la série Tender Monsters interroge la transformation du corps et la représentation du féminin à travers une esthétique hybride et troublante.* Frédérik De Wilde, avec ses œuvres biomorphiques générées par IA, qui questionnent les mutations entre nature et machine.* Hypereikon, duo d'artistes créant des paysages numériques immersifs explorant la fusion entre biologie et algorithmes.* Manon Pretto, qui propose une installation physique immersive avec des sculptures hybrides mêlant impression 3D et matières organiques.L'épisode aborde aussi l'importance de cette exposition dans le débat actuel sur l'impact de la technologie sur la nature et notre rapport au vivant. Diane insiste sur sa volonté de proposer un futur positif, loin des récits catastrophistes habituels.L'exposition est visible jusqu'au 15 mars et une partie des bénéfices sera reversée à l'association Wild Tomorrow, qui œuvre pour la protection de la biodiversité.

durée : 00:04:49 - Le Zoom de France Inter - Nous vous emmenons ce matin au procès de l'attentat contre Samuel Paty, où nous avons suivi une classe de terminale, venue assister à une audience. Particularité : ce sont des élèves du lycée Jules Ferry de Conflans Sainte-Honorine, la ville où enseignait le professeur assassiné en 2020.

durée : 00:02:29 - Le grand format - Au procès de l'attentat contre Samuel Paty, un public particulier : des élèves du lycée Jules Ferry de Conflans Sainte-Honorine, la ville où enseignait le professeur assassiné, assisteront à l'audience dans le cadre d'un projet pédagogique de l'AFVT, association française des victimes du terrorisme.

Elle est une formidable Louise Violet dans le filme de Eric Besnard qui sort le 6 novembre. Alexandra Lamy, l'une des actrices préférées des français-es, incarne une des premières institutrices dans la ruralité au XIXème siècle, envoyée dans la campagne ouvrir une des écoles que Jules Ferry vient de rendre laïque et obligatoire. Un morceau de passé admirablement retranscris dans ce film et par Alexandra Lamy bien entendu.Tous les soirs, du lundi au vendredi à 20h sur France 5, Anne-Elisabeth Lemoine et toute son équipe accueillent les personnalités et artistes qui font l'actualité.

Pour ce 769eme épisode, nous avons tout d'abord reçu Polygon1993 qui est venu nous parler de son travail et nous présenter sa collection de cartes à jouer Phantasm TCG. Gabrielle Debeuret, fondatrice de Galerie DATA et l'artiste Florian Zumbrunn nous ont rejoint pour évoquer l'exposition Disrupt qui se déroule jusqu'au 26 octobre.1. Phantasm TCG par Polygon1993* Polygon1993 présente un jeu de cartes à collectionner (Trading Card Game), inspiré de son travail d'art numérique glitch analogique. Les cartes présentent des œuvres d'art rétro, rappelant l'esthétique des jeux comme Pokémon et Magic.* Basé sur une mécanique de type Pierre-Papier-Ciseaux, avec des niveaux de rareté des cartes et des éditions spéciales, y compris des God Packs.* Le projet associe à la fois l'art et la collection en mélangeant numérique et physique. Il s'inscrit dans une volonté de démocratiser l'accès à son art, tout en offrant une expérience de jeu ludique et immersive.* Les cartes sont disponibles à l'achat sur Phantasm.world, avec une série limitée encore disponible.2. Exposition “Disrupt” à la Galerie DATA* La Galerie DATA est située située au 26 boulevard Jules Ferry, 75011 Paris.* Gabrielle Debeuret fondatrice de la galerie DATA, expose les œuvres de Florian Zumbrun et Alexandra Jovanić.* L'exposition explore le thème de la perturbation dans les systèmes génératifs et les codes. Alexandra Jovanić s'inspire du travail minimaliste de Sol LeWitt pour déconstruire des systèmes géométriques, tandis que Florian Zumbrun présente une série physique et digitale basée sur des algorithmes, avec un travail sur l'aquarelle.* Les œuvres de Florian Zumbrun et d'Alexandra Jovanić sont également disponibles sur la plateforme FXhash.Ces deux projets reflètent l'innovation à la croisée de l'art traditionnel et digital, apportant de nouvelles expériences immersives pour les amateurs d'art et de technologie.Pour aller plus loin:* Linktr.ee de Polygon1993* Site officiel de Florian Zumbrunn* Site officiel de la Galerie DATA* Profil LinkedIn de Gabrielle DebeuretReplay de l'épisode en vidéo: This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.nftmorning.com

La lettre Ꝃ, aussi appelée "K barré" ou "Ka barré", est un caractère ancien qui a été utilisé dans la langue bretonne pour représenter un son spécifique. Cette lettre apparaît dans des manuscrits bretons médiévaux et était particulièrement utilisée au Moyen Âge pour noter certaines particularités phonétiques de la langue bretonne, un peu comme d'autres langues régionales utilisaient des caractères propres pour leurs spécificités. Le choix d'adopter un "K" barré s'explique par l'influence des scribes qui cherchaient à adapter les caractères latins aux particularités phonétiques locales, facilitant ainsi la lecture pour les locuteurs bretons.Cependant, l'histoire du Ꝃ ne peut être dissociée de la répression que la langue bretonne a subie à travers les siècles. Dès la Révolution française et surtout au XIXe siècle, les autorités françaises ont instauré une politique de centralisation linguistique visant à promouvoir le français comme langue unique de la République. L'État français, craignant que les langues régionales n'entraînent un affaiblissement de l'unité nationale, mit en place des lois et des pratiques visant à décourager l'usage du breton dans les écoles et les administrations. Les lois Jules Ferry de 1881 et 1882, qui ont rendu l'école publique gratuite, laïque et obligatoire, ont notamment joué un rôle dans la francisation des enfants bretons, souvent punis s'ils parlaient leur langue maternelle.La lettre Ꝃ fut ainsi progressivement abandonnée, car elle ne figurait pas dans l'alphabet français standardisé. La répression des caractères spécifiques aux langues régionales était une manière de plus d'éradiquer leur usage. En plus de mesures scolaires, l'administration refusait souvent l'usage de caractères bretons ou d'autres symboles linguistiques non standardisés dans les documents officiels. Cela a entraîné une simplification et une francisation des textes bretons, poussant les écrivains et les imprimeurs à se conformer aux normes imposées par l'État. Le breton a donc perdu de nombreux de ses caractères spécifiques, comme le Ꝃ, et a dû s'adapter à l'alphabet français classique.Finalement, l'interdiction de la lettre Ꝃ en France symbolise une période où la diversité linguistique était vue comme une menace pour l'identité nationale. La langue bretonne, comme beaucoup d'autres langues régionales, a été marginalisée, et ses caractères spécifiques, tels que le Ꝃ, ont été écartés au profit de l'uniformité. Bien que certaines lettres soient réapparues dans des projets de revitalisation du breton au cours du XXe siècle, la lettre Ꝃ demeure aujourd'hui une relique de l'histoire linguistique de la Bretagne. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Bonjour, bonsoir, je suis Jean-Sébastien, votre barman, et pour cet épisode spécial cinéma, un casting 4 étoiles : Thomas Croisière

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo En fonction de 1879 à 1887, ses deux mandats (dont le second n'aura duré que 2 ans) ont été marqués par des réformes visant à renforcer les institutions républicaines, notamment en matière de liberté de la presse et de séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Pendant cette période, Jules Grévy a dû faire face à plusieurs défis majeurs, comme la gestion des tensions politiques entre les différentes factions républicaines, notamment entre les modérés et les radicaux. Ces divisions ont rendu difficile la mise en œuvre de réformes et ont parfois conduit à des blocages politiques.En outre, Grévy a dû faire face à des scandales politiques, tels que l'affaire des décorations, qui ont ébranlé sa présidence et terni son image publique. Ces scandales ont suscité des critiques et remis en question son intégrité en tant que président.Enfin, il a dû faire face à des défis économiques et sociaux, comme la question de la réforme agraire et de la protection des travailleurs. Ces problèmes ont nécessité des efforts importants pour trouver des solutions équitables et durables.Malgré ces défis, Jules Grévy, 4è Président de notre République, a tenté de gouverner avec intégrité et de promouvoir les idéaux républicains, contribuant ainsi à consolider la République française.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Pour écouter l'émission en entier, sans pub, abonnez-vous ! https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/S-tavkjvmo Jules Grévy, 4è Président de la République française, est l'un des piliers de la IIIe République. Avant d'accéder à la présidence, il mène une carrière de juriste et d'avocat, et s'engage très tôt en politique, se faisant remarquer pour ses idées républicaines. Opposé à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, il est élu député sous la Seconde République en 1848. Après le coup d'État de 1851, il se retire temporairement de la vie politique, avant de revenir sur le devant de la scène en 1868, devenant un fervent défenseur de la République parlementaire. Nous verrons qu'il y jouera un rôle clé dans l'élaboration des institutions de la IIIe République, après la chute du Second Empire en 1870. Cette première partie reprend son parcours jusqu'à sa Présidence.

Stéphane Bern raconte, rentrée des classes oblige, Jules Ferry, nommé ministre de l'Instruction publique en février 1879, qui a révolutionné l'école, en la rendant laïque, gratuite et obligatoire, et consolider la République par ses lois historiques. Dans quel contexte les lois relatives à l'école portées par Jules Ferry sont-elles promulguées ? Quelles autres lois fondatrices de notre République lui doit-on ? Pourquoi cette figure de la IIIe République suscite-t-elle la controverse ? Pour en parler, Stéphane Bern reçoit Paul Baquiast et Bertrand Sabot, historiens, auteurs de la biographie "Jules Ferry" (Editions Ellipses).

Stéphane Bern raconte, rentrée des classes oblige, Jules Ferry, nommé ministre de l'Instruction publique en février 1879, qui a révolutionné l'école, en la rendant laïque, gratuite et obligatoire, et consolider la République par ses lois historiques. Dans quel contexte les lois relatives à l'école portées par Jules Ferry sont-elles promulguées ? Quelles autres lois fondatrices de notre République lui doit-on ? Pourquoi cette figure de la IIIe République suscite-t-elle la controverse ? Pour en parler, Stéphane Bern reçoit Paul Baquiast et Bertrand Sabot, historiens, auteurs de la biographie "Jules Ferry" (Editions Ellipses).

Dans son récit, Stéphane Bern nous raconte l'histoire de Jules Ferry, l'homme qui a révolutionné l'école.

Dans la question pas si bête du jour, Florian Gazan nous raconte pourquoi nos écoles s'appellent Jules Ferry, Pierre Perret ou encore Jean Moulin...

Il a offert à des générations d'enfants le droit d'apprendre, de lire, et d'écrire. Jules Ferry, avec son fameux « école gratuite, laïque et obligatoire », a changé à jamais le destin de la France. Mais derrière cet homme au grand idéal se cache une époque tourmentée, entre luttes politiques, débats passionnés et révoltes sociales. Avec Lorànt Deutsch, Entrez dans l'Histoire de la toute 1ère rentrée des classes avec l'inventeur de l'école moderne...

Dans son récit, Stéphane Bern nous raconte l'histoire de Jules Ferry, l'homme qui a révolutionné l'école.

durée : 00:04:08 - Le Zoom de la rédaction - REDIFFUSION - C'est la ville la plus pauvre du Val de Marne. Il y a deux ans, le maire appelait à un plan Marshall pour réagir. Quatre établissements du secteur veulent aider leurs collégiens à s'imaginer un avenir : les collèges Pierre Brossolette, Roland Garros, Jules Ferry et Samuel Paty.

President Emmanuel Macron zet de Franse republiek op zijn kop. De nederlaag van zijn partij bij de Europese verkiezingen bracht hem ertoe een bijna revolutionaire stap te zetten. En vervolgens trekt hij daar de consequenties uit. Hij daagt de Franse politici uit als nooit te voren sinds het begin van de Vijfde Republiek en het aantreden van Charles de Gaulle als president in 1958.***Deze aflevering is mede mogelijk gemaakt met donaties van luisteraars die we hiervoor hartelijk danken. Word ook vriend van de show!Heb je belangstelling om in onze podcast te adverteren of ons te sponsoren? Zend een mailtje naar adverteren@dagennacht.nl en wij zoeken contact.Op sommige podcast-apps kun je niet alles lezen. De complete tekst en een overzicht van al onze eerdere afleveringen vind je hier***Macron schreef vervroegde verkiezingen uit en vroeg de Fransen om 'opheldering': “Hoe en door wie wilt u dat ons land geregeerd wordt?” Daarmee zette hij het politieke systeem en de politieke cultuur op zijn kop. Niet de president beslist en stuurt piramidaal, maar de kiezer moet de richting wijzen.De politieke groeperingen reageerden heel ouderwets – ten diepste gaullistisch. Zij vroegen de kiezer hen een absolute meerderheid te geven, zoals gebruikelijk in het politieke bestel van de nog altijd bestaande Vijfde Republiek. De Fransen lijken wèl aan vernieuwing toe. Zij luisterden naar iemand anders; de voetballer uit het nationale elftal Kylian Mbappé. De voetbalster adviseerde de burgers 'verantwoordelijk' te handelen en 'de extremen' te marginaliseren. Alsof hij ‘het vaasje van Mark Rutte' in de etalage zette.De uitslag van de verkiezingen van 7 juli verblufte de waarnemers dan ook. Geen duidelijke, klassieke absolute meerderheid voor enige stroming. Geen dominante rol voor de partij van de president. Geen triomf voor het radicaal-rechts van Marine le Pen, geen krachtige tegenbeweging door extreemlinks van oud-trotskist Jean-Luc Mélenchon. Maar wat dan wel?Jaap en PG duiken diep in de uitslagen, dwars door het Franse stad en platteland. Alleen zo ontdek je de patronen die de basis vormden van deze verrassende uitslag. Wat gebeurde in Yvelines? Wat in de Gironde en de stedelijke centra rond Parijs?En terwijl het stof neerdaalde, zette Macron op 10 juli zijn volgende revolutionaire stap. Hij schreef een brief aan de kiezers en legde uitvoerig uit waarom hij die 'opheldering' nodig vond, met alle risico's van dien. Hij maande de politici nu in diepgaand beraad en overleg een stabiele regeringsmeerderheid te vinden, waarvoor hij als staatshoofd dan een premier zou aanwijzen.Frankrijk was opnieuw verbluft. Moest men nu `à la Belge' (en zoals bij ons!) een kabinetsformatie proberen - polderen, coalities maken en compromissen zoeken? Dat was 'du jamais vu!' in een politieke cultuur van ideologische confrontatie en tweedeling.Voor Frankrijk liggen nu twee wegen open. Men kan terugkeren naar de Vierde Republiek, de naoorlogse 12 jaar voordat ze De Gaulle smeekten de macht naar zich toe te trekken. De labiliteit van toen met kortademige kabinetten is geen attractief perspectief.Men kan ook kiezen voor een constructie à la de Derde Republiek van de periode 1870-1940. Het lijkt vergeten hoezeer Frankrijk in die jaren een stevige, parlementair geregeerde natie was en allerminst de ‘gekozen monarchie' van de jaren sinds 1958.Opvallend is dat de bloei van Frankrijk in die jaren in culturele en economische zin alom bewonderd is. Parijs was de wereldhoofdstad van de kunsten. Technologie, innovatie, wetenschap en politieke vernieuwingen stonden voorop. Maar de politiek in die jaren lijkt veel geheel verdwenen uit de nationale herinnering.Sommige politieke leiders waren bepaald kleurrijk. ‘Le Tigre' Georges Clemenceau bleek een onstuitbare oorlogsleider. Raymond Poincaré en Jules Ferry waren enorme persoonlijkheden die het land krachtig richting gaven. En hoe kun je het levensverhaal vergeten van Marguerite Steinheil?Het Frankrijk van de Derde Republiek is misschien in allerlei opzichten een inspiratie voor het experiment van Macron. Want als hij een 'brede poldercoalitie' kan realiseren dan zal de politiek nadrukkelijk parlementair zijn.Dan hangt niet langer alles af van de man in het Élysée, van 'Jupiter' of 'Dieu' zoals presidenten een tikje spottend genoemd werden. Het kan een nieuwe politieke cultuur worden. Een waarin de president meer nationaal symbool dan 'patron' wordt. Misschien een uitermate geschikte rol voor… Kylian Mbappé!***Verder lezenRésultats des élections législatives 2024 : découvrez les scores du second tour et quel député l'emporte dans votre circonscription***Verder luisteren432 – Verkiezingen Europees Parlement 2024: het midden houdt stand429 – Hoe het Europees Parlement steeds meer macht naar zich toe trekt419 - Europa kán sterven - Emmanuel Macrons visie op onze toekomst407 - Cruciale Europese verkiezingen399 - Politieke problemen in Duitsland, Nederland en Europa: de grote zorgen van Bondsdaglid Otto Fricke333 - Een 'bromance' tussen Rishi Sunak en Emmanuel Macron. De haat-liefdeverhouding van Britten en Fransen302 - De Frans-Duitse motor hapert. Gesprek met Bondsdaglid Otto Fricke240 - Het Franse EU-voorzitterschap als uitdaging voor Rutte IV204 - 14 juli 2021: Op weg naar de Franse presidentsverkiezingen190 - Napoleon, 200 jaar na zijn dood: zijn betekenis voor Nederland en Europa45 – De liefdesbrieven van Francois Mitterrand35 - Charles De Gaulle28 - De relatie Nederland-Frankrijk***Tijdlijn00:00:00 – Deel 100:26:24 – Deel 200:43:27 – Deel 301:22:23 – Einde Zie het privacybeleid op https://art19.com/privacy en de privacyverklaring van Californië op https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

L'émission 28 Minutes du 13/03/2024 Air, le groupe culte de la French Touch, remet le pied sur la lune « On faisait partie d'une scène qui ne s'appelait pas encore la French Touch et était la chose la plus merveilleuse à vivre. » Jean-Benoît Dunckel et Nicolas Godin font connaissance au lycée Jules-Ferry de Versailles, à 15 ans. En 1995, Jean-Benoît et Nicolas collaborent désormais sous le nom de Air et le duo s'impose en 1998 avec « Moon Safari », album rétro-futuriste qui le propulse au sommet de la musique électronique. Un style « en apesanteur » qui fait son succès, confirmé un an plus tard par la composition de la bande originale du film « Virgin Suicides » de Sofia Coppola. Après huit albums et une tournée anniversaire en 2016, Air remonte sur scène à l'occasion des 25 ans de leur incontournable premier projet, accompagné d'une réédition. Jean-Benoît Dunckel et Nicolas Godin sont nos invités.  La France, vice-championne du monde de ventes d'armes : Cocorico ? La France cartonne à l'exportation, mais dans un domaine bien particulier : celui des ventes d'armes. Selon un récent rapport publié par le SIPRI — l'Institut international de recherche sur la paix de Stockholm —, l'Hexagone a dépassé la Russie pour se positionner à la deuxième place des plus gros vendeurs d'armes au monde, grâce à une augmentation de 47 % sur les périodes 2014-2018 et 2019-2023. Cette industrie est principalement portée par le Rafale, l'avion de combat français devenu best-seller en Inde, en Égypte et dans les pays du Golfe. Les pays européens, quant à eux, préfèrent se tourner vers les équipements américains qui représentent près de 55 % des importations. Cette situation de dépendance à l'égard des États-Unis rend de plus en plus nécessaire le projet d'une industrie de défense européenne : à l'horizon 2030, la moitié des équipements militaires commandés par des États membres devraient être fournis par des Européens. Mais la France est-elle suffisamment regardante sur l'usage que font ses clients des armes qu'elle leur livre ? Nos invités en débattent.  Enfin, retrouvez également les chroniques de Xavier Mauduit et Marie Bonnisseau ! 28 Minutes est le magazine d'actualité d'ARTE, présenté par Elisabeth Quin du lundi au jeudi à 20h05. Renaud Dély est aux commandes de l'émission le vendredi et le samedi. Ce podcast est coproduit par KM et ARTE Radio.   Enregistrement : 13 mars 2024 - Présentation : Elisabeth Quin - Production : KM, ARTE Radio

Jules Ferry n'a pas inventé l'école, ni Charlemagne d'ailleurs, puisque l'école existait depuis l'Antiquité. Mais avant Jules Ferry, l'école était réservée à l'élite et pendant des siècles, strictement encadrée par la religion. Qui était donc Jules Ferry qui a fait entrer l'école dans la modernité ? Du lundi au vendredi, Lorànt Deutsch vous donne rendez-vous dans la matinale de RTL. Chaque jour, l'animateur de "Entrez dans l'histoire" revient sur ces grands moments qui ont façonné notre pays.

durée : 00:04:04 - Le zoom de la rédaction - C'est la ville la plus pauvre du Val de Marne. Il y a deux ans, le maire appelait à un plan Marshall pour réagir. Quatre établissements du secteur veulent aider leurs collégiens à s'imaginer un avenir : les collèges Pierre Brossolette, Roland Garros, Jules Ferry et Samuel Paty.

Entourées de Pierre de Vilno, les Grandes voix décryptent et analysent sans complaisance la vie politique.

Pour faire la différence entre l'amour et l'amitié, il faut des experts : place aux  spécialistes du sujet : les ados ! Il n'y a qu'eux pour savoir différencier l'amouritié de l'amimour... euh oui bon, écoute l'épisode, c'est plus simple. Ma vie d'ado, ce sont des témoignages d'ado, venus de toute la France. C'est une émission qui s'adresse aux adolescents. Mais pas que.  Ces tranches de vie surprennent et émeuvent les adultes ; si elles racontent qui sont les ados d'aujourd'hui, elles rappellent aussi aux adultes, qui ils ont été. Ma Vie d'Ado, c'est intime, c'est joyeux, c'est drôle, c'est triste, c'est tranquille ou mouvementé… C'est bouleversant comme une vie d'ado ! Ma Vie d'Ado, un podcast proposé par le magazine Okapi, à retrouver tous les quinze jours. Crédits : Ce podcast est préparé et animé par le magazine Okapi (Bayard Jeunesse) .  Voix hoste : Rebecca Devannes. Montage : Yann Bonicatto. Conception, réalisation : Emmanuel Viau. Musique : Fixxions. Animation éditoriale : Jean-Yves Dana. Création visuelle : France Rapp. Production : Hélène Devannes / Emmanuel Viau. Merci aux enseignants et aux élèves des classes / groupes des webradios  des collèges Pasteur à Villejuif (94), Anatole France à Gerzat (63), , Gilles Gahinet à Arradon (56), Camille Sée à Paris (75), Jules Verne à Vittel (88), Jules Ferry à Sainte Geneviève des Bois (91), Institut de l'Assomption à Colmar (68) , Sainte Thérèse à Rambouillet  (78), George Pompidou à Champtoceaux (49) . Merci au Clemi.

Last time we spoke about the final battles to push the Qing forces out of Tonkin. The Qing, Black Flag and Vietnamese forces were fighting bitterly, on the open field and as guerillas to kick France out of Tonkin. The guerilla activity led to bloody months at the isolated outposts of Thai Nguyen, Hung Hoa and Tuyen Quang. To dislodge the Qing army from Tonkin, the French attacked them at Nui Bop and seized Lang son thus saving the outposts from being taken. After securing their outposts the French recommenced their offensive attacking Hoa Moc. But the Qing and Black Flag forces erected a siege at Tuyen Quang, to which the French beat them again. Then at Dang Dong, the French finally pushed the Qing forces across the Gate of China back to their homeland. The war over Tonkin was fierce, costing countless lives and all for a war never officially declared, but was it all won and done? Well we are about to find out.   #47 The Sino-French War of 1884-1885 part 4: Of War and Peace   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. General Francois Oscar de Negrier took his 2nd brigade and absolutely smashed the remnants of the Guangxi army at Dang Dong, sending them fleeing back into their homeland. For good measure the French literally blew up the Gate of China, also known today as the “Gate of Friendship” which was the border between Guangxi and Tonkin. The customs building, walls, gate itself, all of it was blown sky high. Once this was done the 2nd brigade pulled back to Lang Son at the end of February of 1885. Thus by March the the Guangxi army had been pushed out of Tonkin by General Oscar, while the Yunnan army had been defeated heavily at Tuyen Quang and Hung Hoa by the 1st brigade of Giovanninelli.  Despite the sweeping victories, the Qing were not truly defeated by any means they still held considerable forces across the border. General Briere de L'isle thought about launching an offensive against the nearest target within China, such as the military depot at Longzhou, but he did not have enough men to really pull it off, he had to wait for reinforcements. Reinforcements would arrive in mid march. He sat down with his officers and devised a course of action. It was agreed the 1st brigade would attack the Yunnan army to push them beyond the Yen Bay while the 2nd brigade would hold its position at Lang Son.  The Guangxi Army in the meantime was rebuilding its strength and by March 17th had been bolstered to 30,000 men. Soon the Guangxi army was pressing upon the Tonkin border with two major camps at Yen Cua Ai and Bang Bo with over 9 separate military commands. At Yen Cua Ai were 10 battalions led by General Feng Zicai, around 7500 men strong. Behind Yen Cua Ai in the village of Mufu, 2-3 kms away were another 7000 men led by Generals Su Yuanchun and Chen Jia; another 15kms behind Mufu at the village of Pingxiang was another 7000 men led by General Jian Zonghan and Fang Yusheng. 50 kms to the west AT Aiwa village was 3500 men led by Wei Gang. 15 kms east in at Cua Ai sitting just a toehold within Tonkin was 3500 men led by General Wang Debang. And overall commander of the Guangxi army, General Pan Dingxian was at Haicun, over 30 kms behind Mufu village with 3500 men. General Oscar had around 1600 men to hold Lang Son, yes it was not looking good for the french boys. On March 22nd, Feng Zicai led a raid against a French outpost at Dong Dang. That said outpost was held by forces under Lt Colonel Paul Gustave Herbinger, someone we spoke a tiny bit about in a previous battle who made the rather idiotic decision to outflank the enemy by going way too far around, so far that his superior simply sent another force to attack the enemy. Herbingers french foreign legionnaires fought off the raid once the rest of the 2nd brigade came up to support his outposts defense. Upon driving off the raiders, General Oscar decided it was a good idea to strike back. He hoped to take the enemy by surprise and led the men to cross over to the Zhennanguan pass which held the Guangxi encampment at Bang Bo. Oscar did not intend for a major offensive against Guangxi province, his simple aim was to raid them back and give some breathing room for Dong Dang.  Oscar left a single company of the 2nd African battalion with some batteries to hold Lang Son and the 23rd battalion to hold Dong Dang which would act as his supply line as his main body marched to Zhennanguan. On March 23rd, 1600 men with 10 artillery pieces made their way. The next day the French were met with fierce resistance when they approached Zhennanguan. There they found the Guangxi army utilizing outwork fortifications. Along with the defense, Wang Debang sent his force from Cua Ai to launch a counterattack hitting the French right flank. Oscars men were able to repel the counterattack and seize the outworks and the next day he had his men launch an attack against the enemy's main at position of Bang Bo. He planned to hit the front while simultaneously sending men to sweep around the rear. The frontal defensive line of Bang Bo held a long trenchline which the french named the Long trench. To attack the front, Oscar sent the 111th battalion led by chef de bataillon Francois Leon Faure and for the rear attack, the 2nd legion battalion of chef de bataillon Digeut and the 143rd battalion of chef de bataillon Farret. Herbinger who was leading the 3rd regiment was ordered to guide Diguet and Farret to perform their rear attack maneuver. Unfortunately a thick fog hit the area causing Herbinger to get lost. Oscar, unaware of Herbingers plight mistook a Guangxi army column moving towards the Long Trench to be Herbingers 2 battalions, and promptly ordered Faure to launch his frontal attack.  Fauvre's 111th formed their line and charged into the fray. They immediately came under intense fire from Feng Zicai's infantry manning the Long trench and other Guangxi units manning nearby hills. Within seconds several officers were killed. Two companies made it to the trench and after a very short hand to hand fighting match were fleeing from a major counter attack led personally by Feng Zicai. The carnage was intense, and what saved many of the fleeing French was the Guangxi army's resolve to behead the wounded and plunder them of their arms.  Meanwhile to the right of the battlefield, Ferrets 143rd battalion and Diguets 2nd legionnaires leapt into the fray of battle, several hours longer than expected. They quickly seized a Qing held fort. At 3pm, Pan Dingxin after watching the 111th battalion flee for their lives saw Herbingers command and tossed a counterattack their way. Herbingers command was nearly encircled, in fact a single company of the 143rd battalion led by the Irish officer, Captain Patrick Cotter were completely encircled. Harbinger ordered the men to retreat and leave Captain Patrick's company behind, but the French foreign legionnaires ignored the order and charged at the Qing to break free the company. Despite the company being able to break free, Captain Patrick was killed in the action. Gradually Digeut and Farret's men fell back, performing a fighting withdrawal to keep the Qing onslaught at bay best they could.  During the chaos, the 3rd legion battalion of Lt Colonel Schoeffer had been ordered to stay on Tonkinese soil around Dang Dong to protect their flanks found themselves fighting desperately to keep a line of retreat for the incoming french. Schoeffer's men had to fight off both flanks enabling the rest of the army to fight their way back down the middle. General Oscar was leading the rearguard to try and maintain morale and was successful at stopping a complete rout of his forces. Oscar spent the majority of the late afternoon quelling disorder amongst differing commands, trying to keep the men together. The entire brigades morale was dropping as was their ammunition, so Oscar called for a general retreat back to Lang Son. On the night of March 24th they camped at Dong Dang  exhausted and shell shocked. Sergeant Maury of Digeuts 2nd legionnaires had this to say about the feelings of the men.  “The night was very dark. The soldiers marched in complete silence. We felt cheated, ashamed, and angry. We were leaving behind us both victory and many of our friends. From time to time, in low murmurs, we established who was missing. Then we relapsed into the silence of mourning and the bitterness of loss. And so we reached Dong Dang, without being disturbed. We slept in the field hospital huts, after drinking some soup. We were harassed and hungry. We had not eaten all day, and had drunk nothing since morning except a single cup of coffee. In spite of my weariness, I spent a troubled night. My spirits were haunted by the day's memories, by images of the fighting and phantasms of our misfortunes. I was shaken with spasms. I trembled as I have never done on the battlefield. I lay down, but was unable to sleep.” The French had 74 deaths, 213 wounded, amongst the dead were 7 officers. They estimated the Qing casualties to be around 1650. The defeat shocked France who were becoming accustomed to victory reports. Oscar kept the men marching back to Long San, as their coolies all abandoned them creating a sever supply issue. The Guangxi army pursued them the entire way, leading to another battle at Ky Lua on march 28th. This time the French had rested a bit and took up defensive positions behind earthworks. The rationale for the battle was to hold onto the road to Long San for as long as possible and they managed to repel an intense attack from the enemy. The French saw 7 deaths with 38 wounded but inflicted severe casualties upon the pursuing enemy. The French claimed to have seen over 1200 corpses scattered around the battlefield and perhaps wounded over 6000 Guangxi soldiers if its to be believed. Towards the end of the carnage, Oscar was severely wounded in the chest while helping his scouts find Qing positions. He was forced to hand command over to the most senior officer, Herbinger. At this point many officers had commented on his lackluster performance during the undeclared war, he had seriously messed up on quite the occasions. It seems Herbinger began his command in a rather panicked state, for despite the fact they had battered the Qing pursuers, he was convinced they were going to encircle the brigade at any moment. Against the majority of his officers' protest, he ordered the 2nd brigade to abandon Lang Son on the night he took command. They were to retreat to Chu and initially they were divided marching in two columns with Herbingers going towards Thang Moy and Schoeffer's going to Dong Song. Herbinger began to fear the men towing the artillery would slow down his retreat so he ordered the artillery pieces tossed into the Song Ki Cong river alongside their brigades treasure chest. At the same time Herbinger send a runner over to Briere de l'isle over in Hanoi claiming he did not have enough ammunition to fight a second battle for Lang Son and that he was retreating. His claim of not having enough ammunition would later prove to be incorrect.  Both Herbinger and Schoeffer forced a intense pace for their marches and by the time the men reached Thang Moy and Dong Song they were exhausted. Briere de L'ilse upon receiving the message from Herbinger was shocked he abandoned Lang Song. He prompted sent word back to Paris about the ordeal. The next day Briere de l'isle sent a message over to Herbinger demanding him to hold his position at Thanh Moy and Dong Song. Herbinger thought it insane to do so, but he obeyed the orders nonetheless.  On the 30th, the French prepared their defenses at Thanh Moy and Dong Song. Herbinger tossed some cavalry patrols to figure out where the Guangxi army would hit them from and they came back with reports they were heading down the Mandarin road south of Lang Son. Harbinger sent word to Briere de l'isle, stating he believed the enemy would soon encircle them. The French defenders were told by Herbinger to fasten their bayonets and hunker down. Now it seems Herbinger's nerves were shot, because on the night of the 30th he told his fellow officers he believed they were all going to be massacred the following morning. He went to bed at 8pm and an hour later he began to hear firing from forward outposts. It would turn out to be a false alarm, but one officer rushed over to Herbinger to wake him up and report the action to which Herbinger allegedly said “'I'm sick, and the column is just as sick as me! Leave me alone!' Meanwhile Briere de l'isle was receiving Herbingers panicked reports throughout the night and he reluctantly gave Herbinger permission to retreat back to Chu at 10pm if in his words “if the situation demanded it”. That was more than enough for Herbinger who immediately ordered a retreat to Chu that very night. Harbinger's message back to Briere de l'isle read this 'I will take advantage of the night and the moon to retire, in conformity with your instructions”. And so the men packed up and began their trek from Thang Moy and Dong Song linking up along the way. Schoeffer's force were attacked by some Qing patrols, but it did not amount to much. Harbinger yet again, ordered artillery pieces to be spiked and abandoned believing they would slow down his column. However the gunnery officers disobeyed the orders and kept carrying the pieces all the way safely to Chu. At dawn the on the 31st, the Guangxi army caught up to the French near the village of Pho Cam, just as Herbinger received reinforcements, a squadron of Spahi cavalry. Upon seeing the cavalry, the French officers and soldiers rejoiced, seeking to direct them to charge into the forward Guangxi army patrols to break them down a bit, but Herbinger forbid a charge and instead ordered the retreat to continue at pace. Now, while Herbinger thought the entire Guangxi army was coming after him, this was not the case. Back on the 29th, the bulk of the Guangxi army was actually retreating back towards Zhennanguan. That was until some Vietnamese caught up to them, giving them reports the French were shockingly abandoning Lang Son and in a full retreat. General Pan Dingxin could not believe it, and he immediately ordered his battered army to turn around to seize Lang Son. Once Lang Son had been taken he sent out smaller forces to skirmish with the retreating French to prod them along, because the reality was his army was in no condition to fully attack them. When he received word his skirmishers were hitting the French around Pho Cam, he ordered his main body to occupy Dong Song and Bac Le, knowing they were undefended. Thus Herbinger had unknowingly lost everything gained during the last offensive to kick the Guangxi army out of Tonkin! On April 1st, the 2nd brigade finally got to Chu, exhausted and bitterly demoralized. Briere de l'isle had ordered the 1st brigade to depart Hung Hoa for Chu and told Colonel Gustave Borgnis Desbordes to take command of the 2nd brigade. On the 2nd of April Colonel Desbordes relieved Herbinger of his command and issued the following order to the 2nd Brigade,  “In view of General de Négrier's serious wound, I have been asked to take provisional command of the brigade. I have arrived with fresh troops and ammunition. I have been told by the general-in-chief that there is to be no further retreat. We are to remain here at all costs. And that is precisely what we shall do.” Minecraft Ompf sounds. Now the 1st brigade had not sat by idle while all the chaos and disorder befell the 2nd brigade. Back on March 23rd, the 1st battalion led by chef de bataillon Simon were ordered to depart from Hung Hoa to perform a preliminary reconnaissance of the village of Phu Lam Tao. The reason for this was because the French had been receiving reports the Black Flags along with remnants of the Yunnan army had begun occupying it. Simons men, 1000 strong went to the village discovering the reports to be true. Simon ordered his men to attack and disaster struck. According to Lt Colonel Bonifacy the troops quickly fell into disorder, tossed their equipment down, including rifles and fled the scene. A military report of the operation indicated 400 uniforms and large quantities of arms were abandoned. The French suffered around 50 casualties. Now while this was by no means a large engagement nor that significant of a defeat, in combination to the disastrous Long San retreat, it would lead to a devastating effect for France. The situation these two combined events created is known as the “Tonkin affair”. Briere de L'isle while in Hanoi had begun to plan moving his HQ over to Hung Hoa where he further planned to launch an offensive against the Yunnan Army believed to be still operating around Tuyen Quang. However the disastrous retreat of Herbinger combined with the defeat of Simon's force. This led Briere de l'isle to believe the entire Red River Delta region was threatened and he sent a fateful telegram, under duress which made its way to the French government on the 28th, here is the Lang Son Telegram, “ I am grieved to tell you that General de Négrier is seriously wounded and Lạng Sơn has been evacuated. The Chinese forces advanced in three large groups, and fiercely assaulted our positions in front of Ky Lua. Facing greatly superior numbers, short of ammunition, and exhausted from a series of earlier actions, Colonel Herbinger has informed me that the position was untenable and that he has been forced to fall back tonight on Dong Song and Thanh Moy. All my efforts are being applied to concentrate our forces at the passes around Chu and Kép. The enemy continues to grow stronger on the Red River, and it appears that we are facing an entire Chinese army, trained in the European style and ready to pursue a concerted plan. I hope in any event to be able to hold the entire Delta against this invasion, but I consider that the government must send me reinforcements (men, ammunition, and pack animals) as quickly as possible.” The telegram created a political crisis, the stock market plunged and many called for Jules Ferry to resign. Ferry dove into a heated debate calling for the need to avenge the loss at Lang Son and to secure Frances hold over Tonkin. To do this, Ferry demanded 200 million francs to be handed over to the army and navy which met a bitter rebuttal from George Clemenceau who absolutely tore Ferry for everything. Here is a bit of his speech, “We're completely finished with you! We're never going to listen to you again! We're not going to debate the nation's affairs with you again! We no longer recognise you! We don't want to recognise you!You're no longer ministers! You all stand accused (long pause) of high treason! And if the principles of accountability and justice still exist in France, the law will soon give you what you deserve!' A motion of no confidence was immediately tabled and  Ferry was voted down 306 to 149. Ferry left in absolute disgrace as all of Paris blew up blaming him for what became infamously known as “the tonkin affair”. The humiliating blow saw Henri Brisson become Prime Minister who started his premiership by trying to negotiate a peace with the Qing dynasty. Meanwhile back over in Formosa, the French were still effectively blockading its northern territory. The war in Formosa had never quieted down, Liu Mingchuan as you might recall received reinforcements in the form of Anhui and Xiang army units, by April of 1885 he had 35,000 men. They were also armed with more modern firearms such as the Lee Model 1879 rifle, Winchesters, Remingtons and Mausers. The french considered these forces to be the cream of the Qing military, well dressed, well armed, and noticeably tall and sturdy. Liu Mingchuan did not stop there, he began hiring more local Hakka militiamen and head-hunting Formosan aborigines.  On the other side the Formosa expeditionary corps had also been bolstered, now 4000 men strong led by Lt Colonel Jacque Duchesne who had gained fame serving a major defeat to Liu Yongfu's black flag army at the battle of Yu Oc. The two opposing forces skirmished quite often, until January of 1885 when a real offensive began. Duchesne ordered his men to seize Yeuh-mei-shan known as “la table” to the french. The offensive started out rough due to terrible torrential rain. The French and Qing forces fought for days at a place known as Fork Y, but in the end Duchesne's men were able to push the Qing out of the way and they continued to march upon La Table. By February La Table was seized and the Qing forces bombarded their position by mid february until the French silenced their artillery using their own. In March Duchesne launched a second offensive, successfully breaking the Qing encirclement of Keelung, delivering an outstanding outflanking maneuver. Duchesne's men pushed the Qing past the Keelung river losing 41 men dead and 157 wounded, while estimating they inflicted up to 1500 casualties on the enemy. The French seized numerous forts the Qing had built up to surround Keelung at Shih-ch'iu'ling, Hung-tan-shan and Yeuh-mei-shan, renaming them La Dent, Fort Bamboo and fort La Table.  It was an incredible French victory given the odds, but these feats were done at the same time as the famous Siege of Tuyen Quang and thus remained largely unknown to the French public. Alongside this, Duchesne's victories enabled Admiral Courbet to follow them up by landing marine forces from the Keelung garrison to capture the Pescadore islands in late March. Controlling the Pescadore islands allowed the French to thwart Qing reinforcement of Formosa, thus France was gradually consolidating its control over the entire island. But this also came right smack dab in the middle of the Herbinger Lang Son retreat disaster. Admiral Courbet almost had to evacuate Keelung to take the forces over to Tonkin to save the situation, but the peace talks had begun before he could do so. Imagine that, a French controlled Taiwan? What the alternate history peeps would do with that one I do not know.  So things were not going well for France, the French public were losing their minds over the Tonkin debacle forcing them to the peace table. However, things were going wildly worse for the Qing dynasty. Because if you can remember way back when, before we began this French adventure, the Qing were having troubles with Japan over Korea. The Gapsin coup had occurred in December of 1884 drawing the Qing attention towards the threat of Japan. Things in Korea were beginning to get much worse and to be honest, as grand a success as Herbinger had delivered the Qing during his disastrous retreat, in truth the Guangxi army was decimated by the war. Yes they grabbed their positions back within Tonkin, but holding them was another matter entirely. To add to their misery it looked like they were going to lose Formosa, thus Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the Qing envoys to the peace table.  The Qing sent Li Hongzhang to meet with Jules Patenotre and they opened up by agreeing to the provisions of the Tientsin Accord. The French would get their protectorate over Vietnam, but they were to drop the longstanding demand of reparations for the Bac Le ambush. Negotiations carried on into April of 1885 where they finally agreed to a preliminary peace protocol and an immediate ceasefire in Tonkin and Formosa. The French agreed to life their rice blockade and the Qing finally agreed to pull out the Yunnan and Guangxi armies from Tonkin with an official deadline stated for May of 1885. The Qing also made sure to pressure Liu Yongfu and his Black Flag Army to withdraw from Tonkin so he did not screw up their peace deal. By June of 1885 the new Tientsin Accord was signed.  A by product of this war, was the absolute destruction of a capable Vietnamese resistance movement. France added Tonkin and Annam to their holding of Cochinchina and would seize Cambodia by 1887 thus creating French Indochina. By 1893 Laos would also be added after the Franco-Siamese War, thus creating a large French Far east colonial empire. It would not be until the Pacific War whereupon France would lose its iron control over southeast asia.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. And so, France had won an undeclared war over the Qing dynasty and in the process would control a large portion of Southeast Asia, known to them as French Indochina. The Qing had been dealt yet again another humiliating blow. 

Last time we spoke about the beginning of the Tonkin campaign of 1883-1886. Henri Riviere picked up after Garnier and got himself killed on the Paper bridge. In the face of a unauthorized and failed Tonkin Campaign, that should have been the nail in the coffin. But a new administration took hold in France and they were certainly more gung-ho about colonizing southeast asia. General Bouet picked up after Riviere, but he was met with some failure and uninspiring victories. He quit his job and it fell to Admiral Courbet to continue France's campaign to take all of Tonkin. However to defeat the Black Flag Army of Liu Yongfu was a tricky thing as the Qing were covertly supporting them. France had to decide if she would continue, for if she did it might mean another war against the Qing dynasty.   #44 The Sino-French War of 1884-1885 part 1: Battle of Fuzhou   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Admiral Courbet just received reinforcements in the form of 10,000 men, 6 gunboats and orders to attack Liu Yongfu and the Black Flag regardless of how it might drag the Qing dynasty into war. The Black Flag Army had set up camp in the fortified city of Son Tay which lay a few km's south of the red river. The city fort was in a pentagonal formation with walls 11 feet high, surrounded by a deep moat and within the center was a citadel. The french scouts estimated the fort had well over 100 cannons, this was not going to be a walk in the park as they say.  Liu Yongfu and the Black Flag Army knew the French would approach Son Tay from the east using their gunboats along the Red River. This was because the Black Flat had hired european engineers in advance to convert the town north of Son Tay blocking its approach into a impregnable strongpoint. Large dykes, water filled ditches, bamboo palisades and trenches surrounded it and offered the Black Flag Army extremely well positioned defensive lines. Thus to take a northern route meant the French would have to take Phu Sa. Liu Yongfu had roughly 3000 veteran Black Flag soldiers , 7000 local vietnamese troops led by Prince Hoang Ke Viem and an additional 1000 Qing troops led by Tang Zhiong. Hoang Ke Viem's men manned the citadel, Tang Zhiong's were inside the city and the walls and field were Black Flag Army's responsibility.  On the other side, Admiral Courbet deployed 9000 of his men for the campaign against Son Tay, distributed into two columns led by Colonel Belin and Bichot. Belin would lead 3300 men consisting of 2 Turco battalions, 1 marine battalion, some Cochinchinese riflemen, 1 foreign legion battalion, 3 marine artillery batteries and 800 Tonkinese rifleman. Bichot's group consisted of 3 marine battalions, some Cochinchinese riflemen, a fusilier-marins battalion and 3 artillery batteries. Both columns departed from Hanoi on December 11th. Bichot's group were transported up the Red River by the 6 gunboats and made it ashore on the western bank of the Day River, where they secured a pathway for Belin's column to march. By December 13th both columns met up 5 km's away from the forward defensive lines of Son Tay. On December 14th the French advanced from the east towards the Phu Sa positions, beating back some Black Flag sorties against their flanks. They opened fire with their artillery for 2 hours upon the Phu Sa gun placements. Then 2 forward battalions seized the most forward defensive position at Phu Sa, but from there they found no way to keep pushing forward. During this action the French had 68 men dead and around 250 wounded. Thus in a single day Courtbet had lost more men that Bouet or Riviere in all their battles put together.  Liu Yongfu hoped to exploit the French losses by ordering a night raid. This however turned into a disaster and not only did he loss many men to the combat, others began to abandon Phu Sa, fleeing for Son Tay. On the 16th Courbet ordered the men to try and prod Son Tay from the northwest. The French artillery softened up the defense before Coubet personally rode out to the forward position well within the Black Flag Army's fire range. Courbet led the men to attack the western gate of Son Tay which was demolished by artillery and explosives. Li Yongfu's men quickly withdrew into the citadel as the French stormed into the city. By this point it seems Liu Yongfu knew it was too dangerous to defend the city so he ordered his men to evacuate under the cover of darkness. The French had suffered 83 deaths and a few hundred wounded while the Black Flag were estimated to have nearly 1000 killed and another 1000 wounded if French sources are ever to be believed. The Vietnamese and Chinese troops had evacuated well in advance of the French storming the city and thus played only a minor role in the battle. Now the terrible losses the Black Flag did incur had significant consequences going forward. Liu Yongfu felt his men had intentionally been tossed to the lions by the Chinese and Vietnamese and he determined going forward that he would not again expose his army so openly. Liu Yongfu took his army from Son Tay over to Bac Ninh. Now at this point Admiral Courbet officially handed command of the land forces over to General Charles Thoedore Millot. Millot would take command of the 10,000 man force which included 2 Brigade commanders who had recently made their marks so to say in history. General Louis Briere de L'isle, the former governor of Senegal commanded the 1st brigade and the 2nd brigade was commanded by Foreign Legion general Francois de Negrier who had quelled an Arab rebellion in Algeria.  Now in Bac Ninh the 3000 strong Black Flag Army would have very powerful allies. The Qing governor of Guangxi province, Xu Yanxu was commanding over 20,000 Qing forces with his subordinates Zhao Wo and Huang Guilan. The soldiers were veterans of the Anhui and Xiang armies, ie; Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan's old forces. Half of the Qing forces were deployed along the Mandarin Road southwest of Bac Ninh and the other half were deployed east of Bac Ninh along the Trun son and Dap Cau mountains. General Millot gave each brigade two marching regiments each containing roughly 3 infantry battalions a piece. The 4 commanders of each regiment were Colonels Defoy, Belin, Duchesne and Bertaux-Levillain, interesting last name there haha. Now despite the numerical superiority, the Chinese forces were quite demoralized and Liu Yongfu intentionally was going to keep his Black Flag units out of the real fray of danger, and these factors came out to play in the battle.  The two brigades were to approach Bac Ninh from two different locations: the first brigade would depart from Hanoi and the 2nd brigade from Hai Duong. Millot's primary objective was to capture Bac Ninh, but he also hoped to annihilate the Qing forces in the process. To manage this he planned to seize some river crossing around Bac Ninh so the Qing forces would be unable to escape. These crossing were found north of Bac Ninh at Dap Cau and Phu Cam which led to Lang Son and Thai Nguyen respectively. On March 6th, the 1st brigade were ferried from Hanoi up the Red River to land just due south of some Qing defensive lines along the Mandarin Road. On land the 1st brigade marched  along the northern bank to head southeast of Bac Ninh to a village called Chi. Meanwhile the 2nd brigade advanced from Hai Duong going along the southern bank to Song Cau where they attacked some Qing forward positions at Do Son and Ne Ou. While the 2nd brigade met the enemy on land, their gunboat support went around behind the Qing lines close to Phu Lang to begin bombarding them. Upon seeing the French gunboats positioning, the Qing forward units made a withdrawal to Bac Ninh. This allowed the 2nd brigade to occupy some minor forts and gradually move towards Chi to meet up with the 1st brigade. The 2 brigades united and advanced upon Bac Ninh by March 12th. Forces of the 1st brigade pushed the Qing out of Trung Son while forces of the 2nd brigade seized the village of Xuan Hoa. The Qing made little resistance at these outpost, basically abandoning them when the French came into visual proximity. Then at 4pm the 2nd brigade alongside their gunboat support attacked Dap Cau just east of Bac Ninh. The arrival of the French at Dap Cau threatened the Qing's left defensive lines. The Qing's escape routes to Lang Son were being severed off by the seizure of Xuan Hoa, Lang Buoi and now Dap Cau. Thus the only concern the Qing commanders were thinking of was how to quickly withdraw their men to Lang Son before the roads were completely cut off. The Qing resistance began to collapse as a result, morale had dropped and many were routing. The French regimental commanders saw the Qing's left flank were breaking and believed they could encircle a large part of the Qing forces. At 5pm the French commanders noticed the Qing flag still flew atop the citadel tower at Bac Ninh, but between the city, Dap Cau and Trung Son all that could be seen was fleeing Qing soldiers. The 2nd brigade attacked Bac Ninh the next morning, capturing large sums of ammunition and curiously enough fully functioning modern Krupp artillery pieces that looked so pristine, they figured none had even fired a shot. Without waiting for the 1st brigade to come from Trung Son, the 2nd brigade forced their way into the city of Bac Ninh. In the meantime the efforts to encircle the fleeing Qing had been thwarted by tenacious rearguard actions by Qing forces fighting out of Dap Cau. Thus the majority of the Qing forces were able to escape north along the banks of the Song Cau river. While the Qing fled the French gunboats bombarded them inflicting heavy casualties.  General Millot was nowhere near done trying to trap the escaping Qing forces and send his two brigades after them. The 1st brigade pursued the enemy as far as Thai Nguyen where they inflicted casualties upon the Qing, Vietnamese and Black Flag forces until march 19th. The 2nd brigade annihilated a Qing rearguard force at Phu Lang Thuong and chased a large portion of the Qing right flank as they went to a town called Kep. Millot then called his two brigades to return to Bac Ninh by March 24th. The French state they had 9 deaths and 39 wounded while claiming to have killed 100 enemy units and a few hundred wounded.  The defeat of the Qing forces was an enormous embarrassment for the Qing dynasty and thus for its true leader, Empress Dowager Cixi. The Qing court and people of China met the news with shock, mostly because they had heard that for a few months the Black Flag Army had managed to inflict heavy casualties upon the French, but their professional forces had utterly failed. Empress Dowager Cixi in her rage punished several Qing officials, such as the governors of Guangxi and Yunnan, Xu Yanxu and Tang Qiong. Both men were dismissed from their posts, meanwhile the field commanders at the battle of Bac Ninh, General Huang Guilan and Zhao Wu were disgraced. Huang Guilan committed suicide at Lang Son on March 14th as a result of his shame while some of his chief of staff, Chen Degui and Dang Minxuan were beheaded in front of their troops at Lang Son on May 26th.  Now before the major losses, the Qing court had been debating the issue of whether or not they should wage a undeclared or declared war against France or keep out of Vietnam completely. The leader of the moderates was Li Hongzhang who sought diplomacy while the leader of the hardliners was Zhang Zhidong who continuously called for full-scale war. After losing Son Tay and now Bac Ninh, Empress Dowager Cixi began to see no other way to solve the situation than diplomacy and thus Zhang Zhidong lost favor and Li Hongzhang won it. Cixi ordered Li Hongzhang to begin talks, which would occur at Tianjin with Captain Francois-Ernest Fournier. The French demanded China withdraw her forces from Vietnam and respect Frances protectorate over Annam and Tonkin. This would mean China was officially relinquishing its suzerainty over Vietnam, which they capitulated. The result was the Tientsin accord of May 11th 1884.  To follow this up, 3 weeks later the new French Minister to China Jules Patenotre negotiated a revised treaty of Saigon. It was called the Treaty of Hua, done between France and the Nguyen dynasty which officiated the protecorateship of Annam and Tonkin. In essence it was the stepping stone to simply making Vietnam a colonial possession of France. The treaty was signed on June 6th of 1884 and followed up by a symbolic show where the French melted down a seal that was given to the previous Nguyen Emperor Gia Long by the Qing emperor. Now while the treaty of Hue and the Tientsin Accord should have ended all the conflict, well it did not. No it seems, Mr. Fournier was a bit of a moron when it came to diplomacy and he royally messed up with the Tientsin Accord. The crucial mess up was, while the accord stated the Qing had to withdraw their forces from Vietnam, it never stated a deadline. The French began to demand the Qing withdraw immediately, while the Qing argued they could not withdraw until all minor articles of the said Tientsin Accord were not concluded. Long story short it was a paradox of a situation and the Qing were simply using the accord's other minor issues to maintain their forces where they were. The entire situation was met with uproar from the Chinese public, and this bolstered Zhang Zhidong and the hardliners against Li Hongzhang who began calling for his impeachment. Now as much as I love Li Hongzhang, he sort of messed up during the Tientsin Accord agreement. He hinted to the French the Qing withdrawal would occur, but that it might see a few snags, this was verbally done of course. Thus the French assumed and it was a he said she said type of situation that the Qing forces would immediately withdraw and of course they didn't.  Thus on the ground, in early June a French force led by Lt Colonel Alphonse Dugene advanced to seize the cities of Cao Bang, That Khe and Lang Son. His forces formed a long column starting at Phu Lang Thuong as they advanced along the Mandarin Road heading to Lang Son, Phu Xuyen, Kep and Cau Son by June 15th. The march was grueling, it was extremely hot and some flooding made their way difficult as they had to continuously build bridges. They were forced to set up camp around Cau Son and a smaller town called Bac Le for a few days and when they continued their march they began to realize they were being watched by scouts. They sent out advance patrol parties and some of these were fired upon, but they had no way of knowing who was attacking them. It could be Nguyen forces, Qing forces, Black Flags or simple bandits for all they knew. Dugenne intended to continue nonetheless and by June 22nd they were on their way to Lang Son. At this point Dugennes men came up to a river and on the other side were Qing troops. Neither side fired upon another, and Dugenne figured they were stragglers from the Qing forces that fought at Bac Ninh. Thinking they would not oppose him he gave orders to cross the river, but little did he know, on the other side were 4600 Qing soldiers armed with modern arms like rapid-firing Remington rifles. Now both sides were well aware of the Tientsin Accord, but back in China, all the bickering against Li Hongzhang led to no official orders for the men to withdraw from Tonkin. In fact their regimental commander, Wang Debang's last orders were to hold their positions. On June 23rd, an advance guard led by Captain Lecomte crossed the river as some Qing infantry began to take up defensive positions on a hill 250 meters behind the river. The French went over the river unmolested, but as soon as they landed on the other side all hell broke loose. The Qing fired intentionally over their heads to scare them off, but Lecomte reacted by ordering his men to begin flanking the Qing. The French troops charged up the hill as the Qing pulled back, allowing the rest of the French forces to cross the river by 11am. Meanwhile a few hours prior, around 9am, three Qing envoys showed up to Dugenne with letters. The letters were from the Qing commanders in the field explaining to Dugenne, while they understood the Tientsin Accord articles, their officials' last orders were to hold their position so they were in quite a pickle. They requested Dugenne send a message back to Hanoi to seek further instructions.  Now Dugenne should have complied with this, but instead he sent word back to the Qing commanders at 3pm stating he would continue his march up the Mandarin road. Allegedly Dugenne did this because he assumed the Qing would just pull to the side and allow his force to pass. Dugenne gave orders to his men not to open fire explicitly unless he ordered them to do so and they marched. For quite some time the march went unmolested until the French were going around the Nui Dong Nai cliffs. Suddenly the Qing forces who had been shadowing the French column open fire upon both their flanks. The French vanguard deployed as best as they could as Dugenne tried to order a bugler to sound a ceasefire call, but it was to no avail. The Qing sounded their own bugles ordered more men to join the battle forcing Dugenne to plan a defense. Now Dugenne was leading 450 French troops and 350 Tonkinese auxiliaries, and to add insult to injury many of his forces were not veteran troops. His men formed a square formation, digging trenches and by the late afternoon had repelled multiple attacks and led some minor counter attacks. During the night the Qing brought forward more forces occupying the heights surrounding the French and in the morning attacked all sides of the French square. Dugenne made several counterattacks, but without significant numbers nor artillery support he knew they would soon be encircled and annihilated. By 11am he ordered a withdrawal to Song Thuong, abandoning the baggage trains and fighting each step they took. Despite the intense situation, the officers managed to keep the men orderly, and the withdrawal was done effectively. General Millot received word of Dugennes plight on June 23rd and immediately dispatched the 2nd brigade to save them. The 2nd brigade reached Dugenne's column near Bac Le on the 27th and set to make a counterattack to repel the Qing forces back to Song Thuong. However just as General Negrier was about to issue orders he received word from Millot ordering him to get everyone back to Hanoi at once. The French had suffered 22 deaths and 70 wounded during the ambush and allege they inflicted 300 casualties upon the Qing. News of what was called the Bac Le Ambush reached France prompting Jules Ferry's government to demand a apology in the form of indemnity payments and immediate implementation of the Tientsin accord from China. The Qing sought to further negotiate, but refused to apologize or pay an indemnity. Negotiations began again, but the mood in both France and China was pure outrage and the sabers of war were rattling. While negotiations were still going on the French government sent orders to Admiral Courbet to take his recently established Far East Squadron to give battle to the Qing navy at Fuzhou.  Admiral Courbet's Far East Squadron during late August consisted of 13 ships only a fraction of what it would be a bit later on; He had 5 ironclads on hand though they were all over the place performing missions, there was Bayard his flagship, Sharp, Atalante, Trimphanate and La Galissonniere. He also had cruisers Duguay-Trouin, Villars, D'Estaing, Volta, gunboats Lynx, Aspic, Vipere and two torpedo boats. The Qing Fujian Fleet had 11 western style ships and 11 chinese war junks in the region. The Qing flagship was the wooden corvette Yangwu, followed by scourt-transports: Fupo, Ji'an, Yongbao, Chenhang, Yixin, wooden gunboats: Zhenwei, Fuxiang, Jianshen and Fusheng and 12 Chinese war junks. In terms of crews the French would have 1780 vs 1040 for the Qing. In terms of firepower the French were overwhelming better armed with the Qing having only a few ships that were capable of return fire. Overall command for the Qing was led by imperial commissioner Zhang Peilun. Admiral Courbet arrived at the Fuzhou anchored near the port of Fuzhou on August 22nd, observing the Qing fleet deployed with a northern group of 8 ships and a southern group of 3 ships. Courtbet placed his squadron between these clusters and observed his enemy. The Qing ships were seen to swing with the tides, prompting Courbet to plan for his attack to commence at the top of the tide roughly around 2pm the next day. He deduced the Qing ships would swing away from his fleet presenting their vulnerable sterns. The Qing northern group seemed to be protecting her dockyards while the southern group seemed to be protecting a customs building. Assuming the Qing would not change their formations, Courbet hoped to begin battle at 2pm with his torpedo boats first then cannon fire by the rest. The next day, neither side made any attempt to redeploy or mess with the other and by 1:30pm the French crews were preparing for battle. The Qing seemingly did nothing upon witnessing the French clearly preparing their ships for a fight by 1:45pm, but at 1:55pm Qing mineboats began advancing towards the French ships. Courbet immediately raised flags for attack commencement, 5 minutes before the expected timetable. Torpedo boat no.46 surged forward hitting the Yangwu with a Spar Torpedo. For those of you who don't know what this is, picture a extremely long pole poking infront of your ship with a bomb on its end. The idea is quite simple you rush head first towards an enemy ship jab the pointed pole at the hull of a ship and detonate the bomb on the end using a fuse. Takes a lot of balls to pull this off to be sure. The bomb damaged Torpedo # 46's boiler and ruptured the hull of Yangwu. Meanwhile Torpedo boat #45 tried to do the same action to Fupo which was less successful in her venture.  As the two torpedo boats made their daring escapes under fire the French cruisers and ironclad Triomphante began opening fire. The Yongbao, Feiyun, Fushen, Jiansheng, Ji'an and Chenhang were lit ablaze or sunk from shellfire. Only the Fupo and Yixin survived the onslaught, forced to flee upriver as they were chased by the gunboats, Lynx, Vipere and Aspic. The Zhenwei received a shell hit from Triomphante causing a large explosion. Before the carnage had unfolded, the Qing had concentrated their fire upon the Volta, which Courtbet was forced to use as his Flagship as the Bayard did not make it in time for battle. The Qing clearly did this in order to kill Courtbet hoping it would be a decisive victory. Several crew aboard the Volta were killed or wounded, a roundshot smashed through her bridge nearly killing the captain Gigon. By 5pm the fighting had died down, but during the night the Qing made several unsuccessful fireship attacks. The next day Courbet ordered his ships to land some companies ashore to set up explosives to destroy the Fuzhou dockyards, but upon seeing the Qing left infantry to defend them was forced to cancel the plans. Instead he had his fleet begin bombarding the dockyards and outer buildings, but was unable to completely destroy the yards. The ships stayed at anchor another day as the Qing attempted a night torpedo attack as the gunboat Vipere who was anchored on the outside of the formation. Searchlights picked up the torpedo attempts and they were fired upon until they gave up. On August the 25th, Courbet took his forces down the Min River with Triomphante and Duguay-Trouin leading the way. For two days he had his forces bombard some Qing shore batteries defending the approach to Fuzhou followed by forts at the Jinpai pass. In the end the French had 10 deaths, 48 wounded due mostly to sniper fire with two ships receiving light damage. The Qing lost 9 ships completely with the others running aground, severely burnt or damaged in various other ways. The estimated death toll was estimated to be between 2000-3000. The Qing put up a memorial shortly after the war commemorating a list of 831 sailors and soldiers killed on the 23rd, but the list does not include deaths incurred during the Min River voyage. The captain of the flagship Yangwu, had abandoned his ship prematurely and was beheaded later for cowardice. Countless men lost their jobs, like the governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang He Jing, the governor of Fujian Zhang Zhaotong and the director general of the Fuzhou dock yard He Ruzhang. Zhang Peilun who made no significant effort to direct the Fujian Fleet was degraded and replaced by our old friend General Zuo Zongtang.  The battle of Fuzhou, put simply was a shitshow for the Qing. There were numerous factors that led to the humiliating defeat. A major factor was Germany making excuses not to send the new Dingyuan and Zhenyuan over in time. Also the Fujian Fleet received absolutely zero help from the other fleets despite Zhang Peilun pleading for help from the Beiyang Fleet, Nanyang Fleet and Guangdong fleet, even with direct orders from Empress Dowager Cixi in hand. These fleets all had respective commanders who were loathe to see any of their assets damaged and thus held back. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Incompetency and corruption led to a huge loss at the battle of Fuzhou. Now the Qing dynasty had really gotten herself into a mess and a full scale war with France was only beginning and about to get a whole lot worse.

Welcome to the Join Us in France Travel Podcast, where we explore the rich history, architecture, and culture of France's most iconic cities and regions. In today's episode, we'll be focusing on Georges-Eugène Haussmann and the transformation of Paris in the 19th century with Elyse Rivin of Toulouse Guided Walks. About Baron Haussmann and the Transformation of Paris Haussmann, commonly referred to as "Baron Haussmann," was appointed by Emperor Napoleon III to modernize Paris. His extensive urban renewal project aimed to address the city's issues, such as overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and inefficient transportation. In this episode, we'll examine Haussmann's key contributions to urban planning, the controversies and criticisms of his methods, and the long-term effects of his work on Paris. We'll also discuss how Haussmann's efforts influenced the development of other cities around the world. Join us as we uncover the story of Baron Haussmann and the significant impact he had on shaping modern Paris, right here on the Join Us in France Travel Podcast. Magazine Part of the Podcast Renew your passport early! When do you need to reserve restaurants in Paris? Table of Contents for this Episode Today on the podcast: Haussmann and the Transformation of Paris Podcast supporters Newsletter Magazine Part of the Podcast Haussmann and the transformation of Paris Opera Garnier Medieval Paris Haussmann's ancestors Haussmann becomes the Sous-Préfet of Paris Napoleon's plans to clean up, to beautify, to enlarge and to modernize Haussmann becomes Prefet of Paris Napoleon wants a small park in every arrondissement Rue de Rivoli, first boulevard to be finished Haussmann's rational aesthetic The Human Cost of the Haussmann Transformation of Paris What Emile Zola and Jules Ferry thought of these changes Some of Haussmann's projects Did he design wide streets so the military could get around? Considering the huge costs Haussmann is fired Haussmann's influence outside of Paris Renovations would have happened no matter what Thank you patrons Video about cooking mushrooms Driving in France video Your next journey to France – Personal Itinerary Consultant VoiceMap app tours US Passports Travel Question of the Week – Do you need to reserve Restaurants in Paris? Share the podcast trailer Next week on the podcast Copyright

Last time we spoke about Francis Garnier and his wild expedition in Vietnam. Yes against all his superiors orders, Garnier decided to grab a few of the boys and sail up river to threaten and steal territories for France. He first struck at the grand city of Hanoi, taking it much to the shock of the Nguyen officials. But he did not stop there oh no, he then set his eyes upon the provinces of Hung Yen and Phu Ly. Both were taken with shockingly small forces, but Garnier strived for even more and dispatched a force to take Hai Duong. Then he found out the Vietnamese at Ninh Binh were forming an army to fight him so he attacked it. This greatly pissed off the Vietnamese and their Black Flag Army allies who attacked Hanoi and in the process Garnier died charging into the enemy like a madman. Today we continue the story of how France colonized Indochina.   #43 The Tonkin Campaign   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Now last we spoke, Henri Riviere basically took up the mantle of Francis Garnier and began to seize territory in Tonkin against his nation's wishes. That was of course until the government changed and the new administration led by Jules Ferry were very pro colonization and immediately supported Riviere.  Now Rivieres actions had caused a real maestrum for the Nguyen empire. Liu Yongfu went to Hanoi and slapped a note against the citadel on March 26th of 1883 threatening to kill Henri Riviere, taunting the french into battle. This scared the hell out of the Nguyen court who expected Riviere to unleash hell so they ordered prince Hoang Ke Viem to go seek out the Black Flag Army to see what could be done. Hoang Ke Viem was sent under the guise he was trying to move the Black Flag forces away from Hanoi, but Riviere did not buy it at all. Riviere sent a letter to Hanoi's military commander Hoang Dieu, demanding he submit or get rid of the Black Flags, otherwise he would yet again attack Hanoi. Hoang Dieu simply stated it was impossible for him to do so. Thus Riviere and his forces occupied Hanoi by April 26th, further stressing out the Nguyen court who desperately sent envoys to negotiate with France. Meanwhile Hoang Ke Viem saw the paint on the wall and began to mobilize forces in the northern provinces for war. During the negotiations with the French, Riviere demanded the French be allowed to garrison at Son Tay, but the Nguyen court said they could not, it was in fact because the Black Flags were there. Rivier took this as an act of hostility and began to suspect Hoang Ke Viem was working directly with the Black Flags. Things were however not looking good for Riviere, he had very limited forces and was forced to go on the defensive. The Nguyen court then ordered Hoang Ke Viem to write a letter to the French in Hanoi to officially explain the role of the Black Flags, in the vain hope of regaining Hanoi free of conflict. Despite all of this Hoang Ke Viem and the Black Flags mobilized for battle. On March 28th, in response to Liu Yongfu's taunting, Riviere elected to go out and fight the enemy. Why would he do this with basically under 500 men against thousands? According to the French, Riviere was forced to do so to protect the prestige of France, so he led a column of 450 troops out of Hanoi's citadel to face the Black Flag Army who had taken a position in Phy Hoai, just a few miles away. His force was soon discovered by Liu Yongfu's scouts who set up an ambush at a village called Cau Giay. Within this village was a bridge, known to the french as Pont de Papier “Paper bridge”. The Black Flag forces hid themselves west of the bridge in the village of Trung Thong, Thien Thong and Ha Yen Ke. These 3 smaller villages were covered in thick bamboo groves and trees making them excellent spots to perform an ambush. The French column reached the Paper bridge around 7:30am led at the ron by the Chef de Bataillon Berthe de Villers. As they crossed the bridge, the French vanguard was suddenly fired upon by Black Flag troops prompting Berthe de Villers to deploy his men into a line formation and push forward towards the 3 villages. Liu Yongfu waited for the enemy line to fully commit, then tossed in his reserves, launching a sudden flank attack to the French's right. The Black Flag flank's volleys caused tremendous casualties upon the french, mortally wounding Berthe de Villers, forcing Riviere to assume direct command of the column. To avoid encirclement, Riviere ordered his men to pull back and regroup on the other side of Paper bridge. The retreat was conducted initially in good order, being covered by artillery support, but then disaster struck. Suddenly their artillery cannons overturned by the force of their recoil fire, prompting Riviere and some officers to rush forward to help the gunners allowing the Black Flag to unleash some deadly volleys. The volley's killed some French officers and wounded Riviere, and upon seeing this the Black Flag Soldiers surged forward to attack the French rearguard. During the mayhem Riviere was killed, and almost complete catastrophe occurred for the French forces, until Lt De Vaisseau Pissere took command and pulled the men to the eastern side of the bridge. The Black Flag were finally pushed back and the French column was forced to limp back to Hanoi. The French had lost 5 officers, 30 men and had 55 wounded. The Black Army were estimated to have lost 50 dead and perhaps 50 wounded out of a total of 1500 men. In the greater scheme of things, it was a small battle, but it had a significant effect. Aside from the loss of face for France and death of Riviere, it prompted action from the new government of France. Jules Ferry's administration received word of the loss and Rivieres death on May 26th and it was met with outrage. French Naval minister Admiral Peyron declared “'France will avenge her glorious children!' His words would be echoed in the Chamber of Deputies for they immediately tossed 3.5 million france to finance a punitive expedition to Tonkin. The Tonkin Expeditionary corps were established in June of 1883 sent primarily to pacify Tonkin. They were led by General de Brigade Alexandre-Eugene Bouet, the most senior marine infantry officer close on hand, that being in Cochinchina. Bouet began his new mission by changing the attire of his forces, introduced lightweight black pyjama style summer uniforms, with some added black cloth to cover their white pith helmets. The idea behind this was simple, try not to stand out like a sore thumb so much in the jungle. Bouet arrived to Tonkin to find their position pretty precarious. The French only had small garrisons in Hanoi, Nam Dinh, Haiphong and very isolated small outposts in Hon Gai and Qui Nhon. Thus for the month of June he had the men dig in and perform defensive actions, sporadically being harassed by Vietnamese and Black Flag forces. Bouet needed to wait for reinforcements and decided to hire some local Yellow Flags. I have not mentioned them, but the Yellow Flag's were basically the same type of force as the Black FLag's, Chinese bandits who crossed over the border after the Taiping Rebellion. The Vietnamese government initially began to support the Yellow Flags to fight off the Black Flags, but as time went on the Black Flag's pretty much beat the shit out of the Yellow flags, excuse my French. Bouet would allegedly hire 800 Yellow Flag members to augment his forces.  In late july Bouet received reinforcements when Admiral Amedee Courtbet arrived to Ha Long Bay giving the French around 2500 infantry, 6 gunboats and some artillery pieces to work with. Bouet knew with these forces he could perform some offensive campaigns against the Black Flag Army, but he also was under orders to push for a political settlement with the Nguyen empire to recognize the French protectorate in Tonkin. Bouet and Courtbet met with Jules Harmand the new civil commissioner general for Tonkin to discuss war plans. The 3 men agreed that Bouet should launch an offensive against the Black Flag Army in Phu Hoai as a first action. They also noted that Rivieres suspicions about the Nguyen working with the Black Flags covertly was most likely true, therefore they decided to also strike against the Vietnamese forces as well. This was a significant escalation as attacking the Nguyen army forces could provoke the Qing dynasty.  The first thing to be done was sail up the Hue river, but in order to do so the French would need to seize the Thuan An forts guarding its entrance. Admiral Courtbet took his flagship Bayard out on august 16th to scout the forts while his flotilla assembled. Courtbet would have the ironclad Bayard and Atalante, the cruiser Chateaurenault and gunboats Vipere, Lynx and armed transport Drac and Annamite. On August the 18th the flotilla got into position at the entrance of the Hue river. A delegation was sent in advance to the Nguyen officials to demand the surrender of the forts, but the fort commander declined to respond. At 5:40pm the French ships began to open fire, met by return fire from the forts. The bombardment lasted only an hour, until it got dark and the ships had to turn on their electric searchlights to illuminate the forts. Dawn the next day the ships recommenced bombardment devastating the forts, though the Nguyen return fire did manage to strike their ships a few times. On August the 20th, 2 marine companies were landed near the northern fort led by Captain Parrayon of the ship Bayard. The Vietnamese trench line troops fired upon the invaders. After and hour of fighting, Parrayon seized the northern fort and raised the French flag.  After taking this fort the French turned their attention to the southern fort and began to bombard it and prepared marines to land. It was all for nothing however as the defenders had abandoned the fort and nearby village while the northern fort was under attack. The casualties for the Nguyen forces were heavy, with some outrageous estimates ranging up to 2000. Enseigne de vaisseau Louis-Marie-Julian Viaud served under Admiral Courbet aboard the Atalante and he wrote extensively of the Tonkin campaign under the pen name Pierre Loti. He wrote about the battle of Thuan An, giving accounts of atrocities committed by the French forces. He would later be recalled by the French navy and suspended from duty for publishing such works, here is a passage about the aftermath of the battle “The great slaughter now began. Our men fired double volleys, and it was a pleasure to see their streams of well-aimed bullets shredding the enemy ranks, surely and methodically, twice a minute, on the word of command... We could see some men, quite out of their senses, standing up, seized with a dizzy desire to run... They zigzagged, swerving this way and that way as they tried to outrun death, clutching their garments around their waists in a comical way... Afterwards, we amused ourselves by counting the dead…” Pierre Loti spoke of how the French marines took pleasure bayoneting wounded Vietnamese troops, slaughtering the clearly outgunned men. The seizure of the forts shocked the Nguyen court and an 48 hour armistice was quickly agreed upon. The Nguyen court agreed immediately to evacuate 12 inland forts defending the Hue river, destroyed their ammunition and removed barrages. Jules Harmand sailed up the Hue river to meet directly with the Nguyen court where he threatened them with complete annihilation unless they accepted a French protectorate over both Tonkin and Annam. This is what he said to them “If we wanted to, we could destroy your dynasty root and branch and seize for ourselves the entire kingdom, as we have done in Cochinchina. You know very well that this would present no difficulty to our armies. For a moment, you hoped to find help from a great empire on your borders, which has on several occasions posed as your suzerain. But even if such a suzerainty ever existed, and whatever the consequences that might once have resulted from it, it is now nothing but a historical curiosity. Now here is a fact which is quite certain. You are completely at our mercy. We have the power to seize and destroy your capital and to starve you all to death. It is up to you to choose between war and peace. We do not wish to conquer you, but you must accept our protectorate. For your people, it is a guarantee of peace and prosperity. For your government and your court, it is the only chance of survival. We give you forty-eight hours to accept or reject, in their entirety and without discussion, the terms which we are magnanimously offering you. We believe that there is nothing in them dishonourable to you, and if they are carried out with sincerity on both sides they will bring happiness to the people of Annam. But if you reject them, you can expect to suffer the most terrible of misfortunes. The worst catastrophe you are capable of imagining will fall far short of what will actually befall you. The empire of Annam, its royal dynasty and its princes and court will have voted for their own extinction. The very name of Vietnam will be erased from history.” The Nguyen court, cowed to this on August 25th by signing the Treaty of Hue. The treaty forced the Nguyen empire to recognize the French protector for both Tonkin and Annam. The Nguyen court would survive, but now had to take direction from  French advisors. The Nguyen Emperor would be required to take personal audience with the French commissioner general in Tonkin, a unprecedented thing for them. And in return for all of this, the French would drive out the Black Flags, something they were already doing.  Now while Admiral Courbet slammed the Nguyen forces at Thuan An, General Bouet led the offensive against Liu Yongfu's Black Flag army. He led 2500 French and Vietnamese troops augmented by a further 450 Yellow Flag members. His force was divided into 3 columns, the left led by Lt Colonel Revillon consisting of marines, Cochinchinese riflement, 2 artillery sections and the Yellow Flag battalion. The central column led by Chef de bataillon Paul Coronnat consisted of a marine battalion, a marine artillery battery and some Cochinchinese riflemen. Finally the right column was led by Colonel Bichot consisting of a marine infantry battalion, a artillery battery and more Cochinchinese riflement.  Bichot took his column along the Red river where 6 French gunboats could support his movements. Bouet took a reserve force and marched behind Revillons column as they went to Phu Hoai. Liu Yongfu's Black Flag army consisted of around 3000 men who he had position 2 lines of field fortifications blocking the roads going to Son Tay. The first line was near the village of Cau Giay where Riviere had died on paper bridge and the second was close behind it defending the approach to the villages of Phu Noai, Noi and Hong. As Revillon's left column tried to attack the right side of the Black Flag first line they were quickly counterattacked by Liu Yongfu and the bulk of his forces. Revillons men began to run low on ammunition and performed a fighting withdrawal towards the Paper bridge. As they did so their Vietnamese coolies began to panic, nearly causing a rout. However a marine infantry battalion took up a position in the village of Vong and provided cover fire for the withdrawing forces inflicting heavy casualties upon the Black Flag army units who had left their defensive line to pursue them out in the open field. As night was approaching, Bouet tossed his reserves in enabling Revillon to stabilize a line. During the evening, Bouet had not received word from the other 2 columns thus he ordered Revillons column to pull back to Hanoi. It turned out the other 2 columns had failed to apply enough pressure on the Black Flag line of defenses allowing Liu Yongfu to toss nearly the kitchen sink at Revillons force who were simply more isolated. Coronet's center column had no even made contact with the enemy at all while Bichots column captured the village of Trem but then became stuck when they ran into the 2nd black flag defensive line. On the night of the 16th of august, Bichots men advanced on the defensive line only to find out the Black Flag units abandoned it during the night, because while all of this was going on, the Red River had begun flooding on august the 15th. The Black Flag army knew more so about the flooding situation in the area and had slowly pulled out. Bichot meanwhile was simply content with occupying their abandoned line and decided not to pursue the enemy which was a huge mistake as the black flag army was actually in quite a disarray from the flooding. The battle of Phu Hoai as it became known resulted in 17 deaths and 62 wounded for the French and perhaps a few hundred deaths and many hundred wounded black flag units. Though the Black Flag army took very heavy casualties, the fact was they had stopped the french advance and thus won a victory. This led to local Tonkinese officials to be quite wary over who was going to win the conflict.  Now the flooding forced the Black Flag to pull back behind the Day River. They took up new positions around the villages of Phong which lay on the road going to Son Tay and the village of Palan which lay at the junction of the Red and Day rivers. Bouet resolved to attack the black flags again, so now he took his French, Cochinchinese and Yellow flag forces alongside 6 gunboats to hit the village of Palan. On August the 31st he began his offensive by using his gunboats to bombard the village and sent a French battalion to storm Palan. The village was taken with ease as the Black Flag units fled along the dykes away. Then the next day Bouet's column marched towards Phong along the 2 meter wide dykes running along the bank of the Day River. The column made it 3 kms from Palan where they ran into 1200 or so Black Flag units supported by over 3000 Vietnamese. The Black Flag units were armed with many modern Winchester rifles fighting tenacious giving little ground. The Vietnamese forces meanwhile were not making much of an active resistance and instead beat gongs, drums and made war chants, perhaps sitting on the fence so to say. As the French column pressed forward the Black flags began to pull back to a central defensive line behind earthen works and dykes. Li Yongfu had his HQ in a small pagoda and around his central command were hidden artillery positions well camouflaged. As the French approached the earthen works and dykes the artillery began to fire off causing heavy casualties amongst the French. The French were unable to locate where all the fire was coming from, prompting Bouet to order his gunboats to come closer to bombard the area. However the gunboat shells were soaked by rain and many were failing to explode causing little damage. Eventually Bouet ordered an assault upon the enemy's center. The column marched into a flooded rice paddy wading up to their breast in water and holding their rifles above their heads. The Black Flags from their concealed positions rained hell upon them. Despite the carnage the French pressed forward forcing the defenders to give way from intense fire and soon the Black Flag right wing collapsed towards the center. The French forces took advantage and began charging upon the enemy causing a rout as the Black Flag army fled. The french had roughly 16 dead with almost 50 wounded while the Black flags left 60 dead on the battlefield and probably had several hundred more dead and wounded carried off.  Bouets men tried to keep orderly conduct, but apparently the Yellow Flag units went around cutting off heads from the corpses and plundering peaceful nearby Vietnamese villages, so Bouet disbanded them. Liu Yongfu retained his army despite the tactical victory for the French, thus from the point of view of his superiors, Bouet had failed. Bouet resigned in early september as a result and would be replaced by Lt Colonel Anicet-Edmon-Justin Bichot, the next high ranking officer in Tonkin. His tenure would be short lived however and consisted of little more than reconnaissance actions, though during these his men did find the remains of Henri Riviere, whose mutilated body had been buried near the village of Kien Mai. From that point on France decided to give Admiral Courbet command over the expeditionary forces. Courbet would receive significant reinforcements in the form of over 10,000 men led by General Charles Theodore Millot. Courbet was instructed to uphold the primary mission, to annihilate the Black Flag army of Liu Yongfu. However things were about to get a whole lot messier. The Black Flag army had fled to the fortified city of Son Tay and the French had gradually figured out they were being supported by the Qing dynasty. The French had discovered the Qing had sent a large amount of troops over the border pretending to be Black Flag army units. French foreign minister Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour had met with the Qing minister Zeng Jize in Paris multiple times in 1883. He attempted to get the Qing to withdraw their covert forces who were garrisoning cities like Bac Ninh, Lang Son and Son Tay. The Qing refused and continuously made excuses. The French tried to speak to the German government to delay their recent sale of the battleships Dingyuan and Zhenyuan to the Qing to pressure them, only to be met with anti-french protests within China. Riots and minor attacks began against French held concessions in Guangzhou. The French knew, to attack the Black Flag Army further would most likely see a war break out with the Qing. France's military planners decided if they could launch a lightning storm campaign against the rest of Tonkin and seize it quickly enough, the Qing would likely back down. Thus in december of 1883 Admiral Courbet received authorization to launch a campaign against Liu Yongfu and the Black Flag Army, knowing full well it would probably result in an undeclared war against the Qing dynasty. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The French kept allowing officers to stir up trouble in Vietnam leading to the Tonkin Campaign. Now France was stuck in a war against the Nguyen Empire, the Black Flag Army of Liu Yongfu and soon the Qing dynasty would join in the fun.

Last time we spoke about how France ended up in Indochina. Yes while Britain got her hands very messy in China, France had likewise done the same in Southeast Asia. It began with Jesuit priests trying to convert those to Catholicism but they soon found themselves becoming increasingly more involved. The Nguyen empire grew weary of the tiresome catholics and began to crack down on them, leading to conflicts with the French and to a lesser extent the Spanish. Before they knew it a full blown war emerged where the Vietnamese tried desperately to fight off a Franco-Spanish force, but in the end were forced to capitulate to brutal demands. Yet again unequal treaties were placed upon a nation of the far east, but worse than that, the French took colonial possession of what became known as French Indochina. Today we continue that story.   #42 Francis Garnier's Insane Expedition   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. So we ended off the last episode with the signing of the Treaty of Saigon, yet again another unequal treaty in the east. It was so harsh, the Nguyen Emperor, Tu Duc sent an embassy to France in 1863 trying to revise it. The embassy failed their mission as Napoleon III had no intentions of lightening his grip on the new territorial acquisitions. Those territorial acquisitions to refresh your minds were Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh and Dinh Tuong. Thus by 1864 France had acquired a large part of southern Vietnam and declared it the French colony of Cochinchina. Also in August of 1863 the King of Cambodia Norodom signed a protectorate treaty with France cutting off the Kingdom of Siam and Empire of Nguyen's suzerainty over his country. If you think that is humiliating, just wait to hear this. Tu Duc's envoy to France, Phan Thanh Gian returned to Vietnam and was nominated governor ship of 3 southwestern provinces, Vinh Long, Chau Doc and Ha Tien. His French counterpart the Governor of the news Cochinchina, Pierre-Paul de la Grandiere was worried the 3 provinces to his west might be troublesome so he secretly organized an expedition to occupy them. Perhaps Phan Thanh Gian was told, or perhaps not, but it seems the French convinced Tu Duc to simply hand over the provinces which he did. Phan Thanh Gian told his people not to resistance, awaited orders which never came and killed himself via poisoning. Thus France now controlled all of southern Vietnam. Emperor Tu Duc officially handed the provinces over in the 1874 treaty of Saigon. The treaty officially made the rest of Vietnam a protectorate of France, to which she promised military protection against the Qing dynasty. A large reason why the Vietnamese signed off on this was because of another event that occurred in 1873, known as the Garnier affair. In 1873 the French explorer Jean Dupuis traveled up the Red River to attempt trade with Yunnan province, specifically to sell guns to its governor. While that sounds bad, Dupuis also performed the heinous crime of carrying salt up the river. Yes it turns out this was strictly prohibited by the Nguyen empire. A dispute emerged and Dupuis found himself stuck in a district of Hanoi alongside 90 of his Chinese hired mercenaries. The Vietnamese feared french reprisals, thus instead of using force to get rid of them they issued a complaint to the French admiral Marie Jules Dupre who was acting governor of Cochinchina. Dupre seemed to think he had something to gain from the situation, so he sent an expedition led by Lt Francis Garnir to Hanoi to solve the mater. Garnier took the ships D'estree and Fleurus alongside 83 men. Another 60 men would join them 2 weeks later aboard the Decres. The D'estree arrived at Tonkin on October 23rd , while Garnier and his men traveled to Hanoi using local junks. On November 5th Granier's party arrived and met with Dupuis. Despite being told to tell Dupuis to simply leave, Dupuis managed to convince Garnier he had been greatly mistreated by forces led by Marshal Nguyen Tri Phuong. Garnier then tried to negotiate with the local Nguyen authorities, but they would not budge on anything, so Garnier decided for military action. When the second part of his expeditionary forces arrived on, plus some additional units he requested, a total of 180 men, he decided to use them to capture Hanoi. Garnier wrote a letter and sent it back to Admiral Dupre using the D'estree to justify his actions. Garnier took the 2 gunboats he had left, the Scorpion and Espingole and anchored them roughly 1200 meters away from the walls of Hanoi, in the perfect position to fire upon her citadel, but being out of range of the Vietnamese cannons.  On the morning of October 20th, Lt Garnier took a large portion of his forces towards the south eastern gate of Hanoi. Once they were in position they began to fire upon its thick door. The Vietnamese defenders atop the walls attempted to fire down upon the enemy with their cannons, but they were placed “en barbette” instead of inside embrasures, basically they were aimed to hit ships out in the water and could not properly aim downwards. The cannons failed to hit the french, while the French returned fire using Chassepot rifles. The defenders then tried to use older style riles, and as a french eye witness noted began throwing nails on the floor, which he assumed was to try and stop them from walking closer to the wall. Regardless the nails did not work. Once the gate had been demolished the defenders began to rout and the French quickly seized the south western entrance to the city.  Meanwhile the two gunboats bombarded the northern and western gates and Garnier led another party to use land artillery to hit the south eastern gate. Garnier entered through a breach and this began a general rout for the enemy. Meanwhile Dupuis and 30 of his mercenaries including a former EVA member named Georges Vlavianos held the eastern gate to make sure the enemy did not escape there. During the chaos the French who came across Dupuis force assumed the chinese mercenaries were Vietnamese defenders and began to fire upon them causing some casualties until Dupuis stopped them. In the end Garnier took the city with a force of around 200 men, a city with a population of 80,000. Marshal Tri Phuong was captured alongside 2000 of his soldiers. On November 23rd, Garnier dispatched the Espingole from Hanoi to go obtain the submission of Nguyen officials at the fortified cities of Hung Yen and Phu-ly. The next day the small force aboard the Espingole arrived to Hung Yen and they met with some Nguyen officials. The officials promised the europeans they would capitulate as quote ‘you have managed to capture the great citadel of Hanoi. We will not have the audacity to attempt defending this one against you”. The Governor officially submitted, so the Espingole left Hung Yen and proceeded for Phu Ly. It was only a 3 hours journey. This time the French found the doors closed to them, with a few defenders offering fight. The French force began firing at those they saw and this caused the defenders to flee. The French entered Phu Ly finding some cannons, a few low quality rifles and a lot of rice and local currency. They waited a week holding the city and on December 1st a Vietnamese man named Le Van Ba, whom Garnier had appointed to be in charge of Phu Ly arrived with a small militia force. The French force greeted them, handing over some weapons to help them garrison the city and then proceeded to take the Espingole to Hai Duong. Hai Duong held strong fortifications, outfitted with a large number of cannons, including some more modern european ones and was defended by roughly 2000 men. The French delegation was met by the governor of Hai Duong, Dang Xuan Bang who politely had tea with them. The French demanded he come aboard their ship to officially begin handing over the city. He politely refused to go aboard their ship, so a French officer threatened him stating “we will capture Hai Duong like we captured Hanoi”. The governor politely refused their demands again, notably being charming and polite the entire time. The French went back to the Espingole, carrying some gifts the governor gave them. The last thing they told the governor was if he did not come over to their boat by 3pm, the city would be considered an enemy. 3pm went by without any sight of the governor, so the Espingole began to open fire on the citadel firing 10 shells to devastating effect. The French then ceased their fire hoping the damage to the citadel would entice the governor to surrender. The next day a junk came to the Espingole and aboard was an official, but not the governor himself. The French demanded the governor come himself or they would continue their attack. Well the governor did not show up so at 8:30 at night the Espingole made its way to fire on the nearest fort. The fort returned fire, but its cannons fire right over the Espingole's mast. The French sent 15 marines and 12 sailors aboard two sampans to assault the fort. Once they got within 50 meters of the fort they began firing their rifles which routed the forts defenders. They seized the fort with ease which was 600 meters from the cities citadel. From the fort they began to fire upon the Vietnamese soldiers. Eventually they began a march towards the citadel's main gate, but it had a moat. From atop its walls the Vietnamese were firing cannons, but the French simply waited for the cannons to fire and bolted towards the gate while they were reloading. The French had brought not artillery nor scaling ladders and were forced to run around the citadels walls looking or a weak spot to breach which they did find on its southern end. By 10:15am the French got inside the citadel and hoisted the french flag from its highest tower. They captured a few hundred vietnamese soldiers, but countless got away, including the governor. During this mess, the Espingole party was informed the governor of Ninh Binh and some Hanoi officials who had run away during the battle were organizing forces to oppose the French. The Espingole received 400 reinforcements who had been sent to help garrison their recent earnings. The Espingole commander sent word to Garnier about the Vietnamese building up a force to face them, prompting Garnier to send a force to subdue Ninh Binh. Garnier dispatched Aspirant Hautefeuille with a squad for the task and enroute he found out the Vietnamese were building large dams in the riverways to thwart their movements. Hautefeuilles force tore down the first dam operation they found only to find out another one was being built closer to Ninh Binh. They made their way to Ninh Binh and Hautefeuille got aboard a canoe with some sailors to parley at its citadel. When they landed they were swarmed by local civilians trying to give them gifts of oxen. As soon as the French reached the citadels gate they were swarmed by Vietnamese troops who proded them with spears trying to entice a battle. Hautefeuille noticed not to far away was the provincial governor, one Nguyen Vu, he recognized him because he had four parasols. Hautefeuille raised his pistol and screamed at the governor to submit to Garnier. The governor replied he would submit whole-heartedly. So Hautefeuille went over to him with a paper and pen demanding he write down his submission officially and allow him to escort the governor into the citadel, but to this the governor rejected. Apparently Hautefeuille grabbed the governor by his collar, but his gun to the mans head and threatened to kill him. A tense standoff occurred until the governor gave in and soon the french flag was raised over the citadel. For this achievement Hautefeuille would be appointed governor of the province by Garnier later in early December. Throughout early december Garniers garrisons were attacked by Vietnamese guerilla forces and hire Black Flag mercenaries. I had mentioned them once before, but to explain who exactly they are, they were the remnants of a bandit group that had ventured into northern vietnam from Guangxi province. Basically they were products of the Taiping Rebellion and when the Qing cracked down, they took up their shop and left for Vietnam. Nguyen officials loved to hire them to fight the French as they had experience fighting westerners. Garnier ended up visited some of the garrisons having issues with attacks, offering reinforcements and instructions on how to hold onto their cities. On December 18th, Garnier was back in Hanoi, receiving reports the Black Flags were becoming a real problem for its defenses. Garnier was just about to plan a assault of Son Tay where it was alleged the Black Flag's were operating, when a Nguyen envoy party showed up proclaiming a truce. Garnier began negotiations with the party, when on December 21st suddenly 2000 Vietnamese soldiers led by Hoang Ke Viem and 600 Black Flags approached Hanoi. The Black flags attacked Hanoi's citadel while the Vietnamese forces held back a further km away. The French lookouts saw an elephant amongst their force, which indicated the presence of a high Nguyen official. Garnier distributed his men around the walls while his men used their French cannons upon the Black Flag's, refusing to use the outdated Vietnamese swivel cannons. The French cannons began to cause a panic amongst the vietnamese army which quickly turned into a rout, while the Black Flag forces made an orderly retreat. Garnier was not satisfied with this, knowing full well they would attack again, so he decided to send a decisive blow against the Black Flags. Garnier sent Ensign Balny D'Avricourt with a squad of 12 men to hit the enemies left flank while he took 18 men to hit the village of Thu Le, around 1.2 kms southwest of the citadel where it looked like the Black Flag's were holding up. The two French forces went their separate paths and met up to bombard Thu Le. Garniers force saw the Black Flag force withdrawing and pursued them only to run into a swamp. Their cannon got stuck, but Garnier simply yelled “A la baionnette, en avant!”. Garnier charged through the swamp as his men tried to keep up with him. They were suddenly met with a volley from the Black Flag who had lured them in, killing a few of the French. Garnier unhit, kept charging with his handgun, but tripped and fell. Upon seeing this the Black flag forces rushed forward and stabbed Garnier multiple times with spears and swords while firing at his comrades. The French retreated back to the citadel losing more men, as the Nguyen forces took Garniers head and some others back to Son Tay.  Despite losing their leader, the French held onto the garrisons, sending word of his death and receiving word a new French envoy would be sent. At this point French authorities had found out about the Garnier expedition and were quite embarrassed by the entire thing. Actually they had found out a bit early in late november, prompting Lt Paul-Louis-Felix-Philastre to relieve Garnier and send a scathing letter to him that he never got a chance to read “Have you thought about the shame that will befall upon you when it will be known that, having been sent to expel some ruffian, you allied yourself with him to attack people who hadn't caused you any harm?” Lt Philastre arrived in Haiphong to meet with Nguyen officials to end the unsanctioned campaign. On December 29th, Philastre went to Hai Duong where he ordered the garrisons to be evacuated, where the local french forces tried to persuade him otherwise. Philastre then went to Hanoi to speak to more Nguyen officials about his orders for the French to leave the cities they stole. This led to the 1874 signing of the new treaty of Saigon where the French gave back the stolen cities, thus concluded what was in essence a short undeclared war. So Garnier had been sent to simply tell a guy caught smuggling to leave an area in Vietnam, only to begin a war stealing a bunch of major cities. The French government was deeply embarrassed by the ordeal, disavowing Garnier for his actions, but because of how incredible his accomplishments were, many in France saw him heroic. Yes he was romanticized, much like the conquistador Francisco Pizarro or Hernan Cortez, absolute psychopaths that they were.  So while you think, boy oh boy France sure loves to send people on expeditions that results in them stealing territory…well France was nowhere near done with this recurring activity.  In 1881 the French naval officer Henri Riviere was sent with a small military force to Hanoi to investigate Nguyen complaints involving French merchants. As you can already guess by now, Henri acted in defiance of orders placed upon him. As he would later argue, based on the fact the Nguyen dynasty was not respecting the Treaty of Saigon, still having a tributary relation with China, was paying the Black Flags to attack French in southeast asia and not complying with trade regulations, Henri took a force of 2 gunboats and some forces straight to the citadel of Hanoi and stormed it. When he showed up to Hanoi he told the Nguyen officials he was simply leading his forces to stamp out Black Flag soldiers in the area, but instead immediately set to work stationing his forces within the citadel. The governor, Hoang Dieu was given an ultimatum to have his forces stand down, but instead Hoang Dieu sent a letter of apology to his emperor and killed himself. It was yet again another embarrassment for France who handed Hanoi back over to the Nguyen officials, but Henri was not done yet. In the meantime, Henri's actions pushed the Nguyen Empire to seek aid from the Qing dynasty and Black Flag army. The Qing seeking to help their Vietnamese allies, but not at the cost of incurring the wrath of France again said they would aid them via the Black Flag's. In the summer of 1882 Chinese forces from Yunnan and Guangxi crossed the border into Tonkin, beginning to covertly occupy Hung Hoa, Bac Ninh, Lang Son and other cities. The French and Qing saw the paint on the wall, despite the covert activity leading Li Hongzhang and a French envoy to try and work out a deal where they would divide Tonkin into French and Qing controlled spheres of influence, but the deal never came to be. Thus both sides gradually increased their power in the region and in February of 1883, France sent a 500 man battalion of marines led by Lt Colonel Carreau to Hanoi who would be at the disposal of Henri Riviere. On the other side the Nguyen officials received aid from the warlord and leader of the Black Flag Army, Liu Yongfu. Liu Yongfu came from Guangxi and joined a local militia during the Taiping Rebellion, some claim this militia also fought for the Taiping. When the Taiping Rebellion came to a close, Liu Yongfu's prospects looked dire so he took his forces southwest, until they were finally pushed to cross the border into northern Tonkin. Liu Yongfu then established a camp outside Son Tay where he formed the “Heiqi Jun / black flag army” based on his dream of becoming “general of the black tiger”. Though seen initially as an invader, the Vietnamese officials also were surprised at how proficient the Black Flag army was and reasoned it would be difficult to dislodge them. They reasoned if the Black Flag army could be hired to fight their enemies that served them just fine. When the Black Flag's killed Garnier that certainly earned them praise from the Vietnamese who would increasingly call upon them. Henri Riviere upon receiving the new forces was instructed specifically that they were not to venture past the French occupied parts of Tonkin. So Henri did the opposite of that, because French. He had learnt in early march of 1883, the Nguyen government was planning to lease some coal mines in Hon Gai to the Qing dynasty, but this proved to be a front for the British ironically enough. If the British were to gain this it would spell the end of French colonial expansion in Tonkin, this Riviere could have none of that. Riviere ordered Commandant Berthe de Villers to take 50 marines aboard the Parseval to take Hon Gai, and they did just that meeting zero resistance. As Riviere put it in a letter to the governor of Cochinchina, Charles Thomson “"I have taken possession of the entire mining district. We have always coveted it, but have always hesitated to act. This will force them to take forward their Tonkin Question!"” Now Riviere did not stop there, he received word that Liu Yongfu was preparing to attack Hanoi with an army of 5000 Black Flag troops. Over in Nam Dinh, their citadel had been warned by their governor of the incoming battle, prompting Riviere to act first. In Riviere's words "As this indecisive government has been imprudent enough to send me 500 men. I have decided to use them to do what it did not decide I should do." Riviere elected to strike at Nam Dinh, similar to how Garnier did in 1873. Nam Dinh was defended by around 6000 Nguyen soldiers and 500 Chinese led covertly by the Black Flag officer Vinh Thong Chat. These chinese soldiers wore the Black Flag Army uniforms, but in reality were Qing troops. French reconnaissance indicated around 8000 men defended Nam Dinh, regardless Riviere decided to go forward and attack the city with 520 men. They traveled the red river using 6 gunboats, reaching the Nam Dinh by march 25th. They quickly went to work seizing the naval barracks which were unoccupied. They also cleared fields of huts to set up firing lanes for their gunboats and set up artillery pieces. The next morning the bombardment began as Riviere simultaneously summoned the governor of Nam Dinh, Vu Trong Binh to come to his ship Pluvier to submit the citadel before 8am. Governor Vu Trong Binh was able to reject this before 8am. Nam Binh had 15 feet thick walls, unscalable and pretty much impossible to breach vie cannons, thus Riviere decided to force an entrance into the city by destroying one of its main gates with explosives.  While his gunboats and artillery smashed the Vietnamese cannons along the walls, on March 27th his marines went ashore carrying dynamite blowing a gate up. The French then charged the citadel under heavy fire with Riviere at the front urging them on. The Vietnamese soldiers were overwhelmed by the superior firepower and by the afternoon the city fell as the governor fled. Riviere jubilantly stated “This will force them to take forward their Tonkin Question!'” Now Riviere expected to be punished for his renegade actions, but he lucked out enormous, for back home in France there was a change of government. The new administration led by Jules Ferry strongly supported colonial expansion and backed Riviere up from the offset. The new government followed this up by sending word to Li Hongzhang that Tonkin was going to be under French protection and to back off immediately. The Nguyen officials now were in quite a plight without their Qing defenders and wholeheartedly tossed their lot in with Liu Yongfu and the Black Flags. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Francis Garnier died in a blaze of glory or insanity and now it seemed he had a successor found 10 years later in Henry Riviere. Would southeast Asia be able to thwart off the colonizing efforts of France or fall like domino pieces?   

durée : 00:58:33 - Concordance des temps - par : Jean-Noël Jeanneney - Alors qu'il est question d'instaurer des dictées quotidiennes à l'école, Jean-Noël Jeanneney s'interroge en compagnie de Patrick Cabanel sur notre pratique et notre goût de l'orthographe entre rigueur, défense et rêves de réformes. - invités : Patrick Cabanel Professeur d'histoire contemporaine à l'Université de Toulouse-le Mirail