Podcasts about Algiers

PJ talks to Stuart Musgrave of Baltimore Pirate Festival as the village prepares to step back in time to days when Algerian pirates raided riches and even people. They also talk about The Algiers cafe moving on board the Nao Santa Maria tonight for an amazing dining experience Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week on Peanuts and Popcorn, the peanuts are downright rotten as both the Cubs and Tigers continue to spiral, though Pete Crow‑Armstrong at least supplied a few sparks along the way.In Popcorn, we've got two terrific films on deck. We start with Tom's pick, Henri‑Georges Clouzot's The Wages of Fear (1953), the white‑knuckle thriller that became the blueprint for decades of action cinema. Then we pivot to Leo's choice, the Coen Brothers' first commercial feature, the lean, moody neo‑noir Blood Simple (1984).Next Show's Films:Tom's Pick: Carnal Knowledge (1971)Leo's Pick: The Battle of Algiers (1966)

In de vorige aflevering is het verhaal van de opkomst, gloriedagen en ondergang van de Barbarijse zeerovers besproken. Daarin is ook verteld over Europeanen die als kaper actief waren vanuit bijvoorbeeld Tunis en Algiers. In deze aflevering zullen een aantal van deze kapers centraal staan, waarbij zal worden besproken waarom zij als als kaper actief werden, hoe hun carrière als kaper verliep en hoe in hun thuislanden over hen gedacht werd. Vragen, opmerkingen, suggesties, tips of tops? Mail geschiedenismetsjaak@outlook.com, of stuur een DM via instagram of facebook.Geschiedenis met Sjaak steunen? Dat kan geheel vrijblijvend via fooienpod!

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/american-studies

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/middle-eastern-studies

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/world-affairs

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/african-studies

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/french-studies

After Barbary: Algeria's Roles in the French and American Empires (Cornell University Press, 2025) by Dr. Timothy Mason Roberts explores the connection between the United States and North Africa between the Barbary Wars of the early nineteenth century and the era of European decolonization after World War II. Dr. Roberts offers a new approach to the study of empires, highlighting the significance of Algeria in French-American relations from France's first occupation of the country through the first years of independence of the Republic of Algeria. As Dr. Roberts demonstrates, imperial authorities in Washington, DC; Paris; and Algiers rarely collaborated intentionally in institutional partnerships or alliances. Rather, American, French, and Algerian politicians, soldiers, writers, and revolutionaries—often acting at cross purposes and across political and cultural boundaries—sought power by imagining and constructing Algeria as a fissured, dynamic, transimperial space. Focusing on issues of settler colonialism, irregular warfare, racialized citizenship, territorial incorporation, and pan-African identity, After Barbary shows how French Algeria helped make the American and French empires. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's interviews on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Send us Fan MailIn this episode, Ricardo Karam sits down with Antonio Vincenti in a conversation that goes beyond advertising to explore a journey that reshaped public space across Arab cities, turning the street from chaos into a visual language that shapes urban memory.From Lebanon to Amman, Baghdad, Algiers, Tunis, Morocco, Africa, and Europe, Antonio reflects on how “Picasso” began as an outdoor advertising idea and evolved into a broader vision tied to the city and the way people experience public space. The discussion looks at outdoor advertising as part of the urban fabric, where image and city merge, and the street becomes a cultural layer beyond commercial use, within complex environments that balance order, beauty, and chaos. It also touches on expansion beyond Lebanon into Africa, the Gulf, and Europe, and the ambitions, challenges, and key decisions that shaped that journey. On a human level, the conversation explores Antonio beyond business, the impact of success on personal and family life, and the hidden cost of long-term ambition.Join Ricardo Karam and Antonio Vincenti in a conversation about cities, image, creativity, and the lasting impact of how we see the world.في هذا اللقاء، يجلس ريكاردو كرم مع أنطونيو فينسنتي في حوارٍ يتجاوز عالم الإعلانات ليغوص في مسار رجلٍ أعاد تشكيل الفضاء العام في عدد من المدن العربية، وحوّل الشارع من مساحة فوضى إلى لغة بصرية تصنع الذاكرة اليومية للمدن.من لبنان إلى عمّان، بغداد، الجزائر، تونس، المغرب، إفريقيا وأوروبا، يستعيد أنطونيو كيف بدأت "بيكاسو" كفكرة في الإعلان الخارجي، لتتحوّل إلى مشروع أوسع يرتبط بالمدينة نفسها وبطريقة رؤية الناس للفضاء العام.يتناول الحوار الإعلان الخارجي كجزء من النسيج الحضري، حيث تمتزج الصورة بالمدينة، ويتحوّل الشارع إلى مساحة بصرية وثقافية تتجاوز البعد التجاري، في بيئات عربية معقّدة تتطلب موازنة دقيقة بين النظام والجمال والفوضى. كما يمتد النقاش إلى تجربة التوسع خارج لبنان نحو إفريقيا والخليج وأوروبا، وما حملته من طموحات وتحديات وخيارات مفصلية في مسار النمو. وفي البعد الإنساني، يقترب الحوار من شخصية أنطونيو خارج إطار الأعمال، ومن أثر النجاح على الحياة الشخصية والعائلية، والثمن الخفي للطموح الطويل.انضموا إلى ريكاردو كرم وأنطونيو فينسنتي في حوارٍ حول المدينة، الصورة، الإبداع، ومعنى أن يترك الإنسان أثراً في الطريقة التي نرى بها العالم.

For centuries, tens of millions of Africans were sold at Islamic slave markets from Timbuktu on the Niger River, where the canoe meets the caravan, to Khartoum, to the Zanzibar coast on the Indian Ocean.  In addition, over a million Europeans were captured and sold at Muslim slave markets in Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia and Libya.Camp Constitution is a New Hampshire based charitable trust.  We run a week-long family camp, man information tables at various venues, have a book publishing arm, and post videos from our camp and others that we think are of importance. Please visit our website www.campconstitution.net

This episode we discuss Australia, Algiers weather, Cordon bleu v Lasagna topper, Old league memorabilia, Bulldogs tour of NZ, NPC rugby, PNG resources debate, Trickle down economics, Maximum notifications and heaps more. Enjoy. Support The Joel and Tim Show on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=74670148 Support us with caffeinated beverages at https://www.buymeacoffee.com/thejoelandv

In the early 1990s, Algeria was engulfed by a brutal civil conflict, as armed Islamist groups fought the state and civilians lived in fear. Foreigners were urged to leave, and many did. But Sister Lourdes Migueles, a Spanish Augustinian nun who had already spent decades serving in Algeria, chose to stay.As the violence worsened, religious figures also became targets. In October 1994, two of Sister Lourdes's fellow nuns, Caridad Alvarez and Esther Paniagua, were shot dead near their convent as they returned from work. Sister Lourdes remembers hearing the gunshots, the panic in the street, and realising immediately that it was her fellow Sisters who had been attacked. Soon afterwards, she was ordered by her superiors to leave Algeria, something she says caused her deep pain, as though she had abandoned the country she loved.Years later, she returned to Algiers, where she still lives and works today, helping women and children. Sister Lourdes Migueles tells her story to Colm Flynn.Eye-witness accounts brought to life by archive. Witness History is for those fascinated by and curious about the past. We take you to the events that have shaped our world through the eyes of the people who were there. For nine minutes every day, we take you back in time and all over the world, to examine wars, coups, scientific discoveries, cultural moments and much more. Recent episodes explore everything from how the Excel spreadsheet was developed, the creation of cartoon rabbit Miffy and how the sound barrier was broken.We look at the lives of some of the most famous leaders, artists, scientists and personalities in history, including: the moment Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva, Haitian singer Emerante de Pradines' life and Omar Sharif's legendary movie entrance in Lawrence of Arabia.You can learn all about fascinating and surprising stories, like the invention of a stent which has saved lives around the world; the birth of the G7; and the meeting of Maldives' ministers underwater. We cover everything from World War Two and Cold War stories to Black History Month and our journeys into space.(Photo: Nuns attend a ceremony at the Chapel of our Lady of Santa Cruz in Algeria in 2018. Credit: Ryad Kramdi/via Getty)

Presented by Priority Electric. Contact Patrick Sandridge today! (769) 798-9355 ☎ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This episode explores the exhausting intersection of global faith and digital surrealism, navigating the tension between Pope Leo XIV's historic visit to the Great Mosque of Algiers and his escalating public friction with President Trump. We examine the bizarre cultural emergence of "AI Jesus" and the viral messianic imagery dominating social feeds, all while grounding the conversation in the endurance required by Galatians 6:9. In a landscape of rapid-fire headlines and technological shifts, we discuss how to remain steadfast in "well-doing" without succumbing to the weariness of a fractured world.

Guy Fieri responds to backlash after viral moment at the UFC fight, Congress passes "Fitness Tax Credit Act of 2026", Baby Jessica has been arrested for domestic violence, Pope Leo XIV visited the Great Mosque of Algiers, and the U.S. naval blockade of Iranian ports showed its first concrete results yesterday, and today is TAX DAY...

Pope Leo XIV has said he has “no fear of the Trump administration”, after his criticism of the Iran war drew scorn from President Donald Trump. On Sunday, the US President called the Pope “weak on crime and terrible on foreign policy”, and posted a now-deleted AI image of himself depicted as a Christ-like figure.The posts caused outrage among Catholics and the religious right, but he has said he will not apologise to the Pope. We speak to BBC presenter and author Edward Stourton, who has reported on religious affairs and US politics for decades, about what happens when an American president takes on an American Pope. Producers: Sam Chantarasak, Xandra Ellin and Lucy PawleExecutive producer: James ShieldMix: Travis EvansSenior news editor: China CollinsPhoto: Pope Leo XIV addresses journalists during the flight heading to Algiers on April 13, 2026. Credit: Reuters/Alberto Pizzoli.

Alan's Soap https://AlansSoaps.com/ToddHonor John's memory and the legacy he created for Ian and Alan with Alan's Artisan Soaps “John's Favorites” bundle.  Get one bar of each of his favorites for only $28.99. Bulwark Capital https://KnowYourRiskPodcast.comBe confident in your portfolio with Bulwark! Schedule your free Know Your Risk Portfolio review. Go to KnowYourRiskPodcast.com today. Renue Healthcare https://Renue.Healthcare/ToddYour journey to a better life starts at Renue Healthcare. Visit https://Renue.Healthcare/Todd Bonefrog https://BonefrogCoffee.com/ToddGet the new limited release, The Sisterhood, created to honor the extraordinary women behind the heroes. Use code TODD at checkout to receive 10% off your first purchase and 15% on subscriptions.LISTEN and SUBSCRIBE at:The Todd Herman Show - Podcast - Apple PodcastsThe Todd Herman Show | Podcast on SpotifyWATCH and SUBSCRIBE at: Todd Herman - The Todd Herman Show - YouTubeIn A Perverted World, How Should Christian Men Teach Sex Ed In Their Homes? - Faith & Family // Is a Witch Converting to Jesus Christ More Believable to Academics than an Actual PhD Thesis? - Faith & Facts // Why I am Not A Catholic: Part 1 - FaithEpisode Links:In A Perverted World, How Should Christian Men Teach Sex Ed In Their Homes? - Faith & FamilyThis Canadian weirdo describes herself as trans, queer, white, fat, jewish, and a parent of three. Wants schools to discuss sexual orientation and gender diversity with children of all ages including kindergarten. Canada strikes again. Father teaches his kids introductory sex ed better than public schools, who would say parents aren't equipped to do so.Is a Witch Converting to Jesus Christ More Believable to Academics than an Actual PhD Thesis? - Faith & FactsA witch decided to do an experiment and try Jesus out. She wasn't expecting what happened next.Is The Catholic Church Being Corrupted by The World? - Faith & FlagIn a rare joint interview, three of America's most influential cardinals, who actively serve archdioceses, share what they're hearing in their pews. Pope Leo walks without shoes in the Great Mosque of Algiers, Algeria. For the first time ever, the Vatican has built a Muslim prayer room inside its Apostolic Library. People can use The Catechisms of the Catholic Church to defend this behavior -- see paragraph 841. 

Pope Leo XIV has started his 11-day visit of four African countries. The Pontiff arrived in Algeria on Monday, where he called for peace, forgiveness and justice at the Martyrs monument in the capital, Algiers. The Pope is expected to visit Cameroon, Angola and Equatorial Guinea. Pope Leo XIV wants to "turn the world's attention to Africa" according to a senior Vatican official. More than a fifth of the world's Catholics are in Africa, making it one of the fastest-growing regions for the Church.Also - we hear from the Head of African Music at YouTube on how creators can earn more on the platform. Presenter : Nkechi Ogbonna Producers: Keikantse Shumba, Ayuba Iliya and Blessing Aderogba Technical Producer: Davis Mwasaru Senior Producer: Charles Gitonga Editor: Maryam Abdalla

//The Wire//2300Z April 13, 2026// //ROUTINE// //BLUF: MAJOR ESCALATIONS REPORTED IN MIDDLE EAST AFTER PEACE TALKS FAIL. AMERICAN NAVAL BLOCKADE ANNOUNCED IN THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ. TERRORIST ATTACK REPORTED IN ALGERIA DURING POPE'S VISIT.// -----BEGIN TEARLINE-----  -International Events-Middle East: Over the weekend, negotiations between the United States and Iran failed to produce any sort of agreement. Both parties have returned to their respective countries, and the potential for future negotiations remains unclear. Shortly after negotiations concluded, President Trump announced the implementation of a naval blockade of the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. The post specifically stated that the U.S. Navy will blockade "any and all Ships trying to enter, or leave, the Strait of Hormuz". A few hours later, CENTCOM posted an article on the implementation of this policy, stating that "The blockade will be enforced impartially against vessels of all nations entering or departing Iranian ports and coastal areas, including all Iranian ports on the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman".Lebanon: The war continues as Israeli forces continue their advance to the Litani River. Clearance operations have been on going in the south, with most villages within a few miles of the traditional border between Lebanon and Israel having been either bombed or bulldozed over the past few years with the goal of establishing a buffer zone.Hungary: Yesterday, the results of the general election resulted in sitting Prime Minister Viktor Orban being replaced by Peter Magyar after holding power for 16 years.Algeria: This morning two IED attacks took place in Blida, which took the form of two assailants wearing explosive belts attempting to target a crowd near the National Police Headquarters. Analyst Comment: These attacks coincided with Pope Leo XIV's visit to Algiers. Consequently, local media is speculating that these attackers were on their way to target the Pope, and got discovered, prompting their detonation. However, considering that the attackers were on foot at the time (and Blida is a long way from Algiers, where the Pope was located), a more likely theory is that this attack was targeting the police station. This theory is supported by the rather graphic video of at least one of the attacks. These types of attacks are extremely common throughout the third-world, as low-level insurgent groups sometimes prefer to conduct attacks during a high-profile visit, so as to amplify the message of their cause. In this case however, nobody survived to convey what group actually conducted the attack, so pending a group claiming credit, the overall motive for this terror attack remains unknown.Eastern Pacific: Overnight strikes on narco-vessels continued throughout the SOUTHCOM area of responsibility, with multiple airstrikes being reported in the general vicinity of the Caribbean.Analyst Comment: While attention has been diverted to the Middle East, Operation Southern Spear has been continuing, with strikes on fastboats being reported regularly this entire time. Most of the more recent strikes have been conducted not in the Caribbean specifically, but in undisclosed regions of the Pacific Ocean (probably off the coast of Ecuador, where joint American operations have been increasing over the past few weeks).-HomeFront-New York: A mass stabbing attack was reported at the Grand Central Terminal subway station on Saturday, after an assailant began attacking a crowd of people on the platform. Police officers on the platform shot and killed the assailant immediately after the attack began. Concerning casualties, 3x elderly victims were wounded during the attack and all are expected to survive. The assailant has been identified as Anthony Griffin, and a family friend stated that Griffin was known to have mental health issues and that he was known to

ALGERIA,ALGIERS, VISIT OF POPE LEO XIV TO THE "MAQAM ECHADID" MARTYRS' MONUMENT (The content of this podcast is copyrighted by the Dicastery for Communication which, according to its statute, is entrusted to manage and protect the sound recordings of the Roman Pontiff, ensuring that their pastoral character and intellectual property's rights are protected when used by third parties. The content of this podcast is made available only for personal and private use and cannot be exploited for commercial purposes, without prior written authorization by the Dicastery for Communication. For further information, please contact the International Relation Office at relazioni.internazionali@spc.va)

Algerian newspaper editor Kamel Mansari talks with Podcast Host Rosemary Armao about what he calls America's catastrophic war against Iran. In his view the US has lost power. and influence in the Middle East to China and given up all the good will and respect it earned over decades  in exchange for a foreign policy based on getting oil and other natural resources from weaker nations.Kamel Mansari is the editor of the French-language newspaper Le Jeune Independant in Algiers, Algeria. He worked previously as editor in chief of Echorouk, an Arabic-language newspaper in Algiers, and as a reporter for Agence France-Presse. and a correspondent for the English-language Iranian channel,  Press TV. In 2008 he graduated from the Media Management Center at Northwestern University in Chicago.

Desde un match en una app de citas hasta ofrecer conciertos con entradas agotadas, el pop alternativo de Atzur ha llamado la atención del público en toda Europa. Mitad española, mitad austríaco, el dúo se ha forjado una reputación gracias a sus catárticas actuaciones en directo y a unas letras que calan hondo. Tras telonear a bandas como Giant Rooks y Algiers, actuaron en el Primavera Sound de Barcelona. Su álbum de debut, "Strange Rituals", se publicó en 2023, seguido de una gira agotando entradas por salas de toda Europa. Su esperado segundo álbum, HUMBLE, se publicó el pasado 6 de febrero de 2026 y tras ese lanzamiento, la banda se encuentra inmersa en su gira más ambiciosa hasta la fecha.Escuchar audio

Cinema Before the World: The Global Routes of the Lumière Brothers (Fordham UP, 2026) investigates the transnational origins of filmmaking by focusing on a case study in world cinema—the 1896-1897 voyage of one of the Lumière Brothers camera operators, Alexandre Promio, across North Africa and the Middle East. The book shows how the sites in these early films are not simply backdrops, but integral to film form and its global history. Connecting a series of filmic principles (framing, tracking shots, close-ups) to the sites where they are made visible (a rooftop in Algiers, a train station and the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem), Allan unsettles a familiar narrative of imperial vision. In the interplay of local history and global media, he highlights tensions between ethnography, observation, and visual capture, revealing how the Lumière Brothers films persist as living archives. The book evokes a formative moment when cinema stood before the world—both as a technological marvel and as a medium that shaped how space and time were perceived. Tracing a journey from Algeria to Egypt and Palestine, and moving across media from lithography to photography and panoramas, Allan shows how in the hands of later filmmakers, such as Egyptian director Youssef Chahine and the Syrian collective Abounaddara, the Lumière films continue to enrich and inform visions of what cinema—and the world—can be. Cinema before the World offers a critical historical intervention in the global story of the cinematograph and a visionary method for film scholarship grounded in transnational analysis across languages, regions, and media. Michael Allan is Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Cinema Studies at the University of Oregon. He is the author of In the Shadow of World Literature: Sites of Reading in Colonial Egypt (Princeton, 2016, winner, MLA First Book Prize) and serves as editor of the journal Comparative Literature. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Cinema Before the World: The Global Routes of the Lumière Brothers (Fordham UP, 2026) investigates the transnational origins of filmmaking by focusing on a case study in world cinema—the 1896-1897 voyage of one of the Lumière Brothers camera operators, Alexandre Promio, across North Africa and the Middle East. The book shows how the sites in these early films are not simply backdrops, but integral to film form and its global history. Connecting a series of filmic principles (framing, tracking shots, close-ups) to the sites where they are made visible (a rooftop in Algiers, a train station and the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem), Allan unsettles a familiar narrative of imperial vision. In the interplay of local history and global media, he highlights tensions between ethnography, observation, and visual capture, revealing how the Lumière Brothers films persist as living archives. The book evokes a formative moment when cinema stood before the world—both as a technological marvel and as a medium that shaped how space and time were perceived. Tracing a journey from Algeria to Egypt and Palestine, and moving across media from lithography to photography and panoramas, Allan shows how in the hands of later filmmakers, such as Egyptian director Youssef Chahine and the Syrian collective Abounaddara, the Lumière films continue to enrich and inform visions of what cinema—and the world—can be. Cinema before the World offers a critical historical intervention in the global story of the cinematograph and a visionary method for film scholarship grounded in transnational analysis across languages, regions, and media. Michael Allan is Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Cinema Studies at the University of Oregon. He is the author of In the Shadow of World Literature: Sites of Reading in Colonial Egypt (Princeton, 2016, winner, MLA First Book Prize) and serves as editor of the journal Comparative Literature. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/film

Cinema Before the World: The Global Routes of the Lumière Brothers (Fordham UP, 2026) investigates the transnational origins of filmmaking by focusing on a case study in world cinema—the 1896-1897 voyage of one of the Lumière Brothers camera operators, Alexandre Promio, across North Africa and the Middle East. The book shows how the sites in these early films are not simply backdrops, but integral to film form and its global history. Connecting a series of filmic principles (framing, tracking shots, close-ups) to the sites where they are made visible (a rooftop in Algiers, a train station and the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem), Allan unsettles a familiar narrative of imperial vision. In the interplay of local history and global media, he highlights tensions between ethnography, observation, and visual capture, revealing how the Lumière Brothers films persist as living archives. The book evokes a formative moment when cinema stood before the world—both as a technological marvel and as a medium that shaped how space and time were perceived. Tracing a journey from Algeria to Egypt and Palestine, and moving across media from lithography to photography and panoramas, Allan shows how in the hands of later filmmakers, such as Egyptian director Youssef Chahine and the Syrian collective Abounaddara, the Lumière films continue to enrich and inform visions of what cinema—and the world—can be. Cinema before the World offers a critical historical intervention in the global story of the cinematograph and a visionary method for film scholarship grounded in transnational analysis across languages, regions, and media. Michael Allan is Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Cinema Studies at the University of Oregon. He is the author of In the Shadow of World Literature: Sites of Reading in Colonial Egypt (Princeton, 2016, winner, MLA First Book Prize) and serves as editor of the journal Comparative Literature. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/middle-eastern-studies

Cinema Before the World: The Global Routes of the Lumière Brothers (Fordham UP, 2026) investigates the transnational origins of filmmaking by focusing on a case study in world cinema—the 1896-1897 voyage of one of the Lumière Brothers camera operators, Alexandre Promio, across North Africa and the Middle East. The book shows how the sites in these early films are not simply backdrops, but integral to film form and its global history. Connecting a series of filmic principles (framing, tracking shots, close-ups) to the sites where they are made visible (a rooftop in Algiers, a train station and the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem), Allan unsettles a familiar narrative of imperial vision. In the interplay of local history and global media, he highlights tensions between ethnography, observation, and visual capture, revealing how the Lumière Brothers films persist as living archives. The book evokes a formative moment when cinema stood before the world—both as a technological marvel and as a medium that shaped how space and time were perceived. Tracing a journey from Algeria to Egypt and Palestine, and moving across media from lithography to photography and panoramas, Allan shows how in the hands of later filmmakers, such as Egyptian director Youssef Chahine and the Syrian collective Abounaddara, the Lumière films continue to enrich and inform visions of what cinema—and the world—can be. Cinema before the World offers a critical historical intervention in the global story of the cinematograph and a visionary method for film scholarship grounded in transnational analysis across languages, regions, and media. Michael Allan is Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Cinema Studies at the University of Oregon. He is the author of In the Shadow of World Literature: Sites of Reading in Colonial Egypt (Princeton, 2016, winner, MLA First Book Prize) and serves as editor of the journal Comparative Literature. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/african-studies

Cinema Before the World: The Global Routes of the Lumière Brothers (Fordham UP, 2026) investigates the transnational origins of filmmaking by focusing on a case study in world cinema—the 1896-1897 voyage of one of the Lumière Brothers camera operators, Alexandre Promio, across North Africa and the Middle East. The book shows how the sites in these early films are not simply backdrops, but integral to film form and its global history. Connecting a series of filmic principles (framing, tracking shots, close-ups) to the sites where they are made visible (a rooftop in Algiers, a train station and the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem), Allan unsettles a familiar narrative of imperial vision. In the interplay of local history and global media, he highlights tensions between ethnography, observation, and visual capture, revealing how the Lumière Brothers films persist as living archives. The book evokes a formative moment when cinema stood before the world—both as a technological marvel and as a medium that shaped how space and time were perceived. Tracing a journey from Algeria to Egypt and Palestine, and moving across media from lithography to photography and panoramas, Allan shows how in the hands of later filmmakers, such as Egyptian director Youssef Chahine and the Syrian collective Abounaddara, the Lumière films continue to enrich and inform visions of what cinema—and the world—can be. Cinema before the World offers a critical historical intervention in the global story of the cinematograph and a visionary method for film scholarship grounded in transnational analysis across languages, regions, and media. Michael Allan is Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Cinema Studies at the University of Oregon. He is the author of In the Shadow of World Literature: Sites of Reading in Colonial Egypt (Princeton, 2016, winner, MLA First Book Prize) and serves as editor of the journal Comparative Literature. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/popular-culture

In this episode of the Africa Five-a-Side podcast, we react to Rhulani Mokwena's decision to leave MC Algiers for Ittihad Tripoli in Libya.

A soundscape mix from the upcoming album 'e.a.l. (euro arab lovergirl)'. a diaspora girl travels back in time to Disco Magreb in Oran, Algeria. After listening to Raï classics on dusty cassette tapes, she walks into jardin d'essai du hamma in Algiers. She gets lost in the garden's many paths, tries to call a best friend, but with no signal. Instead she listens to echoes of time, conversations and birds in the trees. Flying back to Europe over the Djurdjura mountains, she drifts off, surrounded by the airy vocals of Djurdjura on her silver-green iPod. Tracklist: Zoumer - e.a.l. intro *Disco Maghreb* Cheikha Rimitti - aoulidi Cheb Khaled - oran marseille Rachid Taha - ya rayah *jardin d'essai du hamma* Zoumer - hamma essai (remix) Zoumer - (they long to be) close to you (cover) Zoumer - e.a.l. outro Djurdjura - Ad ezzi ssaa *taking the train back to cph*

El Mediterráneo como paisaje, memoria y emoción. Un viaje sonoro a través del cine: ciudades luminosas y en lucha, veranos interminables, amores inciertos y músicas que sobreviven, inolvidables, memorables. Durante una hora recorremos algunas películas que han mirado este mar plural y no solo marítimo, desde distintas orillas. Historias, imágenes y melodías que nos llevan de una costa a otra, entre melancolía y belleza. Una primavera cualquiera, contada a través del cine y la música.Suena en Mediterráneo:Luglio 1956 Gli Attentati — Ennio Morricone(The Battle of Algiers, 1966)Sinfonia – Cantata BWV 156 — Johann Sebastian Bach(Accattone, 1961)La Piscine (Thème principal) — Michel Legrand(La Piscine, 1969)La Grande Bellezza— Lele Marchitelli(The Great Beauty, 2013)Eternity and a Day – Theme — Eleni Karaindrou(Eternity and a Day, 1998)Barcelona — Giulia y Los Tellarini(Vicky Cristina Barcelona, 2008)T’he Cercat – Júlia Colom(Sempre dijous, 2021)Feria - Feria Milagro o Maldición — Alfonso de Vilallonga(Blancanieves, 2012)Caramel – Main Theme — Khaled Mouzanar(Caramel, 2007)Where Do We Go Now – Theme — Khaled Mouzanar(Where Do We Go Now?, 2011)Bonjour Tristesse — Juliette Gréco(Bonjour Tristesse, 1958)Two for the Road – Happy Barefoot Boy— Henry Mancini(Two for the Road, 1967)Two for the Road – Something for Audrey — Henry Mancini(Two for the Road, 1967)Escuchar audio

Today we watch one of the greatest war films ever made and the zenith of Italian neo-realism, Gillo Pontecorvo's 'The Battle of Algiers'. I discuss Pontecorvo's incredible backstory of fighting against the fascists in the Italian resistance and the unlikely journey that led him to creating this film with the victorious National Liberation Front of Algeria. After the film we are joined by @itsgothdad who shares his incredible journey from soldier to activist and how watching 'The Battle of Algiers' in his officer training shaped his view of America's Global War on Terror.In 2026, our programming in ATL focuses on 'Films Against Fascism' - a selection of films from around the world that deal with anti-fascist themes and take a stand against authoritarianism. These screenings are presented in partnership with Indivisible ATL.Follow us on instagram for info about our upcoming shows!Email us: behindtheslatepod@gmail.comInstagram: @behindtheslatepodTikTok: @behindtheslatepodYouTube: @behindtheslatepodcast This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindtheslatepod.substack.com

Dave McArthur welcomes guest hosts Chris Gragg, Joe Iglesias, and Andrew Park to discuss the 1966 film The Battle of Algiers while drinking martinis.

We explore the interconnected artistic and political lives of figures from the Maghreb and the Black diaspora who collaborated in North Africa from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s, forming what our guest calls the Maghreb Generation, and cover the iconic 1969 Pan-African Festival of Algiers, where cultural figures like Nina Simone and political groups like the Black Panthers were present. Assistant Professor of History at Cornell University and author of "Maghreb Noir: The Militant Artist of North Africa and the Struggle for a Pan-African Postcolonial Future," Dr. Paraska Tolan-Szkilnik discusses her work which re-centers artists and intellectuals from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia as key political actors in the mid-20th-century anti-colonial and pan-African movements. Dr. Tolan-Szkilnik explains how these militant artists (deeply influenced by thinkers like Frantz Fanon) championed a philosophy of continued, revolutionary decolonization beyond flag independence. The episode details the political and personal risks these activists faced, including imprisonment for figures like Moroccan poet Abdellatif Laâbi and the assassination of Algerian poet Jean Sénac. Finally, the conversation explores film as a revolutionary form of culture for the highly illiterate populace and the enduring legacy of this generation's radical vision for South-South solidarity.   0:53 Introduction 1:37 The Path to Pan-Africanism and the Maghreb 5:51 The Pan-African Festival of Algiers (1969) 7:23 The Substance of Revolution: Beyond the Speeches 10:00 The African Union, Liberation Movements, and Algiers 12:47 Questions of Race and Algerian Reactions to Blackness 14:19 North Africa as One Entity and French Colonial Borders 16:40 Central Figures of the Maghreb Generation 23:34 Defining the "Militant Artist" 25:15 The Philosophical DNA: Continued Decolonization 26:38 Frantz Fanon as Intellectual Forefather 27:44 The Autocratic Grind: Exile, Jail, and Death 34:54 The Moroccan Poet Abdellatif Laâbi and Souffles 40:09 Film as Revolutionary Culture 45:48 Turning Away from the West 49:00 The Striking Life of Jean Sénac 53:11 Poetry of Enthusiasm and Disillusionment   Paraska Tolan-Szkilnik is a historian of 20th century Africa and the Middle East. She specializes in questions of race, gender, and sex in the post-colonial Maghreb. She has published in Jadaliyya, the Arab Studies Journal, World Art, Monde(s), The Markaz Review, and the International Journal of Middle East Studies, amongst others. Her first book "Maghreb Noir: The Militant-Artists of North Africa and the Struggle for a Pan-African, Post-colonial Future" (Stanford, 2023) tells the story of a group of militant-artists, some Maghrebi, others Angolan, Haitian, or American, who led Pan-African cultural and political projects out of the recently decolonized cities of Rabat, Algiers, and Tunis.   Connect with Paraska Tolan-Szkilnik

Send us Fan MailToday is the final episode in my preview of the 98th Academy Awards where I will have broken down every category over the course of this week. Today I am joined by Enrico Banson from the Director's Notes newsletter, Janelle Lathrop from the Right Now, You Like Me newsletter, and Kevin Pettit from the See You At the Movies newsletter to break down all ten films nominated for Best Picture. I've listed the nominees below along with a few other films mentioned throughout the episode.Be sure to subscribe to the podcast to get all the preview episodes this week, and head over to my Substack to submit your guesses for my annual Oscar prediction contest.The nominees for each category are listed below.Best Picture:BugoniaF1FrankensteinHamnetMarty SupremeOne Battle After AnotherThe Secret AgentSentimental ValueSinnersTrain DreamsOther media mentioned in this episode include:Killing of the Sacred Deer directed by Yorgos LanthimosKinds of Kindness directed by Yorgos LanthimosPoor Things directed by Yorgos LanthimosThe Favourite directed by Yorgos LanthimosEddington directed by Ari AsterWeapons directed by Zach CreggerTop Gun: Maverick directed by Joseph KosinskiAvatar: Fire and Ash directed by James CameronCrimson Peak directed by Guillermo del ToroHellboy directed by Guillermo del ToroGuillermo del Toro's Pinocchio directed by Guillermo del Toro and Mark GustafsonHamlet by William ShakespeareBalls of Fury directed by Robert Ben GarantGood Time directed by Ben Safdie and Joshua SafdieUncut Gems directed by Ben Safdie and Joshua SafdieThere Will Be Blood directed by Paul Thomas AndersonThe Battle of Algiers directed by Gillo PotecorvoHard Eight directed by Paul Thomas AndersonMagnolia directed by Paul Thomas AndersonBoogie Nights directed by Paul Thomas AndersonI'm Still Here directed by Walter SallesThe Conversation directed by Francis Ford CoppolaThe Worst Person in the World directed by Joachim TrierThe Wizard of Oz directed by Victor FlemingThe Thin Red Line directed by Terrence MalickThe Tree of Life directed by Terrence MalickMagellan directed by Lav DiazNo Other Choice directed by Park Chan-wookSirât directed by Oliver LaxeCaught By the Tides directed by Jia ZhangkeOn Becoming a Guinea Fowl directed by Rungano NyoniSorry, Baby directed by Eva VictorWake Up Dead Man: A Knives Out Mystery directed by Rian JohnsonSupport the show

For Black History Month, this week's Dark Nation Radio showcases black musical artists of the dark music scene. Among those in the mix are Black Rose Burning, Urban Heat, O.Children, The Light Asylum, The Shadow Matjlis, The Veldt, Algiers, The Mystic Underground, Cemetery Sex, Jordan Fiction, Scary Black, Kali Dreamer, Tunde Adebimpe, The Ire, Val Cain, Fearing, Shadow Age, Bastet, Jah PHNX, Psychic Graveyard, Ganser, In Retrograde, Sisters of Shaddowwe, Sailem, Madame St. Beatrice, The Wraith, and Genesis Owusu. It's a very good show—I hope you'll give it a spin. Thank you for your support! DJ cypher's Dark Nation Radio Playlist 22 February 2026 Black History Month Broadcast Black Rose Burning, “Under Twin Suns (acoustic)” O.Children, “Ruins” Urban Heat, “Seven Safe Spaces” The Light Asylum w/ Heavy Halo, “Die Cast Down” The Shadow Matjlis, “Love in Flames (Adoration Destroyed mix)” Cemetery Sex, “Pain” Scary Black, “The Fallacy of Worth” Ganser, “Black Sand” The Veldt, “The Everlasting Gobstopper” Jordan Fiction, “Killing Time (Exhumed)” In Retrograde, “Samsara” Jah PHNX, “Antichrist” Shadow Age, “Hooky” Kali Dreamer, “Bathory Bomb” Madame St. Beatrice, “Lost in Confusion” Algiers, “Death March” Genesis Owusu, “Leaving the Light” Psychic Graveyard, “Haunted by Your Bloodline” Bastet, “Nightmare” Tunde Adebimpe, “Magnetic” The Mystic Underground, “Darkness Hides at Dawn” Tom Morello & the Bloody Beet Roots, “Keep Going” The Ire, “Bacchic Dance” Sisters of Shaddowwe, “Aranya” Sailem, “STFU” My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult, “Days of Swine & Roses” Val Cain, “Blood” The Wraith, “Only Shadows Remain” Fearing, “Destroyer” THOT Squad, “Pound Cake” Serpenteens, “The Superhuman Monster Show” DJ CYPHER'S DARK NATION RADIO—25 years strong! **Live Sundays @ 9 PM Eastern US on Spirit of Resistance Radio sorradio.org **Recorded @ http://www.mixcloud.com/cypheractive **Downloadable @ http://www.hearthis.at/cypheractive **Questions and material for airplay consideration to darknationradio[at] gmail[dot]com **Facebook @ http://www.facebook.com/groups/darknationradio

In this episode of the Africa Five-a-Side podcast, we review matchday 6 of the the CAF Champions League ----------------------- This podcast is brought to you by: www.africasacountry.com Follow us on social media: https://twitter.com/AfricanFiveSide https://www.tiktok.com/@african.fiveaside

In this episode of the US Navy History Podcast, Dale and Christophe discuss the Second Barbary War, highlighting America's bold confrontation with the Barbary States in 1815. The United States, under Commodore Stephen Decanter, refused to continue paying tributes and instead launched a decisive naval campaign against Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. This act of defiance ended centuries of European appeasement of state-sponsored piracy in the Mediterranean. The episode delves into the significant battles, the subsequent treaties enforced at gunpoint, and the long-term impacts on American naval doctrine and international relations. It also underscores the human element, celebrating the liberation of hundreds of captives and the broader implications for freedom and maritime safety. Additionally, the podcast honors Second Lieutenant Herman “Chuck” Dresden for his bravery during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II.

The people who asked the questionsWhat do these questions reveal about our ancestors? What did they think, feel, and value? Explore five fascinating stories to find out. Cases BARCELONA, 1300; ALGIERS, 1450; MODENA, 1530; ALGIERS, 1732; AUSCHWITZ, 1944

The Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 55:13), based on the ruling of numerous Rishonim, writes that ten men cannot combine to form a Minyan if they are not together in the same room. For ten men to comprise a Minyan, they must be in one room. If ten or more people are together in the same room, then men in an adjoining room, or outside in the hallway, can pray with them and thereby be considered as praying with a Minyan. A number of Rishonim maintained that people in different rooms can combine to form a Minyan if they can see each other. Thus, according to this opinion, if five men are in one room and five other men are in an adjoining room with an open door, or with just an arch without a door, they can form a Minyan since they can all see one another. This is the view taken by the Abi Ezri (Rav Eliezer Ben Yoel Ha'levi, Germany, 12 th century) and the Rashba (Rav Shlomo Ben Aderet of Barcelona, Spain, 1235-1310). These Rishonim compare the laws regarding a Minyan to those that apply to a Zimun for Birkat Ha'mazon. Just as people seated in different room can nevertheless combine to form a Zimun if they can see each other, the same is true of ten men who wish to form a Minyan. By contrast, the Or Zarua (Rav Yishak of Vienna, 13 th century), based on the ruling of the Rashbash (Rav Shlomo Duran, Algiers, 1400-1467), maintained that visibility does not affect the status of men situated in different rooms. Even if they can see each other, they cannot form a Minyan if they are not together in the same room. The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) understood the Bet Yosef as siding with this stringent view, and, indeed, this is the opinion accepted as Halacha. Therefore, ten men in two separate rooms cannot form a Minyan even if they can see each other. This Halacha becomes very relevant at Shiba homes, Heaven forbid. Sometimes, if the living room is small, some of the men stand in other rooms, such as the kitchen, or in the hallway. Minyanim held in offices, too, often lack space, and the participants thus do not always stand in the same room. It must be assured that at least ten men are situated in the same room, and then the others can spread out into the hall or into other rooms. If ten men are in the same room, then they form a Minyan even if they do not all see each other. If there are pillars or pieces of furniture that obstruct their view, they still form a Minyan, since they are all situated in the same room. The Minhat Yishak (Rav Yishak Weiss, 1902-1989) addresses the case of a synagogue that expanded its sanctuary by removing a wall, combining it with the room next to it, but support pillars needed to be left in place, and they form what resembles a doorway. He ruled that since the pillars were not intended to form a separation, the resulting large room may be considered a single room with respect to the formation of a Minyan. Hence, a Minyan can be formed by ten men in the large room even if they are interspersed throughout the area that appears as two separate rooms. The Minhat Yishak also addressed the common situation of a synagogue that was planned from the outset to have a portable divider that is sometimes put in place to separate the sanctuary into two separate areas. Since the initial plan was for the area to be occasionally separated, the Minhat Yishak writes, the two sections are treated as separate rooms. Therefore, when a Minyan is formed there, at least ten men must gather in one section, and then the others can position themselves in the other section. Summary: For a Minyan to be formed, ten men must be situated together in the same room. If they are in separate rooms, they do not form a Minyan even if they can see each other. Once ten men are together in one room, others who are in the hallway or in a different room can join them and thus be considered as praying in a Minyan.

The Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 55:13), based on the ruling of numerous Rishonim, writes that ten men cannot combine to form a Minyan if they are not together in the same room. For ten men to comprise a Minyan, they must be in one room. If ten or more people are together in the same room, then men in an adjoining room, or outside in the hallway, can pray with them and thereby be considered as praying with a Minyan. A number of Rishonim maintained that people in different rooms can combine to form a Minyan if they can see each other. Thus, according to this opinion, if five men are in one room and five other men are in an adjoining room with an open door, or with just an arch without a door, they can form a Minyan since they can all see one another. This is the view taken by the Abi Ezri (Rav Eliezer Ben Yoel Ha'levi, Germany, 12 th century) and the Rashba (Rav Shlomo Ben Aderet of Barcelona, Spain, 1235-1310). These Rishonim compare the laws regarding a Minyan to those that apply to a Zimun for Birkat Ha'mazon. Just as people seated in different room can nevertheless combine to form a Zimun if they can see each other, the same is true of ten men who wish to form a Minyan. By contrast, the Or Zarua (Rav Yishak of Vienna, 13 th century), based on the ruling of the Rashbash (Rav Shlomo Duran, Algiers, 1400-1467), maintained that visibility does not affect the status of men situated in different rooms. Even if they can see each other, they cannot form a Minyan if they are not together in the same room. The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) understood the Bet Yosef as siding with this stringent view, and, indeed, this is the opinion accepted as Halacha. Therefore, ten men in two separate rooms cannot form a Minyan even if they can see each other. This Halacha becomes very relevant at Shiba homes, Heaven forbid. Sometimes, if the living room is small, some of the men stand in other rooms, such as the kitchen, or in the hallway. Minyanim held in offices, too, often lack space, and the participants thus do not always stand in the same room. It must be assured that at least ten men are situated in the same room, and then the others can spread out into the hall or into other rooms. If ten men are in the same room, then they form a Minyan even if they do not all see each other. If there are pillars or pieces of furniture that obstruct their view, they still form a Minyan, since they are all situated in the same room. The Minhat Yishak (Rav Yishak Weiss, 1902-1989) addresses the case of a synagogue that expanded its sanctuary by removing a wall, combining it with the room next to it, but support pillars needed to be left in place, and they form what resembles a doorway. He ruled that since the pillars were not intended to form a separation, the resulting large room may be considered a single room with respect to the formation of a Minyan. Hence, a Minyan can be formed by ten men in the large room even if they are interspersed throughout the area that appears as two separate rooms. The Minhat Yishak also addressed the common situation of a synagogue that was planned from the outset to have a portable divider that is sometimes put in place to separate the sanctuary into two separate areas. Since the initial plan was for the area to be occasionally separated, the Minhat Yishak writes, the two sections are treated as separate rooms. Therefore, when a Minyan is formed there, at least ten men must gather in one section, and then the others can position themselves in the other section. Summary: For a Minyan to be formed, ten men must be situated together in the same room. If they are in separate rooms, they do not form a Minyan even if they can see each other. Once ten men are together in one room, others who are in the hallway or in a different room can join them and thus be considered as praying in a Minyan.

A person who has lost an immediate family member, Heaven forbid, has the status of "Onen" from the time of the death until the burial, a status which exempts him from Misva obligation, including the requirement to pray. As such, an Onen cannot be counted toward a Minyan. If nine men wish to make a Minyan, and the only person they can find to complete the Minyan is an Onen, he cannot be counted. Importantly, however, this applies only until the point that the Hebra Kadisha has taken responsibility for the burial arrangements. Once the Hebra Kadisha assumes responsibility, the deceased family members may be counted toward a Minyan. Moreover, on Shabbat, when burial arrangements cannot be made, the family members do not have the status of Onen, and so they may be counted toward a Minyan. Years ago, people would be put into formal excommunication – "Nidui" – for certain transgressions. The Poskim write that the status of a Menudeh (person in excommunication) vis-à-vis Minyan depends on the circumstances of his Nidui. If he was excommunicated for a grave transgression that he had committed, then he cannot be counted toward a Minyan. If, however, he was placed into Nidui for improperly handling a financial dispute, then he may be counted. Likewise, if he treated a Torah sage disrespectfully, and the sage placed him in Nidui, then he may nevertheless be counted toward a Minyan. Even in situations where a Menudeh may not be counted toward a Minyan, the congregation may pray in his presence; they do not need to send him out of the synagogue. The status of Nidui requires people to keep a distance from the individual (approximately two meters), but they may pray even though he is in the room. However, if the Bet Din that declared the excommunication included in their declaration a provision barring the individual's participation in a Minyan, then the congregation may not pray in his presence. The Bet Yosef cites the Ribash (Rav Yishak Bar Sheshet, Algiers, 1326-1408) as addressing the case of a congregation that refused to pray because a Menudeh was present. The Ribash ruled that the congregants acted with unnecessary zealotry, as there is no prohibition against praying in the presence of a Menudeh unless this provision was included in the Nidui decree. The Peri Megadim (Rav Yosef Teomim, 1727-1892), cited by the Mishna Berura, raises the possibility that even a Menudeh who may not be counted toward a Minyan for prayer may nevertheless be counted toward a Minyan for Megilla reading on Purim. The reading of the Megilla does not, strictly speaking, require a Minyan, but it is nevertheless a Misva to conduct the reading in a Minyan for the purpose of "Pirsumeh Nisa" – publicizing the miracle. Since the objective is Pirsum – publicity, it is likely that a person's status of Menudeh is irrelevant. When it comes to Tefila, the concept of a Minyan is that ten people assemble to form a group for prayer, and so a person who has been excommunicated cannot join together with other people for this purpose. For Megilla reading, however, it is necessary only for ten people to be present, not for them to join together and form a single unit. Therefore, it would stand to reason that even a Menudeh can be counted for this purpose.

A person who has lost an immediate family member, Heaven forbid, has the status of "Onen" from the time of the death until the burial, a status which exempts him from Misva obligation, including the requirement to pray. As such, an Onen cannot be counted toward a Minyan. If nine men wish to make a Minyan, and the only person they can find to complete the Minyan is an Onen, he cannot be counted. Importantly, however, this applies only until the point that the Hebra Kadisha has taken responsibility for the burial arrangements. Once the Hebra Kadisha assumes responsibility, the deceased family members may be counted toward a Minyan. Moreover, on Shabbat, when burial arrangements cannot be made, the family members do not have the status of Onen, and so they may be counted toward a Minyan. Years ago, people would be put into formal excommunication – "Nidui" – for certain transgressions. The Poskim write that the status of a Menudeh (person in excommunication) vis-à-vis Minyan depends on the circumstances of his Nidui. If he was excommunicated for a grave transgression that he had committed, then he cannot be counted toward a Minyan. If, however, he was placed into Nidui for improperly handling a financial dispute, then he may be counted. Likewise, if he treated a Torah sage disrespectfully, and the sage placed him in Nidui, then he may nevertheless be counted toward a Minyan. Even in situations where a Menudeh may not be counted toward a Minyan, the congregation may pray in his presence; they do not need to send him out of the synagogue. The status of Nidui requires people to keep a distance from the individual (approximately two meters), but they may pray even though he is in the room. However, if the Bet Din that declared the excommunication included in their declaration a provision barring the individual's participation in a Minyan, then the congregation may not pray in his presence. The Bet Yosef cites the Ribash (Rav Yishak Bar Sheshet, Algiers, 1326-1408) as addressing the case of a congregation that refused to pray because a Menudeh was present. The Ribash ruled that the congregants acted with unnecessary zealotry, as there is no prohibition against praying in the presence of a Menudeh unless this provision was included in the Nidui decree. The Peri Megadim (Rav Yosef Teomim, 1727-1892), cited by the Mishna Berura, raises the possibility that even a Menudeh who may not be counted toward a Minyan for prayer may nevertheless be counted toward a Minyan for Megilla reading on Purim. The reading of the Megilla does not, strictly speaking, require a Minyan, but it is nevertheless a Misva to conduct the reading in a Minyan for the purpose of "Pirsumeh Nisa" – publicizing the miracle. Since the objective is Pirsum – publicity, it is likely that a person's status of Menudeh is irrelevant. When it comes to Tefila, the concept of a Minyan is that ten people assemble to form a group for prayer, and so a person who has been excommunicated cannot join together with other people for this purpose. For Megilla reading, however, it is necessary only for ten people to be present, not for them to join together and form a single unit. Therefore, it would stand to reason that even a Menudeh can be counted for this purpose.

The Mishna in Pirkeh Abot (5:25) teaches, "Ben Shelosh Esreh Le'misvot" – a youngster becomes obligated in Misvot upon reaching the age of thirteen. At this point, he may be counted toward a Minyan and may serve as Hazzan. The source for this rule is "Halacha Le'Moshe Mi'Sinai" – an oral tradition taught to Moshe at Mount Sinai. The Gemara in Masechet Sukka (5b) teaches that all Shiurim – halachic measurements – were taught as a "Halacha Le'Moshe Mi'Sinai," and this includes the "measurement" of adulthood, when a boy becomes obligated in Misvot. Rashi, however, in his commentary to Abot, finds a Biblical source for this rule. The Torah uses the word "Ish" ("man") in reference to Shimon and Levi when they waged war on the city of Shechem ("Ish Harbo" – Bereshit 34:25), and, as Rashi shows, Levi – the younger of these two brothers – was thirteen years old at this time. This establishes that a boy attains the status of "Ish" – a man – at the age of thirteen. The Maharil (Rav Yaakov Moelin, Germany, d. 1427) refutes this proof, noting that the use of the word "Ish" in this context does not necessarily mean that this word would not be used if Levi was younger. Therefore, the Maharil concludes that there is no textual basis for this rule, and it was transmitted through oral tradition. Some suggested an allusion to this Halacha in a verse in the Book of Yeshayahu (43:21) in which Hashem pronounces, "Am Zu Yasarti Li, Tehilati Yesaperu" – "I have created this nation for Me, that they tell My praise." The word "Zu" in Gematria equals 13 (7+6), thus hinting to the fact that it is at this age when Hashem wants us to praise Him and perform Misvot. There is a debate among the early authorities as to when precisely a boy is considered a Bar-Misva. The She'iltot (Rav Ahai Gaon, d. 752) writes that a boy becomes a Bar-Misva the moment he fully completes his thirteenth year – meaning, at the time of day when he was born thirteen years earlier. Thus, for example, according to this opinion, a boy who was born at 2pm cannot be counted for a Minyan or serve as Hazan on his thirteenth birthday until 2pm, the point at which he has completed thirteen full years. The consensus among the Poskim, however, is that a boy becomes Bar-Misva once the date of his thirteenth birthday arrives, in the evening. This is, indeed, the Halacha. Therefore, regardless of the time of day of a child's birth, he may serve as Hazan already at Arbit on the night of his thirteenth birthday. The Yalkut Yosef writes that the thirteen years are counted from the child's birth even if he was born prematurely and needed to spend a significant amount of time in an incubator. In addition to the requirement of completing thirteen years, a boy must also have reached a certain point of physical maturity to be considered a Halachic adult. Specifically, he must have grown two pubic hairs. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Cracow, 1530-1572), based on a ruling of Rav Yosef Kolon (1426-1490), writes that a child who has turned thirteen may be allowed to serve as Hazzan on the assumption that he has reached the point of physical maturity. This assumption may be relied upon with respect to matters instituted by the Sages (as opposed to Torah obligations), and thus, since praying with a Minyan is a Misva ordained by Sages, a child who reached Bar Misva age may lead the service. The Ribash (Rav Yishak Bar Sheshet, Algiers, 1326-1408) went even further, allowing relying on this assumption even with respect to Torah obligations. According to his view, a full-fledged adult may fulfill his Torah obligation of Kiddush on Friday night by listening to Kiddush recited by a boy who has just turned thirteen, on the assumption that he has reached physical maturity. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that those who wish to rely on this position may be allowed to do so. However, Hacham Ovadia's son, Hacham David Yosef, writes in Halacha Berura that one must not assume a boy's physical maturity with respect to Torah obligations such as the Friday night Kiddush, and this assumption may be made only with respect to Rabbinic obligations. All opinions agree that a thirteen-year-old boy may read the Megilla in the synagogue on Purim, since the obligation of Megilla reading was instituted by the Rabbis.

The Mishna in Pirkeh Abot (5:25) teaches, "Ben Shelosh Esreh Le'misvot" – a youngster becomes obligated in Misvot upon reaching the age of thirteen. At this point, he may be counted toward a Minyan and may serve as Hazzan. The source for this rule is "Halacha Le'Moshe Mi'Sinai" – an oral tradition taught to Moshe at Mount Sinai. The Gemara in Masechet Sukka (5b) teaches that all Shiurim – halachic measurements – were taught as a "Halacha Le'Moshe Mi'Sinai," and this includes the "measurement" of adulthood, when a boy becomes obligated in Misvot. Rashi, however, in his commentary to Abot, finds a Biblical source for this rule. The Torah uses the word "Ish" ("man") in reference to Shimon and Levi when they waged war on the city of Shechem ("Ish Harbo" – Bereshit 34:25), and, as Rashi shows, Levi – the younger of these two brothers – was thirteen years old at this time. This establishes that a boy attains the status of "Ish" – a man – at the age of thirteen. The Maharil (Rav Yaakov Moelin, Germany, d. 1427) refutes this proof, noting that the use of the word "Ish" in this context does not necessarily mean that this word would not be used if Levi was younger. Therefore, the Maharil concludes that there is no textual basis for this rule, and it was transmitted through oral tradition. Some suggested an allusion to this Halacha in a verse in the Book of Yeshayahu (43:21) in which Hashem pronounces, "Am Zu Yasarti Li, Tehilati Yesaperu" – "I have created this nation for Me, that they tell My praise." The word "Zu" in Gematria equals 13 (7+6), thus hinting to the fact that it is at this age when Hashem wants us to praise Him and perform Misvot. There is a debate among the early authorities as to when precisely a boy is considered a Bar-Misva. The She'iltot (Rav Ahai Gaon, d. 752) writes that a boy becomes a Bar-Misva the moment he fully completes his thirteenth year – meaning, at the time of day when he was born thirteen years earlier. Thus, for example, according to this opinion, a boy who was born at 2pm cannot be counted for a Minyan or serve as Hazan on his thirteenth birthday until 2pm, the point at which he has completed thirteen full years. The consensus among the Poskim, however, is that a boy becomes Bar-Misva once the date of his thirteenth birthday arrives, in the evening. This is, indeed, the Halacha. Therefore, regardless of the time of day of a child's birth, he may serve as Hazan already at Arbit on the night of his thirteenth birthday. The Yalkut Yosef writes that the thirteen years are counted from the child's birth even if he was born prematurely and needed to spend a significant amount of time in an incubator. In addition to the requirement of completing thirteen years, a boy must also have reached a certain point of physical maturity to be considered a Halachic adult. Specifically, he must have grown two pubic hairs. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Cracow, 1530-1572), based on a ruling of Rav Yosef Kolon (1426-1490), writes that a child who has turned thirteen may be allowed to serve as Hazzan on the assumption that he has reached the point of physical maturity. This assumption may be relied upon with respect to matters instituted by the Sages (as opposed to Torah obligations), and thus, since praying with a Minyan is a Misva ordained by Sages, a child who reached Bar Misva age may lead the service. The Ribash (Rav Yishak Bar Sheshet, Algiers, 1326-1408) went even further, allowing relying on this assumption even with respect to Torah obligations. According to his view, a full-fledged adult may fulfill his Torah obligation of Kiddush on Friday night by listening to Kiddush recited by a boy who has just turned thirteen, on the assumption that he has reached physical maturity. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that those who wish to rely on this position may be allowed to do so. However, Hacham Ovadia's son, Hacham David Yosef, writes in Halacha Berura that one must not assume a boy's physical maturity with respect to Torah obligations such as the Friday night Kiddush, and this assumption may be made only with respect to Rabbinic obligations. All opinions agree that a thirteen-year-old boy may read the Megilla in the synagogue on Purim, since the obligation of Megilla reading was instituted by the Rabbis. If it is known that a young man has not yet reached this stage of physical development, then he is not considered a Bar-Misva even though his thirteenth birthday has passed. In fact, even if he is older than thirteen, he is not considered a Bar-Misva if it has been determined that he does not have the physical properties required to establish halachic adulthood. If, Heaven forbid, a man does not physically develop until the age of 35, at that point he is considered a "Saris" – an adult man who will never experience physical maturity, and he may thus be counted toward a Minyan. Until then, however, he cannot be considered an adult and may thus not be counted toward a Minyan.

The Mishna in Pirkeh Abot (5:25) teaches, "Ben Shelosh Esreh Le'misvot" – a youngster becomes obligated in Misvot upon reaching the age of thirteen. At this point, he may be counted toward a Minyan and may serve as Hazzan. The source for this rule is "Halacha Le'Moshe Mi'Sinai" – an oral tradition taught to Moshe at Mount Sinai. The Gemara in Masechet Sukka (5b) teaches that all Shiurim – halachic measurements – were taught as a "Halacha Le'Moshe Mi'Sinai," and this includes the "measurement" of adulthood, when a boy becomes obligated in Misvot. Rashi, however, in his commentary to Abot, finds a Biblical source for this rule. The Torah uses the word "Ish" ("man") in reference to Shimon and Levi when they waged war on the city of Shechem ("Ish Harbo" – Bereshit 34:25), and, as Rashi shows, Levi – the younger of these two brothers – was thirteen years old at this time. This establishes that a boy attains the status of "Ish" – a man – at the age of thirteen. The Maharil (Rav Yaakov Moelin, Germany, d. 1427) refutes this proof, noting that the use of the word "Ish" in this context does not necessarily mean that this word would not be used if Levi was younger. Therefore, the Maharil concludes that there is no textual basis for this rule, and it was transmitted through oral tradition. Some suggested an allusion to this Halacha in a verse in the Book of Yeshayahu (43:21) in which Hashem pronounces, "Am Zu Yasarti Li, Tehilati Yesaperu" – "I have created this nation for Me, that they tell My praise." The word "Zu" in Gematria equals 13 (7+6), thus hinting to the fact that it is at this age when Hashem wants us to praise Him and perform Misvot. There is a debate among the early authorities as to when precisely a boy is considered a Bar-Misva. The She'iltot (Rav Ahai Gaon, d. 752) writes that a boy becomes a Bar-Misva the moment he fully completes his thirteenth year – meaning, at the time of day when he was born thirteen years earlier. Thus, for example, according to this opinion, a boy who was born at 2pm cannot be counted for a Minyan or serve as Hazan on his thirteenth birthday until 2pm, the point at which he has completed thirteen full years. The consensus among the Poskim, however, is that a boy becomes Bar-Misva once the date of his thirteenth birthday arrives, in the evening. This is, indeed, the Halacha. Therefore, regardless of the time of day of a child's birth, he may serve as Hazan already at Arbit on the night of his thirteenth birthday. The Yalkut Yosef writes that the thirteen years are counted from the child's birth even if he was born prematurely and needed to spend a significant amount of time in an incubator. In addition to the requirement of completing thirteen years, a boy must also have reached a certain point of physical maturity to be considered a Halachic adult. Specifically, he must have grown two pubic hairs. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Cracow, 1530-1572), based on a ruling of Rav Yosef Kolon (1426-1490), writes that a child who has turned thirteen may be allowed to serve as Hazzan on the assumption that he has reached the point of physical maturity. This assumption may be relied upon with respect to matters instituted by the Sages (as opposed to Torah obligations), and thus, since praying with a Minyan is a Misva ordained by Sages, a child who reached Bar Misva age may lead the service. The Ribash (Rav Yishak Bar Sheshet, Algiers, 1326-1408) went even further, allowing relying on this assumption even with respect to Torah obligations. According to his view, a full-fledged adult may fulfill his Torah obligation of Kiddush on Friday night by listening to Kiddush recited by a boy who has just turned thirteen, on the assumption that he has reached physical maturity. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that those who wish to rely on this position may be allowed to do so. However, Hacham Ovadia's son, Hacham David Yosef, writes in Halacha Berura that one must not assume a boy's physical maturity with respect to Torah obligations such as the Friday night Kiddush, and this assumption may be made only with respect to Rabbinic obligations. All opinions agree that a thirteen-year-old boy may read the Megilla in the synagogue on Purim, since the obligation of Megilla reading was instituted by the Rabbis. If it is known that a young man has not yet reached this stage of physical development, then he is not considered a Bar-Misva even though his thirteenth birthday has passed. In fact, even if he is older than thirteen, he is not considered a Bar-Misva if it has been determined that he does not have the physical properties required to establish halachic adulthood. If, Heaven forbid, a man does not physically develop until the age of 35, at that point he is considered a "Saris" – an adult man who will never experience physical maturity, and he may thus be counted toward a Minyan. Until then, however, he cannot be considered an adult and may thus not be counted toward a Minyan.

The Katherine Massey Book Club @ The C.O.W.S. hosts the 5th study session on William Rosenau's Tonight We Bombed The US Capitol. Gus T. first nabbed this book in 2024 while we were reading Harry Dunn's Standing My Ground - which details the January 6th, 2021 Terrorist Insurrection at the US Capitol Building. Dunn reminds readers that gangs of White hooligans previously attacked the Capitol building. Rosenau's non-fiction investigation provides comprehensive details about the Whites who carried out this barbaric attack - which also included their participation in breaking Assata Shakur out of a New Jersey prison. This read may help us better understand the current group of Whites loosely branded as "Antifa" and allow us to reconsider most non-white people's bedrock belief that: "Not All White People Are Racist." Last week, we heard Rosenau's perspective on the FBI's COINTELPRO operation, which included rumors of bureau director J. Edgar Hoover's anti-sexual behavior. Then we're told that Laura Jane Whitehorse, a White lesbian and Racist Suspect, felt that "being a lesbian . . . made [her] more open to feeling some kind of link to other people who were despised by the system.” Rosenau also made time to tell us about dope peddling Timothy Leary kicking it with Black Panther member Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers. Readers are given bonus information about Cleaver's Penis, but denied important details about the anti-black aspects of the COINTELPRO campaign. #WilliamCSullivan # INVEST in The COWS – http://paypal.me/TheCOWS Cash App: https://cash.app/$TheCOWS CALL IN NUMBER: 720.716.7300 CODE 564943#