Podcast appearances and mentions of Napoleon III

pWotD Episode 2925: Cinco de Mayo Welcome to Popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 372,869 views on Monday, 5 May 2025 our article of the day is Cinco de Mayo.Cinco de Mayo (Mexican Spanish: [ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo]; Spanish for 'Fifth of May') is an annual celebration held on May 5 to celebrate Mexico's victory over the Second French Empire at the Battle of Puebla in 1862, led by General Ignacio Zaragoza. Zaragoza died months after the battle from an illness, however, and a larger French force ultimately defeated the Mexican army at the Second Battle of Puebla and then occupied Mexico City. Following the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the United States began lending money and guns to the Mexican Liberals, pushing France and Mexican Conservatives to the edge of defeat. At the opening of the French chambers in January 1866, Napoleon III announced that he would withdraw French troops from Mexico. In reply to a French request for American neutrality, the American secretary of state William H. Seward replied that French withdrawal from Mexico should be unconditional.More popular in the United States than in Mexico, Cinco de Mayo has become associated with the celebration of Mexican-American culture. Celebrations began in Columbia, California, where they have been observed annually since 1862. The day gained nationwide popularity beyond those of Mexican-American heritage in the 1980s due to advertising campaigns by beer, wine, and tequila companies; today, Cinco de Mayo generates beer sales on par with the Super Bowl. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments. The city of Puebla marks the event with various festivals and reenactments of the battle. Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexican Independence Day—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the Cry of Dolores in 1810, which initiated the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. Cinco de Mayo has been referenced and featured in entertainment media, and has become an increasingly global celebration of Mexican culture, cuisine, and heritage.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:54 UTC on Tuesday, 6 May 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Cinco de Mayo on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Salli.

May 5, 1862. The French have landed in Mexico. Napoleon III wants to conquer the country and assert France's imperial dominance in the Americas. In his way? The Mexican army, held up in the city of Puebla. The Battle of Puebla will come to define this struggle: a European monarch against a fledgling democracy, led by Benito Juárez. Mexico's victory will be especially celebrated by Latinos in the United States, who are watching this struggle play out while their new country is embroiled in a Civil War. This first holiday, in 1862, would mark the beginning of a new tradition, unique to this new American community. How is Cinco de Mayo connected to a broad struggle for freedom across the continent in the 1860s? And what does this holiday really mean? Special thanks to David Hayes-Bautista,  distinguished professor of medicine and director of the Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and author of El Cinco de Mayo: An American Tradition. To learn more about listener data and our privacy practices visit: https://www.audacyinc.com/privacy-policy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit https://podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Raymond Jonas, Jon Bridgman Endowed Professor in History at the University of Washington and author of Habsburgs on the Rio Grande: The Rise and Fall of the Second Mexican Empire, joins the show to discuss a failed-but-spectacular 19th Century attempt by European powers to undermine the Monroe Doctrine. ▪️ Times      •      01:42 Introduction     •      03:31 Transatlantic relations      •      05:20 Europe distracted     •      08:39 Secession and unrest        •      12:46 Maximillian I        •      17:55 Continental powers      •      20:01 Britain, France and Spain         •      26:13 What the Americans did right      •      28:23 Napoleon III     •      30:09 Mexico and the Confederacy         •      35:20 Slavery adjacent       •      38:46 What went wrong         •      42:07 Benito Juarez    •       44:33 Maximillian's execution    •       46:20 European alarm Follow along on Instagram, X @schoolofwarpod, and YouTube @SchoolofWarPodcast Find a transcript of today's episode on our School of War Substack

Một hoàng đế Việt Nam bộ hành đến đàn Nam Giao làm lễ tế trời. Một phái bộ Pháp được triều Nguyễn đón tiếp. Chân dung từng thành viên của phái bộ do chánh sứ Phan Thanh Giản dẫn đầu đến Paris đàm phán chuộc lại ba tỉnh miền Tây... Tác giả những hình ảnh quý hiếm này là các họa sĩ và nhiếp ảnh gia người Việt, Pháp và được giới thiệu trong triển lãm “Cái nhìn giao thoa về triều đình Huế” (Regards croisés sur la Cour impériale de Huế), Bảo tàng Quai Branly - Jacques Chirac từ ngày 06/03 đến 30/06/2025. Những nghệ sĩ vô danh ghi lại lịch sửKhông có quy mô lớn, triển lãm giới thiệu đến công chúng bối cảnh sáng tác những tác phẩm đó trong môi trường thuộc địa và triều đình Huế không ngừng thu hút sự tò mò của người Pháp. Được thể hiện qua lăng kính của các nghệ sĩ Pháp, Việt, các tác phẩm được đặt cạnh nhau mà không đối lập nhau để người xem có thể hiểu rõ hơn về động lực, mục đích của từng tác giả. Và đặc biệt hơn nữa, họ đều là những người vô danh.Caroline Herbelin, tiến sĩ lịch sử nghệ thuật, giảng viên Đại học Albany, Mỹ, đồng phụ trách triển lãm với Sarah Ligner - quản lý di sản Bảo tàng Quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, giải thích với RFI Tiếng Việt :  “Mục đích của chúng tôi là trưng bày các tác phẩm có từ trước khi Trường Mỹ thuật Đông Dương thành lập vào năm 1924 đánh dấu sự khởi đầu cho nghệ thuật hiện đại ở Đông Dương. Qua triển lãm nhỏ này, chúng tôi hy vọng người xem sẽ khám phá ra những họa sĩ ít được biết đến như Nguyễn Văn Nhân, Tôn Thất Sa hay Nguyễn Thứ. Chúng tôi biết được đôi chút thông tin về tiểu sử vì họ tham gia vào Hội Những người bạn Cố đô Huế, được thành lập năm 1913 để đề cao di sản văn hóa Huế.Tuy nhiên, hầu hết các tác phẩm được trưng bày đều vô danh. Điều này là do tính chất công việc ban đầu. Những tác phẩm này không phải do các nghệ sĩ - theo định nghĩa phương Tây - tạo ra mà là các công chức hoặc viên chức cấp cao. Họ được đào tạo bài bản về quan chức triều đình, kể cả việc thành thạo thư pháp, hội họa và họ thực hiện những tác phẩm này song song với công việc. Ngoài ra còn có một số tác phẩm có thể được thực hiện bởi các nghệ nhân từ các xưởng chế tác hoàng gia”.Về phía các nghệ sĩ hoặc người Pháp đặt hàng, khó có thể tách bạch sự say mê với nghi lễ quân chủ, sự trân trọng về văn hóa và vẻ đẹp, sự quan tâm tìm tòi tài liệu và mục đích tuyên truyền. Còn người nghệ sĩ Việt Nam đáp ứng mong đợi của người đặt hàng, nhưng không để bị phục tùng. Họ đưa vào đó cách nhìn riêng, diễn giải lại văn hóa của họ thông qua các quy tắc và phong tục mới. Có thể thấy điều này, cũng như sự khác biệt của hội họa truyền thống Việt Nam, trong tác phẩm khổ lớn Lễ tiếp đón quan chức Pháp ở triều đình Huế (Réception de personnalités françaises à la cour de Huế), theo giải thích của Caroline Herbelin :“Điều thú vị là với những tác phẩm có hai kiểu khổ này, người ta thấy được những yếu tố vẫn có trong hội họa dân gian Việt Nam, ví dụ tranh khắc dân gian, khắc chữ phổ biến ở xứ Huế, và đáng chú ý là các vùng phẳng có màu sắc tươi sáng. Tác phẩm “Lễ tiếp đón quan chức Pháp ở triều đình Huế” không sử dụng bóng và hầu như không tạo khối, trái với những gì người ta thấy có trong hội họa châu Âu. Nhưng thú vị nữa là cũng có thể thấy những yếu tố trong hội họa Trung Quốc thời bấy giờ, đặc biệt là cảm hứng từ tranh xuất khẩu của Trung Quốc, từ cuối thế kỷ 18 và được làm riêng cho thị hiếu châu Âu. Do đó có thể thấy trong những tác phẩm ở Việt Nam có điểm tương đồng phần nào, đặc biệt là việc sử dụng phối cảnh, phẳng, khổ hình chữ nhật, vuông dễ vận chuyển, thường được đóng khung để treo cố định trên tường. Những điểm này khác hẳn với những bức tranh cổ điển ở Việt Nam, thường là tranh cuộn theo chiều dọc và chiều ngang, không treo hoặc trưng bày cố định được”.Phá vỡ uy nghi, đưa triều đình đến gần thần dânCác tác phẩm được chia ra làm ba chủ đề trong triển lãm : Nghi lễ và nghi thức ; Quyền lực và phô trương ; Tiếp xúc và hợp tác. Lễ tế trời ở đàn Nam Giao được tái hiện trong tác phẩm “Đoàn rước đến đàn Nam Giao” do Nguyễn Thiện Thủ, đội trưởng lính canh hộ thành, vẽ màu nước, mực Tàu trên giấy vào cuối thế kỷ 19 - đầu thế kỷ 20 là tác phẩm hiếm hoi phác họa cuộc sống, hoạt động của triều đình, một trong những chủ đề thu hút sự hiếu kỳ của người Pháp khi mới tới Việt Nam. Sau này, nhiếp ảnh làm đảo lộn hoàn toàn mối quan hệ giữa thường dân và hoàng đế, triều đình. Theo giải thích của Caroline Herbelin, sự thay đổi này phần nào là do người Pháp sắp đặt :“Cần phải hình dung rằng các buổi lễ, nghi thức là những thời khắc rất quan trọng để khẳng định quyền lực của triều Nguyễn. Đó là thời điểm duy nhất mà một bộ phận dân chúng có thể tiếp xúc, dù là từ rất xa, với hoàng đế và triều đình và phải làm một cách cực kỳ kín đáo, không được phép lại gần, nhất là không được nhìn thẳng.Với những bức ảnh này, điều cấm kỵ bị phá vỡ theo một cách nào đó, nhất là người Pháp cho thấy rõ là họ tìm cách kiểm soát hình ảnh của chế độ quân chủ. Cụ thể là vào năm 1886, Pháp gửi tới Bộ Lễ yêu cầu được chụp bức ảnh đầu tiên của hoàng đế, lúc đó là vua Đồng Khánh. Chúng ta thấy là người Pháp khuyến khích giảm mức độ thiêng liêng về hình ảnh của hoàng đế như thế nào. Mục đích là hiện đại hóa hình ảnh của hoàng đế, đồng thời để Pháp thể hiện rằng họ là người bảo vệ các vị vua nhà Nguyễn”.Khoảng cách giữa hoàng đế và thần dân trong các dịp lễ hội được thu hẹp hơn. Điều này được thấy rõ trong album ảnh “Lễ tế Nam Giao do Bảo Đại, hoàng đế An Nam, chủ trì” của Tang-Vinh năm 1933.“Lễ tế trời ở đàn Nam Giao, một trong những nghi lễ thiêng liêng nhất thời nhà Nguyễn. Qua các bức ảnh, người ta thấy vua Bảo Đại trong từng bước tiến hành buổi lễ này. Điều ngạc nhiên là có thể thấy vua Bảo Đại đi bộ và gần như đứng giữa đám đông, lại là với người châu Âu đi cùng với con nhỏ, v.v. Chúng ta thấy có sự thay đổi thực sự giữa hình tượng một vị vua gần như không bao giờ nhìn thấy được và hình ảnh cho thấy sự giảm mức thiêng liêng về vị thế của hoàng đế, cũng như hình ảnh hiện đại của chế độ quân chủ. Điều thú vị hơn nữa là bộ ảnh này do một nhiếp ảnh gia người Việt, tên là Tang-Vinh (tên được ghi trên sách), thực hiện. Ông là một trong số ít nhiếp ảnh gia người Việt có mặt tại Huế. Vào thời điểm đó, trong những năm 1930, chỉ có ba nhiếp ảnh gia. Và đó cũng là điều chúng tôi muốn thể hiện trong triển lãm nhỏ này, rằng có sự tiếp thu các kỹ thuật châu Âu, nhưng hoàn toàn không phải là thụ động. Người Việt Nam thực sự tiếp thu các kỹ thuật của châu Âu một cách tự nguyện và biến chúng thành của mình”.Triều đình Huế trong lăng kính của nghệ sĩ PhápNgay từ thế kỷ 17, Việt Nam và Pháp đã có những tiếp xúc nghệ thuật đầu tiên nhờ công sức phổ biến kỹ thuật vẽ tranh phương Tây của các nhà truyền giáo. Khách tham quan có thể khám phá một bất ngờ về một vị quan thời Gia Long nhưng là người Pháp Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau (1769-1832). Ông đến Việt Nam năm 1794, tham gia quân đội của vua Gia Long, lấy tên Việt là Nguyễn Văn Thắng và lập gia đình ở Việt Nam. Năm 1805 đã có một bức tranh về vị quan gốc Pháp này. Tranh gốc bị thất lạc nhưng một bản sao được họa sĩ Paul Sarrut tái bản năm 1923 trong Tập san Những người bạn cố đô Huế (Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Huế).Một tài liệu hiếm khác là bộ ảnh về phái đoàn Phan Thanh Giản ở Paris. Theo Caroline Herbelin, tập ảnh do Jacques-Philippe Potteau, thành viên Bảo tàng Lịch sử Tự nhiên Quốc gia Pháp, thực hiện theo yêu cầu của hoàng đế Napoleon III.“Năm 1863, phái đoàn Việt Nam do Phan Thanh Giản dẫn đầu đến Pháp để đàm phán lại Hòa ước Nhâm Tuất (Hiệp ước Sài Gòn 1862). Những bức ảnh này vẫn được lưu giữ tại Bảo tàng Lịch sử Tự nhiên, nhờ đó mà có Bảo tàng Quai Branly có nhiều bản sao. Đó là lần đầu tiên người ta chụp ảnh các quan triều đình Việt Nam nhằm mục đích về nhân chủng học. Những bức ảnh đó được lan truyền rộng rãi ở cả châu Âu và Việt Nam”. Cho đến thời điểm đó, chân dung của hoàng đế và các chức sắc cấp cao đều có chức năng đặc biệt và không được phép trưng bày trước công chúng. Nhờ nhiếp ảnh, cảnh vật và cuộc sống trong hoàng cung - vốn không thể hình dung được đối với dân thường - có thể được các nghệ sĩ tái hiện bên ngoài hoàng cung. Nhiếp ảnh đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc phát triển hình ảnh về triều đình.Tất cả những tác phẩm trưng bày trong triển lãm “Cái nhìn giao thoa về triều đình Huế” có từ đâu ? Caroline Herbelin giải thích :“Tất cả các tác phẩm đều đến từ bộ sưu tập của Bảo tàng Quai Branly. Chúng đến từ nhiều nguồn khác nhau, từ bộ sưu tập của Bảo tàng Con người (Musée de l'Homme), quỹ triển lãm thuộc địa, bộ sưu tập của Trường Viễn Đông Bác Cổ Pháp. Nhưng điều thú vị là hầu hết các các tác phẩm này có một điểm chung là yếu tố quân sự. Các họa sĩ Pháp, họa sĩ nghiệp dư Bolliand hay Paul Sarrut đều là quân nhân. Còn về phía các tác phẩm Việt Nam, phần lớn chúng đến từ các bộ sưu tập cá nhân của các quân nhân, bởi vì những tác phẩm đó được làm riêng cho người châu Âu”.Tất cả những tác phẩm được trưng bày đều được thống kê trong cơ sở dữ liệu của Bảo tàng Quai Branly và trang web về triển lãm cùng với lời giới thiệu. Người xem có thể truy cập và có thể tìm thấy dưới dạng ảnh số. Triển lãm là bước đầu của một dự án đang được thực hiện. Hai nhà đồng phụ trách Sarah Ligner và Caroline Herbelin hy vọng có thể kết hợp với đồng nghiệp để tổ chức một triển lãm tương tự ở Việt Nam, nơi cũng lưu trữ rất nhiều hình ảnh và để hình về triều đình Huế được lan truyền.

Một hoàng đế Việt Nam bộ hành đến đàn Nam Giao làm lễ tế trời. Một phái bộ Pháp được triều Nguyễn đón tiếp. Chân dung từng thành viên của phái bộ do chánh sứ Phan Thanh Giản dẫn đầu đến Paris đàm phán chuộc lại ba tỉnh miền Tây... Tác giả những hình ảnh quý hiếm này là các họa sĩ và nhiếp ảnh gia người Việt, Pháp và được giới thiệu trong triển lãm “Cái nhìn giao thoa về triều đình Huế” (Regards croisés sur la Cour impériale de Huế), Bảo tàng Quai Branly - Jacques Chirac từ ngày 06/03 đến 30/06/2025. Những nghệ sĩ vô danh ghi lại lịch sửKhông có quy mô lớn, triển lãm giới thiệu đến công chúng bối cảnh sáng tác những tác phẩm đó trong môi trường thuộc địa và triều đình Huế không ngừng thu hút sự tò mò của người Pháp. Được thể hiện qua lăng kính của các nghệ sĩ Pháp, Việt, các tác phẩm được đặt cạnh nhau mà không đối lập nhau để người xem có thể hiểu rõ hơn về động lực, mục đích của từng tác giả. Và đặc biệt hơn nữa, họ đều là những người vô danh.Caroline Herbelin, tiến sĩ lịch sử nghệ thuật, giảng viên Đại học Albany, Mỹ, đồng phụ trách triển lãm với Sarah Ligner - quản lý di sản Bảo tàng Quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, giải thích với RFI Tiếng Việt :  “Mục đích của chúng tôi là trưng bày các tác phẩm có từ trước khi Trường Mỹ thuật Đông Dương thành lập vào năm 1924 đánh dấu sự khởi đầu cho nghệ thuật hiện đại ở Đông Dương. Qua triển lãm nhỏ này, chúng tôi hy vọng người xem sẽ khám phá ra những họa sĩ ít được biết đến như Nguyễn Văn Nhân, Tôn Thất Sa hay Nguyễn Thứ. Chúng tôi biết được đôi chút thông tin về tiểu sử vì họ tham gia vào Hội Những người bạn Cố đô Huế, được thành lập năm 1913 để đề cao di sản văn hóa Huế.Tuy nhiên, hầu hết các tác phẩm được trưng bày đều vô danh. Điều này là do tính chất công việc ban đầu. Những tác phẩm này không phải do các nghệ sĩ - theo định nghĩa phương Tây - tạo ra mà là các công chức hoặc viên chức cấp cao. Họ được đào tạo bài bản về quan chức triều đình, kể cả việc thành thạo thư pháp, hội họa và họ thực hiện những tác phẩm này song song với công việc. Ngoài ra còn có một số tác phẩm có thể được thực hiện bởi các nghệ nhân từ các xưởng chế tác hoàng gia”.Về phía các nghệ sĩ hoặc người Pháp đặt hàng, khó có thể tách bạch sự say mê với nghi lễ quân chủ, sự trân trọng về văn hóa và vẻ đẹp, sự quan tâm tìm tòi tài liệu và mục đích tuyên truyền. Còn người nghệ sĩ Việt Nam đáp ứng mong đợi của người đặt hàng, nhưng không để bị phục tùng. Họ đưa vào đó cách nhìn riêng, diễn giải lại văn hóa của họ thông qua các quy tắc và phong tục mới. Có thể thấy điều này, cũng như sự khác biệt của hội họa truyền thống Việt Nam, trong tác phẩm khổ lớn Lễ tiếp đón quan chức Pháp ở triều đình Huế (Réception de personnalités françaises à la cour de Huế), theo giải thích của Caroline Herbelin :“Điều thú vị là với những tác phẩm có hai kiểu khổ này, người ta thấy được những yếu tố vẫn có trong hội họa dân gian Việt Nam, ví dụ tranh khắc dân gian, khắc chữ phổ biến ở xứ Huế, và đáng chú ý là các vùng phẳng có màu sắc tươi sáng. Tác phẩm “Lễ tiếp đón quan chức Pháp ở triều đình Huế” không sử dụng bóng và hầu như không tạo khối, trái với những gì người ta thấy có trong hội họa châu Âu. Nhưng thú vị nữa là cũng có thể thấy những yếu tố trong hội họa Trung Quốc thời bấy giờ, đặc biệt là cảm hứng từ tranh xuất khẩu của Trung Quốc, từ cuối thế kỷ 18 và được làm riêng cho thị hiếu châu Âu. Do đó có thể thấy trong những tác phẩm ở Việt Nam có điểm tương đồng phần nào, đặc biệt là việc sử dụng phối cảnh, phẳng, khổ hình chữ nhật, vuông dễ vận chuyển, thường được đóng khung để treo cố định trên tường. Những điểm này khác hẳn với những bức tranh cổ điển ở Việt Nam, thường là tranh cuộn theo chiều dọc và chiều ngang, không treo hoặc trưng bày cố định được”.Phá vỡ uy nghi, đưa triều đình đến gần thần dânCác tác phẩm được chia ra làm ba chủ đề trong triển lãm : Nghi lễ và nghi thức ; Quyền lực và phô trương ; Tiếp xúc và hợp tác. Lễ tế trời ở đàn Nam Giao được tái hiện trong tác phẩm “Đoàn rước đến đàn Nam Giao” do Nguyễn Thiện Thủ, đội trưởng lính canh hộ thành, vẽ màu nước, mực Tàu trên giấy vào cuối thế kỷ 19 - đầu thế kỷ 20 là tác phẩm hiếm hoi phác họa cuộc sống, hoạt động của triều đình, một trong những chủ đề thu hút sự hiếu kỳ của người Pháp khi mới tới Việt Nam. Sau này, nhiếp ảnh làm đảo lộn hoàn toàn mối quan hệ giữa thường dân và hoàng đế, triều đình. Theo giải thích của Caroline Herbelin, sự thay đổi này phần nào là do người Pháp sắp đặt :“Cần phải hình dung rằng các buổi lễ, nghi thức là những thời khắc rất quan trọng để khẳng định quyền lực của triều Nguyễn. Đó là thời điểm duy nhất mà một bộ phận dân chúng có thể tiếp xúc, dù là từ rất xa, với hoàng đế và triều đình và phải làm một cách cực kỳ kín đáo, không được phép lại gần, nhất là không được nhìn thẳng.Với những bức ảnh này, điều cấm kỵ bị phá vỡ theo một cách nào đó, nhất là người Pháp cho thấy rõ là họ tìm cách kiểm soát hình ảnh của chế độ quân chủ. Cụ thể là vào năm 1886, Pháp gửi tới Bộ Lễ yêu cầu được chụp bức ảnh đầu tiên của hoàng đế, lúc đó là vua Đồng Khánh. Chúng ta thấy là người Pháp khuyến khích giảm mức độ thiêng liêng về hình ảnh của hoàng đế như thế nào. Mục đích là hiện đại hóa hình ảnh của hoàng đế, đồng thời để Pháp thể hiện rằng họ là người bảo vệ các vị vua nhà Nguyễn”.Khoảng cách giữa hoàng đế và thần dân trong các dịp lễ hội được thu hẹp hơn. Điều này được thấy rõ trong album ảnh “Lễ tế Nam Giao do Bảo Đại, hoàng đế An Nam, chủ trì” của Tang-Vinh năm 1933.“Lễ tế trời ở đàn Nam Giao, một trong những nghi lễ thiêng liêng nhất thời nhà Nguyễn. Qua các bức ảnh, người ta thấy vua Bảo Đại trong từng bước tiến hành buổi lễ này. Điều ngạc nhiên là có thể thấy vua Bảo Đại đi bộ và gần như đứng giữa đám đông, lại là với người châu Âu đi cùng với con nhỏ, v.v. Chúng ta thấy có sự thay đổi thực sự giữa hình tượng một vị vua gần như không bao giờ nhìn thấy được và hình ảnh cho thấy sự giảm mức thiêng liêng về vị thế của hoàng đế, cũng như hình ảnh hiện đại của chế độ quân chủ. Điều thú vị hơn nữa là bộ ảnh này do một nhiếp ảnh gia người Việt, tên là Tang-Vinh (tên được ghi trên sách), thực hiện. Ông là một trong số ít nhiếp ảnh gia người Việt có mặt tại Huế. Vào thời điểm đó, trong những năm 1930, chỉ có ba nhiếp ảnh gia. Và đó cũng là điều chúng tôi muốn thể hiện trong triển lãm nhỏ này, rằng có sự tiếp thu các kỹ thuật châu Âu, nhưng hoàn toàn không phải là thụ động. Người Việt Nam thực sự tiếp thu các kỹ thuật của châu Âu một cách tự nguyện và biến chúng thành của mình”.Triều đình Huế trong lăng kính của nghệ sĩ PhápNgay từ thế kỷ 17, Việt Nam và Pháp đã có những tiếp xúc nghệ thuật đầu tiên nhờ công sức phổ biến kỹ thuật vẽ tranh phương Tây của các nhà truyền giáo. Khách tham quan có thể khám phá một bất ngờ về một vị quan thời Gia Long nhưng là người Pháp Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau (1769-1832). Ông đến Việt Nam năm 1794, tham gia quân đội của vua Gia Long, lấy tên Việt là Nguyễn Văn Thắng và lập gia đình ở Việt Nam. Năm 1805 đã có một bức tranh về vị quan gốc Pháp này. Tranh gốc bị thất lạc nhưng một bản sao được họa sĩ Paul Sarrut tái bản năm 1923 trong Tập san Những người bạn cố đô Huế (Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Huế).Một tài liệu hiếm khác là bộ ảnh về phái đoàn Phan Thanh Giản ở Paris. Theo Caroline Herbelin, tập ảnh do Jacques-Philippe Potteau, thành viên Bảo tàng Lịch sử Tự nhiên Quốc gia Pháp, thực hiện theo yêu cầu của hoàng đế Napoleon III.“Năm 1863, phái đoàn Việt Nam do Phan Thanh Giản dẫn đầu đến Pháp để đàm phán lại Hòa ước Nhâm Tuất (Hiệp ước Sài Gòn 1862). Những bức ảnh này vẫn được lưu giữ tại Bảo tàng Lịch sử Tự nhiên, nhờ đó mà có Bảo tàng Quai Branly có nhiều bản sao. Đó là lần đầu tiên người ta chụp ảnh các quan triều đình Việt Nam nhằm mục đích về nhân chủng học. Những bức ảnh đó được lan truyền rộng rãi ở cả châu Âu và Việt Nam”. Cho đến thời điểm đó, chân dung của hoàng đế và các chức sắc cấp cao đều có chức năng đặc biệt và không được phép trưng bày trước công chúng. Nhờ nhiếp ảnh, cảnh vật và cuộc sống trong hoàng cung - vốn không thể hình dung được đối với dân thường - có thể được các nghệ sĩ tái hiện bên ngoài hoàng cung. Nhiếp ảnh đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc phát triển hình ảnh về triều đình.Tất cả những tác phẩm trưng bày trong triển lãm “Cái nhìn giao thoa về triều đình Huế” có từ đâu ? Caroline Herbelin giải thích :“Tất cả các tác phẩm đều đến từ bộ sưu tập của Bảo tàng Quai Branly. Chúng đến từ nhiều nguồn khác nhau, từ bộ sưu tập của Bảo tàng Con người (Musée de l'Homme), quỹ triển lãm thuộc địa, bộ sưu tập của Trường Viễn Đông Bác Cổ Pháp. Nhưng điều thú vị là hầu hết các các tác phẩm này có một điểm chung là yếu tố quân sự. Các họa sĩ Pháp, họa sĩ nghiệp dư Bolliand hay Paul Sarrut đều là quân nhân. Còn về phía các tác phẩm Việt Nam, phần lớn chúng đến từ các bộ sưu tập cá nhân của các quân nhân, bởi vì những tác phẩm đó được làm riêng cho người châu Âu”.Tất cả những tác phẩm được trưng bày đều được thống kê trong cơ sở dữ liệu của Bảo tàng Quai Branly và trang web về triển lãm cùng với lời giới thiệu. Người xem có thể truy cập và có thể tìm thấy dưới dạng ảnh số. Triển lãm là bước đầu của một dự án đang được thực hiện. Hai nhà đồng phụ trách Sarah Ligner và Caroline Herbelin hy vọng có thể kết hợp với đồng nghiệp để tổ chức một triển lãm tương tự ở Việt Nam, nơi cũng lưu trữ rất nhiều hình ảnh và để hình về triều đình Huế được lan truyền.

Just what the hell is happening with tariffs? Are we entering a trade war? Are we negotiating? In today's show: A) An extended introduction about Napoleon III and Otto von Bismarck B) Austin Padgett, co-host of "History 102" on YouTube joins to discuss Trump's tariffs from the pro-Trump perspective C) Scott Lincicome of Cato takes a dim view of shenanigans

Chill with the boys as they talk about everyones favorite 19th Century nepo-baby, Napoleon III.  Join our Patreon and follow us on social media at https://linktr.ee/youh82cit  

Napoleon's focus on succession forced his divorce from his true love, Josephine. Special guest Katherine Bayford discusses Napoleon's succession plan, potential heirs, his marriage to Marie Louise of Austria, and his son (Napoleon II) and nephew (Napoleon III).X/Twitter: @kebayf, @andnapoleonSupport our podcast: patreon.com/generalsandnapoleon

Two friends and academics recap classic literature and take it off its pedestal.This season, we are only looking at banned and controversial texts. In our sixty-fourth episode and Valentine's Day special, we spent some sexy time with Gustave Flaubert's adulteress, Madame Bovary (1856), which was immediately banned for offenses against morality under the conservative rule of Napoleon III. We also play 'Spot the "Big F*ck"', develop the hashtag #NotAllNuns, and watch a character go through a C19th French version of It's Always Sunny's 'The D.E.N.N.I.S. System'.Cover art © Catherine Wu.Episode Theme: Charles Gounod, 'La nuit de Walpurgis' (Act V), Faust (1859), Performed by the Philharmonia Orchestra Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Paris har väl alltid varit Paris? Jo, förvisso har staden sedan de romerska kejsarnas tid legat där mitt i Europa och sett viktig ut. Men det Paris där Solkungen huserade eller där hans efterföljare hamnade i giljotinen var en förvuxen medeltida soptipp. Underbar och kaotisk. Levande och motbjudande. Gammal.Att Paris fick sin moderna skepnad har vi två män att tacka: den enväldige kejsaren Napoleon III och hans drivne tjänsteman Georges-Eugène Haussmann. Boulevarder, parker, hus, operor och kloaker anlades i en takt som nog aldrig sedan dess har överträffats. På 15 år blev staden större, öppnare och stramare.Det ligger nära till hans att tänka på efterkrigstidens omstöpning av de svenska orterna. Rivningen av Klarakvarteren och byggandet av stora gråa Domus-hus. Men inte ens svenska socialdemokrater man mäta sig mot haussmannifieringen av Paris.Alla ska till Paris! Mycket nöje.——Läslista:• Christiansen, Rupert, Ljusets stad: hur det moderna Paris skapades, Bokförlaget Daidalos, Göteborg, 2019• Wilson, Ben, Metropolis: historien om mänsklighetens största triumf, Första utgåvan, Natur & Kultur, Stockholm, 2021• Steinick, Karl ”Visionär gav oss älskat Paris” Svenska Dagbladet 2009-03-27• Schneider, Wolf, "Det började i Babylon", 1960• Lans, Karl ”Medeltidens Paris – Europas huvudstad” Populär historia 4/2008 Lyssna på våra avsnitt fritt från reklam: https://plus.acast.com/s/historiepodden. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Se împlinesc 166 de ani de la Unirea Principatelor Române. Elita care a făcut posibilă unirea, recunoașterea ei pe plan internațional și apoi a participat la consolidarea tînărului stat român a fost, în mare măsură, formată din scriitori. Alexandru Ioan Cuza este ales domnitor în 24 ianuarie 1859, la București, după ce fusese ales domnitor și la Iași, în 5 ianuarie. Dar acest moment este precedat şi urmat de eforturi diplomatice în cancelariile europene. Și este posibil într-un context internațional favorabil. Despre rolul scriitorilor pașoptiști la realizarea unirii, la recunoașterea ei pe plan internațional și, apoi, la consolidarea tînărului stat român am vorbit cu Alina Pavelescu, istoric, director adjunct al Arhivelor Naționale ale României și scriitoare.Alina Pavelescu: „Acei intelectuali despre care vorbiți și care erau într-adevăr scriitori, dar încă nu erau politicieni – ei au fost mai întîi niște oameni de litere și abia după aceea au devenit politicieni – încep să pledeze cauza României în timpul studenției lor în principal la Paris. Și găsesc un teren favorabil în Franța lui Napoleon III, care a fost unul dintre sprijinitorii principali, dacă nu cumva cel mai important actor politic extern care a sprijinit ideea de unire a Principatelor Române. (...) Oamenii care fac credibilă în străinătate ideea de unitate națională a românilor sînt oameni care s-au format în străinătate, care au aderat la lojile masonice din Franța și care în felul acesta au reușit să se integreze într-o ambianță culturală a unei mari puteri și să creeze imaginea unei națiuni frecventabile, a unei națiuni care putea să trăiască la înălțimea idealurilor Europei occidentale din acea vreme, putea să le înțeleagă, putea să aspire la ele și la rigoare putea să le și realizeze. (...) Acești intelectuali care au adus spiritul și ideile occidentale în Principatele Române la acea vreme au avut rolul cheie în ceea ce s-a întîmplat.”Tinerii din generația de la 1848, pașoptiștii, cum aveau să fie numiți, sînt, în egală măsură, spirite europene, deschise către nou, și mari patrioți. De fapt, sînt mari patrioți pentru că sînt spirite europene. Ei sînt artizanii Unirii. Mulți dintre ei sînt scriitori: Vasile Alecsandri, Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Ion Ghica (în scrisorile lui către Alecsandri Mircea Cărtărescu găsește adevărate perle narative și romane in nuce). Cum de pasiunea pentru literatură se leagă în cazul lor de pasiunea pentru ideile revoluționare, între care se remarcă ideea politică de stat națiune, cea mai modernă idee a acelor vremuri?Alina Pavelescu: „Lucrurile erau foarte legate în modelul de intelectual al epocii. Acești oameni reprezentau acel model, pe care l-am numi astăzi polimat, al unor intelectuali care aveau o formație mai degrabă enciclopedistă, pentru care cultura era foarte importantă, pentru care educația maselor era foarte importantă. Propria lor educație era importantă, mai ales atunci cînd se făcea într-un spirit care le permitea să-și modernizeze și să-și înnoiască țara. Ei legau ideea de cultură națională de ideea de datorie față de țară. La momentul acela în România abia se năștea o literatură națională.”Apasă PLAY pentru a asculta interviul integral!O emisiune de Adela Greceanu  Un produs Radio România Cultural  

Tom Holland, co-host of The Rest Is History, is Gyles's guest this week. And, fittingly, this episode is full of history - Augustus, Napoleon III, Bram Stoker, Byron, Jesus and Cecil Beaton all get a mention. Yes, there's name-dropping of a historical kind. One of the interesting things about Rosebud is the distinctive ways in which our guests' childhoods reflect the adults they become, and Tom was thinking about history as soon as he started to read - and this episode exudes that. Tom isn't just one of the hosts of the world's biggest history podcast, he's also the writer of multiple best-selling history books, largely about the ancient world, which he's brought to life for a wide audience. His latest book, Pax, is out now. We hope you enjoy this interview with one of the best, brightest and most brilliant communicators around. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In this French Connections Plus, Genie Godula and Florence Villeminot continue their tour of Paris with a stop in the lesser-known 13th arrondissement. It lies in the southeastern corner of the city and was annexed into the French capital in 1860 by Napoleon III. Most Parisians today know the 13th for its enormous Chinatown or its famous animation school, Les Gobelins. But the area has a lot more to offer and there's an interesting backstory to how it became the capital's 13th arrondissement.

Henri, Adele, Alphonse, Dead Gary, Odon, Napoleon III, the Grandmothers, Alix, Amédée, MIT Math Nerd Steve (from Pollock), Charles, Piss Pons, the Black Prince… We. Are. Back! Along with several additions to our colorful cast of characters.   Is it really a Semaine Sanglante if you can't trust how much sanglante was spilled in the semaine? Why are that German man's balls on your grandmother's armrest? What's a zoo for, if not to provide for a fancy Françoise Massialot-inspired menu? Can we ever truly understand why Alph does any of the things Alph does? Will we finally get closure in the Legend of Dead Gary?! These questions will be answered and much much more!   Henri goes to school, Napoleon III misjudges everyone's bulges, a cartoon raccoon attacks a cartoon basset hound for no clear reason, and a children's playground becomes the scene of unimaginable horrors.

In 1864, a young Austrian archduke by the name of Maximilian crossed the Atlantic to assume a faraway throne. He had been lured into the voyage by a duplicitous Napoleon III (the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte). Keen to spread his own interests abroad, the French emperor had promised Maximilian a hero's welcome. Instead, he walked into a bloody guerrilla war. With a head full of impractical ideals - and a penchant for pomp and butterflies - the new 'emperor' was singularly ill-equipped for what lay in store. In this episode we are looking at this barely known, barely believable episode - a bloody tragedy of operatic proportions, the effects of which would be felt into the twentieth century and beyond. To discuss his life is today's guest, Edward Shawcross, author of “The Last Emperor of Mexico: The Dramatic Story of the Habsburg Archduke Who Created a Kingdom in the New WorldSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Nous sommes le 9 août 1893. Dans « La Petite Gironde », quotidien des régions du Sud-Ouest et du Midi de la France, fondé en 1872, pour lutter contre les idées de Napoléon III, un journaliste, qui a tenu à rester anonyme, écrit : « Bientôt, si nous n'y prenons garde, nous ne serons plus bons qu'à balayer les salles de rédaction (…), le reporter en jupon passera partout (…), les chefs de bureau complaisants, ajoute-t-il, l'appelleront dans leurs cabinets et lui feront, la bouche en cœur, des révélations terminées par des déclarations agenouillées. » Quatre ans plus tard, Marguerite Durand fonde « La Fronde », journal entièrement composé par des femmes. Elles y revendiquent les mêmes droits professionnels que les hommes, notamment celui de faire du reportage, à une époque où envoyer une femme sur le terrain est encore inimaginable quand bien même quelques journalistes anglo-saxonnes, surtout américaines, se sont déjà lancées dans la discipline. Des femmes qui ont refusé de se cantonner aux rubriques pour dames et ont participé, pleinement, à bousculer les règles de l'interview, à fixer les codes du récit d'aventure, qui ont porté un regard neuf sur les tranchées lors des grands conflits mondiaux. Elles sont, elles aussi, les pionnières du grand reportage. Plongeons-nous dans le parcours de quelques-unes de ces audacieuses… Avec nous : Christian Delporte, professeur émérite d'histoire contemporaine à l'Université de Versailles, fondateur de la revue « Le Temps des médias ». « Femmes reporters – L'histoire du grand reportage par les pionnières du genre » ; Armand Colin. Sujets traités : Merci pour votre écoute Un Jour dans l'Histoire, c'est également en direct tous les jours de la semaine de 13h15 à 14h30 sur www.rtbf.be/lapremiere Retrouvez tous les épisodes d'Un Jour dans l'Histoire sur notre plateforme Auvio.be :https://auvio.rtbf.be/emission/5936 Intéressés par l'histoire ? Vous pourriez également aimer nos autres podcasts : L'Histoire Continue: https://audmns.com/kSbpELwL'heure H : https://audmns.com/YagLLiKEt sa version à écouter en famille : La Mini Heure H https://audmns.com/YagLLiKAinsi que nos séries historiques :Chili, le Pays de mes Histoires : https://audmns.com/XHbnevhD-Day : https://audmns.com/JWRdPYIJoséphine Baker : https://audmns.com/wCfhoEwLa folle histoire de l'aviation : https://audmns.com/xAWjyWCLes Jeux Olympiques, l'étonnant miroir de notre Histoire : https://audmns.com/ZEIihzZMarguerite, la Voix d'une Résistante : https://audmns.com/zFDehnENapoléon, le crépuscule de l'Aigle : https://audmns.com/DcdnIUnUn Jour dans le Sport : https://audmns.com/xXlkHMHSous le sable des Pyramides : https://audmns.com/rXfVppvN'oubliez pas de vous y abonner pour ne rien manquer.Et si vous avez apprécié ce podcast, n'hésitez pas à nous donner des étoiles ou des commentaires, cela nous aide à le faire connaître plus largement.

In his Sevastopol Sketches, Tolstoy develops his ability to depict the reality of death within military conflict.   His proficiency stemmed from experience. Most notably, Tolstoy's military service included three years in the Caucuses and action during the Crimean War (1853-56), both as a junior artillery officer.During his time near Chechnya (north of Georgia and west of Dagestan), Tolstoy observed such brutal Russian tactics as punitive raids and the indiscriminate the shelling of small villages. He was also affected by the burning of forests to deny Chechens cover.  This area hosts a Muslim population by reason of Ottoman influence.  Russia has attempted to purge Chechens from what Russia claimed as a southern frontier multiple times and this area remains filled with tension – an inheritance of the aforementioned rivalry. With respect to the Crimean War, in 1853, Czar Nicholas declared war on the Ottoman Empire, Russia's historical rival.  Nicholas asserted the obligation to protect Christians in Ottoman territory and reasserted land-claims in the Danubian principalities. Russian leadership has long-wished to retake Istanbul (Constantinople), which was a center of Christianity for centuries. Napoleon III was at the forefront of the response to the Czar's ambitions in 1853. A coalition (Turks, French & English) united to neutralize Russian expansion and protect the balance of power in Europe. It was hardly lost on Tolstoy that Russia served as a similar bulwark against Napoleon I. Tolstoy lived through the great humiliation of losing of the Crimean War but immortalized one of Russia's great triumphs (repelling Napoleon I in 1812), which makes the great influences on him A Tale of Two Napoleons. A thread through The Sevastopol Sketches and War & Peace is that Tolstoy conveys war's horrific nature.  He does not glorify the subject. The Sketches involve three vignettes of the Siege: November of 1854, May of 1855; and August of 1855.   It was late in the Summer of 1855 when Sevastopol finally fell after an 11-month attack.   The Sketches read like a novella.   The first takes the reader on tour of Sevastopol – from the relative safety of a particular bay, through an infirmary, marketplace, and finally toward the front line. Notably, we are taken inside the Assembly Hall -- a make-shift hospital that is filled with causalities and disease.  Tolstoy then depicts the activity of soldiers and citizens. He discusses merchants going about their trade as well as carriage drivers delivering goods and transporting the dead. The second vignette delves into the senseless vanity of war and pursuit of truth, which Tolstoy describes as the hero of any effort. The last and longest story provides a view of the end of the Siege, through the eyes of fictional brothers. We are given a glimpse of the spectacle of incoming and outgoing artillery, the charges of the allies, and the valiant defense. Amidst the Crimean war, Czar Nicholas died in March of 1855 and Alexander II took the throne, who hold the reputation of a reformer. There was societal reflection that so much of the fighting was done by serfs tied to the land. These serfs were exposed to ideas of freedom and nationhood and there was a national reckoning that their system could not stand.  The serfs (over 20 million souls) were freed in 1861.Tolstoy also proceeds on one of his great explorations - regarding the cause of historical events. He finds that people hold the ultimate power and are somehow (all at once), ready to be moved. This is opposed to the theory a few great leaders move men.   Lastly, the experience of the Crimean War transformed Tolstoy from traditional patriot to an everlasting dissident.

During the nineteenth century, the Zouave was everywhere. The uniform characterized by an open, collarless jacket, baggy trousers, and a fez, originated in French Algeria, but became common amongst military men in France, the United States, and the Papal States, taking on a life of its own. Historians Carol E. Harrison and Thomas J. Brown join us to explain the often-misunderstood outfit and its connection to colonialism, race, gender, fashion, and military tactics, and dress.Essential Reading:Carol E. Harrison and Thomas J. Brown, Zouave Theaters: Transnational Military Fashion and Performance (2024).Recommended Reading:Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (2006).John Bierman, Napoleon III and His Carnival Empire (1988).Lorien Foote, The Gentlemen and the Roughs: Violence, Honor, and Manhood in the Union Army (2010).Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican (2008). Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Égéries de la fête impériale qui bat son plein sous le Second Empire, quelques femmes tiennent le haut du pavé. Elles sont l'âme des divertissements féériques recherchés par la bonne société française et étrangère. Grâce, goût, charme, piquant, effronterie... J'ai choisi trois de ces grandes dames créatrices des plaisirs et des élégances : l'impératrice Eugénie, la princesse Pauline de Metternich et la comtesse Marie-Anne Waleska ! 11 février 1861 : pour son grand bal hivernal inaugurant les nouveaux appartements du ministère des Beaux-Arts, la divine comtesse Walewska éblouit tous les convives.Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Égéries de la fête impériale qui bat son plein sous le Second Empire, quelques femmes tiennent le haut du pavé. Elles sont l'âme des divertissements féériques recherchés par la bonne société française et étrangère. Grâce, goût, charme, piquant, effronterie... J'ai choisi trois de ces grandes dames créatrices des plaisirs et des élégances : l'impératrice Eugénie, la princesse Pauline de Metternich et la comtesse Marie-Anne Walewska ! Irrésistible et entreprenante, Marie-Anne réussit le tour de force d'être à la fois la maîtresse de Napoélon Ier et la grande amie de l'impératrice Eugénie. Amatrice de peinture et de musique, elle excelle dans son rôle d''épouse du ministre des Beaux-Arts. Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Two-time Pulitzer Prize winner Alan Taylor is Tyler's pick for one of the greatest living historians. His many books cover the early American Republic, American westward expansion, the War of 1812, Virginian slavery, Thomas Jefferson, the revolutionary settlements in Maine, and more. He's currently the Thomas Jefferson Chair of History at the University of Virginia. Tyler and Taylor take a walking tour of early history through North America covering the decisions, and ripples of those decisions, that shaped revolution and independence, including why Canada didn't join the American revolution, why American in turn never invaded Canada (and who would've won), American's early obsession with the collapse of the Republic, how democratic the Jacksonians were, Texas/Mexico tensions over escaped African American slaves, America's refusal to recognize Cuban independence, how many American Tories went north post-revolution, Napoleon III's war with Mexico, why the US Government considered attacking Canada after the Civil War, and much more.  Read a full transcript enhanced with helpful links, or watch the full video. Recorded May 9th, 2024. Other ways to connect Follow us on X and Instagram Follow Tyler on X Sign up for our newsletter Join our Discord Email us: cowenconvos@mercatus.gmu.edu Learn more about Conversations with Tyler and other Mercatus Center podcasts here. Photo Credit: (c) Dan Addison UVA University Communications

fWotD Episode 2628: Jacques Offenbach Welcome to Featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia’s finest articles.The featured article for Monday, 15 July 2024 is Jacques Offenbach.Jacques Offenbach (; 20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880) was a German-born French composer, cellist and impresario. He is remembered for his nearly 100 operettas of the 1850s to the 1870s, and his uncompleted opera The Tales of Hoffmann. He was a powerful influence on later composers of the operetta genre, particularly Franz von Suppé, Johann Strauss II and Arthur Sullivan. His best-known works were continually revived during the 20th century, and many of his operettas continue to be staged in the 21st. The Tales of Hoffmann remains part of the standard opera repertory.Born in Cologne, Kingdom of Prussia, the son of a synagogue cantor, Offenbach showed early musical talent. At the age of 14, he was accepted as a student at the Paris Conservatoire; He found academic study unfulfilling and left after a year, but remained in Paris. From 1835 to 1855 he earned his living as a cellist, achieving international fame, and as a conductor. His ambition, however, was to compose comic pieces for the musical theatre. Finding the management of Paris's Opéra-Comique company uninterested in staging his works, in 1855 he leased a small theatre in the Champs-Élysées. There, during the next three years, he presented a series of more than two dozen of his own small-scale pieces, many of which became popular.In 1858 Offenbach produced his first full-length operetta, Orphée aux enfers ("Orpheus in the Underworld"), with its celebrated can-can; the work was exceptionally well received and has remained his most played. During the 1860s, he produced at least eighteen full-length operettas, as well as more one-act pieces. His works from this period include La belle Hélène (1864), La Vie parisienne (1866), La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein (1867) and La Périchole (1868). The risqué humour (often about sexual intrigue) and mostly gentle satiric barbs in these pieces, together with Offenbach's facility for melody, made them internationally known, and translated versions were successful in Vienna, London, elsewhere in Europe and in the US.Offenbach became associated with the Second French Empire of Napoleon III: the emperor and his court were genially satirised in many of Offenbach's operettas, and Napoleon personally granted him French citizenship and the Légion d'honneur. With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and the fall of the empire, Offenbach found himself out of favour in Paris because of his imperial connections and his German birth. He remained successful in Vienna, London and New York. He re-established himself in Paris during the 1870s, with revivals of some of his earlier favourites and a series of new works, and undertook a popular US tour. In his last years he strove to finish The Tales of Hoffmann, but died before the premiere of the opera, which has entered the standard repertory in versions completed or edited by other musicians.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:35 UTC on Monday, 15 July 2024.For the full current version of the article, see Jacques Offenbach on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Amy.

Napoleon's meddling in his siblings' lives was the source of considerable angst for several of them. Napoleon had high expectations for his younger brother Louis, but Louis chafed at his brother's authority. Still, he ultimately agreed to marry Napoleon's step-daughter with Josephine, Hortense de Beauharnais, a marriage that would become notable most for the profound unhappiness of its spouses. Four years into their terrible marriage, Napoleon decided that the territory of the modern Netherlands was a bit too independent, and installed Louis as its new king. The French Emperor expected his brother to serve merely as a titled governor of the region, but Louis really stepped up in the position. He began learning Dutch, renounced his French citizenship and declared himself Dutch, and demanded that his mostly-French ministers do the same. He also demanded it of his wife, who had only reluctantly accompanied her husband to Holland. But Hortense also thrived in her role as Queen, and her popularity among her Dutch subjects irritated her jealous husband - who was also popular and effective, to be clear - irrationally. And the couples' success as monarchs there - Louis was known as 'Louis the Good' in Holland - irritated Napoleon irrationally. In 1810, their four year reign ended when Napoleon took it away from them by annexing it into France. This effectively ended the sham of their marriage and the couple would spend the remainder of their lives apart. Neither lived long enough to see their youngest son become France's last monarch, Napoleon III. Listen ad-free at patreon.com/trashyroyalspodcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Henry Dunant dokumentierte die Schrecken des Sardinischen Krieges und gründete daraufhin das Rote Kreuz. Warum das Leben des Schweizers trotzdem keine Erfolgsgeschichte war, erzählt Andrea Sawatzki in dieser Folge.

 In the third installment of this new educational series, Noe & Shelly Valladolid look back at the first World's Fairs. More importantly, the impact that these ambitious expositions had on society In this episode, listeners will learn about: Where in London was the Great Exposition staged Which structure at the Great Exposition inspired a popular WDW restaurant What marvels from the Victorian Age were on display during this 5-month-long event Which event held in France just four years later attempted to throw the Great Exposition of London into eclipse Why is the Palais d'Industrie considered Napoleon III's “ego building” Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

How did the Paris Commune of 1871 change the course of French history and of global communism? Did Patrice de Mac-Mahon scheme his way out of being a soldier sidekick to Napoleon III? And who really made the biggest Impression?   Links To Further Yer Book-Learnin'   The Paris Commune of 1871 was a French revolution that seized power in Paris through the spring of 1871, bringing a socialist, anti-religious flare to that year's fashion show.   Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were communist academics who had no role in the Paris Commune. But conservatives made Marx famous as the commune's bushy bearded bogeyman.   General Patrice de Mac-Mahon (1808-1893) defeated the Paris Commune of 1871 at the head of the Versailles Army. He went from first sidekick to second president of the Third French Republic.   Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (1814–1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist who is among the most influential figures of anarchism. Rumors that he inspired The Sex Pistols' song “Anarchy in the U.K.” are starting here.    The Hague Congress (2–7 Sep. 1872) was the fifth congress of the 

‘What a pity the man wasn't lazy ' remarked the wily French diplomat Talleyrand as he later lamented on how Napoleon's restless energy had led him to dominate Europe and the age against all odds. But of course, you know all this dear listener as you've already accompanied us on the first two episodes of... The post Napoleon III | FALL (1806-1815) first appeared on Shows What You Know.

How big of a dickhead was Napoleon III, anyway?

Napoleon's less-famous nephew actually ruled France for a longer period and arguably accomplished more in his reign. Special guest Melissa Rossi joins the program to discuss this important member of the Bonaparte family. X/Twitter: @melissarossi199, @andnapoleon *Please give us a follow on YouTube and Spotify. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/generalsandnapoleon/support

Hello Interactors,Behind every map is intent. When it comes to making plans for a city, streets are more than mere passageways; they are the cartography of power, exacting politics and ideology for the unfolding of urbanity. Paris is the blueprint of social order and control portrayed as a symbol of beauty and progress. I wanted to unravel the threads of intent, from communal aspirations to the heavy hand of authoritarianism — a kind of narrative map of a city renowned as much for its revolutions as for its romance.Let's go.COMMON ROOTS, CONTRASTING COMMUNITIESI'll offer a word and you examine your emotional reaction to it. Communism. If you're like me, you've been trained to have negative thoughts. Maybe even stop reading. Communism has been associated with authoritarian, repressive regimes that denied basic freedoms and human rights. Ask anyone who lived under these conditions and you can see why it's been ideologically blackballed in America.Now I'll offer another word. Community. Ah, yes, good vibes. Who could possibly be against community? It's strange how two words with common origins can differ so much by changing two letters.The word Communism comes from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel's Kommunismus as early as 1847 and is derived from the French word communisme which first appeared three years earlier in 1843. This word comes from the Old French word comun meaning "common, general, free, open, public."A group of people in common, “the common people” who are not rulers of property, clergy, or monarchy, is from the 14th century French word comunité meaning "commonness, everybody" or community.I had the experience of checking my own reaction to the word communist while reading about how communist ideals helped a politician in Paris help his community.The French Communist senator, Ian Brossat, lead housing policy in Paris for a decade. He said his “guiding philosophy is that those who produce the riches of the city must have the right to live in it.” He and the local government under Mayor Hildago are doing their best to live up to this. Over the past decade, the French Communist Party has emphasized social justice and economic equality, advocating for stronger public services, wealth redistribution, and workers' rights. They've also focused on environmental sustainability, aligning with broader movements to address climate change and social disparities.People from all over the world are drawn to Paris for its diverse array of small shops, cafes, expansive boulevards, monuments, and museums. It exudes old-world charm complete with cobblers, tailors, jewelers, and luthiers tucked in and among various neighborhoods — some more manicured than others. It's a dappled array of diverse color and verdant softscapes that when viewed from afar offers an impression of a picture-perfect pointillist painting.  Paris exists as a seemingly organic and emergent unfolding of placemaking complete with public spaces and parks for the taking — by all walks of life. For many, it's a composite of ideals that harken back to romantic images of a fashionable and stylistic ‘pick your favorite' century in Europe making it a perennial favorite destination for tourists.But surrounding the parks where healthy blossoms glow are stealthy property plots where wealthy funds grow. Amidst the green where healthy plants are planted longtime residents squirm as their neighbors are supplanted. Despite the city building or renovating “more than 82,000 apartments over the past three decades for families with children”, 2.4 million people are on the waiting list for affordable housing.(1)This isn't the first time economically disadvantaged people have been displaced from Paris. In 1853, one year after Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew Napoleon III declared himself emperor in a successful coup d'état, he wasted no time embarking on what many believe to be the biggest ‘urban renewal' project in history. It was famously led by a former prefect administrator, Georges-Eugène Haussmann. His swift and heavy hand pushed powerless Parisians to the periphery to build the Paris so many adore, only to have them return. A pattern that exists today.Napoleon III, exiled in England, was reluctant to return to a France in decline, marred by unemployment and poverty. By 1848, a massive influx of laborers had swollen Paris's population to over a million. Despite its picturesque image today, 19th-century Paris was a labyrinth of dilapidated buildings and narrow streets, lacking modern infrastructure, and grappling with increasing crime and deadly outbreaks, including a cholera epidemic that claimed 20,000 lives in 1832.The French author Honoré de Balzac wrote of Paris at the time, “'Look around you' as you ‘make your way through that huge stucco cage, that human beehive with black runnels marking its sections, and follow the ramifications of the idea which moves, stirs and ferments inside it.'”By 1848, France was besieged by societal strife as the monarchy's resurgence fueled public outrage, contrary to the Republic's ideals of liberty. Mass protests and strikes became common, culminating in a tragic clash at the Foreign Ministry where troops fired on protestors, killing 50. The slain were symbolically paraded through Paris, highlighting the oppressive turn of events. This ignited the Revolution of 1848; a diverse coalition, from students to disillusioned aristocrats, took to the streets, overwhelming the army and storming the King's palace. This mass uprising prompted the formation of a provisional government while monarchist officials, including Haussmann, fled the turmoil.In the power struggles of post-revolutionary France, neither Socialists nor Republicans could stabilize the economy or improve living conditions. As a result, calls for Napoleon III's return gained traction. He pledged to serve if elected, mirroring the American democratic elections model. He won a four-year term by a wide margin, but he did not have dominant support within the Assembly. Facing political opposition and public discontent as his term ended, Napoleon III dissolved the Assembly, fired his adversaries, and named himself emperor. A government for the people and by the people was attempted and failed. Long live the King. Authoritarianism was back to the cheers of many in the streets as Napoleon was pulled through the streets by carriage for three hours amidst roars of support.PARIS: FROM SIEGE TO CHICBy 1848, Parisians had erected numerous barricades, limiting Napoleon's access through the city. Originating in 1588 as a defense against soldiers, these barricades evolved from rudimentary stone walls into complex structures capable of withstanding cannon fire, serving both practical and symbolic roles in the city's history of civil resistance.Amidst the dawn of the Industrial Age in 1848, Napoleon III aimed to modernize Paris, differentiating it from the neo-gothic style of London's "Albertropolis." Preferring the era's new materials like iron and glass. Dismissing the gothic aesthetics, Napoleon, with Haussmann—a disciplined administrator with similar architectural sensibilities—set out to reshape Paris into a contemporary urban jewel.In the words of Hausmann reflecting in his memoir, “We ripped open the belly of old Paris, the neighborhood of revolt and barricades, and cut a large opening through the most impenetrable maze of alleys, piece by piece.”In Balzac's 1843 book Lost Illusions he captures the contrasting existence of society revealing the class Hausmann sought to favor at the expense of the other.The proletariat “live in insalubrious offices, pestilential courtrooms, small chambers with barred windows, spend their day weighed down by the weight of their affairs.” While the bourgeoisie enjoy “the great, airy, gilded salons, the mansions enclosed in gardens, the world of the rich, leisured, happy, moneyed people.”(2)Haussmann, satirically termed the "Artiste Démolisseur," enacted a policy akin to 'creative destruction' to achieve it. This is a concept Karl Marx alluded to and the Austrian Economist Joseph Schumpeter later popularized. In Marx and Friedrich Engels popular 1848 book “The Communist Manifesto” they used the term Vernichtung which describes the continuous devaluation of existing wealth to pave the way for the creation of new wealth.During the 1830s and '40s, monumental ‘devaluations' came at the expense of land and rivers paving the way for infrastructure like railroads and canals. Including other parts of the world. Americans, Indigenous and colonized, saw over 3000 miles of canals being dug by 1840 and 9,000 miles of railroad by 1850. We can all think of examples of ‘creative destruction' today — be it from bombs that fall or a wrecking ball.This 19th century period of transformation also saw France's first passenger train and the spread of a national railway network, all under Napoleon III's ambition to fortify France's economic stature. He promoted and founded new national banks to fund these transformations, fueling Marx's view that economic efficiencies could be gained through improved transportation.The rise of capitalism and the concept of 'the world market,' as Marx termed it, pushed for more efficient movement of people and goods, a task complicated by Paris's antiquated layout. Although Napoleon and Haussmann are credited with modernizing Paris, initiatives to improve urban circulation were already underway. Prior to 1833, significant canals, roads, and railways were constructed, and post-1832 cholera outbreak, efforts were made to expand the city and reduce congestion.Architectural and urban planning, including the design of the Place de la Concorde by Jacques Hittorff, aimed to push the city's boundaries. In 1843, Hippolyte Meynadier proposed major urban changes to improve air quality and circulation. Haussmann later embraced and amplified these existing plans with and without Napoleon's support. For example, Napoleon did not see the need to bringing running water to Paris, but Hausmann did it anyway.Hausmann was fond of expanding. Whereas these earlier plans were certainly grander than any in Paris, or possibly the world, Hausmann multiplied dimensions. Hittorf had drawn plans for some streets be obesely wide, even by today's standards, but Haussmann tripled the dimensions. For example, the road leading to the Arc de Triomphe, known now as the Champs-Élysées, was first drawn to be 120 feet wide. But Hausmann insisted it be 360 feet wide with an additional 40 feet of sidewalks on each side. He tripled the scale of a project that had already been tripled.What resulted was a diagonally criss-crossing web of stick straight boulevards with massive monuments strategically placed at nodes and termini. The Arc de Triomphe from above looks like a shining star with roads and boulevards as glimmering spires. Some scholars believe Hausmann, and his coconspirators, were the first to view the city as a technical problem to be solved from the top down. It was a civic product to be worked on with little regard for the people who were working within. This view of a city may have been influenced by the aerial photographer Nadar who from 1855 to 1858 perfected aerial photography in France. He patented the use of aerial photography for mapmaking and surveying in 1855. A WHOPPER OF A TRANSFORMATIONSoon after Hausmann finished the complete remaking of Paris in 1870, Friederic Engels published his 1872 book The Housing Question where he explored the housing crisis facing industrial workers of the 19th century. He criticized what became known as the Hausmannization of cities, writing,“By ‘Haussmann' I mean the practice which has now become general of making breaches in the working class quarters of our big towns, and particularly in those which are centrally situated, quite apart from whether this is done from considerations of public health and for beautifying the town, or owing to the demand for big centrally situated business premises, or owing to traffic requirements, such as the laying down of railways, streets, etc. No matter how different the reasons may be, the result is everywhere the same: the scandalous alleys and lanes disappear to the accompaniment of lavish self-praise from the bourgeoisie on account of this tremendous success, but they appear again immediately somewhere else and often in the immediate neighbourhood”Groups of people struggling to live in a city, “the common people”, those who were not rulers of property, clergy, or monarchy, began organizing as a community. Property owners spared by Hausmann's utter destruction saw their applications for building improvement permits rejected. In the years leading up to 1871, tensions were once again mounting in a city that had yet to form a municipal government.Meanwhile the Francho-Prussian War erupted in July of 1870 as France sought to assert its dominance in Europe fearing a pending alliance between Prussia and Spain. During the war, the French National Guard defended Paris. Given their proximity to growing working-class radicalism, sentiments began to be shared among soldiers.After a significant defeat of the French Army by the Germans, National Guard soldiers seized control of the city on March 18, killing two French army generals and refusing to accept the authority of the French national government. The community became a commune — common, general, free, open, and public.The commune governed Paris for two months, establishing policies that tended toward a progressive, anti-religious system of their own self-styled socialism. These policies included the separation of church and state, self-policing, the remission of rent, the abolition of child labor, and the right of employees to take over an enterprise deserted by its owner.Predictably, the Commune was ultimately suppressed by the national French Army at the end of May during "The Bloody Week” when an estimated 10-15,000 Communards were killed in battle or executed.The Commune's policies and outcome had a significant influence on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who described it as the first example of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Without it, it's unlikely Ian Brossat would have a Communist party fighting for fair living conditions. A modern day nod to those Communards slaughtered in 1871.Meanwhile, today's City Hall also ensures the persistence of the bucolic, romantic, idealistic — and perhaps classist — proprietors who help to sustain the manicured experience Hausmann set out to achieve nearly 200 years ago. Just as the government plays a role in controlling rent so less financially privileged can live and work there, so too does the government subsidize select city shops and restaurants that attract the well heeled. But they have their limits.The counselor in charge of managing commercial holdings said, “We don't rent to McDonald's, we don't rent to Burger King and we don't rent to Sephora.”These stores obviously exist, so clearly landlords across the city have long sold out to ‘world market' chains even Hausmann may frown upon. Even as the city take steps to ensure curated theme shops continue to exist. Hausmann may not have planned for this, but Paris did become a kind of a public theme park to the world.Given the history of radicals and conservatives toiling in a tug of war for centuries over what exactly the city should be and for whom, perhaps the conservative former housing minister now commercial developer, Benoist Apparu, put it best — “A city, if it's only made up of poor people, is a disaster. And if it's only made up of rich people, it's not much better.” (1)I, for one, was pleased to find a Burger King on the Champs-Élysées during my first trip to Paris as a teenager in 1984. After a few days of European food, I was ready for a Whopper. Of course, I was unaware of any of the socio-political or psychogeographical implications and ramifications of all this — both historically and in that moment. I was a middle-class mini-bougie white American eating comfort food while obliviously participating in the exploitive world of ‘rich, leisured, happy, and moneyed people' on a boulevard designed for it. But I was also in city that birthed liberty, the potential for revolutionary change, and the promise and struggle of egalitarian policies. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit interplace.io

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1133, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Da, You Speak Russian 1: Also called the great sturgeon, this species lends its name to a type of caviar. beluga. 2: A Russian monarch, or an American policy expert appointed by the government to tackle a particular problem. a czar. 3: These thin pancakes are similar to crepes and traditionally made with buckwheat flour and served with sour cream. blinis. 4: Meaning "set of three", it's also a wagon or sleigh pulled by 3 horses. a troika. 5: This word borrowed from Russian refers to the influential educated social and political classes. intelligentsia. Round 2. Category: European Museums 1: A U.K. museum dedicated to this author has a ball made of chocolate bar foil wrappers. Roald Dahl. 2: The Richelieu wing of this Paris art museum houses the apartments of Napoleon III. the Louvre. 3: Opened in 1993, this Danish capital's Tivoli Museum documents the history of Tivoli Amusement Park. Copenhagen. 4: This city boasts a Byzantine museum and an Acropolis museum. Athens. 5: This Swiss city's Palais des Nations houses a stamp museum and the League of Nations Museum. Geneva. Round 3. Category: Songs Of The '80s 1: She was the Dionne of Dionne and Friends who recorded "That's What Friends Are For". Dionne Warwick. 2: With "Ev'ry breath you take, every move you make...," Sting said he'd be doing this. "I'll Be Watching You". 3: Written by Jan Hammer the them of this TV cop show hit No. 1 in 1985. Miami Vice. 4: Though "Fame" won the 1980 Oscar, this song beat it on the pop charts:. "9 To 5". 5: In a 1984 Cyndi Lauper hit, it follows "If you're lost, you can look and you will find me...". "Time After Time". Round 4. Category: Leann Rhymes? 1: In a Beatles hit, the title words preceding "Work It Out". We Can. 2: Though the characters never mention it, the film "mash" takes place during this war. the Korean War. 3: The Enbridge Stairclimb goes up this Toronto tower. the CN Tower. 4: "By the power of Grayskull!" Prince Adam becomes this hero. He-Man. 5: "Borstal Boy" is the autobiography of this Irish author named Brendan. Behan. Round 5. Category: Hispanic-American Firsts 1: He's the first labor leader and the first Hispanic American to be honored with a public legal holiday. (César) Chávez. 2: In 1982 Richard Cavazos became the first Hispanic American with this many stars as a full general in the Army. 4 stars. 3: In 1973 this late Pittsburgh Pirate became the first Hispanic American inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. (Roberto) Clemente. 4: This onetime husband of Rosemary Clooney was the first Hispanic American to win the Oscar for Best Actor. José Ferrer. 5: In the 1990s he was the first Hispanic Secretary of Transportation and Secretary of Energy. Federico Peña. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

In this episode we look at how conservative monarchs in the middle of the 19th century will begin to adopt liberal and nationalistic measures in order to strengthen their power. Specifically, we look at Napoleon III in France, Alexander II in Russia, and Franz Joseph I in Austria-Hungary.

‘Tis the season and for our bonus episode of Season Eight Matthew and Alyce take a look at the history of gift giving from the Three Wise Men to Napoleon. Gift giving can be traced back to 40,000 years ago, with figures made of woolly mammoth ivory. From the thoughtful gifts of the three wise men, to one of the biggest rubies ever documented and even the classic pearls of a fashion icon, Matthew and Alyce share the fascinating stories of some unique, beautiful and sometimes terrifying gifts throughout time. THINGS WE SPOKE ABOUT ●       The Russian imperial history behind the classic pearls of a fashion icon ●       A 40,000 year old gift, one of the earliest examples of figurative design in human history. ●       A flamenco dancer turned Maharani with her eye on an elephant's emerald ●       The three wise men and their gifts for a newborn king ●       Napoleon III's shamed mistress and her menacing portrait ●       A legendary musician's enormous gift to his wife of 40 years MORE INFORMATION The photographic painting of Comtesse de Castiglione as ‘Vengeance' https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2000/comtesse/photo-gallery The emerald crescent brooch https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6211869 Venus of Hohles Fels https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/venus-of-hohle-fels-the-earliest-known-depiction-of-a-human-being-in-prehistoric-art Irving Berlin's Ruby https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6151278 For more information on Gem Pursuit or to browse the Courtville collection visit www.courtville.ie. Gem Pursuit is produced for Courtville by Dustpod.io. SOCIAL MEDIA  ●    IG - @CourtvilleAntiques ●    FB - @Courtvilleantiques ●    Tik Tok - @matthew.weldon    ●    YouTube - @courtvilleantique ●    Pinterest - @courtville QUOTES The first gift that I chose today is a very famous gift that not a lot of people would recognize as a gift but they would recognize the actual style icon on which it sits. And this is Coco Chanel and her pearls. - Alyce Ketcher I would wear ropes and ropes of pearls too if I was wearing Romanov pearl necklace - Alyce Ketcher This pendant dates back over 35,000 to 40,000 years. This is one of the first ever pieces of jewelry that's actually been discovered, and even more than that, were some of the earliest examples of figurative design in human history. This is a really important one, not just in terms of jewelry, but in terms of gift giving, and also human evolution. - Matthew Weldon A really cool piece that also has such a crazy backstory. - Alyce Ketcher What's interesting about gold is that it started there, but it's gone everywhere. Santa's first gift was gold, he used to throw little bags of gold into people's houses. - Matthew Weldon I'm gonna be dreaming about that ruby for a very long time. - Alyce Ketcher 

Among the conflicts that convulsed Europe during the nineteenth century, none was more startling and consequential than the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. Deliberately engineered by Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the war succeeded in shattering French supremacy, deposing Napoleon III, and uniting a new German Empire. But it also produced brutal military innovations and a precarious new imbalance of power that together set the stage for the devastating world wars of the next century.Today's guest is Rachel Chrastil, author of “Bismarck's War: The Franco-Prussian War and the Making of Modern Europe.” We see how the war reshaped and blurred the boundaries between civilian and soldier as the fighting swept across France by bolstering a unified Germany to contributing to the development of modern warfare.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3101278/advertisement

The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. has a fake crystal skull. And so does the British Museum in London, as does Paris's Quai Branly Museum. As of 2019, it was estimated there are more than a dozen crystal skulls known to exist. Long considered pre-Columbian relics, they've also inspired theories about the occult, aliens, and psychic abilities. But the reality is, none of it's true. Meet Eugène Boban, the real provenance of crystal skulls.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

I'm finally back on my shit, folks. Lots of PPM coming at you.  Subscribe to the PPM Patreon to access the full version: patreon.com/ParaPowerMapping In Pt. II of our survey of curious evidence possibly indicating a continuum from Catholic military orders like the Knights Templar, Hospitaller, & Knights of the Cross with the Red Star to esoteric Protestant movements like Rosicrucianism... on to Freemasonry and all the way to the Red Cross, we discuss:  The Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ & the Temple of Solomon origin story; the Knight & Grand Master Hugues de Payens; Pope Innocent II; King Baldwin; Solomon's Temple; passing mention of Baphomet & decapitated reliquary legends; Bernard of Clairvaux; Cistercians; the Templars as favored "charity" of Euro aristocracy & the Holy See (another Red Cross similarity); transmutation into transnational corporation; Red Cross & Swiss neutrality kinda mirrored in the fact the vast majority of Templars were noncombatants; Knights Hospitaller history; Blessed Gerard; Church of the Holy Sepulchre; militarization during du Puys reign; Hospitaller heraldry also evoking RC & Templars; the "Bohemian" (Austrian, Czech, & German) Knights of the Cross w/ the Red Star, directly inspired by the Hospitallers; similarly to the Templars & ARC, a society initially intended to serve the poor & sick gradually morphs into amorphous corporation; Archbishop of Prague becoming de facto Grandmaster of the Order for a 150 years (15/ 1600s), using Red Star coffers to subsidize the bishops' lifestyle; Swiss founders of the Red Cross; Swiss General & army engineer Guillaume Henri Dufour; his service as Captain w/ Napoleon's forces; reception of the Legion d'Honneur; engineering suspension bridges & gas lights; his tutelage of Napoleon's nephew at a military academy (possible indication of Freemasonic connections); Dufour's parents living in exile from Switzerland at the time of his birth bc of their involvement in the Genevan Revolution of 1782; Dufour playing a major role in the transition from Old Swiss Confederacy to modern Swiss confederation thru his military campaign against the Catholic cantons (Sonderbund); the most famous of the Swiss founders—Henry Dunant; Calvinist upbringing; Dunant's v instructive involvement in founding the first YMCA in Switzerland; uncanny connections b/w the YMCA & the Red Cross, which dbls back to previous EPs on the Wall St. Putsch & W.D. Pelley; Business Plot organizer & American Legion financer Grayson MP Murphy serving as ARC commissioner in Europe; stray thoughts about the utility of these kinds of orgs for both espionage & colonial purposes; Dunant's colonial business venture in French-controlled Algeria; the Battle of Solferino, which he witnessed bc he was traveling to meet Napoleon III & secure land rights; likelihood that Dunant's business was at least super exploitative if not dependent on slave labor; his ouster from the Red Cross "Committee of Five" after Credit Genevois's bankruptcy, causing him to become embroiled in financial scandal; his probable embezzlement of RC funds, judging by the fact Moynier et al refused him awards monies that had initially been promised; after 25 years of poverty & obscurity, Dunant becomes the darling of Euro aristocrats & receives the VERY 1ST Nobel Peace Prize; bringing us to the instructive life of Alfred Nobel—Swedish chemist, arms trader, & industrial espionage agent; invention of dynamite; the 90 armaments factories he owned at the end of his life; accusations in French press that Nobel committed "high treason" & spied on a French inventor following his decision to sign a prod. contract for 100ks of kgs of the propellant "Ballistite" w/ the Italian gov't; all of which brings us back to the Red Cross's role in the perpetuation of warfare.  Songs:  | Death Grips - "Bitch Please" (had to for the Templar reference) |  | Tyler, the Creator feat. Lil Wayne - "Hot Wind Blows" |  | Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds - "Higgs Boson Blues" | 

Among the conflicts that convulsed Europe during the nineteenth century, none was more startling and consequential than the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Deliberately engineered by Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the war succeeded in shattering French supremacy, deposing Napoleon III, and uniting a new German Empire. But it also produced brutal military innovations and a precarious new imbalance of power that together set the stage for the devastating world wars of the next century. In Bismarck's War: The Franco-Prussian War and the Making of Modern Europe (Basic Book, 2023), historian Rachel Chrastil chronicles events on the battlefield in full, while also showing in intimate detail how the war reshaped and blurred the boundaries between civilian and soldier as the fighting swept across France. The result is the definitive history of a transformative conflict that changed Europe, and the history of warfare, forever. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spotify here. War Books is on YouTube, Facebook and Instagram. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Among the conflicts that convulsed Europe during the nineteenth century, none was more startling and consequential than the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Deliberately engineered by Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the war succeeded in shattering French supremacy, deposing Napoleon III, and uniting a new German Empire. But it also produced brutal military innovations and a precarious new imbalance of power that together set the stage for the devastating world wars of the next century. In Bismarck's War: The Franco-Prussian War and the Making of Modern Europe (Basic Book, 2023), historian Rachel Chrastil chronicles events on the battlefield in full, while also showing in intimate detail how the war reshaped and blurred the boundaries between civilian and soldier as the fighting swept across France. The result is the definitive history of a transformative conflict that changed Europe, and the history of warfare, forever. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spotify here. War Books is on YouTube, Facebook and Instagram. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Among the conflicts that convulsed Europe during the nineteenth century, none was more startling and consequential than the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Deliberately engineered by Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the war succeeded in shattering French supremacy, deposing Napoleon III, and uniting a new German Empire. But it also produced brutal military innovations and a precarious new imbalance of power that together set the stage for the devastating world wars of the next century. In Bismarck's War: The Franco-Prussian War and the Making of Modern Europe (Basic Book, 2023), historian Rachel Chrastil chronicles events on the battlefield in full, while also showing in intimate detail how the war reshaped and blurred the boundaries between civilian and soldier as the fighting swept across France. The result is the definitive history of a transformative conflict that changed Europe, and the history of warfare, forever. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spotify here. War Books is on YouTube, Facebook and Instagram. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

Among the conflicts that convulsed Europe during the nineteenth century, none was more startling and consequential than the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Deliberately engineered by Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the war succeeded in shattering French supremacy, deposing Napoleon III, and uniting a new German Empire. But it also produced brutal military innovations and a precarious new imbalance of power that together set the stage for the devastating world wars of the next century. In Bismarck's War: The Franco-Prussian War and the Making of Modern Europe (Basic Book, 2023), historian Rachel Chrastil chronicles events on the battlefield in full, while also showing in intimate detail how the war reshaped and blurred the boundaries between civilian and soldier as the fighting swept across France. The result is the definitive history of a transformative conflict that changed Europe, and the history of warfare, forever. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spotify here. War Books is on YouTube, Facebook and Instagram. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/german-studies

Bismarck. Napoleon III. France. Prussia. Germany. The siege of Paris. The great precursor to World War One. Today I talk about it all when I sit down with Rachel Chrastil and talk about her new book: Bismarck's War: The Franco-Prussian War and the Making of Modern Europe. Click the link to buy the book. But, honestly, even if you don't, you are going to love this excellent historian interview. WebsitePatreon Support Western Civ 2.0This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/5553835/advertisement

H is for Haussmann - Baron Haussmann that is. He was the urban planner behind the redesign of Paris under Napoleon III.  But what is a Haussmannian building? Who was Haussmann, really, and why was his work so important? Where can you find it in Paris? And what's his legacy? All those questions are answered in this episode, with help from tour guide Boris Petrovic from Paris in Person (find his Haussmannian Paris tour here). Do you like this podcast? Become a Patreon member of The Earful Tower here to support this show and get extras. The music in this episode is from Pres Maxson.

In this episode of Explaining History, we are delighted to welcome renowned author and dedicated Francophile, David Lawday. With his extensive knowledge and passion for French history, David delves into the dramatic and impactful events of the Siege of Paris in 1870 and the subsequent Paris Commune.The year 1870 was a turning point for France, marked by the defeat of Napoleon III and the Siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War. Lawday brings to life this brutal siege, transporting us back to a city under a 4-month blockade, rife with starvation and desperation. He explores the strategies, key players, and pivotal moments that defined this remarkable period in history.From there, we explore the tumultuous uprising of the Paris Commune, and how the spirit of revolutionary socialism and radicalism emerged from the ashes of the siege, leading to one of the most radical moments in French history. We explore the impact of the Commune on global movements, and its lingering legacy today. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Last time we spoke about how France ended up in Indochina. Yes while Britain got her hands very messy in China, France had likewise done the same in Southeast Asia. It began with Jesuit priests trying to convert those to Catholicism but they soon found themselves becoming increasingly more involved. The Nguyen empire grew weary of the tiresome catholics and began to crack down on them, leading to conflicts with the French and to a lesser extent the Spanish. Before they knew it a full blown war emerged where the Vietnamese tried desperately to fight off a Franco-Spanish force, but in the end were forced to capitulate to brutal demands. Yet again unequal treaties were placed upon a nation of the far east, but worse than that, the French took colonial possession of what became known as French Indochina. Today we continue that story.   #42 Francis Garnier's Insane Expedition   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. So we ended off the last episode with the signing of the Treaty of Saigon, yet again another unequal treaty in the east. It was so harsh, the Nguyen Emperor, Tu Duc sent an embassy to France in 1863 trying to revise it. The embassy failed their mission as Napoleon III had no intentions of lightening his grip on the new territorial acquisitions. Those territorial acquisitions to refresh your minds were Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh and Dinh Tuong. Thus by 1864 France had acquired a large part of southern Vietnam and declared it the French colony of Cochinchina. Also in August of 1863 the King of Cambodia Norodom signed a protectorate treaty with France cutting off the Kingdom of Siam and Empire of Nguyen's suzerainty over his country. If you think that is humiliating, just wait to hear this. Tu Duc's envoy to France, Phan Thanh Gian returned to Vietnam and was nominated governor ship of 3 southwestern provinces, Vinh Long, Chau Doc and Ha Tien. His French counterpart the Governor of the news Cochinchina, Pierre-Paul de la Grandiere was worried the 3 provinces to his west might be troublesome so he secretly organized an expedition to occupy them. Perhaps Phan Thanh Gian was told, or perhaps not, but it seems the French convinced Tu Duc to simply hand over the provinces which he did. Phan Thanh Gian told his people not to resistance, awaited orders which never came and killed himself via poisoning. Thus France now controlled all of southern Vietnam. Emperor Tu Duc officially handed the provinces over in the 1874 treaty of Saigon. The treaty officially made the rest of Vietnam a protectorate of France, to which she promised military protection against the Qing dynasty. A large reason why the Vietnamese signed off on this was because of another event that occurred in 1873, known as the Garnier affair. In 1873 the French explorer Jean Dupuis traveled up the Red River to attempt trade with Yunnan province, specifically to sell guns to its governor. While that sounds bad, Dupuis also performed the heinous crime of carrying salt up the river. Yes it turns out this was strictly prohibited by the Nguyen empire. A dispute emerged and Dupuis found himself stuck in a district of Hanoi alongside 90 of his Chinese hired mercenaries. The Vietnamese feared french reprisals, thus instead of using force to get rid of them they issued a complaint to the French admiral Marie Jules Dupre who was acting governor of Cochinchina. Dupre seemed to think he had something to gain from the situation, so he sent an expedition led by Lt Francis Garnir to Hanoi to solve the mater. Garnier took the ships D'estree and Fleurus alongside 83 men. Another 60 men would join them 2 weeks later aboard the Decres. The D'estree arrived at Tonkin on October 23rd , while Garnier and his men traveled to Hanoi using local junks. On November 5th Granier's party arrived and met with Dupuis. Despite being told to tell Dupuis to simply leave, Dupuis managed to convince Garnier he had been greatly mistreated by forces led by Marshal Nguyen Tri Phuong. Garnier then tried to negotiate with the local Nguyen authorities, but they would not budge on anything, so Garnier decided for military action. When the second part of his expeditionary forces arrived on, plus some additional units he requested, a total of 180 men, he decided to use them to capture Hanoi. Garnier wrote a letter and sent it back to Admiral Dupre using the D'estree to justify his actions. Garnier took the 2 gunboats he had left, the Scorpion and Espingole and anchored them roughly 1200 meters away from the walls of Hanoi, in the perfect position to fire upon her citadel, but being out of range of the Vietnamese cannons.  On the morning of October 20th, Lt Garnier took a large portion of his forces towards the south eastern gate of Hanoi. Once they were in position they began to fire upon its thick door. The Vietnamese defenders atop the walls attempted to fire down upon the enemy with their cannons, but they were placed “en barbette” instead of inside embrasures, basically they were aimed to hit ships out in the water and could not properly aim downwards. The cannons failed to hit the french, while the French returned fire using Chassepot rifles. The defenders then tried to use older style riles, and as a french eye witness noted began throwing nails on the floor, which he assumed was to try and stop them from walking closer to the wall. Regardless the nails did not work. Once the gate had been demolished the defenders began to rout and the French quickly seized the south western entrance to the city.  Meanwhile the two gunboats bombarded the northern and western gates and Garnier led another party to use land artillery to hit the south eastern gate. Garnier entered through a breach and this began a general rout for the enemy. Meanwhile Dupuis and 30 of his mercenaries including a former EVA member named Georges Vlavianos held the eastern gate to make sure the enemy did not escape there. During the chaos the French who came across Dupuis force assumed the chinese mercenaries were Vietnamese defenders and began to fire upon them causing some casualties until Dupuis stopped them. In the end Garnier took the city with a force of around 200 men, a city with a population of 80,000. Marshal Tri Phuong was captured alongside 2000 of his soldiers. On November 23rd, Garnier dispatched the Espingole from Hanoi to go obtain the submission of Nguyen officials at the fortified cities of Hung Yen and Phu-ly. The next day the small force aboard the Espingole arrived to Hung Yen and they met with some Nguyen officials. The officials promised the europeans they would capitulate as quote ‘you have managed to capture the great citadel of Hanoi. We will not have the audacity to attempt defending this one against you”. The Governor officially submitted, so the Espingole left Hung Yen and proceeded for Phu Ly. It was only a 3 hours journey. This time the French found the doors closed to them, with a few defenders offering fight. The French force began firing at those they saw and this caused the defenders to flee. The French entered Phu Ly finding some cannons, a few low quality rifles and a lot of rice and local currency. They waited a week holding the city and on December 1st a Vietnamese man named Le Van Ba, whom Garnier had appointed to be in charge of Phu Ly arrived with a small militia force. The French force greeted them, handing over some weapons to help them garrison the city and then proceeded to take the Espingole to Hai Duong. Hai Duong held strong fortifications, outfitted with a large number of cannons, including some more modern european ones and was defended by roughly 2000 men. The French delegation was met by the governor of Hai Duong, Dang Xuan Bang who politely had tea with them. The French demanded he come aboard their ship to officially begin handing over the city. He politely refused to go aboard their ship, so a French officer threatened him stating “we will capture Hai Duong like we captured Hanoi”. The governor politely refused their demands again, notably being charming and polite the entire time. The French went back to the Espingole, carrying some gifts the governor gave them. The last thing they told the governor was if he did not come over to their boat by 3pm, the city would be considered an enemy. 3pm went by without any sight of the governor, so the Espingole began to open fire on the citadel firing 10 shells to devastating effect. The French then ceased their fire hoping the damage to the citadel would entice the governor to surrender. The next day a junk came to the Espingole and aboard was an official, but not the governor himself. The French demanded the governor come himself or they would continue their attack. Well the governor did not show up so at 8:30 at night the Espingole made its way to fire on the nearest fort. The fort returned fire, but its cannons fire right over the Espingole's mast. The French sent 15 marines and 12 sailors aboard two sampans to assault the fort. Once they got within 50 meters of the fort they began firing their rifles which routed the forts defenders. They seized the fort with ease which was 600 meters from the cities citadel. From the fort they began to fire upon the Vietnamese soldiers. Eventually they began a march towards the citadel's main gate, but it had a moat. From atop its walls the Vietnamese were firing cannons, but the French simply waited for the cannons to fire and bolted towards the gate while they were reloading. The French had brought not artillery nor scaling ladders and were forced to run around the citadels walls looking or a weak spot to breach which they did find on its southern end. By 10:15am the French got inside the citadel and hoisted the french flag from its highest tower. They captured a few hundred vietnamese soldiers, but countless got away, including the governor. During this mess, the Espingole party was informed the governor of Ninh Binh and some Hanoi officials who had run away during the battle were organizing forces to oppose the French. The Espingole received 400 reinforcements who had been sent to help garrison their recent earnings. The Espingole commander sent word to Garnier about the Vietnamese building up a force to face them, prompting Garnier to send a force to subdue Ninh Binh. Garnier dispatched Aspirant Hautefeuille with a squad for the task and enroute he found out the Vietnamese were building large dams in the riverways to thwart their movements. Hautefeuilles force tore down the first dam operation they found only to find out another one was being built closer to Ninh Binh. They made their way to Ninh Binh and Hautefeuille got aboard a canoe with some sailors to parley at its citadel. When they landed they were swarmed by local civilians trying to give them gifts of oxen. As soon as the French reached the citadels gate they were swarmed by Vietnamese troops who proded them with spears trying to entice a battle. Hautefeuille noticed not to far away was the provincial governor, one Nguyen Vu, he recognized him because he had four parasols. Hautefeuille raised his pistol and screamed at the governor to submit to Garnier. The governor replied he would submit whole-heartedly. So Hautefeuille went over to him with a paper and pen demanding he write down his submission officially and allow him to escort the governor into the citadel, but to this the governor rejected. Apparently Hautefeuille grabbed the governor by his collar, but his gun to the mans head and threatened to kill him. A tense standoff occurred until the governor gave in and soon the french flag was raised over the citadel. For this achievement Hautefeuille would be appointed governor of the province by Garnier later in early December. Throughout early december Garniers garrisons were attacked by Vietnamese guerilla forces and hire Black Flag mercenaries. I had mentioned them once before, but to explain who exactly they are, they were the remnants of a bandit group that had ventured into northern vietnam from Guangxi province. Basically they were products of the Taiping Rebellion and when the Qing cracked down, they took up their shop and left for Vietnam. Nguyen officials loved to hire them to fight the French as they had experience fighting westerners. Garnier ended up visited some of the garrisons having issues with attacks, offering reinforcements and instructions on how to hold onto their cities. On December 18th, Garnier was back in Hanoi, receiving reports the Black Flags were becoming a real problem for its defenses. Garnier was just about to plan a assault of Son Tay where it was alleged the Black Flag's were operating, when a Nguyen envoy party showed up proclaiming a truce. Garnier began negotiations with the party, when on December 21st suddenly 2000 Vietnamese soldiers led by Hoang Ke Viem and 600 Black Flags approached Hanoi. The Black flags attacked Hanoi's citadel while the Vietnamese forces held back a further km away. The French lookouts saw an elephant amongst their force, which indicated the presence of a high Nguyen official. Garnier distributed his men around the walls while his men used their French cannons upon the Black Flag's, refusing to use the outdated Vietnamese swivel cannons. The French cannons began to cause a panic amongst the vietnamese army which quickly turned into a rout, while the Black Flag forces made an orderly retreat. Garnier was not satisfied with this, knowing full well they would attack again, so he decided to send a decisive blow against the Black Flags. Garnier sent Ensign Balny D'Avricourt with a squad of 12 men to hit the enemies left flank while he took 18 men to hit the village of Thu Le, around 1.2 kms southwest of the citadel where it looked like the Black Flag's were holding up. The two French forces went their separate paths and met up to bombard Thu Le. Garniers force saw the Black Flag force withdrawing and pursued them only to run into a swamp. Their cannon got stuck, but Garnier simply yelled “A la baionnette, en avant!”. Garnier charged through the swamp as his men tried to keep up with him. They were suddenly met with a volley from the Black Flag who had lured them in, killing a few of the French. Garnier unhit, kept charging with his handgun, but tripped and fell. Upon seeing this the Black flag forces rushed forward and stabbed Garnier multiple times with spears and swords while firing at his comrades. The French retreated back to the citadel losing more men, as the Nguyen forces took Garniers head and some others back to Son Tay.  Despite losing their leader, the French held onto the garrisons, sending word of his death and receiving word a new French envoy would be sent. At this point French authorities had found out about the Garnier expedition and were quite embarrassed by the entire thing. Actually they had found out a bit early in late november, prompting Lt Paul-Louis-Felix-Philastre to relieve Garnier and send a scathing letter to him that he never got a chance to read “Have you thought about the shame that will befall upon you when it will be known that, having been sent to expel some ruffian, you allied yourself with him to attack people who hadn't caused you any harm?” Lt Philastre arrived in Haiphong to meet with Nguyen officials to end the unsanctioned campaign. On December 29th, Philastre went to Hai Duong where he ordered the garrisons to be evacuated, where the local french forces tried to persuade him otherwise. Philastre then went to Hanoi to speak to more Nguyen officials about his orders for the French to leave the cities they stole. This led to the 1874 signing of the new treaty of Saigon where the French gave back the stolen cities, thus concluded what was in essence a short undeclared war. So Garnier had been sent to simply tell a guy caught smuggling to leave an area in Vietnam, only to begin a war stealing a bunch of major cities. The French government was deeply embarrassed by the ordeal, disavowing Garnier for his actions, but because of how incredible his accomplishments were, many in France saw him heroic. Yes he was romanticized, much like the conquistador Francisco Pizarro or Hernan Cortez, absolute psychopaths that they were.  So while you think, boy oh boy France sure loves to send people on expeditions that results in them stealing territory…well France was nowhere near done with this recurring activity.  In 1881 the French naval officer Henri Riviere was sent with a small military force to Hanoi to investigate Nguyen complaints involving French merchants. As you can already guess by now, Henri acted in defiance of orders placed upon him. As he would later argue, based on the fact the Nguyen dynasty was not respecting the Treaty of Saigon, still having a tributary relation with China, was paying the Black Flags to attack French in southeast asia and not complying with trade regulations, Henri took a force of 2 gunboats and some forces straight to the citadel of Hanoi and stormed it. When he showed up to Hanoi he told the Nguyen officials he was simply leading his forces to stamp out Black Flag soldiers in the area, but instead immediately set to work stationing his forces within the citadel. The governor, Hoang Dieu was given an ultimatum to have his forces stand down, but instead Hoang Dieu sent a letter of apology to his emperor and killed himself. It was yet again another embarrassment for France who handed Hanoi back over to the Nguyen officials, but Henri was not done yet. In the meantime, Henri's actions pushed the Nguyen Empire to seek aid from the Qing dynasty and Black Flag army. The Qing seeking to help their Vietnamese allies, but not at the cost of incurring the wrath of France again said they would aid them via the Black Flag's. In the summer of 1882 Chinese forces from Yunnan and Guangxi crossed the border into Tonkin, beginning to covertly occupy Hung Hoa, Bac Ninh, Lang Son and other cities. The French and Qing saw the paint on the wall, despite the covert activity leading Li Hongzhang and a French envoy to try and work out a deal where they would divide Tonkin into French and Qing controlled spheres of influence, but the deal never came to be. Thus both sides gradually increased their power in the region and in February of 1883, France sent a 500 man battalion of marines led by Lt Colonel Carreau to Hanoi who would be at the disposal of Henri Riviere. On the other side the Nguyen officials received aid from the warlord and leader of the Black Flag Army, Liu Yongfu. Liu Yongfu came from Guangxi and joined a local militia during the Taiping Rebellion, some claim this militia also fought for the Taiping. When the Taiping Rebellion came to a close, Liu Yongfu's prospects looked dire so he took his forces southwest, until they were finally pushed to cross the border into northern Tonkin. Liu Yongfu then established a camp outside Son Tay where he formed the “Heiqi Jun / black flag army” based on his dream of becoming “general of the black tiger”. Though seen initially as an invader, the Vietnamese officials also were surprised at how proficient the Black Flag army was and reasoned it would be difficult to dislodge them. They reasoned if the Black Flag army could be hired to fight their enemies that served them just fine. When the Black Flag's killed Garnier that certainly earned them praise from the Vietnamese who would increasingly call upon them. Henri Riviere upon receiving the new forces was instructed specifically that they were not to venture past the French occupied parts of Tonkin. So Henri did the opposite of that, because French. He had learnt in early march of 1883, the Nguyen government was planning to lease some coal mines in Hon Gai to the Qing dynasty, but this proved to be a front for the British ironically enough. If the British were to gain this it would spell the end of French colonial expansion in Tonkin, this Riviere could have none of that. Riviere ordered Commandant Berthe de Villers to take 50 marines aboard the Parseval to take Hon Gai, and they did just that meeting zero resistance. As Riviere put it in a letter to the governor of Cochinchina, Charles Thomson “"I have taken possession of the entire mining district. We have always coveted it, but have always hesitated to act. This will force them to take forward their Tonkin Question!"” Now Riviere did not stop there, he received word that Liu Yongfu was preparing to attack Hanoi with an army of 5000 Black Flag troops. Over in Nam Dinh, their citadel had been warned by their governor of the incoming battle, prompting Riviere to act first. In Riviere's words "As this indecisive government has been imprudent enough to send me 500 men. I have decided to use them to do what it did not decide I should do." Riviere elected to strike at Nam Dinh, similar to how Garnier did in 1873. Nam Dinh was defended by around 6000 Nguyen soldiers and 500 Chinese led covertly by the Black Flag officer Vinh Thong Chat. These chinese soldiers wore the Black Flag Army uniforms, but in reality were Qing troops. French reconnaissance indicated around 8000 men defended Nam Dinh, regardless Riviere decided to go forward and attack the city with 520 men. They traveled the red river using 6 gunboats, reaching the Nam Dinh by march 25th. They quickly went to work seizing the naval barracks which were unoccupied. They also cleared fields of huts to set up firing lanes for their gunboats and set up artillery pieces. The next morning the bombardment began as Riviere simultaneously summoned the governor of Nam Dinh, Vu Trong Binh to come to his ship Pluvier to submit the citadel before 8am. Governor Vu Trong Binh was able to reject this before 8am. Nam Binh had 15 feet thick walls, unscalable and pretty much impossible to breach vie cannons, thus Riviere decided to force an entrance into the city by destroying one of its main gates with explosives.  While his gunboats and artillery smashed the Vietnamese cannons along the walls, on March 27th his marines went ashore carrying dynamite blowing a gate up. The French then charged the citadel under heavy fire with Riviere at the front urging them on. The Vietnamese soldiers were overwhelmed by the superior firepower and by the afternoon the city fell as the governor fled. Riviere jubilantly stated “This will force them to take forward their Tonkin Question!'” Now Riviere expected to be punished for his renegade actions, but he lucked out enormous, for back home in France there was a change of government. The new administration led by Jules Ferry strongly supported colonial expansion and backed Riviere up from the offset. The new government followed this up by sending word to Li Hongzhang that Tonkin was going to be under French protection and to back off immediately. The Nguyen officials now were in quite a plight without their Qing defenders and wholeheartedly tossed their lot in with Liu Yongfu and the Black Flags. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Francis Garnier died in a blaze of glory or insanity and now it seemed he had a successor found 10 years later in Henry Riviere. Would southeast Asia be able to thwart off the colonizing efforts of France or fall like domino pieces?   

Last time we spoke about the Gapsin Coup. Li Hongzhang snipped the bud of war before it could bloom after the Imo uprising and the Daewongun stole back power in Korea. The Daewongun was spanked and sent into exile yet again, but now Korea had become greatly factionalized. The progressives and conservatives were fighting bitterly to set Korea on a Japanese or Chinese path to modernization. This led radicals like Kim Ok-kyun to perform the Gapsin coup which was terribly planned and failed spectacularly. Japan and China were yet again tossed into a conflict in Korea, but China firmly won the day for she had more forces to bear. Japan licked her wounds and went home, learning a bitter lesson. That lesson was: next time bring more friends to the party. But today we are going to be taking a side quest, for many events were occurring in China, and one that brought yet again another foreign war.   #41 How France Ended up in Indochina   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. As I said a while back, I wanted to try and hit some events that don't necessarily fit the, something like 4-5 episodes its taking to explain how the First Sino-Japanese war came about. And even as I am writing this, on my personal channel someone commented “hey please don't forget to do a podcast on the Panthay Rebellion”, sigh. I chose to keep the Panthay Rebellion out of the Dungan Revolt episode, though many like to bundle these events up. I will try my best to hit that one, but if it somehow falls through my fingers, perhaps I will cheekily put it on my patreon, www.patreon.com/pacificwarchannel. A bit scumbag perhaps, but honestly its taking forever to get to the first sino-japanese war. Now this one, the Sino-French War is actually something a lot of my Vietnamese audience from my youtube channel have begged me to do an episode on for a long time now. Where to begin. This series focuses on the history of China and as such it fails to mention the experiences of China's neighbors quite often. For example while western nations like Britain were courting the Qing dynasty trying to open up further trade outside the Canton system, nations like France were likewise exploring and trying to exploit places like modern day Vietnam. During the early 17th century, France began to establish relations with Vietnam by sending the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes. Alexandre de Rhodes was the first to write a catechism in the Vietnamese alphabet and upon returning to france in 1650 he advised the Catholic church they needed to dispatch bishops over to Vietnam to help development her roman catholic population, estimated to be around 100,000 converts by that point. He also warned that they must not allow what occurred in Japan to happen in Vietnam, referencing the Shimabara rebellion "We have all reason to fear that what happened to the Church of Japan could also happen to the Church of Annam, because these kings, in Tonkin as well as in Cochinchina, are very powerful and accustomed to war... It is necessary that the Holy See, by its own mouvement, give soldierss to these Oriental regions where Christians multiply in a marvelous way, lest, without bishops, these men die without sacrament and manifestly risk damnation." Alexandre de Rhodes efforts helped create the Paris Foreign missions society and soon the French East India company began operating in southeast asia. Throughout the 18th century the Jesuits missionary work and trade were very successful in Vietnam and this even led to military assistance. The French aided Nguyen Anh to retake his lands that had been taken from his family during a rebellion. The French were able to protect Nguyen Anh who became Emperor Gia Long and relations were fairly good with France, until his death whereupon relations fell considerably. The Nguyen dynasty increasingly viewed the catholic missionaries as a threat to their control. The french missionaries were soon being persecuted and then a revolt occurred in Cochinchina known as the Le Van Khoi revolt of 1833-1835. French catholic missionaries, Vietnamese catholics and Chinese settlers revolted against the current Emperor Minh Mang. Minh Mang quelled the revolt in 3 years while simultaneously fighting off a Siamese offensive. The revolt caused a dramatic increase in the persecution of catholics, leading to the execution of many missionaries. France tried to send diplomats to work out a peace deal with Minh Mang, but he would have none of it. In 1825 he made an edict  “"The Westerner's perverse religion confuses the hearts of men. For a long time, many Western ships have come to trade with us and to introduce Catholic missionaries into our country. These missionaries make the people's hearts crooked, thus destroying our beautiful customs. Truly this is a great disaster for our land. Our purpose being to prevent our people from abandoning our orthodox way, we must accordingly completely eliminate these abuses."   Minh Mang unlike his predecessor had no illusions about catholics, missionaries nor the west in general he sought isolationism. He was a very conservative leader and abided by confucianism. During his 21 years of rule he expanded his empire to acquire territory from parts of modern day Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. However after the first opium war saw the Qing dynasty humiliated by Britain, Minh Mang attempted to build an alliance with European powers by sending a delegation out in 1840 led by Ton That Tuong. They were received in Paris by Prime Minister Marshal Soult, but King Louis Philippe shunned the delegation and the Vatican urged a rebuke for “the enemy of the religion”. The delegates tried to offer France a trade monopoly in exchange for military support in the case of being attacked by a western power, but it was all in vain. After this the delegation tried a similar treaty with America, but it also failed. Minh Mang died and was succeeded by his eldest son Thieu Tri, who upheld the anti-catholic stance of the Nguyen dynasty, but did make some efforts to thwart conflicts and handed over to France 5 imprisoned missionaries in 1840. Thieu Tri would be dealt a hard hand of cards, as during in 1840's his empire was hit by a global cholera pandemic that killed roughly 8% of his nations population. Meanwhile his fathers isolationist policies meant the empires economy was hurting. Back over in France, in 1843 the French foreign minister, Francois Guizot sent a fleet to east asia led by Admiral Jean-Baptiste-Thomas Medee Cecille, lol wow to that name, all first names literally imagine someone in English called John, Jacob, Ryan, Jack, Kyle. The reason for the expedition was to respond to the new situation in China, as Britain had just defeated her in 1842 and thus the door was busted wide open so to say. The French thinking was while Britain began exploiting China in the north, perhaps France could counterbalance this by trying to puncture China in the south. Of course France was not openly stating this, officially she sent the mission “to support British efforts with the Qing dynasty and to fight against the persecution of French missionaries within Vietnam”. Admiral Jean-Baptist went to Vietnam in 1845 to try and get the release of one Bishop Dominique Lefebvre who had been condemned to death. Lefebvre had gone to Vietnam in 1835 and it was then illegal to work as a missionary. He was caught performing missionary actions and received the death penalty. A US captain named John Percivil of the USS Constitution attempted to gain his release but failed so he turned to Admiral Jean-Baptiste. Jean Baptiste managed to smooth things over and obtained Lefebvre's release and Lefebvre simply snuck right back into Vietnam and got himself caught yet again and was in the same situation by 1847.  Thus in 1847 Admiral Jean-Baptiste dispatched to Vietnam two warships the 54 gun frigate Gloire and 24 gun corvette Victorieuse under captain Lapierre and Charles Rigault de Genouilly. They went to Touran to try and free Bishop Lefebvre, Bishop Duclos and to try and get the Vietnamese to allow for Catholics to worship again in Vietnam, perhaps they were getting tired of showing up everytime a priest was imprisoned. Negotiations began, but it seems Lefebvre's being a second offender made the Vietnamese believe the French were pulling a fast one thus it fell apart. The negotiations dragged on until april 15th of 1847 while 6 Vietnamese corvettes snuck up and attacked the french warships anchored in the Bay of Tourane. The French retaliated and sank 4 of the Vietnamese corvettes, disabled the 5th and inflicted roughly 1200 casualties, quite a one sided brawl. The French assert, the Vietnamese had deceived them by prolonging negotiations in order to surprise attack them. Colonel Alfred Thomazi a historian who covered this period had this to say about the event;  “Thiệu Trị, indignant with this interference, decided to end the affair with a surprise attack. His plan was to invite the French officers to a banquet, kill them, and then burn and sink the ships. But Commandant Lapierre was on his guard, and declined the invitation. The mandarins, seeing the first part of their programme go astray, passed on to the second. They attacked.”   Thomazi gave the following description of the battle in Tourane Bay: ‘Gradually the Annamese war fleet, consisting of five corvettes with covered batteries, several bricks and a large number of junks, gathered in the bay, and one morning, without prior warning, attacked the French vessels. These, as their armament was far superior, had little difficulty in destroying the entire enemy fleet, but they had to get underway thereafter, abandoning the Christians to the vengeance of their persecutors”. In the end Lefebvre and Duclos were released. The Vietnamese were stunned by the dramatic disparity in firepower between their warships and the French. It showcased to many, the Vietnam's isolationist policies had left them extremely vulnerable to western powers and they began demanding modernization efforts. Things gradually began to get worse for the catholic community in Vietnam. In 1856 the French diplomat Louis Charles de Montigny was sent to asia to secure trade agreements. He first went to the kingdom of Siam where a treaty was signed on August 15th to facilitate trade, religious freedoms in order for Siam to gain access to French warship technology. Then Montigny turned to Vietnam arriving the next year where he demanded they establish a consulate in Hue, allow for free trade and to end their persecution of the catholic community. The Vietnamese court rejected all of these outright.  When Montigny returned to France having failed in Vietnam, Napoleon III decided enough was enough and he dispatched a military force of 3000 men to Vietnam led by Charles Rigault de Genouilly. France actually had a few reasons they were dispatching forces, and it was not exclusive to Vietnam. Do remember the 2nd Opium War was kicking off, so these forces were also sent to deal with China. It also did not help that the Nguyen emperor Tu Duc ordered the execution of 2 Spanish catholic missionaries in 1857 as well. Thus Spain likewise sent a punitive expedition force to join the French. Their first target was to be Tourane. The French force was led by Admiral Genouilly's flagship the 50 gun frigate Nemesis alongside 2 corvettes, 5 steam gunboats and 5 transports carrying 1000 French Marines. The Spanish brought a armed vessel called the El Cano carrying 550 Spanish infantry, 450 Filipino Chasseurs Tagals.  Now Tourane held 5 major forts on the western side of its peninsula which covered the approach to the town. The French called these the Fort de l'Aiguade, Fort de l'obervatoire, Fort du Nord, Fort de l'est and the Fort de l'ouest. They were accompanied by several shore batteries between them. The Vietnamese had a garrison of 2000 bien binh (provincial soldiers) led by Chuongco Dao Tri and the Governor Nam-Ngai tossed in another 2000 cam binh (centre soldiers) led by Do Thong Le Dinh ly. The Franco-Spanish force arrived to Tourane Bay during the night of august 31st and at dawn Admiral Rigault de Genouilly demanded the 5 forts surrender. He received no response and thus ordered his flotilla to bombard them. The forts response were on par with the Qing's performance during the opium wars, none of the western ships received damage. Rigault de Genouilly then landed some marines who quickly seized Fort de L'Aiguade. The charged its defenders chanting “vive l'empereur”. The defenders were overrun and soon the Fort l'est and fort l‘ouest were taken likewise with ease. El Cano had anchored off the entrance of the Da Nang river and aided the forces by bombarding the two forts, causing the defenders to flee. Most of hte vietnamese defenders were able to flee the carnage from the offset of bombardment, but those at the Fort L'observatoire were not quick enough. The French stormed into the fort and inflicted heavy casualties upon them before taking the rest prisoner. With this the Franco-Spanish force were able to occupy Tourane and the Tien Sa Peninsula. However upon occupying Tourane, suddenly the westerners found themselves under a siege.  Admiral Rigault de Genouilly surmised their forces at Tourane could achieve nothing under these circumstances so he pulled them out and decided to try and find a new target. He considered Tonkin first, but ruled it out and instead chose Saigon. Saigon was chosen because of its strategic value, it was one of the main sources of food that fed the Vietnamese army. He left Capitaine de Vaisseau Thoyon at Tourane with two gunboats and a small garrison and took the rest of the force south. The force spent 5 days gathering supplies in Cam Ranh bay and then reached Cape Saint-Jacques on February 10th. They bombarded the forts that defended its harbors into silence before storming them with marines like they had done at Tourane.  From cape saint-jacques they made a 5 day journey upriver, taking time here and there to bombard and storm some riverside forts. The Vietnamese defenders fought them off tenaciously and managed to land some cannonade hits into ships like the Dragonne and Avalanche inflicting hull damage. The defenders also tried to barricade the riverway behind the invaders, but the europeans made sure to dispatch naval forces behind to thwart these efforts periodically. Everytime the europeans attacked a fort or riverforce they made sure to spike the enemies weapons down or take them, thus reducing the enemies materials. By the 15th the Europeans were approaching some forts that defended Saigon's southern part. During the night they snuck 2 armed forces to destroy a barrage the Vietnamese had made using boats tied up together utilizing explosives. Dawn the next day the european warships anchored 800 meters from the forts and began their bombardment. They were so close some of the marine snipers in the warship mastheads were able to pick off Vietnamese gunners as well. The Vietnamese responded as best they could, but like the Qing during the opium wars, their outdated cannons were greatly overmatched. Soon landing companies began to assault the forts and by 8am the French and Spanish seized them. A few hours later, Capitaine Bernard Jaureguiberry took the Avalanche and scouted the Citadel of Saigon, before sending a French-Spanish force to assault it. Once the Europeans entered the citadel, the defenders began fleeing, though they did return with 1000 men to counter attack. The Europeans managed to repel the counter attack and by 10am the French and Spanish flag was raised over the citadel.  The Citadel of Saigon was enormous and the Europeans could not spare the necessary men to man it, so Admiral Rigault de Genouilly decided to simply blow it up. Using 32 mines on march 8th of 1859 the citadel was brought to ruin. Alongside this the europeans set fire to the rice granaries which would burn for several months. The Europeans turned back to Tourane leaving a small garrison to hold Saigon, which would fight a few battles of its own before being forced to pull out. Taking Saigon proved to be a fruitless victory. Admiral Rigault de Genouilly lost favor back home and was replaced in november of 1859 with Admiral Francois page with orders to obtain a treaty to protect catholics in Vietnam, but not to seek territorial gains. Now at the same time this was all occurring, there was the outbreak of the Austro-Sardinian War and this meant the French would require large numbers of forces to go to Italy, which the Vietnamese leadership quickly found out about.  When Page began negotiations in november with the vietnamese they refused his moderate terms, believing the French were no longer in a position of strength because of their troubles in Italy. So in the meantime Page reinforced the garrisons at Saigon and Da Nang awaiting the conclusion of the Italian war so more troops would be available to him. But by 1860 the 2nd opium war broke out requiring the French to send troops to China and Page was forced to relinquish much of his forces for the China expedition. In April Page left Vietnam to go to Canton, leaving the defense of Saigon and the neighboring Chinese town of Cholon under Capitaine de Vaisseau Jules D'Aries. D'Aries was left with 600 French marines and 200 Spanish troops who were led by Colonel Palanca y Guttierez. He also had on hand the corvettes Primauguet, Laplace and Norzagaray. With such forces he could not hope to with stand attacks from the Vietnamese so he was forced to hire some Chinese and Vietnamese auxiliaries who he placed in advanced posts and for patrols.  With his 1000 man augmented force, in March they were attacked by a Vietnamese army roughly around 10,000 men in strength. This led to a long and bitter siege, while simultaneously Tourane faced a similar situation and as I said they were forced to pull out as a result over there. D'aries and his men fought the siege off from March of 1860 to February of 1861. However during this time, the British and French forces had won the battle of Palikao on September 21st of 1860, thus relieving the need for their forces over in China. 70 ships led by Admiral Charner, carrying 3500 soldiers led by General de Vassoigne were quickly dispatched to Saigon. This naval force was then the largest the Vietnamese had ever seen. Admiral Charners forces reached their besieged allies in Saigon to find a Vietnamese army estimated to be around 32,000 men strong led by Nguyen Tri Phuong. The Vietnamese siege forces had their siege lines extending 12 km's long centered around a village called Ky Hoa. As Colonel Alfred Thomazi recounted “The first objective was the capture of the entrenched camp of Ky Hoa. This was a rectangle measuring around 3,000 metres by 900 metres, divided into five compartments separated by traverses and enclosed within walls three and a half metres high and two metres thick. The camp was armed with more than 150 cannon of all calibres. Subsidiary defences were piled up in front of its walls: wolf-pits, ditches filled with water, palisades and chevaux de frise. Bamboo was employed in the defences with consummate art, and the walls were crowned with thorn bushes along their entire length. The number of enemy soldiers both in and around the fortified camp had grown steadily during the previous year. After the victory, we discovered from the muster rolls that there were 22,000 regular troops and 10,000 militiamen. There were also 15,000 men manning the forts along the upper course of the Donnai. All these men were under the command of Nguyen Tri Phuong, the most celebrated general in the Vietnamese army”. The Europeans made their initial assault on February 24th, moving their artillery into firing range of the siege lines. With bombardment support the French and Spanish gradually attacked the fortifications taking heavy casualties in the process. A second assault was made the very next day starting at dawn and again our friend Thomazi has a lengthy account of the days battle “The action resumed at 5 a.m. on 25 February. The artillery advanced, facing east, enclosed by two columns of infantry: to the left, the engineers, the marine infantry and the chasseurs; to the right the Spanish infantry and the sailors. The sun, very low in the sky, was spoiling the aim of the cannons, and Lieutenant-Colonel Crouzat brought them forward by rapid bounds to within 200 metres of the enemy lines and ordered them to fire with case shot at the top of the ramparts. The firing was very heavy and our men, in the open, suffered appreciable casualties. Then the haversacks were laid on the ground, the sailors of the assault force reclaimed their scaling ladders, up to then carried by the coolies, and the admiral ordered the charge to be sounded. The right column, led by capitaine de vaisseau de Lapelin, crossed the wolf pits, the ditches and the chevaux de frise which extended for more than 100 metres in front of the enemy work under an intense fire, and was the first to reach the parapet. Most of the scaling ladders, which were very light, had been broken during the advance. Only three were left, which were placed along the wall, and the sailors of the assault force who could not find a place there climbed on the shoulders of their comrades. This time the fighting was bitter indeed. The first men to reach the summit were killed, but others took their place, throwing grenades inside. Then, using grappling hooks, they breached the perimeter fence and entered the fort. They then found themselves in an enclosed compartment swept by the fire from the neighbouring compartment, to which they could make no reply. It was a critical situation, and they suffered heavy losses. Finally, several resolute men, rallied by lieutenant de vaisseau Jaurès, succeeded in smashing in the gate that gave onto the other compartment with their axes, just as the engineers succeeded in breaking in, while the marine infantry and the chasseurs outflanked the enemy line on the left. The defenders were either killed where they stood or took to flight. The entire complex of the Ky Hoa lines had fallen into our hands.” The casualties for the second day were heavy, 12 dead and 225 wounded and according to the French reports, the Vietnamese lost around 1000 men including commander Nguyen Tri Phuong. By seizing Ky Hoa, the Europeans were able to take the offensive. Their first target was to be the city of My Tho. A smaller expeditionary force led by Capitaine Bourdais aboard the Monge alongside the Alarme, Mitraille and some gunboats took a force of around 230 men to seize My Tho. They ran into two forts defending a creek leading to the city and began to bombard them. After the forts were neutralized they ran continuously into barricades the vietnamese forces made to bar further passage. Then on April the 4th, the Europeans received reinforcements from Saigon in the form of 200 Chasseurs, 200 Sailors, 2 companies of marines and some heavy artillery. Capitaine Bourdais relinquished command to Capitaine Le Couriault du Quilio and he went to work having their expeditionary force fight its way through the barricades which began to become increasingly well defended. By april 8th, the expedition was reinforced a few more times, including more gunboats prompting the Vietnamese to send two fireships against them. The French naval forces were able to hook the two fireships and tow them away. On the 10th a scouting party led by Captain du Chaffault managed to reach the walls of My Tho, exchanging fire with its defenders before returning to report. Quilio decided to press forward his warships to hit more forts defending the passage to My Tho until they finally got in range of My Tho's walls. As the Europeans prepared their assault of the city, suddenly a flotilla led by Admiral Page showed up taking the Mekong river passage and he bombarded My Tho by sea which surrendered on the 12th.  After taking My Tho the French offered peace terms to Tu Duc, but this time demanded the cession of Saigon province, an indemnity of 4 million piastres, free trade rights and freedom of religion. Tu Duc was open to conceding on the religion, but rejected the others outright. Thus the French occupied My Tho and looked for new targets. Meanwhile Tu Duc had lost numerous materials and received many casualties for his efforts against the French-Spanish invaders. His forces simply could not meet the enemy on the open battlefield and thus he now sought to shift towards guerilla warfare. He dispatched men to venture into the enemy held territories and organize resistance groups. Soon Saigon and My Tho provinces were finding themselves in a state of siege. The French and Spanish forces began to fan out into the countryside hunting guerrillas, but as you can imagine this led to terrible violence against the common people.  Admiral Charner was replaced by Admiral Louis Adolphe Bonard in November of 1861. When he arrived he found the forces were being increasingly attacked by guerillas. One band of guerilla forces attacked the French Lorcha Esperance by luring the vessel out and ambushing her. 17 French and Filipino sailors were killed and the ship was burned down. This prompted Bonard to launch a major reprisal campaign against the province of Bien Hoa. Again our dear friend Thomazi has a lengthy passage on the battle and capture of Bien Hoa “"The Annamese had established defence works on all the routes leading to Biên Hòa. They had built an entrenched camp held by 3,000 men at My Hoa, midway between Biên Hòa and Saigon, and obstructed the course of the Donnai with nine solid barrages and a stockade. The admiral decided to attack simultaneously by land and water. He ordered the detached posts to remain on the defensive and to concentrate all disposable forces before Saigon. All being ready, and an ultimatum issued on 13 December going unanswered, the columns set off at daybreak on 14 December. The first column, commanded by chef de bataillon Comte and consisting of two companies of chasseurs à pied, 100 Spaniards and 50 horsemen with four mortars, made for Gò Công, which it captured at 7.30 a.m. A second column, consisting of 100 Spaniards and a battalion of marine infantry with two cannon, under the orders of Lieutenant-Colonel Domenech Diego, placed itself before the camp of My Hao. At the same time capitaine de vaisseau Lebris, with two companies of sailors, advanced on the Donnai, taking in reverse the batteries on the right bank. Finally, a flotilla of armed launches, having followed the creeks as far as Rach Gò Công, cannonnaded the works which were also bombarding the gunboats anchored in the Donnai under the orders of lieutenant de vaisseau Harel of Avalanche. The forts replied energetically, and the gunboat Alarme was hit by 54 balls and had her main mast nearly destroyed. But once the defenders saw themselves threatened by a land attack, they hastily evacuated the forts, one of which blew up and the others were occupied. The sailors toiled throughout the night to demolish the barrages, while the naval hydrographer Manen sounded the passes. The first obstacles having been destroyed, the two infantry columns joined hands in front of the camp of My Hoa on 15 December. The marine infantry attacked the enemy's centre, while the chasseurs menaced his right and the Spaniards his left, and the cavalry made a turning movement to cut off his retreat. The Annamese panicked and took to flight. Admiral Bonard, aboard the dispatch vessel Ondine, ascended the river and exchanged cannon shots with the citadel. On 16 December the troops crossed the Donnai and occupied Biên Hòa, which the Annamese soldiers had evacuated, but not before burning alive numerous Christian prisoners. We took there 48 cannons and 15 armed junks. The operation cost us only 2 men dead and several wounded." Even after taking  Bien Hoa, the guerrillas persisted to amp up their attacks.. The guerilla forces around My Tho began to snipe european columns marching along roads and a French gunboat carrying troops was blown up via sabotage. Bonard believed these actions to be the work of Vietnamese forces operating in Vinh Long so he began a campaign to seize it. On March 20th, his naval forces reached the fortress of Vinh Long and he quickly landed 700 French and 300 Spanish troops led by Lt Colonel Reboul to attack. Thomazi tells us  “On 22 March they crossed two arroyos under fire and advanced into view of the enemy batteries, which had been fighting a violent artillery duel with the gunboats. During the night, after a seven-hour struggle, all the batteries were occupied, and on the following day we entered the citadel, where we found 68 cannon and considerable quantities of materiel” The defenders of Vinh Long had fallen back to some earthwork defenses 20 km's west of My Tho, so Bonard sent forces to attack them while he consolidated Vinh Long. As the forces marched to attack the defenders, the loss of My Tho, Bien Hoa and Vinh Long had severely demoralized the Vietnamese leaders. In April of 1862 Lu Duc announced he sought peace terms. In May, following some preliminary meetings at Hue, the French corvette Forbin went to Tourane to meet with a Vietnamese delegation. As Thomazi, a very faithful source for this entire episode it seems tells us after the French waited 2 days for the Vietnamese to show up. ‘On the third day, an old paddlewheel corvette, the Aigle des Mers, was seen slowly leaving the Tourane river. Her beflagged keel was in a state of dilapidation that excited the laughter of our sailors. It was obvious that she had not gone to sea for many years. Her cannons were rusty, her crew in rags, and she was towed by forty oared junks and escorted by a crowd of light barges. She carried the plenipotentiaries of Tự Đức. Forbin took her under tow and brought her to Saigon, where the negotiations were briskly concluded. On 5 June a treaty was signed aboard the vessel Duperré, moored before Saigon.” The result was the Treaty of Saigon which legalized the catholic faith in Vietnam and the secession of Dinh Tuong, Gia Dinh, Bien Hoa and some islands over to France. The ports of Tourange, Ba Lac and Quang Yen were opened and France was given trade rights. On top of all of that the Vietnamese were to pay an indemnity worth one million dollars to France and Spain over a 10 year period. And thus the colony of Cochinchina with its capital of Saigon was acquired by France, which would start a ongoing conflict only to end with the United States of American pulling out in 1975. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. I honestly thought I would be able to do the Sino-French war of 1884-1885 in a single episode, yet again I was mistaken. Thus next time we will continue the story of France and Southeast asia.

Robert is joined by Matt Lieb for the final part of series on  Napoleon III.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Robert is joined by Matt Lieb for part three of our series on Napoleon III. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Robert is joined again by Matt Lieb to continue to discuss Napoleon III.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Robert is joined by Matt Lieb to discuss Napoleon III. (4 Part Series)See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Courbet was iconic even in his own lifetime. He flew in the face of artistic convention, turned down awards, and ushered in a new movement of Realism in France. He also became embroiled in the country's political turmoil.   Research: Courbet, Gustave “Madame Auguste Cuoq (Mathilde Desportes, 1827–1910)” The Met. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436016 Courbet, Gustave. “Woman in a Riding Habit (L'Amazone).” 1856. The Met. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436024 Bénédite, Léonce. “Gustave Courbet: With a Biographical and Critical Study.” W. Heinemann. 1912. Fernier, Robert J.. "Gustave Courbet". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustave-Courbet Berman, Avis. “Larger Than Life.” Smithsonian Magazine. April 2008. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/larger-than-life-31654689/ Nochlin, Linda. “Gustave Courbet's Meeting: A Portrait of the Artist as a Wandering Jew.” Art Bulletin. Vol. 49. No. 3. https://www.collegeart.org/pdf/artbulletin/Art%20Bulletin%20Vol%2049%20No%203%20Nochlin.pdf Macnearny, Allison. “This Artistic Masterpiece Was Destroyed When The Allies Bombed Dresden.” The Daily Beast. April 7, 2019. https://www.thedailybeast.com/gustave-courbets-the-stonebreakers-the-masterpiece-destroyed-when-the-allies-bombed-dresden Harris, Dr. Beth and Dr. Steven Zucker. “Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers.” https://smarthistory.org/courbet-the-stonebreakers/ Harris, Dr. Beth and Dr. Steven Zucker, "Gustave Courbet, The Painter's Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of My Life as an Artist," in Smarthistory, August 9, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/courbet-the-artists-studio/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.