Daily Halacha Podcast - Daily Halacha By Rabbi Eli J. Mansour

It is forbidden to sew brand new garments during the Nine Days, starting from Rosh Hodesh Ab. Repairing garments, however, such as mending tears, sewing a patch or sewing a button that had fallen, is allowed. One should not purchase new garments or new shoes during the Nine Days. Before the Nine Days, starting from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz, it is customary not to wear new garments, as we do not recite the Beracha of "She'hehiyanu" during this somber period, but one may purchase new garments to wear them after Tisha B'Ab. Starting from Rosh Hodesh Ab, however, one should not purchase new garments even if he does not intend to wear them until after Tisha B'Ab. This Halacha applies only to significant articles of clothing. Items such as hosiery, socks and undergarments, the purchase of which does not bring special joy, may be bought during the Nine Days. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) writes that if a garment becomes available at a bargain price during the Nine Days, and the item will be more expensive after Tisha B'Ab, then one may purchase it during the Nine Days. Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Israel, 1924-1998) ruled that if one's shoes were torn during the Nine Days, he may purchase a new pair. If a person realized before Tisha B'Ab that he does not have footwear for Tisha B'Ab – meaning, shoes or slippers that don't contain leather – then he may buy a pair of shoes to wear on Tisha B'Ab. He may wear them for the first time on Tisha B'Ab, because he wears them for the purpose of mourning, and this does not bring him special joy. If he has other shoes that are permissible for Tisha B'Ab, then he should preferably wear that other pair rather than purchase a new pair. But if he would otherwise need to go barefoot, he may certainly purchase a new pair of shoes. Regardless, Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer (Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939) writes in Kaf Ha'haim (551:96) that already before Rosh Hodesh Ab, one should make sure that he has suitable shoes for Tisha B'Ab. If somebody makes clothing for a living, he may continue working until the onset of the week of Tisha B'Ab, at which point he must refrain. However, if a tailor is very poor and needs to continue working so he can afford his basic necessities, then he may continue working even during the week of Tisha B'Ab, and, if necessary, even on Tisha B'Ab itself. If somebody owns a factory that manufactures clothing, and he would incur a loss by shutting the factory down during the Nine Days, as he would still be required to pay his employees, he may keep the business running. Even on Tisha B'Ab itself, a person is permitted to work when this is necessary to avoid a substantial financial loss, and so certainly during the Nine Days, one may continue manufacturing new clothing when a considerable loss is at stake. Generally, it is forbidden to knit or embroider during the Nine Days. However, if a woman is learning to knit in order to pursue knitting as a profession and earn a livelihood, then she may knit as part of her training during the Nine Days. Hacham Ovadia Yosef explained that teaching young women skills that they can use to earn a living and support their families is an important Misva – especially if these skills allow them to work from home and thus avoid compromises in Seniut (modesty) that are sometimes made when working outside the home. Therefore, it is entirely permissible to teach these classes during the Nine Days. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) was asked whether girls' summer camps that offer sewing and embroidery as activities may allow these activities to continue during the Nine Days. He replied that given the importance of attracting youngsters to summer programs run under religiously observant auspices, this may be allowed. If even a single knitting class is cancelled, Rav Shlomo Zalman said, it is possible that a girl or several girls will not want to join such a program, and will thus end up participating in programs that are not run in accordance with Halacha and Torah values. Therefore, the knitting activities can proceed as usual during the Nine Days. Women who knit for their emotional wellbeing, such as to keep themselves busy or as a way to effectively handle feelings of anxiety and the like, may knit during the Nine Days. Knitting for Misva purposes is allowed during the Nine Days. It is thus permissible to prepare threads for Sisit. Hacham Ovadia also ruled that if a pillow needs to be sewn to be used at a Berit Mila, this may be done during the Nine Days. Women who spin thread for a living may continue their work during the Nine Days. Producing threads does not bring joy like producing articles of clothing, and so this is permissible.

Although it is customary to refrain from eating meat during the Nine Days (from the 2 nd of Ab through Tisha B'Ab), Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that eating meat is allowed for health purposes. For example, if a physician advised a patient to eat meat for his health, or if a patient is recovering from illness or from a procedure and he wishes to eat meat to make him feel stronger, he may do so. In fact, Hacham Ovadia ruled that since meat during the Nine Days is forbidden by force of custom, and not according to the strict Halacha, there is room to allow anyone who feels a medical need to eat meat to do so. However, Hacham Ovadia cautioned that a healthy person who has no need for meat, but simply wants to eat some meat during the Nine Days, must not do so, and violating this custom without a valid reason constitutes a grievous sin. Additionally, if a patient's medical need can be met by eating fish, then this should be preferred. A pregnant woman who experiences a craving for meat may – and, in fact, must – be given meat, as failing to satisfy a craving for a particular food during pregnancy could endanger the fetus. A woman within thirty days after childbirth, and a woman who is nursing an infant, may eat meat in order to maintain her strength. Hacham Ovadia considered the possibility of allowing even a woman during menstruation to eat meat if she feels the need, as she might be weakened by the loss of blood, though he remained uncertain about this leniency. One who eats meat during the Nine Days for medical reasons does not require Hatarat Nedarim (annulment of vows) before eating meat. Normally, one who discontinues a custom must first perform Hatarat Nedarim, but in this case, since the custom allows eating meat for health purposes, the patient does not break the "vow" by eating meat. However, a patient with a chronic condition that will always require him to eat meat during the Nine Days, who thus needs to permanently discontinue the practice of refraining from meat, should perform Hatarat Nedarim. Is it permissible to feed meat to children during the Nine Days? When it comes to non-kosher food, there is a debate among the Rishonim as to whether one may feed children food that is forbidden Mi'de'rabbanan – by force of Rabbinic enactment. All agree that one may not feed a child food that the Torah itself forbids, but the Rashba (Rav Shlomo Ben Aderet of Barcelona, Spain, 1235-1310) maintained that foods proscribed by the Rabbis may be fed to children. According to the Rashba, it would certainly be permissible to feed children meat during the Nine Days, as meat is forbidden in this period only by force of custom. The Rambam, however, ruled that no forbidden food may be fed to children, even food which the Torah permits but the Sages prohibited. Accordingly, the Mishna Berura ruled that one may not feed meat even to very young children during the Nine Days. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, however, disagreed, arguing that meat is not forbidden at all during the Nine Days, and we refrain from meat only by force of custom. Moreover, the Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, Poland, 1635-1682) maintained that the custom to refrain from meat during the Nine Days from the outset did not include children. Another reason to permit feeding meat to children is that according to some opinions, this custom has the status of a vow, and children are allowed to eat food proscribed merely by force a vow. Additionally, a number of Poskim noted the frailty of children, particularly in modern times, such that denying meat to children who are accustomed to eating meat could adversely affect their health. And, it is permissible to feed children food whose permissibility is subject to a debate among the Poskim, and the practice to refrain from meat during the Nine Days is not universally accepted. For all these reasons, Hacham Ovadia maintained that children should not be denied meat during the Nine Days. The only exception he made was for a twelve-year-old boy, who, since he will soon become a bar-mitzvah, should be trained not to eat meat during this period. (It is worth noting that when it comes to fasting, Hacham Ovadia felt very strongly that children should not be allowed to fast, as they require food for their health. He ruled that children under the age of bar-mitzvah – even twelve-year-olds – should not fast, even on Yom Kippur, and that Rabbis should announce in the synagogue on Yom Kippur that parents should return home to make sure their children eat.) It is permissible during the Nine Days to eat meat and drink wine at a Se'udat Misva – meaning, a meal that constitutes a Misva. One who wishes to eat meat at a Se'udat Misva does not require Hatarat Nedarim, because the custom itself allows eating meat at such an event, and thus the "vow" is not being broken. One example is the meal celebrating a Berit Mila. All guests who were invited to participate in the meal may partake of meat and wine, but clearly a person who does not know the family cannot just show up at the meal in order to enjoy meat and wine. Although it is permissible to eat meat at a Berit, one may not take some meat home from the meal; eating meat is allowed only at the meal itself. The leftover meat should either be frozen or distributed to the needy. However, the infant's father, the Mohel and the Sandak are allowed to eat meat that entire day. For them, the day of the Berit is a Yom Tob, and so they may eat meat at any point during that day, even after the meal. Meat may be eaten at a Berit even in the case of a "Mila She'lo Bi'zmanah" – a Berit that was performed after the infant's eighth day because he was sick and unfit for circumcision on the eighth day. However, if the baby was deemed healthy enough for a Berit Mila before the Nine Days, the Berit may not be delayed until the Nine Days for the purpose of serving meat and wine, as it is forbidden to unnecessarily delay a Berit. And if the Berit was unnecessarily postponed until the Nine Days, meat and wine may not be eaten at the meal. Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Israel, 1924-1998) ruled that if the Berit was cancelled at the last minute because the infant became sick and unfit for circumcision, the meat that was prepared for the Se'uda may be eaten, despite the fact that no Berit took place. He bases this ruling on the principle that if a person genuinely tried performing a Misva, but was unsuccessful due to circumstances beyond his control, he is nevertheless credited with the fulfillment of a Misva. Since he planned to perform the Misva and attempted to do so, he receives credit for a Misva despite the outcome. Hence, if the infant suddenly became unfit for Berit Mila, the parents are nevertheless considered to have fulfilled the Misva of giving him a Berit that day, and thus the meal qualifies as a Se'udat Misva, where meat and wine may be served. The customary Zohar recitation conducted on the night before a Berit does not qualify as a Se'udat Misva, and thus meat may not be eaten at this event. This is the ruling of Hacham Ovadia Yosef. The meal at a Pidyon Ha'ben is considered a Se'udat Misva, and thus meat is allowed. If a boy turns thirteen during the Nine Days, and a meal is held on his birthday to celebrate the occasion, then this meal qualifies as a Se'udat Misva, and meat may be served. However, if the meal is held on a different day, and not on his birthday, then meat may not be eaten at the meal. If the boy's birthday is Ereb Rosh Hodesh Ab, the meal should be postponed until after Tisha B'Ab. A Siyum celebration following the completion of the study of a Masechet (tractate of Gemara) constitutes a Se'udat Misva, and meat may be eaten at such an event. All those invited to participate in the meal may eat meat, even if they were not involved at all in the learning of the Masechet. If a Siyum is made in a meat restaurant, those who happen to be in the restaurant may listen to the Siyum and eat meat (though it would certainly be inappropriate to intentionally go around to meat restaurants in the hope of finding a Siyum). Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that it is permissible to specifically schedule the completion of a Masechet for the Nine Days, though one who finished a Masechet before the Nine Days may not intentionally leave the final line for the Nine Days for the purpose of eating meat. Although some people look askance at the widespread practice to arrange Siyum celebrations for the Nine Days in order to permit meat, many great Rabbis not only approved of this practice, but even encouraged it. Some explained that by celebrating Torah learning we actually make a significant contribution to the rebuilding of the Bet Ha'mikdash. And it is told that the Ba'al Shem Tob (founder of Hasidism, 1698-1760) specifically arranged his Torah learning such that he would make a Siyum during the Nine Days – not because he craved meat and wine, but rather because this weakened the power of the Satan. The Satan wields great strength during this time of year, and one way we overpower the Satan is by increasing our Torah learning and celebrating our learning accomplishments. In fact, the letters that spell Satan's name – Samech, Mem, Alef and Lamed – can be read as an acrostic representing the phrase "Siyum Masechet En La'asot" – "Do not make a Siyum of a Masechet," or "Se'udat Misva En La'asot" – "Do not make a Se'udat Misva." The Satan specifically does not want us to conduct Siyum celebrations, and so we are encouraged to do so during this period when the Satan's strength is at its height. Thus, as many great Sages encouraged making Siyum celebrations during the Nine Days – and especially in light of the fact that to begin with, meat and wine are forbidden during this period only by force of custom – one should not object to those who make Siyumim for the sake of permitting meat and wine. Hacham Ovadia writes that it is improper for several people to divide a Masechet between them, such that each studies only a small portion, for the sake of conducting a joint Siyum. The Jewish community of Izmir, Turkey, had the custom not to allow meat at a Siyum during the Nine Days, and to eat fish, instead. Hacham Ovadia ruled that members of that community who settled in Eretz Yisrael may adopt the lenient practice of eating meat at a Siyum. A mourner in the twelve-month period of mourning for a parent, Heaven forbid, may attend a Siyum celebration as long as no music is played. As music is not permitted at a Se'udat Misva during the Nine Days, a mourner is allowed to attend and partake of meat and wine.

Although it is customary to refrain from meat and wine during the Nine Days, this restriction applies only on weekdays. On Shabbat, one may eat as much meat and wine as he wishes, without any restrictions. One may partake of meat during Se'uda Shelishit even the meal extends after sundown. And when Tisha B'Ab falls on Shabbat, and the fast is thus postponed until Sunday, there are no restrictions regarding the foods allowed during the final meal before the fast on Shabbat afternoon. One may have as lavish a meal as he wants, including meat and wine. Whereas generally several restrictions apply to the final meal eaten before Tisha B'Ab, these restrictions do not apply when Tisha B'Ab begins on Mosa'eh Shabbat. The question arises as to whether one may taste on Ereb Shabbat during the Nine Days a meat dish that is being prepared for Shabbat. Generally, it is proper to taste the Shabbat foods before Shabbat to ensure that they are flavorful. Rav Haim Vital (1542-1620) writes that this is a very important Misva, for just as cooks preparing food for a king must taste the food before it is served, this must be done for the honor of Shabbat, as well. It has been explained that this is the deep meaning of the passage in the Musaf prayer recited on Shabbat, "To'ameha Haim Zachu" – "Those who taste it have earned life." Is this permissible on Ereb Shabbat during the Nine Days, when partaking of meat is forbidden? Hacham Ovadia ruled that this is allowed, for two reasons. Firstly, he notes the Shulhan Aruch's ruling in a different context that if one tastes a small morsel of food to check its flavor, he does not recite a Beracha. This shows that tasting food does not qualify as an act of Halachic eating, and thus tasting a meat dish is allowed during the Nine Days. Secondly, Hacham Ovadia writes, the great value and importance of tasting the Shabbat foods overrides the custom to refrain from meat during the Nine Days. Some poskim ruled that one who tastes the meat dish on Ereb Shabbat must then remove it from his mouth without swallowing, but Hacham Ovadia maintained that the food may be swallowed, because of the two reasons mentioned above. Rav Yisrael Bitan writes that in conversation with Hacham Ovadia, the Hacham made it clear that this leniency applies only after Hasot (Halachic midday) on Friday, and that one may taste only an amount less than a Rebi'it of the meat dish. If meat was prepared for Shabbat during the Nine Days, and some of the meat is left over after Shabbat, Hacham Ovadia permits eating the leftovers, particularly if one eats the leftovers for Se'uda Rebi'it (the meal eaten after Shabbat, also known as "Melaveh Malka"), and especially if one normally eats meat during the Se'uda Rebi'it. Although meat is forbidden on weekdays during the Nine Days, nevertheless, meat left over from Shabbat is allowed. One may not intentionally cook more than he deems necessary for Shabbat so that he will have leftover meat for after Shabbat, but if he cooked food for Shabbat and some meat is left over, it may be eaten after Shabbat. There are several reasons given for this leniency. The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) bases this Halacha on the Gemara's discussion regarding meat that Beneh Yisrael brought with them into Eretz Yisrael from the desert. During the forty years Beneh Yisrael spent in the desert, Shehita (slaughtering) was not required; they were allowed to kill an animal through any means and then partake of its meat. Once they crossed into Eretz Yisrael, this became forbidden, as Shehita was then required for meat to be permitted. The Gemara writes that if some leftover meat which was produced without Shehita was brought into Eretz Yisrael, then "Ho'il Ve'ishteri Ishteri" – since it was permissible, it remained permissible, even though meat produced this way was no longer allowed. Similarly, the Hida writes, since meat prepared for Shabbat was allowed on Shabbat, it remains permissible even after Shabbat. Although there is some discussion as to whether we may indeed permit food on the basis of the concept of "Ho'il Ve'ishteri Ishteri," when it comes to meat during the Nine Days, which is forbidden only by force of custom, there is room for leniency. Others explain that since this food was prepared for the purpose of a Misva, it is considered special and there is a Misva to eat it. Yet another explanation is the concern of "Bal Tash'hit" (wasting), as the food would otherwise have to be discarded. In one of Hacham Ovadia's earlier works (Kol Sinai), he wrote that we should not object to those who rely on this leniency and eat during the Nine Days meat that was left over from Shabbat – implying that this is not the optimal practice. However, Rav Yisrael Bitan notes that in his later works Hacham Ovadia writes that this is indeed permissible, and thus one may eat leftover meat after Shabbat without any reservations. Summary: Although we refrain from meat and wine during the Nine Days, there are no restrictions on what one may eat on Shabbat during the Nine Days; one may enjoy as much meat and wine as he wishes on Shabbat during the Nine Days. Before Shabbat, it is permissible – and in fact proper – to taste the Shabbat foods to ensure they are flavorful, even the meat dishes, but this should be done after midday on Friday, and only very small amounts may be tasted. If there is leftover meat from Shabbat, it may be eaten after Shabbat, preferably as part of the Se'uda Rebi'it meal after Shabbat. However, one may not intentionally prepare more meat than is needed for Shabbat so that he will have leftovers.

The Mishna in Masechet Ta'anit (26b) states that one may not eat meat or drink wine during the final meal before Tisha B'Ab. This is the only restriction on the consumption of meat mentioned by the Mishna or Gemara. On the level of strict Halacha, one is permitted to eat meat during the days preceding Tisha B'Ab, and even on the day before Tisha B'Ab, except during the last meal before the fast. However, customs were accepted among many Jewish communities to abstain from meat already earlier. The Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 551:9) brings three customs. Some refrain from eating meat already from after Shabbat Hazon (the Shabbat immediately preceding Tisha B'Ab); others observe this restriction throughout the Nine Days; and others follow the practice not to eat meat throughout the entire three-week from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz through Tisha B'Ab. The Shulhan Aruch writes that everyone should follow his community's custom. Of course, this prohibition applies only on weekdays. According to all customs, one may eat meat on Shabbat, even the Shabbat before Tisha B'Ab. These customs developed for two reasons: 1) as part of our obligation to reduce our joy during this period when we are to reflect upon the destruction of the Bet Ha'mikdash; 2) the destruction of the Bet Ha'mikdash resulted in the discontinuation of the offering of sacrifices, such that G-d no longer has meat, as it were, so we, too, should not enjoy meat. The Gemara (Baba Batra 60b) states that there were those who, after the destruction of the Bet Ha'mikdash, decided to abstain from meat and wine, since there were no longer animal sacrifices or wine libations offered to G-d. However, they were told that by this logic, they should also refrain from grain products, because flour offerings (Menahot) could no longer be offered, and even from water, because the water libations (Nisuch Ha'mayim) were no longer offered. Quite obviously, we cannot live this way, and so we are not required to abstain from those products which were offered in the Bet Ha'mikdash. Nevertheless, as part of our effort to focus our attention on the tragedy of the Hurban (destruction) in the period leading to Tisha B'Ab, the custom developed to refrain from meat. Notably, not all communities accepted these restrictions. The Maggid Mishneh (Rav Vidal of Tolosa, Spain, late 14 th century) writes that in his area, the custom was to permit meat except on Ereb Tisha B'Ab. The Meiri (Provence, 1249-1315) writes that there was a practice among the exceptionally pious to refrain from meat on Ereb Tisha B'Ab, but even they did not refrain from meat before that day. Regardless, the Shulhan Aruch emphasizes that people whose communities observe the custom to refrain from meat during this period must adhere to the custom. Those who violate this practice are included in King Shlomo's stern warning in Kohelet (10:8), "U'foretz Geder Yishechehu Nahash" – "He who breaches a fence, a snake shall bite him." Even if a restriction that applies on the level of custom, and not as strict Halacha, is binding and must be obeyed. Nevertheless, since refraining from meat is required only by force of custom, there is greater room for leniency than there is when dealing with strict Halachic prohibitions. Thus, it has become accepted to permit meat when a Siyum celebration is held, and one should not ridicule those who rely on this leniency. In fact, it is told that Rav Moshe Feinstein (1895-1986) would conduct a Siyum every night during the Nine Days in the place where he would spend his summers, so that the people could eat meat. Since the prohibition to begin with is observed by force of custom, and not on the level of strict Halacha, the leniency of a Siyum is perfectly legitimate. In practice, when should we begin abstaining from meat? The accepted custom in our Syrian community is to begin refraining from eating meat from the second day of Ab. Although different opinions exist regarding the consumption of meat on Rosh Hodesh Ab, our custom follows the view of the Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) permitting the consumption of meat on this day. This was also the custom in Baghdad, as mentioned by the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909), and this is the generally accepted custom among Sepharadim. One who does not know his family's custom can follow this practice and begin refraining from meat on the second day of Ab. The Kaf Ha'haim (Rav Yaakov Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939) cites an earlier source (Seder Ha'yom) as ruling that Torah scholars should follow the stringent practice of abstaining from meat already from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz. However, recent Poskim – including Hacham Ovadia Yosef – ruled that since nowadays people are frailer than in the past, and Torah scholars need strength to continue their studies and their teaching, they should not observe this stringency. They should instead follow the more common custom to refrain from meat only after Rosh Hodesh Ab. One who wishes to eat a meat meal late in the day on Rosh Hodesh Ab should ensure not to recite Arbit early, before sundown. Once he recites Arbit, he in effect ends Rosh Hodesh, and begins the second day of Ab when eating meat is forbidden. One who wishes to recite Arbit early on Rosh Hodesh Ab must ensure to finish eating meat beforehand. The custom among the Yemenite Jewish community was to follow the Mishna's ruling, and permit eating meat except during the final meal before Tisha B'Ab. However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that once the Yemenites emigrated to Eretz Yisrael, they should follow the rulings of the Shulhan Aruch, and abstain from meat during the Nine Days. This prohibition applies even to meat that is not fresh, such as it if was canned or frozen. The Nehar Misrayim (Rav Aharon Ben Shimon, 1847-1928) records the custom among the Jewish community in Egypt to permit eating chicken during the Nine Days. As mentioned earlier, one of the reasons for the practice to refrain from meat is that we commemorate the loss of sacrificial meat in the Bet Ha'mikdash. Accordingly, Egyptian Jews permitted eating chicken, as chickens were not brought as sacrifices. This is the custom among Jews of Egyptian background even today. The Shulhan Aruch (551:10), however, explicitly includes chicken in his formulation of the custom to refrain from meat during the Nine Days. The Mishna Berura writes that one who is unable to eat dairy products (such as if he suffers from a milk allergy), and thus has limited options for food during the Nine Days, may eat chicken. If one needs to eat meat for health reasons, he should preferably eat chicken instead of beef, as there is greater room for leniency when it comes to chicken. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that if one removed the meat from a dish that consisted also of other food – such as if the meatballs were removed from the spaghetti – then, strictly speaking, the remaining food is permissible. Nevertheless, it is customary to be stringent in this regard and refrain from eating food which had been cooked together with meat. If parve food was prepared in a meat pot, the food may be eaten during the Nine Days, since it does not have meat in it. Even if the pot had been used with meat less than 24 hours before it was used to cook the parve food, the parve food may be eaten. This food contains the taste of meat, but not actual meat, and it is thus entirely permissible during the Nine Days. (In fact, according to the ruling of the Shulhan Aruch, this parve food may be eaten together with milk or yoghurt. The meat taste in this food has the status of "Noten Ta'am Bar Noten Ta'am" – a "second degree" taste, as the pot absorbed the taste of the meat, and the parve food then absorbed the taste from the pot. At this point, the taste does not forbid the food from being eaten with milk.) Hacham Ovadia Yosef allowed eating soup from bouillon cubes or bouillon powder during the Nine Days. It is permissible to eat fish during the Nine Days, though some have the custom not to eat fish during the final meal before Tisha B'Ab. One is allowed to eat synthetic meat during the Nine Days. Although one might have thought that this should be avoided due to the concern of Mar'it Ha'ayin – meaning, a person eating synthetic meat might be suspected of eating actual meat – we do not have the authority nowadays to enact new prohibitions out of this concern. If a person forgot that it was the Nine Days, or forgot about the restriction against eating meat, and he recited a Beracha over meat but then remembered that it is forbidden, he should take a bite of the meat, because otherwise his Beracha will have been recited in vain, in violation of the severe prohibition of Beracha Le'batala (reciting a blessing in vain). This is a far more grievous transgression than partaking of meat during the Nine Days – which, as we explained, is forbidden only by force of custom – and it is therefore preferable to take a bite of the meat so that the blessing will not have been recited in vain. (This resembles the case of a person who prepared to eat a dairy food within six hours of eating meat, and remembered after reciting the Beracha that he may not eat the dairy food. In that case, too, he should take a bite of the dairy food so the Beracha will not have been recited in vain. This applies also to someone who recited a Beracha to eat before praying in the morning, and then remembered that he may not eat because he had yet to pray. Even on fast days – except Yom Kippur, when eating is forbidden on the level of Torah law – if someone recited a Beracha over food and then remembered that eating is forbidden, he should take a small bite of the food.) If a person owns a meat restaurant, he is permitted to operate the restaurant during Nine Days, even in a Jewish community, where most or all of his customers are Jews. Given the leniencies that apply, such as permitting meat at a Siyum, and when necessary for health reasons, it is not for certain that the people coming to eat will be violating the custom to refrain from meat. As such, operating the restaurant does not violate the prohibition against causing people to sin. However, it is proper for the restaurant owner to place a visible sign at the entrance to the restaurant informing people of the widely-accepted custom to refrain from eating meat during the Nine Days. Just as many observe the custom to refrain from meat during the Nine Days, it is also customary to refrain from wine during this period. Although the practice in Jerusalem was to be lenient in this regard, and drink wine during the Nine Days, the practice among other Sephardic communities is to refrain from wine. This was also the custom in Arab Soba (Aleppo), as documented in the work Derech Eretz, and this is the practice in our community. There are two reasons for this custom. First, wine brings a feeling of joy, and during the month of Ab, until Tisha B'Ab, we are to reduce our joy and reflect on the destruction of the Bet Ha'mikdash. Secondly, we refrain from wine because we can no longer pour wine libations on the altar. Of course, wine – like meat – is permissible on Shabbat during the Nine Days. The restriction applies only on weekdays. It is permissible to drink other alcoholic beverages during the Nine Days, such as beer and whiskey. Cognac, however, is a type of wine, and is therefore forbidden. One should not drink grape juice during the Nine Days, but grape soda is allowed. Cakes that are baked with grape juice instead of water are allowed during the Nine Days unless the taste of grape juice is discernible, in which case one should refrain from these cakes. Vinegar made from wine is permitted for consumption during the Nine Days, because it has an acidic taste and does not bring enjoyment. Similarly, juice extracted from unripe, prematurely-harvested grapes is permissible. The Shulhan Aruch allows drinking wine at Habdala on Mosa'eh Shabbat during the Nine Days. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Cracow, 1530-1572), however, writes that according to Ashkenazic custom, the Habdala wine is given to a child to drink. The Shulhan Aruch also writes that one may drink during the Nine Days the cup of wine over which Birkat Ha'mazon is recited. When three or more men ate together, and they recite Birkat Ha'mazon with the introductory Zimun, it is customary for the one who leads the Zimun to hold a cup of wine during Birkat Ha'mazon which he then drinks after Birkat Ha'mazon, and according to the Shulhan Aruch, this cup may be drunk during the Nine Days. However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef rules that since nowadays people generally do not make a point of reciting Birkat Ha'mazon over a cup of wine, this is not permitted during the Nine Days.

Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that if a person needs to undergo surgery during the Nine Days (from Rosh Hodesh Ab through Tisha B'Ab), and the procedure could be delayed until after Tisha B'Ab without endangering his health, then he should postpone the operation so as not to have it done during the Nine Days, which is an inauspicious time. Although it is customary not to make weddings during the three-week period from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz through Tisha B'Ab, it is permissible to get engaged during this period, and even during the Nine Days – and even on Tisha B'Ab itself. One may also host an event to celebrate the engagement, though without a festive meal. If a couple is getting married after Tisha B'Ab, wedding-related purchases may not be made during the Nine Days. These include clothes and other items for the wedding, as well as furniture and utensils for the couple's home. If, however, there will not be enough time after Tisha B'Ab to make the necessary purchases, or if the products might not be available after Tisha B'Ab, and the groom has yet to fulfill the Misva of Periya Ve'ribya (procreation) – and thus the wedding should not be delayed – then the purchases may be made during the Nine Days. One should not have his house painted or redecorated during the Nine Days. Work that is necessary for basic living – such as repairing plumbing, doors or windows – is allowed, but work that merely enhances the home, such as painting, wallpaper and carpeting, should not be done during this period. It goes without saying that building luxury items such as a tennis court or swimming pool may not take place during the Nine Days. In a synagogue, however, even work to enhance the building is permitted during the Nine Days, as it is a Misva to glorify the house of prayer. If a Jewish painter has no other source of income, and if he does not work during the Nine Days he will have no money for his basic necessities, then according to some Poskim – including Hacham Ovadia Yosef – he may be allowed to work during this period. If a Jewish painter was unable to complete before Rosh Hodesh Ab a job for which he was hired, and he if does not complete it during the Nine Days he would suffer a financial loss – as he has other jobs lined up for after Tisha B'Ab – there may be room to allow him to finish the painting work during the Nine Days. In such a case, a competent Posek should be consulted for guidance. If one hired a non-Jewish painter, and he wishes to continue working during the Nine Days so he can complete the job, the Jewish customer should try to convince him to agree to postpone the work until after Tisha B'Ab, even if this entails paying some compensation. If the painter cannot be convinced, then he may be allowed to complete the work during the Nine Days. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) brings from an earlier source that one should not purchase wood during the Nine Days, in commemoration of the loss of the "Aseh Ha'ma'aracha" – the firewood on the altar in the Bet Ha'mikdash. Since we mourn in this period the destruction of the Bet Ha'mikdash, and the loss of the ability to offer sacrifices on the altar, it is appropriate to refrain from purchasing wood. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that according to this explanation of the custom, it applies only to the purchase of firewood, since it commemorates the loss of the firewood on the altar. However, Hacham Abdullah Somech (Baghdad, 1813-1889), in his Zibheh Sedek, writes that one should refrain from purchasing firewood during this period because we lost on Tisha B'Ab the building of the Bet Ha'mikdash, which was made from wood. According to this reason, purchasing wood even for building purposes should be forbidden. Hacham Ovadia Yosef concludes that since the Ben Ish Hai did not mention the reason given by Hacham Abdullah, it seems that it was not accepted. Therefore, although one may not purchase firewood during the Nine Days (such as if he wishes already then to prepare for the winter), he may purchase wood for construction purposes, or to build furniture, if he is planning to build after Tisha B'Ab. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that in Israel, contractors who build homes with the intent of selling them for a profit may continue their work during the Nine Days, due to the housing shortage in Israel. Generally, one should not build during the Nine Days for the purpose of earning a profit, but Hacham Ovadia felt that given the urgent need for more homes in Eretz Yisrael, construction on residential buildings should not be suspended during the Nine Days. Rav Yisrael Bitan clarified that although Hacham Ovadia wrote this in the early years of the State of Israel, when the country saw a very large influx of immigrants, creating a dire housing shortage, this is true even today, when, thank G-d, many new couples are marrying and need homes. On Tisha B'Ab itself, however, the work should be discontinued. One whose new home becomes ready during the Nine Days may move in, assuming that this is his primary residence into which he is moving to more comfortably accommodate his family, and he is not moving for luxury purposes. He may even host a Hanukat Ha'bayit celebration during the Nine Days after moving in– and he in fact should do so rather than delay the celebration. Although it is customary to conduct the Hanukat Ha'bayit within a year of moving into a new home, it is nevertheless preferable to have the event as soon as possible, and so one who moves into a new home during the Nine Days should host the Hanukat Ha'bayit immediately. Light refreshments may be served at the event, but music may not be played. Normally, when hosting a Hanukat Ha'bayit, the homeowner wears a new garment and recites the Beracha of "She'hehiyanu." When the event is held during the Nine Days, one should wear the new garment and recite "She'hehiyanu" after Tisha B'Ab, as it is customary not to recite this Beracha during the Three Weeks. One should not purchase fine jewelry during the Nine Days. Nevertheless, a jeweler may continue operating his business during the Nine Days. Since people purchase jewelry more frequently nowadays than in the past, such purchases do not bring special joy as they used to, and so there is room to be lenient for somebody who earns a livelihood from selling jewelry. One may purchase a new car during the Nine Days if he needs it for his livelihood. If, however, he wishes to buy a new car as a luxury, not as a necessity, then he should wait until after Tisha B'Ab, unless the car will cost more money if he delays. It would seem that there is no distinction between buying and leasing in this regard. One may purchase new Torah books during the Nine Days, and if he needs more space for the new books, he may buy new bookshelves. In general, one may purchase furniture that is needed for basic living, but not furniture that is needed for luxury purposes. One may buy simple clothing, such as socks, but one may not buy more significant garments, such as a suit. However, this is permissible if the price will be significantly higher after Tisha B'Av. One may buy material during the Nine Days to be used for making clothing after Tisha B'Ab.

The Gemara in Masechet Ta'anit (29b) states that if a Jew has a court case against a gentile, he should try to avoid scheduling the case for the month of Ab, which is a time when our nation's "Mazal" ("luck") is compromised. He should instead try to schedule the hearing for the joyous month of Adar, which is a time of good "Mazal" for the Jewish Nation. A number of commentators raised the question of how to reconcile this teaching with the rule famously established by the Gemara elsewhere, in Masechet Shabbat (156a), "En Mazal Le'Yisrael" – the Jewish Nation is not governed by the forces of "Mazal" that affect the rest of the world. If, indeed, three is no such thing as "Mazal" as far as Am Yisrael is concerned, then why are we told that we have good "Mazal" during Adar and poor "Mazal" during Ab? The Ritba (Rav Yom Tob of Seville, Spain, 1250-1330) answers that Adar and Ab are exceptions to the rule. Although the Jewish Nation is generally not subject to the forces of "Mazal," Hashem decreed that these influences indeed affect us during these two months. Alternatively, the Ritba suggests, the Jewish People are indeed not influenced at all by "Mazal" at any time, and the Gemara in Ta'anit borrows the term "Mazal" to refer to Hashem's governance of His nation during the months of Adar and Ab. During Adar, He deals with us more graciously and compassionately, whereas in Ab, He deals with us more strictly and exactingly, and this is the Gemara's intent when it speaks of the "Mazal" during these months. A different answer was offered in light of Tosafot's comments to the Gemara's teaching "En Mazal Le'Yisrael." Tosafot explain that indeed, we, like all people on earth, are subject to the powers of "Mazal," but we have the ability to negate these forces through the merits of our Misvot. Accordingly, the Gemara in Maseches Ta'anit might be understood to mean that we require additional merits to overcome the harsh "Mazal" of the month of Ab. We are never helplessly at the mercy of "Mazal," as we always have the ability to earn Hashem's favor through out merits irrespective of our "Mazal," but during the month of Ab this is somewhat more difficult. In conclusion, it is worth noting the Gemara's startling comment in Masechet Mo'ed Katan (28a) that a person's lifespan, his ability to beget children, and his livelihood depend not on his merits, but rather on "Mazal." This seems to explicitly contradict the aforementioned rule of "En Mazal Le'Yisrael." In truth, however, Rav Menahem Meiri (Provence, 1249-1315) comments that the Gemara's statement in Mo'ed Katan reflects a minority view among the Sages, and has been resoundingly rejected. Therefore, the Meiri writes, one should never cease praying for everything he needs and wants, because our merits and G-d's mercy can overcome any "Mazal." Hacham Ovadia Yosef noted that the Rambam similarly followed this view, firmly stating that we are not affected at all by the forces of astrology. This is the position taken by many other Rabbis, as well. Until when specifically should a person delay his court hearing? The Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, Poland, 1635-1682) writes (551:1) in the name of Rabbenu Yeruham (Provence, 1290-1350) that one should delay the hearing until the onset of the month of Elul. According to this view, the inauspicious quality of the month of Ab extends throughout the entire month. By contrast, Rav Levi Yitzhak of Berditchev (1740-1809), in his work Kedushat Levi (Parashat Va'et'hanan) writes that the Gemara refers only to the first half of the month. Starting from the 15 th of Ab – Tu B'Av, which is a festive day – the remainder of the month is not considered inauspicious. Accordingly, some have ruled that already from Tu B'Ab there is no concern going to court. An allusion to this concept is the configuration of the divine Name associated with this month. The Kabbalists teach that the four letters that comprise the Name of "Havaya" (spelled Yod, Heh, Vav and Heh) can be arranged in twelve different sequences, and each sequence is associated with a different month. The month of Tammuz is associated with the reverse spelling – Heh, Vav, Heh and Yod – and this month is thus a month of calamity. The month of Ab is associated with the spelling Heh, Vav, Yod and Heh – with the first two letters reversed, and the second two letters in proper sequence. This alludes to the fact that the first half of the month of Ab is one of misfortune and tragedy, but the second half – starting from Tu B'Ab – is joyous. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in Hazon Ovadia (p. 166), follows a third view, based on a passage in the Zohar (Yitro, 78b) stating that Esav took control of the month of Tammuz and the first nine days of the month of Ab. According to the Zohar, it seems, it is only through Tisha B'Ab that one should avoid a court hearing against a gentile, but already from the 10 th of Ab there is no concern. This is, indeed, the view of the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909), in Parashat Debarim, 1). Summary: The Gemara teaches that a person who has a court case against a gentile should try to avoid scheduling the hearing for the month of Ab, which is a time of bad "Mazal." The commentators clarified that this does not mean we are helplessly subject to the forces of astrology and the like. We are always able to earn G-d's favor and compassion through prayer and good deeds, but in the month of Ab He deals with us somewhat more harshly, making it more difficult to earn His kindness. Different views exist as to when specifically one should avoid going to court. Hacham Ovadia Yosef rules that the concern is only through Tisha B'Ab; starting already on the 10 th of the Ab, one may go to court without any worry.

Generally speaking, the restrictions observed during the three-week period of Ben Ha'mesarim – from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz through Tisha B'Ab – apply equally to both and women. The question was asked regarding an unmarried girl who would like to take a haircut before going on a date, or an engaged girl who wishes to take a haircut before spending time with her fiancé. Ashkenazic practice is to refrain from haircutting through the Three Weeks, and Sephardic practice is to refrain from doing so from Shabbat Hazon (the Shabbat immediately preceding Tisha B'Ab). Is there room to permit a girl to take a haircut during the Three Weeks or the Nine Days if she finds this necessary for purposes of courtship, or for her fiancé? When it comes to a female mourner, the Shulhan Aruch (Y.D. 390:5) rules that a woman in mourning for an immediate family member may take a haircut already after the seven-day Shiba period, whereas the Rama, whose rulings are followed by Ashkenazim, forbids haircutting even for women until after the thirty-day Sheloshim period. Accordingly, Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that a Sephardic girl who wishes to cut her hair may do so, even after Shabbat Hazon, since the restrictions of Ben Ha'mesarim are treated more leniently than the laws of mourning. Moreover, it seems clear from Hacham Ovadia's rulings that any Sephardic woman who feels the need to cut her hair, for any reason, may do so, even after Shabbat Hazon. An example would be a woman who needs to immerse in a Mikveh and wishes to cut her hair to make the preparations for her immersion easier. As for Ashkenazic girls, Hacham Ovadia ruled that they may, if necessary, cut their hair until Shabbat Hazon. Although Ashkenazic practice forbids a female mourner from haircutting during Sheloshim, the laws of the Three Weeks are observed only by force of custom, and not as strict Halacha, and so there is greater room for leniency. After Shabbat Hazon, however, an Ashkenazic girl should not take a haircut. Hacham Ovadia showed that this is the position also of Rav Moshe Feinstein (1895-1986) and Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (1910-1995). Summary: Ashkenazim refrain from haircutting during the three weeks from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz through Tisha B'Ab. An Ashkenazic girl who wishes to cut her hair for a date, or an engaged Ashkenazic girl who wishes to take a haircut so she looks good for her fiancé, may do so until Shabbat Hazon (the Shabbat preceding Tisha B'Ab). Sepharadim refrain from haircutting from Shabbat Hazon through Tisha B'Ab, but a Sephardic woman who feels a need to take a haircut for any reason during this week may do so.

The custom among Ashkenazim is to refrain from shaving and haircutting throughout the three-week period of Ben Ha'mesarim, from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz through Tisha B'Ab. Sepharadim, by contrast, observe this practice only during the week of Tisha B'Ab, from the Shabbat immediately preceding Tisha B'Ab until the 10 th of Ab. If a Sephardic boy is studying in an Ashkenazic yeshiva, where the majority of the students are refraining from shaving and haircutting already from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz, he is nevertheless allowed to shave and take a haircut, until the week of Tisha B'Ab. However, it is preferable that he avoid doing so in order not to stand out. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes about one who is stringent in this regard, "Tabo Alav Beracha" – he is worthy of special blessing. If a Sephardic student in an Ashkenazic institution has been accustomed to acting stringently, refraining from shaving and haircutting already from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz, and now wishes to change his practice, he may perform Hatarat Nedarim (the annulment of vows). His acceptance of this practice constitutes a "vow," assuming he never explicitly said that he was taking on this practice "Beli Neder" – without making a formal vow. Thus, if he wishes to change his practice so he can shave or take a haircut during the Three Weeks (until the week of Tisha B'Ab), he should conduct Hatarat Nedarim in front of a Bet Din to have his commitment annulled. However, Hatarat Nedarim is required only if the student knew that this stringency was not strictly required by Halacha, and he had followed this practice as an additional measure of piety. If, however, he mistakenly thought that he must refrain from shaving and haircutting already from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz, and he then learned that this is not required, then he may drop this stringent practice even without Hatarat Nedarim. Since this "vow" was taken on a faulty premise, as he erroneously assumed that Halacha requires him to refrain from shaving and haircutting, the "vow" is not binding, and he may therefore change his practice even without annulling his vow. Summary: Sephardic practice is to refrain from shaving and haircutting during the week of Tisha B'Ab. A Sephardic student studying in an institution where the majority of students are Ashkenazim – who refrain from shaving and haircutting already from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz – may shave and take a haircut until the week of Tisha B'Ab, even though the other students refrain from doing so. Nevertheless, it is preferable him to refrain in deference to the Ashkenazic students. If he had observed this stringency and now wishes to act leniently, he may perform Hatarat Nedarim. If he had observed this stringency because he mistakenly thought it was Halachically required, then he does not need Hatarat Nedarim.

The Midrash Shoher Tob (Tehillim 91) speaks about a dangerous "demon" called "Keteb Meriri" that is covered with scales and hair, has eyeballs all over its body, and sees from the eye situated on its chest. It generally resides in areas that are partly sunny and partly shady, and moves by rolling like a ball. Anyone who comes near this demon, the Midrash comments, exposes himself to great danger. The Midrash in fact relates that there were schoolchildren who suffered harm as a result of "Keteb Meriri." It is specifically during the three weeks of between Shiba Asar Be'Tamuz and Tisha B'Ab, the Midrash teaches, that this harmful spirit surfaces and poses danger. It is very uncharacteristic for the Shulhan Aruch, which was written as a strictly Halachic code, to include Kabbalistic concepts in presenting Halachic guidelines. Yet, the Shulhan Aruch indeed writes that during the three weeks one should not go outdoors to partially shady areas between the fourth and ninth hours (referring to Halachic hours) of the day, when this demon is most threatening. He adds that during this period, parents should make a point not to hit their children, and teachers should likewise refrain from smacking students, in order to avoid risks. The Midrash tells the story of Rabbi Abahu who saw a teacher with a branch ready to hit an unruly student. Rabbi Abahu sharply condemned the teacher, noting that "Keteb Meriri" was standing right behind him with an iron rod, ready to strike. This story shows the dangers of administering any type of corporal punishment during this period, when we are exposed to the dangers of "Keteb Meriri." The Aruch Ha'shulhan (work by Rabbi Yehiel Michel Epstein, Byelorussia, 1829-1908) cites authorities who limit this Halacha to uninhabited areas, such as forests and the like. Inside a city, however, the presence of many people, as well as the presence of Mezuzot on the doorposts, offers a degree of protection from this harmful spirit. On one level, this restriction essentially renders this Halacha practically irrelevant nowadays, when we usually spend our time in towns, cities and other inhabited areas. Nevertheless, this Halacha demonstrates the importance of avoiding danger during this three-week period and keeping a "low profile," as this period is particularly suited for mishaps and calamity, Heaven forbid. It is therefore advisable to remain in safe, secure quarters during the three weeks, especially between the fourth and ninth hours of the day. Summary: It is advisable to avoid desolate, outdoor areas between the fourth and ninth hours of the day (as defined by Halacha) during the three weeks between Shiba Asar Be'Tamuz and Tisha B'Ab. More generally, it is proper to avoid all dangerous situations during this period, which is a particularly inauspicious time for the Jewish people.

Is it permissible to swim in a pool or in the ocean during the Three Weeks, the period from Shiba Asar Be'Tammuz through Tisha B'Ab? According to the practice of the Sepharadim, it is permissible to swim – both in a pool and in the ocean – during the Three Weeks, and even after Rosh Hodesh Ab. The prohibition against swimming begins only during the week of Tisha B'Ab, meaning, from after the Shabbat that immediately precedes Tisha B'Ab, until after Tisha B'Ab day. Just as bathing is forbidden during the week of Tisha B'Ab, swimming is similarly forbidden. This is the ruling of Hacham Ben Sion Abba Shaul (Israel, 1923-1998). There are some authorities who forbid swimming already from Rosh Hodesh Ab. The practice in our community, however, appears to follow the lenient position, that allows swimming until the week of Tisha B'Ab. Summary: It is permissible to swim during the Three Weeks, except during the week of Tisha B'Ab, meaning, from after the Shabbat that immediately precedes Tisha B'Ab, until after Tisha B'Ab day.

One of the customs which we observe during the Nine Days – from Rosh Hodesh Ab through Tisha B'Ab – is to refrain from meat. The Mishna establishes that eating meat is forbidden only during the Se'uda Mafseket – the final meal before Tisha B'Ab – but the custom was accepted to refrain from meat throughout the period of the Nine Days (except, of course, on Shabbat). A number of companies today sell synthetic meat – products made from soy or other ingredients but resemble meat, and are eaten as meat substitutes. Are such products permissible for consumption during the Nine Days? Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) writes that although the concept of Mar'it Ha'ayin – avoiding actions which appear as Halachic violations – forbids eating something which appears prohibited, this rule does not apply to something which is forbidden only by force of Minhag (accepted custom). When something is forbidden by the strict Halacha, then we must be concerned about Mar'it Ha'ayin, but not when it is forbidden only on the level of Minhag. Therefore, Hacham Bension writes, it is permissible during the Nine Days to eat vegetarian products which resemble meat, but during the Se'uda Mafseket, when meat is forbidden on the level of strict Halacha, it may be eaten only privately, but not in public view. Summary: Synthetic meat products – meaning, products which resemble meat but are made from soy or other ingredients – may be eaten during the Nine Days. However, during the Se'uda Mafseket right before Tisha B'Ab, such products may be eaten only in private, but not in a public setting.

This Halacha was developed from multiple transcriptions of Rabbi Eli Mansour's lectures in the "Beki'im BaHalacha" series. The original audio recordings for this Halacha were delivered on the following dates and can be accessed here: 06-24-25 Audio File ; 06-25-25 Audio File ; 06-26-25 Audio File ; 06-29-25 Audio File The Three Weeks , spanning from Shiba Asar BeTammuz (the 17th of Tammuz) through Tisha B'Av , is a time designated for national mourning over the tragedies that befell Am Yisrael throughout history—most notably the destruction of both Bateh Mikdash. Our Sages instituted a number of customs and halachot during this period to reduce our joy and help us internalize the gravity of the losses. While the Nine Days and week of Tisha B'Av carry stricter restrictions, even from the start of the Three Weeks, there are behaviors and activities that should be avoided due to their association with excessive joy, lightheartedness, or distraction from mourning. Entertainment and Recreational Outings The Rambam writes (Hilchot Ta'aniyot 5:1) that the proper response to communal suffering is to reflect and act—not to carry on with business as usual. For this reason, it is customary to avoid outings and events that are designed purely for fun or celebration . This includes: Attending concerts, comedy shows, musical performances, or theater productions Going to amusement parks, carnivals, bowling alleys, or arcades Group activities or trips organized for entertainment and leisure Recreational barbecues, parties, or similar festive gatherings The She'elat Ya'abets and Ben Ish Hai (Parashat Devarim) both emphasize avoiding such joyous outings during this period. Rav Moshe Feinstein (Iggerot Moshe, O.C. vol. 3, siman 87) also addressed recreational gatherings and ruled that they should be avoided even when music is not involved. Sports and Physical Activity Recreational sports are another category of concern. While physical activity for health is permitted, engaging in sports for fun—especially if competitive and emotionally charged—should be avoided. Casual jogging or gym workouts for health reasons are permitted . Joining in competitive team sports, tournaments, or pickup games, especially those that attract crowds or bring heightened excitement, are discouraged . Swimming for fitness may be permitted during the Three Weeks, but not during the Nine Days. The Mishna Berura (O.C. 551:16) cites that joyous activity should be limited even during the early part of the Three Weeks, especially when it mimics festivity. Poskim such as Rav Shmuel Kamenetsky extend this to include sporting events with celebratory atmospheres. Shopping for Enjoyment During the Three Weeks, one should refrain from shopping for enjoyment , even if no Beracha Shehechiyanu would be required. This includes: Buying new clothing, shoes, jewelry, accessories, or electronics Making home décor upgrades or indulging in hobby-related purchases Shopping sprees or window-shopping done for leisure Essential purchases (like school supplies or items urgently needed) are permitted. If one finds a limited-time deal or discount that will not be available later, they may buy the item during the Three Weeks but should wait to use it until afterward , if possible. This is ruled by Rav Moshe Feinstein and others (Iggerot Moshe, O.C. vol. 3, siman 80). Travel and Leisure Trips The Three Weeks are also considered a time of danger (see Shulchan Aruch O.C. 551:18), and for this reason, many refrain from leisure travel or long road trips. Rav Ovadia Yosef (Yechave Da'at 1:37) writes that unless there is a real need, vacation trips should be postponed until after Tisha B'Av. This includes: Cruises, resort stays, or beach vacations National parks or nature sightseeing trips Visiting distant relatives for enjoyment rather than necessity However, if the travel is required for business, medical needs, family obligations, or other pressing reasons, it is permitted—though one should still avoid turning it into a joyous excursion. Maintaining the Right Tone Some mistakenly believe that the Three Weeks require sadness or depression. On the contrary, the Torah teaches that a Jew must always serve Hashem with joy (Devarim 28:47). But during periods of national mourning, the tone of that joy must be subdued and introspective. The Gemara in Ta'anit 30b teaches, "Mi'shenichnas Av, mema'atin b'simha"—as the month of Av begins, we reduce our joy. We do not eliminate joy, but we avoid external expressions of frivolity and celebration. This balance is echoed by the Aruch HaShulchan (O.C. 551:23) , who writes that one's behavior during these days should reflect a seriousness and awareness of our national losses, even if one continues to smile, work, and engage with others normally. Summary During the Three Weeks, one should avoid: Concerts, shows, amusement parks, and festive outings Competitive or recreational sports done for fun Unnecessary shopping for non-essential or luxury items Travel taken for leisure or vacation Parties and gatherings unrelated to Misvot This helps us remain focused on the deeper meaning of this period—a time to reflect, mourn, and yearn for the rebuilding of the Bet HaMikdash.

The Halacha below was generated by AI based on multiple classes given by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio file. This write-up has been reviewed, but if any errors remain, we welcome corrections. 06-16-25; 06-17-25 One of the more commonly encountered questions during the Three Weeks concerns music. Is it permissible to listen to music during this period? What about recorded music, or music intended to help a person focus, relax, or stay awake? And is singing permitted even if instruments are not? This Halacha examines the nature of the restriction, its halachic basis, and when—if ever—music might be allowed. What Is the Source for This Custom? The custom to refrain from music during Ben HaMesarim is not explicitly found in the Gemara. Rather, it evolved as part of the broader mourning practices adopted after the destruction of the Bet HaMikdash. Music brings joy and emotional upliftment, and is therefore seen as inappropriate during a period meant for national reflection and sorrow. The Rambam (Hilchot Ta'aniyot 5:14) writes that after the Hurban (destruction of the Bet HaMikdash), the Sages enacted decrees to limit expressions of joy, such as music and dancing. Although this was not originally specific to the Three Weeks, over time the practice was incorporated into this period to align with the overall spirit of mourning. Does This Apply to All Music—Even Recorded? Yes. Most Poskim today apply the restriction to both live and recorded music. Even if the original decree referred to instruments and public festivities, recorded music triggers the same emotional experience of joy and is therefore avoided. This includes music played casually at home, in the car, or on headphones. Background music in stores or commercials is not the listener's intent and may be permitted. Some Poskim draw a distinction between upbeat, celebratory music versus neutral or calming music. However, the general rule is to avoid music that provides emotional enjoyment. What About Music for Practical Use—Exercise, Focus, or Sleep? There is room for leniency when music serves a functional purpose rather than entertainment. For example: A person using soft background music to help them focus while working or studying. Someone who cannot fall asleep without relaxing music. A person who requires rhythmic music for exercise or therapy. In such cases, some authorities are lenient, especially before Rosh Hodesh Ab. Still, one should try to use instrumental or neutral tracks and avoid upbeat or joyous songs. Is Singing Without Instruments Permitted? Yes. Singing without instruments is generally permitted throughout the Three Weeks, including the Nine Days. However, one should refrain from overly joyous or festive singing. This is especially true during learning or prayer, where singing a Pasuk or Zemirot is part of the experience. Even singing Shabbat Zemirot at home is encouraged as part of Oneg Shabbat. Music at a Se'udat Misva At a Se'udat Misva—such as a Brit Mila, Pidyon Haben, Siyum Masechet, or Sheva Berachot—some authorities permit live or recorded music, even during the Three Weeks. The joy is centered around the Misva, and therefore the usual mourning restrictions are eased. Still, many avoid music during the Nine Days (Rosh Hodesh Ab through Tisha B'Ab) even at a Se'udat Misva unless absolutely necessary. Summary Music is generally avoided during the Three Weeks as part of mourning the Hurban (destruction of the Bet HaMikdash). The restriction includes both live and recorded music. Leniency exists for functional uses (focus, sleep, exercise), especially before Rosh Hodesh Ab. Singing without instruments is permitted, particularly for prayer or learning. Music at a Se'udat Misva may be allowed but should be avoided during the Nine Days unless warranted.

The Halacha below was generated by AI based on multiple classes given by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio file. This write-up has been reviewed, but if any errors remain , we welcome corrections. 06-17-25 ; 06-18-25 The Three Weeks—also known as Ben HaMesarim —represent a time of national mourning over the destruction of the Bet HaMikdash . While many of the customs during this period are observed passively (such as refraining from music or haircuts), Tikun Hatzot is an active custom that allows a person to express sadness over the Hurban (destruction of the Bet HaMikdash ) in a personal, heartfelt way. In this Halacha, we will explore what Tikun Hatzot is, why it is especially appropriate during the Three Weeks, and how and when it should be said. What Is Tikun Hatzot ? Tikun Hatzot refers to a set of prayers recited around midnight to mourn the Hurban and the exile of the Shechina . The Zohar and many Mekubalim praise it as one of the highest spiritual practices, particularly during this period. Rav Haim Vital writes that the Arizal himself would say Tikun Hatzot regularly, and especially during the Three Weeks. The Tikun is traditionally divided into two parts: Tikun Rahel : Emphasizes mourning and sorrow over the destruction. Tikun Leah : Focuses more on hope, rebuilding, and longing for redemption. During the Three Weeks, especially at night, it is fitting to recite both parts, though some only recite Tikun Rahel if they are pressed for time or emotionally unable to complete both. Why Is Tikun Hatzot So Powerful During This Time? The Three Weeks are designated as a time to feel the loss of the Bet HaMikdash and yearn for Geula. Tikun Hatzot allows us to turn that feeling into prayer. The Arizal taught that crying during Tikun Hatzot at this time carries immeasurable value. The act of waking up at night, sitting on the floor, and expressing pain over the exile of the Shechina is considered a personal partnership in the national mourning of Am Yisrael. As the Midrash says, "Whoever mourns the Hurban will merit seeing the rebuilding." How and When Is Tikun Hatzot Recited? Tikun Hatzot is ideally recited at Halachic midnight ( Chatzot Halayla ), which varies depending on the season. It typically falls around 12:30 a.m. in the summer months. The person should sit on the floor or a low stool, remove leather shoes, dim the lights, and recite the Tikun slowly and tearfully. If one cannot stay up until midnight, it may still be recited later in the night, and some authorities permit it slightly before Chatzot . If one is unable to recite the entire Tikun, he should at least say a portion or even sit in silence contemplating the loss of the Bet HaMikdash . The sincerity is more important than the length. Can Tikun Hatzot Be Said on Shabbat or Friday Night? No. Tikun Hatzot is not recited on Shabbat or Yom Tob, including Friday night, as it is a time of joy. Mourning rituals are suspended on these days, just like we don't say Tahanun or observe other mourning customs. Is This Custom for Everyone—Or Only the Very Pious? While Tikun Hatzot is classically associated with Mekubalim and very pious individuals, during the Three Weeks it becomes a powerful tool available to all. Even one who does not say it year-round should consider adding it during this time. One does not need to be a scholar or mystic to sit on the floor and say Tehillim or express longing for the Bet HaMikdash . The emotion and sincerity are what matter most. Summary Tikun Hatzot is a midnight prayer of mourning the Hurban, highly appropriate during the Three Weeks. It consists of Tikun Rahel and Tikun Leah; both are ideal, but even saying part has value. It is best said at Halachic midnight, but later or earlier is allowed in some cases. Not recited on Shabbat or Yom Tob. Open to everyone—not just scholars—and especially encouraged during Ben HaMesarim .

The Halacha below was generated by AI based on multiple classes given by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio file. This write-up has been reviewed, but if any errors remain , we welcome corrections. 06-19-25 06-22-25 06-23-25 May One Recite the Beracha of Shehechiyanu During the Three Weeks? One of the most commonly asked questions during the period of Ben HaMesarim —the "Three Weeks" between the 17th of Tamuz and Tisha B'Ab —is whether one may recite the Beracha of Shehechiyanu . This blessing is typically said over new fruits or garments and expresses gratitude for having reached a joyous occasion. But does it have a place during a time associated with national mourning? In this Halacha, we will explore the halachic debate surrounding Shehechiyanu during this period. We will cite sources such as Sefer Hasidim, the Arizal , the Hida, and contemporary Poskim , and address practical situations including new fruits, clothing, and Shabbat during the Three Weeks. Why Would Shehechiyanu Be Problematic During This Time? The Beracha of Shehechiyanu includes the phrase, "who has kept us alive, sustained us, and brought us to this time." The logic of those who oppose saying Shehechiyanu during Ben HaMesarim is rooted in the idea that this period is one of misfortune, tragedy, and danger. Some questioned whether it is appropriate to express joy for having "reached this time," given that it falls within a period marked by national mourning and sorrow. Sefer Hasidim writes that pious individuals would refrain from eating new fruits during the Three Weeks so as not to have to recite Shehechiyanu . They found it inappropriate to express joy for being alive during a time marked by calamity. The Hida records this practice and adds that even though an Avel (a mourner) may recite Shehechiyanu , the issue here is not mourning, but timing. The Three Weeks are an inherently ominous period, and the recitation of Shehechiyanu implies positive acknowledgment of the moment. Are There Authorities Who Permit Reciting It? Yes. Some Poskim insist that one may recite Shehechiyanu during the Three Weeks. Their logic is simple: if Hashem brought a Misva opportunity—like a new fruit or garment—then one should seize the Misva and not delay. Postponing the blessing would be a missed opportunity, possibly violating the principle of "Bal Te'aher "—do not delay a Misva. Furthermore, some argue that once a person sees a new fruit (even before eating it), the obligation to recite Shehechiyanu already sets in. If that sighting occurred during the Three Weeks, one should not delay the blessing, even if they plan to eat it later. What About on Shabbat? Shabbat presents a unique scenario. The Arizal is quoted as being stringent even on Shabbat, maintaining that Shehechiyanu should not be recited. However, many other Poskim disagree. The Ben Ish Hai and others point out that Shabbat has its own Kedusha and is not subject to the same mourning customs. They cite that a student of Rav Haim Vital witnessed the recitation of Shehechiyanu on Shabbat, even during Ben HaMesarim . Furthermore, if the new fruit or garment is intended to enhance Oneg Shabbat (Shabbat enjoyment), then it is especially appropriate to make the Beracha. Hacham Moshe of Tunis also records that his ancestors did recite Shehechiyanu on Shabbat during the Three Weeks. He notes that the Arizal's opinion stands largely alone and does not outweigh the widespread practice of leniency. Final Practical Guidelines • During the weekdays of the Three Weeks, one should avoid new fruits or new garments that require Shehechiyanu unless there is a compelling reason (e.g., a time-bound Misva). • On Shabbat, one may be lenient and recite Shehechiyanu , especially if the item contributes to Oneg Shabbat. • If one already saw the new fruit before the Three Weeks, the obligation may have already started, and it might be preferable to eat it sooner and make the Beracha. • According to all opinions, there is no prohibition mid'oraita or mid'rabanan —this is a matter of Minhag (custom), and customs can vary based on community and personal practice. Summary • The Beracha of Shehechiyanu is generally avoided during the weekdays of the Three Weeks due to the sorrowful nature of this period. • On Shabbat, many authorities permit its recitation, especially when tied to Shabbat enjoyment. • Some Poskim argue there is never a prohibition, only a custom of pious individuals. • When in doubt, consult your local Posek to determine the proper course of action based on your family or community tradition.

The Halacha below was generated by AI based on multiple classes given by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio file. This write-up has been reviewed, but if any errors remain , we welcome corrections. 06-09-25 ; 06-10-25 ; 06-11-25 ; 06-12-25 The Question We wear Tefillin every weekday morning, but we do not don Tefillin on Shabbat or Yom Tob. Why is that? What makes these days different, and what is the source for this practice? Tefillin as an 'Ot'—a Sign The Torah describes Tefillin as an Ot—a sign between Hashem and the Jewish people. In Shemot (13:9), Tefillin are called "a sign upon your arm and between your eyes." Shabbat and Yom Tob themselves are also referred to as an Ot. They serve as a sign of the covenant between Hashem and Am Yisrael. This is clearly stated in Shemot (31:13): "Ach et Shabbetotai tishmoru … ki Ot hi." If the day itself serves as a sign, then Tefillin are not needed. The presence of one Ot (Shabbat or Yom Tob) renders a second Ot (Tefillin) unnecessary. This is the foundational reason why Tefillin are not worn on these days. Gemara and Halachic Sources The Gemara ( Masechet Eruvin 96a) brings a Baraita: "One may not wear Tefillin on Shabbat and Yom Tob." Rashi explains that since these days are already an Ot, we do not add another. Rambam (Hilchot Tefillin 4:10) and Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 31:1) both rule accordingly: Tefillin are worn only on weekdays. Ramban's Explanation: Avdut vs. Herut The Ramban adds another dimension: Tefillin symbolize Avdut —our servitude to Hashem. They demonstrate submission of mind and body to His will. Shabbat and Yom Tob, by contrast, represent Herut—spiritual freedom. On these days, we are elevated, likened to royalty. A slave wears signs of his service, but a free person or a king does not wear the garments of servitude. Therefore, Tefillin are set aside on these days of elevated spiritual status. Kabbalistic Explanation According to Kabbalah, the spiritual light of Shabbat and Yom Tob themselves provides all the blessings and protections that Tefillin typically bring. The Arizal taught that the Kedusha of these days is so great that Tefillin are not only unnecessary, but may even detract from the spiritual light of the day. Summary • Tefillin are not worn on Shabbat or Yom Tob because those days themselves are an Ot. • The Gemara , Rambam, and Shulhan Aruch rule that Tefillin are only for weekdays. • The Ramban explains that Tefillin reflect servitude, while Shabbat and Yom Tob reflect spiritual freedom. • According to Kabbalah, these days emit their own light and blessing, making Tefillin spiritually redundant.

The Halacha below was generated by AI based on multiple classes given by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio file. This write-up has been reviewed, but if any errors remain , we welcome corrections. 06-09-25 ; 06-10-25 ; 06-11-25 ; 06-12-25 The Question What happens to the obligation of Tefillin if a person crosses the International Dateline? Should he wear Tefillin twice if he repeats a day? Should he skip Tefillin if he loses a day? This question affects travelers going to or from places like Japan, Australia, Hawaii, or America. Understanding the Issue When one crosses the dateline, he might experience the same calendar day twice or skip a day altogether. For example: • Flying from America to Australia on a Thursday evening can result in arriving on Saturday morning , skipping Friday entirely. • Flying from Australia to America can cause one to repeat Friday twice. This brings up a Halachic dilemma: Do I wear Tefillin both times I experience Friday? Or do I wear Tefillin on a day I missed ? Obligation Based on Personal Count According to many Poskim , Tefillin should be worn based on your personal count of days —not the calendar date printed in the location. If you have experienced six consecutive days with Tefillin, and the next is your seventh, you do not wear Tefillin, as it is your Shabbat . If you have not yet reached your Shabbat (because you skipped a day due to travel), you do wear Tefillin on the local Shabbat, as it is your sixth day . This concept is based on the Gemara's case of a person lost in the desert , who forgets what day it is. He wears Tefillin for six days and rests on the seventh. The Misva follows his personal sequence. Local Calendar vs. Personal Reality While some argue to follow the local calendar—since the place is observing Shabbat or Yom Tob—many authorities rule that your obligation to wear Tefillin follows your own timeline . This means: • If you fly and miss Friday: On the local Shabbat, you wear Tefillin. • If you fly and repeat Friday: You wear Tefillin both days, since for you they are two different days. Beracha or Not ? Some suggest wearing Tefillin without a Beracha in cases of uncertainty—such as when repeating a day or wearing Tefillin on the local Shabbat. • If you're unsure, don Tefillin without saying the Beracha. • If possible, listen to someone else's Beracha and respond Amen. Tefillin vs. Tefila This discussion is about Tefillin , not Tefila . The prayers of the day must follow the local calendar . If the community is praying Shabbat prayers, you follow them. But for Tefillin, the obligation follows your own count of six days of labor. Summary • The obligation to wear Tefillin follows your personal six-day cycle , not the local calendar. • If you skipped a day via travel, wear Tefillin on the local Shabbat. • If you repeat a day, wear Tefillin both times. • When in doubt, wear Tefillin without a Beracha . • Tefila (prayer) follows the local calendar, while Tefillin follows your own timeline.

The Halacha below was generated by AI based on multiple classes given by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio file. This write-up has been reviewed, but if any errors remain, we welcome corrections. 06-01-25 ; 06-04-25 ; 06-05-25 ; 06-08-25 May a Sofer Write or Assemble Tefillin at Night? The Question Is it permissible for a sofer (scribe) to write or assemble Tefillin at night? And if one does so, is the Tefillin considered valid? This question impacts sofrim, and purchasers of Tefillin, especially when Tefillin are urgently needed or produced under pressure. Writing Tefillin at Night The Gemara discusses whether writing Tefillin at night is allowed. The Halacha ultimately rules that it is permissible for a sofer to write Tefillin at night, provided he has proper lighting and kavana. However, the process of assembling Tefillin—particularly inserting the written parchments into the batim (boxes)—is a separate issue. The Rule of Ta'aseh Ve'lo Min He'asuy The Torah commands that a Misva be done actively—Ta'aseh—and not passively—Min He'asuy. If the Misva comes into being on its own without direct intent or action, it is invalid. This principle is critical when it comes to assembling Tefillin. Some Poskim argue that if the batim are sealed or completed at night in a manner that finishes the Tefillin, this could violate the rule of Ta'aseh Ve'lo Min He'asuy, especially if done without the proper kavanot. Therefore, writing the parshiot (scrolls) at night is permitted, but assembling them at night is subject to debate. Comparison to Tzitzit and the Tallet This question is similar to the issue of tying Tzitzit onto a Tallet at night. There, too, some opinions require the Misva to be performed during the day to satisfy the criteria of Ta'aseh Ve'lo Min He'asuy, while others are more lenient if the proper intent is present. The same applies here to Tefillin assembly. Lechatehila vs. Bediavad • Lechatehila (ideal practice): One should not assemble Tefillin at night. The parts can be prepared, but final assembly should be done during the day. • Bediavad (a permissible leniency, though it is not the preferred approach): If Tefillin were assembled at night, they are still valid according to many opinions, especially if done properly with intent and lighting. Kabbalistic Considerations Although the Halacha allows writing Tefillin at night, some kabbalistic sources discourage it. Nighttime is considered a time of judgment and impurity, not ideal for producing sacred items. Still, this is not binding Halacha, and the written Tefillin remain kosher. Summary • Writing Tefillin at night is permitted, though some prefer to avoid it based on Kabbalah. • Assembling Tefillin at night is not ideal, but permitted Bediavad, as long as it is done properly. • The rule of Ta'aseh Ve'lo Min He'asuy applies when the Misva comes into being without proper action, and care must be taken not to violate it. • Best practice: Do the final assembly during daylight hours to avoid all concerns.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 05-25-2025 05-26-2025 05-27-2025 05-28-2025 05-29-2025 How and When Should Tefillin Be Removed? This Halacha outlines the proper time, manner, and mindset for removing Tefillin, and the importance of not treating the end of the Misva as an afterthought. Topics include the order in which the Tefillin are removed, whether one should face the Sefer Torah while removing them, if a blessing is recited, how to handle the straps, and how to place the Tefillin back into the Kuracha —the special Tefillin bag. Special customs from the Mekubalim regarding reverence and silence during removal are also addressed. What Is the Proper Time and Setting to Remove Tefillin? Tefillin should ideally be worn until the end of Tefilah. According to the Ari"zal, one should keep the Tefillin on through the end of Aleinu Leshabeah , and only remove them afterward. Some Poskim allow removing them after Uva Letzion , but the more proper custom is to keep them on until the very end of Tefilah. This ensures we do not treat the conclusion of the Misva as insignificant. Additionally, one should not remove Tefillin while standing directly in front of a Sefer Torah. Doing so shows disrespect, as if turning one's back on the Torah. Instead, one should take a few steps to the side or angle themselves away. The act of removing the Tefillin should be done with quiet dignity, not rushed or distracted. The removal should also be delayed if Kaddish or Kedusha is about to begin. One must prioritize answering to these sanctified sections before beginning to take off the Tefillin. What Is the Correct Order for Removing the Tefillin? First, remove the Tefillin Shel Rosh, and only then the Shel Yad. This reflects the same order in which the Berachot are made and preserves the order of importance. The head Tefillin represents a higher level of Kedusha and is treated with extra care. According to the Zohar and the custom of the Mekubalim, even though the Shel Yad was put on first, the Shel Rosh must be taken off first to preserve the sanctity. Removing them out of order is considered improper. Some have the custom to pause briefly before removing the Shel Yad to reflect on the Misva and end it with thoughtfulness, not mechanically. Should One Say a Beracha When Removing Tefillin? A question arises whether one should recite a blessing upon removing the Tefillin, to thank Hashem for the opportunity to fulfill the Misva. The answer is no—there is no blessing recited upon removing Tefillin, just as there is no Beracha when exiting a Suka or finishing a fast. The Misva ends silently, respectfully. However, one should have a feeling of gratitude in their heart, recognizing the privilege of having worn Tefillin and asking Hashem to merit to wear them again. Should One Talk While Taking Off Tefillin? Just like during the donning of Tefillin, the removal should be done with seriousness and respect. One should not talk during the process, and ideally one should remain seated, focused, and silent while removing and storing the Tefillin. The Kabbalists stress that removing Tefillin is still part of the Misva, not a break from it. A person should not transition to regular speech or casual behavior until the Tefillin are completely removed and put away. How Should the Tefillin Be Stored After Removal? After removing the Tefillin, one should take care to store them neatly and respectfully. The straps should be gathered carefully—not tangled or stuffed haphazardly. Each component should be placed gently into the Kuracha , the dedicated Tefillin bag. The Kuracha serves not just as a case, but as a vessel of honor. It should be kept clean, closed securely, and not treated like a casual container. It holds sacred items and should be handled with care. One should avoid winding the straps in a sloppy or rushed manner. Although the special wrapping (to form the Name of Hashem) is only done when donning the Tefillin, even when putting them away one should show respect and care. Summary Tefillin should be worn through the end of Tefilah, preferably after Aleinu . When removing them, one should avoid facing the Sefer Torah, remove the head Tefillin first, and not speak during the process. There is no blessing upon removal, though gratitude should be felt. After removal, the Tefillin should be stored with care and placed respectfully into the Kuracha . All of this reflects the great respect we must show for this precious Misva from beginning to end.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 05-20-2025 ; 05-21-2025 ; 05-22-2025 Should One Maintain Constant Awareness of the Tefillin While Wearing Them? This Halacha explores a fundamental aspect of wearing Tefillin: the requirement to remain mentally aware of the Tefillin while they are on. What level of concentration does Halacha demand? Does distraction invalidate the Misva? And what daily practices help us meet this obligation? We will examine opinions from the Rambam, Ben Ish Hai, and other Poskim, along with practical examples of proper behavior while wearing Tefillin. Maintaining this awareness is not simply about reverence. It reflects a deep, continuous bond with Hashem during the time the Tefillin are worn. The focus required is not only external respect—like refraining from laughter or lightheadedness—but also internal mindfulness. This internal state expresses the core idea that Tefillin are not just objects we wear; they are active symbols of our devotion and submission to Hashem. What Does "Hesah Hadaat" Mean When It Comes to Tefillin? The Torah commands us to wear Tefillin as a sign between us and Hashem. But the Sages further teach that while the Tefillin are on a person's body, one must maintain a level of awareness and reverence toward them. This is called Hesah Hadaat – a lapse of focus or consciousness. According to the Rambam and the stringent view followed by Maran and the Ben Ish Hai, a person should maintain constant awareness of the Tefillin and avoid any activities or behaviors that reflect frivolity or lightheadedness. This includes joking, social banter, or idle chatter. Even while praying The Amidah, where the focus is technically on the words of the prayer, one must avoid mentally wandering to unrelated topics. That too is considered Hesah Hadaat . However, other Rishonim, like the Rosh and the Tur, take a more lenient approach. They argue that as long as a person is not engaging in disrespectful or lightheaded behavior, it is acceptable to be mentally occupied with mundane matters. They draw proof from the Halacha that one may sleep while wearing Tefillin, implying that constant cognitive attention is not required. Nonetheless, the accepted practice, especially among Sepharadim, is to follow the stricter opinion of the Rambam—that mental focus must be retained throughout the duration of wearing Tefillin. Can One Drive with Tefillin On? This question highlights a common dilemma: If a person wants to fulfill the custom of arriving at the synagogue already wearing Tefillin, can he put them on at home and drive to Shul? On one hand, driving demands attention and would seem to constitute Hesah Hadaat . On the other hand, the act of driving is not inherently disrespectful, and it would be only for a short time. Moreover, entering the synagogue already wearing Tefillin brings great merit—the angels escort such a person. Therefore, while ideally one should avoid this situation, there is room to be lenient and allow driving to Shul with Tefillin on, especially for a short drive, relying on the lenient opinions in the Rishonim. How Long Is a "Lapse" That Counts as Hesah Hadaat? Some authorities define Hesah Hadaat as lasting the time it takes to walk four Amot (approximately 6-7 feet), which equates to just a few seconds. Others extend the timeframe to the time it takes to walk 100 Amot—about 54 seconds. In practice, a person should try to "check in" mentally at least every minute. If one finds himself mentally distracted for longer than a minute while wearing Tefillin, that could constitute a lapse. Talking, joking, or daydreaming while wearing Tefillin is highly discouraged. What Practices Help Avoid Hesah Hadaat? Touching and Kissing the Tefillin: It is customary to touch the Tefillin during key parts of prayer when they are mentioned (e.g., Ukeshartam Le'ot ). One should then kiss their fingers. This is an expression of love and awareness. Holding the Shalyad: The Ben Ish Hai recommends holding the Tefillin Shel Yad (the arm Tefillin) throughout the Shema to increase awareness and prevent distraction. Avoiding Idle Talk: Many righteous individuals accept upon themselves not to speak at all while wearing Tefillin, especially outside of prayer-related matters. Custom Visual Cues: Some communities place the word "Tefillin" at the top of their Siddur pages to help maintain awareness. Short Reminders During Prayer: Quietly repeating to oneself, "I am wearing Tefillin," during pauses in prayer can serve as a mental reset to regain focus. Summary Maintaining awareness of the Tefillin while wearing them is a Torah value with practical consequences. According to the Rambam and Maran, mental focus must be retained the entire time, even during prayer. Distractions such as joking, daydreaming, or unrelated conversation are inappropriate. Practices like touching the Tefillin, visual cues, holding the Shel Yad during Shema, and mentally checking in throughout the prayer service can help fulfill this obligation and elevate the experience of this precious Misva.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/23/25 ; 04/29/25 ; 05/05/25 ; 05/18/25 Can One Wear Tefillin on Top of a Hat, Bandage, or Scalp Cover—And When Is This Permitted? Tefillin Shel Rosh must sit directly on the head, without any barrier (hatssitsa) between the box or straps and the skin. But what if a person is cold, recovering from surgery, or must wear a bandage or other covering on the scalp? Are there exceptions in such cases? Must the Tefillin Shel Rosh Touch the Head Directly? Yes. According to the Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 27:4), the Tefillin Shel Rosh must be placed directly on the skull, with no hat, yarmulke, or material in between. This is derived from the word "bein einecha"—"between your eyes"—which the Rabbis understood as referring to a specific location on the skull that must be directly under the Tefillin. The box of the Shel Rosh (the bayit) and the knot at the back (the kesher) must both rest directly on the skin. The halacha considers anything in between to be a hatssitsa, which invalidates the Misva. What If There's a Medical Condition or Bandage? If someone has a medical bandage, stitches, wound, or skin sensitivity, and it is difficult to wear Tefillin directly on the scalp, he may still put on the Shel Rosh over the bandage—without a Beracha. This is a ruling based on the principle of safek Berachot lehakel: when there's doubt about whether a Beracha is appropriate, we refrain from reciting it. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that one may rely on the view of the Rashba, who held that the Beracha is still valid even if the Tefillin rests on a hat or covering. However, since most Poskim disagree, the person should wear the Tefillin without a Beracha. Does This Apply to Cold Weather or Wind? Yes, but only under specific circumstances. If a person feels unwell or is sensitive to the cold and is unable to remove his hat, he may place the Tefillin on top of a thin head covering. Again, he should do so without a Beracha. If the person can tolerate it, even for just a few moments, it is best to briefly remove the hat or covering, place the Tefillin correctly, and then replace the covering in a way that doesn't interfere with the box or the straps. Some wool hats or fitted caps can be gently pulled over the bayit once it's already in place. Can Women Assist Someone with Head Tefillin Placement in These Cases? Yes. In cases where someone is physically unable to reach the correct spot—due to illness, age, or surgery—others may assist with positioning the Shel Rosh. The Halacha permits assistance by another Jew, even a woman, when the individual is still fulfilling the Misva himself. The helper merely aids in placing the Tefillin properly. What About Wigs or Toupees? A wig is considered a hatssitsa. If the wig is removable, the person must take it off before donning the Tefillin. If it cannot be removed or causes embarrassment, and it is worn tightly and habitually, some authorities may allow the Tefillin to be placed over it without a Beracha, similar to the case of a medical wrap. Summary - Tefillin Shel Rosh must touch the scalp directly—no hat or cloth may intervene. - If this is not possible due to medical or health reasons, one may place it over a covering without a Beracha. - This leniency applies to bandages, surgical dressings, or cold weather gear only when absolutely necessary. - Wigs are generally a hatssitsa, unless removal is not practical. - Whenever possible, the Tefillin should be worn in the standard way, even for a short time, to fulfill the Misva with a Beracha.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 05/14/25 ; 05/19/25 What Is the Requirement to Maintain Awareness While Wearing Tefillin—And Is It a Torah Obligation? The Tefillin are not just a physical Misva—they represent a spiritual bond between a Jew and Hashem. Because of this, Halacha includes laws about how we wear them and even how we think about them. Is there a Torah requirement to be aware of the Tefillin at all times while they are being worn? What level of mindfulness is expected, and what happens if one becomes distracted? Is There a Torah Obligation to Maintain Awareness of Tefillin? The Torah says, "Ukeshartam le'ot al yadecha"—"Bind them as a sign on your arm." The Misva is to place the Tefillin on the body, not necessarily to be constantly thinking about them. Therefore, according to many Rishonim, including the Rambam, the main obligation is the wearing of the Tefillin, not the awareness. However, the Gemara (Menahot 36a) mentions that one must not act lightheaded while wearing Tefillin—such as joking, sleeping, or entering a bathroom. These behaviors are prohibited because of the Kedusha of the Tefillin, not because of a Torah command to actively concentrate on them at all times. What Is 'Heseh HaDa'at' and Why Does It Matter? The term 'Heseh HaDa'at' means a lapse of awareness. In the context of Tefillin, this means forgetting that one is wearing them. While not sinful in itself, such forgetfulness may lead to disrespectful behavior. For example, one may lean back or act in a light manner—something that is forbidden while Tefillin are worn. According to the Mishnah Berurah, even though there is no Torah obligation to maintain constant focus, one must still be cautious not to behave in a way that shows a lack of reverence. That is why many people avoid doing work or even walking in a public place while wearing Tefillin if they know their mind will wander completely. Do I Have to Be Focused the Entire Time I Wear Tefillin? No. One does not need to meditate on the Tefillin throughout the entire Shaharit. It is expected that during Keri'at Shema and the Amida, a person will have proper Kavana (intent). Outside those moments, the level of focus may decrease, but one should avoid completely forgetting that the Tefillin are on. This is especially important for the Shel Rosh, which contains Hashem's Name in its inner scrolls. The Kedusha of the Tefillin Shel Rosh demands that one maintain a general awareness and respectful behavior the entire time it is worn. Can One Speak, Think, or Walk Around While Wearing Tefillin? Yes, it is permissible to talk, walk, and go about regular activities while wearing Tefillin—so long as one avoids behavior that is silly, disrespectful, or inappropriate. The Halacha only prohibits things like sleeping, joking, or entering a bathroom while wearing Tefillin. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that working, learning Torah, or even walking down the street while wearing Tefillin is allowed, as long as one remembers they are on and treats them with dignity. Summary - There is no Torah obligation to actively focus on the Tefillin at all times. - One must avoid forgetting about them entirely and behave respectfully. - The concept of Heseh HaDa'at is important for maintaining proper conduct. - Sleeping, joking, and entering inappropriate places are forbidden while wearing them. - Speaking or walking is allowed, so long as one behaves with Kedusha and awareness.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/22/25 ; 05/01/25 ; 05/15/25 ; 05/18/25 Should the Tefillin Be Covered During Prayer—And What About Wearing Two Sets or a Hat Over Them? When wearing Tefillin during prayer, one often notices different customs regarding whether the boxes are visible or covered. Some keep the Tefillin Shel Rosh exposed; others wear a hat or Talet over it. There are also questions about whether one may wear both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin at the same time and how that impacts covering. This Halacha explores the classic sources, Kabbalistic teachings, and practical customs surrounding this issue. Should the Tefillin Shel Rosh Be Covered or Left Visible? According to the Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 27:11), the Tefillin Shel Rosh should be exposed and visible, as it says, "Ve-ra'u kol ame ha'aretz ki shem Hashem nikra alecha"—"All the nations will see the Name of Hashem upon you." This refers to the Shel Rosh, which is placed between the eyes and visibly bears the holy Name of Hashem through the Shin on the box. The Ben Ish Hai (Parashat Vayera, Halacha 14) and others agree that, according to Halacha, the Tefillin Shel Rosh should not be covered, and doing so is contrary to the verse. Therefore, the simple Halachic practice is to leave the head Tefillin visible during Tefila. What Did the Arizal Teach About Covering the Tefillin? Despite the Halachic preference for visibility, the Arizal taught that the Tefillin—both Shel Yad and Shel Rosh—should be covered, especially during prayer. According to Kabbala, holiness is something internal and concealed, not meant for open display. The spiritual power of the Tefillin is most potent when it is shielded from the outside world, not flaunted. As such, many Kabbalistically inclined communities, especially in Eres Yisrael, cover their Tefillin with a hat, scarf, or even the corner of the Talet. How Does Hacham Ovadia Rule on This Matter? Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that the Tefillin Shel Rosh should ideally remain uncovered, in accordance with the Shulhan Aruch. However, he acknowledged that those who follow the Arizal's Kabbalistic teachings may cover the Tefillin, especially if they were raised in such a tradition. He emphasized that this is not a strict Halachic requirement, and each community should follow its minhag. In particular, those who grew up keeping their Tefillin uncovered should not switch to covering them, unless they are entirely immersed in a Kabbalistic path. May One Cover the Tefillin with a Hat or Scarf? Yes. If one follows the custom to cover the Tefillin, it is permissible to use a hat, scarf, or the corner of a Talet. However, the covering must not press down on the box or distort its position. The Tefillin must sit firmly and properly at the hairline, centered between the eyes, even when something rests on top of it. Therefore, tight hats or heavy fabric should be avoided, as they might push the Bayit out of its Halachic placement. What If a Hat Accidentally Covers the Tefillin? If someone does not intend to cover the Tefillin but wears a wide-brimmed hat, fedora, or cap that slightly touches or shades the Tefillin Shel Rosh, there is no problem. As long as the Tefillin is not squeezed or hidden from view, one need not remove the hat. In fact, many authorities say that this does not constitute "covering" in the Halachic or Kabbalistic sense. Only when the Bayit is fully obscured or deliberately covered does it fall into the category discussed by the Arizal. May One Wear Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin at the Same Time? According to Kabbala, it is proper to wear both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin—but not at the same time. Instead, the correct practice is to wear Rashi Tefillin during the full Amida and Shema, and then put on Rabbenu Tam afterward. However, some Chassidic groups wear both sets simultaneously, placing one behind the other or slightly to the side. This practice is not followed among Sepharadim, and is discouraged by Hacham Ovadia and Maran. If a Person Wears Both Tefillin, Should They Be Covered? Yes. If a person wears both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin at the same time, they must cover the Tefillin with a Talet or scarf. This avoids the appearance of adding to the Misva or causing confusion. The double set should be aligned in such a way that each box is in a Halachically valid position, but this is extremely difficult to do properly. Therefore, unless one is following a specific and reliable custom, it is better to wear the Tefillin separately. Summary - According to Halacha, the Tefillin Shel Rosh should remain uncovered, to fulfill the verse "all nations will see…" - According to the Arizal, Tefillin should be covered during prayer for Kabbalistic reasons. - A hat, scarf, or Talet may be used to cover, provided it does not push or move the box. - Hacham Ovadia recommends keeping the Shel Rosh visible, unless one's community follows the Arizal. - If a person wears both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin at the same time, they must cover the Tefillin. - The general Sephardic custom is to wear Rashi during prayer and Rabbenu Tam afterward, not simultaneously.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/10/25 ; 04/21/25 ; 04/23/25 ; 05/11/25 How Should One Wrap the Tefillin Strap—And Is There a Required Number of Coils or a Specific Direction? After securing the Tefillin Shel Yad (the arm Tefillin) onto the bicep, one wraps the strap around the forearm in a particular pattern. This wrapping is not merely aesthetic—it is deeply rooted in Halacha, custom, and Kabbalistic meaning. How many coils are required? In which direction should one wrap? And what happens if one is in a rush or interrupted? What Is the Source for Wrapping the Strap Around the Arm? The Torah says, "Ukeshartam le'ot al yadecha"—"You shall bind them as a sign on your arm." The word "ukeshartam" implies binding, not just placing. Therefore, it is not enough to put the Bayit of the Tefillin Shel Yad on the bicep—one must also wrap the strap around the forearm to fulfill the Misva of binding. This is part of the Tefillin ritual itself, and not an optional step. How Many Times Must the Strap Be Wrapped? According to Sephardic custom, the strap is wrapped eight times around the forearm—between the Bayit on the bicep and the wrist. These eight coils correspond to spiritual and symbolic concepts, including the eight days leading to Berit Milah and the transcendence beyond nature. This number is rooted in the Kabbalistic teachings of the Arizal, and accepted as standard practice by Maran, the Ben Ish Hai, and Hacham Ovadia Yosef. Ashkenazim, however, often wrap the strap seven times, based on different understandings of the required act of "binding." Both customs are valid, and each person should follow their community's tradition. Is the Wrapping a Requirement or Just a Custom? The act of wrapping is a requirement, based on the Torah's word "Ukeshartam." However, the specific number of wraps (e.g., seven or eight) is a matter of custom and not me'akev—it does not invalidate the Misva if one wraps fewer or more times. That said, one should not treat this lightly. The number eight (for Sephardim) or seven (for Ashkenazim) carries deep significance, and by following the traditional count, one aligns with the spiritual energy intended by our sages. If someone accidentally wrapped fewer or more times, or if one of the coils slipped, the Misva is still valid. But it is best to adjust it as soon as possible and aim to wrap correctly the next time. Which Direction Should the Strap Be Wrapped? For Sephardim, the strap is wrapped inward, meaning that the coils go from the outer edge of the arm toward the body, forming a clockwise spiral when looking down the arm. This direction is based on the writings of the Ben Ish Hai, Arizal, and is codified in Yalkut Yosef. It symbolizes drawing the sanctity of the Tefillin inward, binding it to the soul. Some Ashkenazic authorities permit wrapping outward (counter-clockwise), and many Chassidic groups follow that custom. Each person should continue with their family or communal minhag. What Happens If One Wrapped in the Wrong Direction? The direction of the wrapping is not essential to the validity of the Misva. If a person wrapped in the wrong direction—out of habit, error, or imitation—the Tefillin are still kosher, and the blessing does not need to be repeated. However, one should try to correct the practice moving forward, especially if one has been educated or reminded of the proper custom for their community. Is There a Problem with Gaps or Overlaps in the Coils? Ideally, the wraps should be evenly spaced, firm but not tight, and placed one under the other in descending order. Overlapping or very loose coils are discouraged but do not invalidate the Misva. If one is rushed, or if the strap is very long or short, one may wrap looser or more tightly as needed. The main thing is to ensure that the strap forms clear, distinct coils down the forearm. Can the Strap Be Wrapped Over Clothing or a Watch? No. The strap must be wrapped directly on the skin of the forearm. Wrapping over a sleeve, wristwatch, or bandage creates a Hatssitsa (barrier), which may invalidate the Misva. Before wrapping, one should remove any watch or bracelet and ensure the skin is clean. If a person has a wound or bandage and cannot wrap fully, they should wrap to the extent possible on uncovered skin. When Is the Wrapping Performed in the Tefillin Sequence? After placing the Tefillin Shel Yad on the bicep and tightening it, the person recites the Beracha of "Le'hani'ah Tefillin." Then, without interruption, the strap is wrapped around the forearm. The wrapping around the fingers and hand comes after the Tefillin Shel Rosh is placed and secured. This later wrapping is more symbolic and poetic, reflecting verses of commitment to Hashem. But the forearm wrapping is part of the main Misva, and must be done immediately after the Beracha, without speaking or delay. Summary - Wrapping the strap around the forearm is part of the Torah commandment to "bind" Tefillin. - Sephardim wrap eight times; Ashkenazim often wrap seven. - The specific number and direction are not me'akev, but follow strong custom. - Sephardim wrap inward (clockwise), toward the body. - Coils should be neat and on bare skin, not over clothing or watches. - The wrapping must follow the Beracha, without delay or interruption.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/07/25 ; 04/08/25 ; 04/09/25 ; 05/06/25 ; 05/08/25 May Another Person Help Put Tefillin On You—And Who Qualifies to Do So? The act of putting on Tefillin is a personal Misva that requires intention, precision, and sanctity. But what happens when a person cannot do it themselves? May another person assist? And are there restrictions on who is allowed to help—such as a woman, child, or even a non-Jew? This Halacha explores the boundaries of assistance, the impact on kavana and the Beracha, and the situations where help becomes a necessity. Is a Person Allowed to Receive Help Putting On Tefillin? Yes. A person may receive help putting on Tefillin, especially when needed due to age, injury, or inexperience. Ideally, a man should put on his own Tefillin to perform the Misva personally, but Halacha allows for assistance when necessary. The Misva lies in the placement and binding of the Tefillin onto the body. As long as the wearer has the proper intention (kavana) and recites the Beracha, the Misva is fulfilled—even if another person places or wraps the Tefillin. This applies both to the Shel Yad (on the arm) and the Shel Rosh (on the head). Help may be given with positioning, adjusting, or tightening—especially if the wearer cannot reach, does not know how, or is worried about doing it incorrectly. Does the One Assisting Need to Have Kavana? No. The kavana that matters is that of the person wearing the Tefillin, not the one providing assistance. The helper does not need to have in mind that a Misva is being done. The individual receiving the Tefillin is the one performing the commandment, even if someone else does the physical action. Therefore, one can fulfill the Misva even if the helper is not religious, does not know the laws, or is not thinking about the Misva. Can a Woman Help Someone Put On Tefillin? Yes. A woman may assist someone with putting on Tefillin. Since the woman is not fulfilling the Misva for herself, but simply helping position the Tefillin on another, there is no issue. This applies to mothers helping sons, nurses helping patients, or even a bystander helping a man with limited mobility. As long as the person wearing the Tefillin recites the Beracha and intends to perform the Misva, the placement by a woman is Halachically acceptable. Some might wonder whether the woman should wear gloves or avoid contact, but Halacha does not require this. Modesty and appropriateness should always be observed, but the assistance itself is permitted. Can a Child Assist an Adult? If the child is old enough to understand how to properly place the Tefillin, and is respectful and calm, he may help. However, ideally, the Tefillin should be placed by an adult, since a child may lack the strength, precision, or awareness needed. Still, in the absence of alternatives—for example, if a young son is helping his elderly father—it is acceptable. May a Non-Jew Help Someone Put On Tefillin? Surprisingly, yes. A non-Jew may assist in the physical placement of the Tefillin—provided that: - The person wearing the Tefillin recites the Beracha - The non-Jew does not interfere with kavana or Beracha - The Tefillin are placed correctly and securely This is relevant in cases of hospital care, where nurses or aides who are not Jewish help position the straps or box. The non-Jew is not fulfilling the Misva, and the Halachic responsibility lies entirely with the person wearing them. However, it is crucial to ensure the Tefillin are not handled disrespectfully, and that the placement is correct. If the non-Jew does not know how to handle them properly, one should avoid asking for help unless truly necessary. What If the Wearer Cannot Wrap the Strap Themselves? If a person cannot wrap the retzuot due to paralysis, amputation, weakness, or other physical limitation, another person may wrap the Tefillin for them. As long as the Bayit is placed properly and the intention and Beracha are performed by the wearer, the Misva is fulfilled. It is best for the wearer to be involved to the extent they can—such as holding the box in place, tightening the strap, or reciting the Beracha before assistance begins. If none of that is possible—for example, a fully paralyzed individual—the helper may do everything, and the person fulfills the Misva mentally, with kavana in the heart. Can the Helper Speak or Interrupt During the Process? While helping another person put on Tefillin, it is best not to speak during the process—from the time of the Beracha on the Shel Yad until after the Shel Rosh is secured. Just like when putting on one's own Tefillin, interruptions are discouraged, unless for a Misva or necessary communication. The helper should be mindful and respectful, preserving the sanctity of the moment. Summary - A person may receive help putting on Tefillin if needed. - The Beracha and kavana must come from the person wearing the Tefillin—not the helper. - A woman, child, or non-Jew may assist if done respectfully and correctly. - The helper does not need to have kavana to fulfill the Misva. - The wearer should be involved as much as possible, even minimally. - Speaking or interrupting during the process should be avoided unless necessary.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/08/25 ; 04/09/25 ; 05/05/25 ; 05/06/25 Should the Yud of the Tefillin Shel Yad Be Touching the Bayit—And How Critical Is Its Placement? The Tefillin Shel Yad is wrapped around the arm and tied with a knot shaped like the Hebrew letter Yud, positioned near the Bayit (box). This Yud is not merely decorative; it carries both Halachic and Kabbalistic importance. But how close must it be to the box? Does its position affect the validity of the Misva? And what happens if it slips out of place during prayer? What Is the Yud on the Tefillin Shel Yad? The Torah uses the phrase "Totafot"—frontlets—when referring to Tefillin. The Halacha teaches that this word alludes to four Parashiot (Torah passages) placed in the Shel Rosh, but also connects to the name of Hashem. The Name of Hashem, as reflected in the Tefillin, appears through the knot of the Shel Yad shaped like a Yud, the shape of the knot of the Shel Rosh (a Dalet), and the Shin embossed on the Shel Rosh. Together, these letters spell out "Shaddai," one of the sacred Names of Hashem. According to Kabbala, this structure must be complete and properly aligned, or it interrupts the spiritual flow the Tefillin are meant to draw. But aside from the Kabbalistic implications, there are real Halachic consequences if the Yud is not properly positioned. Must the Yud Be Touching the Bayit? Yes. The Yud must rest against the Bayit, and the knot should be snug and stable. The Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 27:2) rules that the Yud must not be separated from the box, even by a small space. The Yud is part of the Halachic identity of the Tefillin. According to the Hida (Birkei Yosef), if the Yud is not close to the Bayit—if it slips down the strap or hangs loosely—the Tefillin may be considered Pasul (invalid), especially during the Beracha. To fulfill the Misva properly, one must ensure at the time of the Beracha and binding that the Yud is tight and resting directly against the base of the box. Does It Invalidate the Tefillin If the Yud Moves During Tefila? If the Yud is touching the Bayit when the Beracha is recited and the Tefillin are put on, but it later shifts slightly during prayer, this does not invalidate the Misva. The critical moment is the initial placement and blessing. However, if a person notices that the Yud has slipped or become completely separated during prayer, it is appropriate to adjust it immediately and discreetly. There's no need to repeat the Beracha unless it was clearly never positioned properly to begin with. In fact, it is a good practice to check the Yud each morning before putting on the Tefillin. Make sure the loop is tight and that the knot is secure. If the knot is loose or keeps sliding, it may need to be retied by someone knowledgeable in Tefillin construction. Can the Yud Be Placed Under or Behind the Bayit? The Yud should rest alongside the Bayit, not behind it and not underneath. If it is placed underneath the base—wedged between the box and the arm—it may cause the Bayit to sit at an angle, or lift it slightly, which is improper. The Bayit must sit flat against the bicep, not propped up or tilted. The Yud should hug the corner of the Bayit—visible and aligned, not tucked away or hidden. Some people mistakenly wrap the strap in a way that presses the Yud underneath or squeezes it behind the box. This not only distorts the alignment, but also reduces the visibility and symbolic meaning of the Yud. What If the Yud Is Missing or Not Formed Properly? If the Yud is missing altogether—or if the strap is tied in a way that does not resemble the letter Yud—then the Tefillin Shel Yad is invalid. The form of the knot must clearly resemble a Yud. This is why it's important that the knot is tied by a qualified sofer or expert, and not altered by someone unfamiliar with the laws. Even well-meaning adjustments can result in a shape that does not fulfill the Halachic requirement. Also, over time, straps wear out. The corner may fray or stretch, and the Yud shape may become unclear. A person should periodically inspect the Tefillin or bring them to a sofer for checking. How Tight Should the Knot Be? The strap and knot should be tight enough to keep the Yud securely in place, but not so tight that it pulls or deforms the shape of the Bayit. There is a balance between tightness and comfort. One should feel the firmness, but also be able to move the arm normally. Excessive tightness is unnecessary—and even harmful to the Tefillin and to circulation. Summary - The Yud must be placed directly next to the Bayit of the Tefillin Shel Yad. - This position is Halachically required, not just symbolic or aesthetic. - If the Yud slips after the Beracha, the Misva remains valid, but it should be adjusted. - The Yud should be visible and rest on the side of the Bayit, not under or behind it. - A missing or malformed Yud invalidates the Tefillin Shel Yad. - The strap should be tight enough to hold the Yud in place, but not overly tight.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/15/25 ; 04/16/25 ; 04/23/25 ; 04/24/25 ; 05/13/25 Does Hair, Dirt, or Clothing Count as a Barrier (Hatssitsa) Between the Tefillin and the Body? The Misva of wearing Tefillin requires the box (Bayit) of the Tefillin Shel Yad to be placed directly upon the skin. The Halacha introduces the concept of Hatssitsa—a barrier that interferes between the Tefillin and the arm. This Halacha explores what is considered a Hatssitsa, what kinds of materials invalidate the Misva, and how one should prepare the arm and head before wearing Tefillin to ensure full compliance. Does the Tefillin Shel Yad Need to Touch the Skin Directly? Yes. The Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 27:4) states clearly that the Bayit of the Tefillin Shel Yad must rest directly on the skin, without any chatitsa (interruption) beneath it. This includes shirts, undershirts, sleeves, or even sweatbands. The retzuot (straps) may wrap over clothing, but the Bayit itself must not. If the Bayit is on top of a sleeve or bandage, the person has not fulfilled the Misva at all. It is as if the Tefillin were never worn. Is Hair Considered a Barrier? Hair is part of the body and is not considered a Hatssitsa. The Poskim clarify that normal arm or head hair does not interfere with the Misva. Even a full head of hair—curly, thick, or long—is not inherently problematic. However, the issue arises when the hair is matted down with gel, spray, or dirt. If a person uses strong hair gel that forms a hard crust, or if sweat causes the hair to stick together like a shield, then some Poskim consider that a potential barrier. The Halachic principle is: if the material is foreign and not naturally part of the body, and if it is something people would normally remove (like crusted gel or thick mud), then it could be considered a Hatssitsa. What About Hair Gel, Sweat, or Oil? This is a common question. Light gel that keeps hair in place but does not form a crust is generally permitted. If the gel is soft and pliable and does not act as a thick layer between the Bayit and the scalp, then one may place the Tefillin Shel Rosh over it. But if the gel hardens into a shell-like layer that creates a clear separation between the scalp and the Tefillin, that can be a problem. Similarly, sweat is not a problem unless it is mixed with something foreign—such as dried mud or blood. If the skin is sweaty or slightly oily, that is still considered skin. To avoid questions, it's best to wash or wipe the forehead before wearing Tefillin Shel Rosh, especially if a person has oily skin, applied lotion, or used hair products. What About Bandages, Gauze, or Wounds? If there is a bandage on the arm or forehead, that does count as a Hatssitsa. In such cases, the person must try to remove the bandage or find a way to position the Bayit on clean, uncovered skin. If there is a wound, and removing the bandage would cause pain or bleeding, and there is no area to place the Tefillin properly, then one is exempt from the Misva of the Tefillin Shel Yad for that day. However, he should still wear the Tefillin Shel Rosh, assuming the head is unaffected. If only part of the bicep is covered, and there is still enough exposed skin to place the Bayit, then he may proceed and fulfill the Misva. Can a Sleeve Be Pulled Over the Arm After Tefillin Is Put On? Yes, after the Tefillin Shel Yad is in place and the Beracha has been recited, one may pull a sleeve over the arm to keep warm or to keep the Tefillin hidden. However, this is not ideal. Many have the custom to leave the Tefillin exposed, at least partially, as a sign of pride and public sanctification. But if a person is cold or concerned for safety (such as walking in public), it is permissible to cover the Tefillin after the fact. Just make sure the Tefillin was placed directly on the skin to begin with. What If the Retzuah Is Twisted or Touches Clothing? The strap (retzuah) may touch clothing or twist slightly along the arm. This is not a problem. The requirement for direct skin contact applies only to the Bayit—not the strap. However, if the knot of the Tefillin is wrapped in a way that causes the Bayit to be lifted off the skin or sit at an angle, that can be a problem. The Tefillin must sit flush with the arm or head. Summary - The Bayit of the Tefillin Shel Yad must rest directly on the skin, with no barrier. - Hair is not a problem unless hardened by thick gel or dirt that creates a crust. - Sweat or light oil does not invalidate the Misva. - Bandages are a Hatssitsa and must be removed, unless medically necessary. - A person may cover the Tefillin with clothing after they are properly placed. - The strap may touch clothing; only the Bayit requires direct contact with the skin.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the recording dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/03/25 ; 04/06/25 ; 04/10/25 ; 04/28/25 ; 05/07/25 What Is the Exact Placement of Tefillin Shel Yad—and How Precise Must It Be? The Torah instructs us to bind Tefillin "al zero'ekha"—on your arm. But where exactly is that? This Halacha explores the required placement of the Tefillin Shel Yad according to Halacha and Kabbala, how precise we must be with its position, and how to properly wear both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin on the arm at the same time. What Is the Required Area for the Tefillin Shel Yad? The Torah uses the phrase "al zero'ekha" — upon your arm — and the Gemara clarifies that this refers to the bicep, specifically the upper part of the arm between the shoulder and the elbow. The Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 27:1) rules that the Tefillin must be placed on the inner part of the bicep, facing the heart. This physical location expresses the idea of subjugating the heart to Hashem. The Tefillin Shel Yad represents control over the heart — the source of our emotions and desires — directing our inner feelings toward Avodat Hashem. There are two key placement criteria: 1. The Tefillin must be entirely above the elbow joint — even partially below the joint renders it Pasul. 2. The Tefillin must be placed on the fleshy part of the bicep — not too high where it sits on the shoulder bone, and not too low where it might encroach on the elbow itself. How Precise Does the Placement Need to Be? According to the Shulhan Aruch and Poskim, the correct position is between the midpoint of the bicep and the elbow, but slightly closer to the elbow than the shoulder. That is the ideal range. The Tefillin should not be too high — even one fingerbreadth above the permitted area can be a problem. Likewise, if the Bayit is touching or resting on the elbow joint itself, the Tefillin may be invalid. To help people keep within the boundaries, I recommend that the bottom of the Bayit should rest just above the elbow bone — close, but clearly above it. This guarantees the placement is kosher and within the Halachic zone. Some Poskim, like the Vilna Gaon, insist on precise mid-bicep placement. Others, like the Ben Ish Hai, suggest placing the Tefillin slightly lower — closer to the elbow — so long as it stays well above the joint. Our practice, based on the view of Maran and the Mekubalim, is to angle the Tefillin slightly downward, toward the elbow and heart. This not only fulfills the physical requirement, but also expresses the spiritual symbolism. Can It Be Placed Too Far Inward or Too Far Outward? Absolutely. The Tefillin Shel Yad must be placed on the inner side of the bicep, the part that faces the heart when the arm is resting down by the side. If it's wrapped too far around to the outer arm — or angled too far behind the bicep — it can be invalid. Some people make the mistake of pulling the strap too tightly, causing the Bayit to slide or rotate inward, pressing into the side of the arm. That may look secure, but it can distort the shape or angle of the Bayit. The Tefillin should rest flat, facing straight ahead, and not be forced inward or outward by pressure from the strap. How Should One Wear Both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin on the Same Arm? Many Sepharadim, especially those following the teachings of the Arizal and Ben Ish Hai, wear both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin during Shahrit. The Halacha permits wearing both Shel Yad Tefillin at the same time — but only if both boxes are positioned vertically, one above the other, within the Halachic zone. Typically, the Rashi is placed first, closer to the elbow, and the Rabbenu Tam slightly above it. This stacking is valid as long as both remain within the required area. However, one must never place the two boxes side by side (horizontally across the arm). That is Pasul. The Halacha demands the Tefillin be placed "on your arm," not "around your arm." Horizontally-spaced boxes do not fulfill the Misva at all. What If a Person Has a Smaller Arm and Can't Fit Both Tefillin? In many cases — especially with younger boys or people with thinner arms — there may not be enough room to fit both Tefillin one above the other. In that case, it is better to wear Rashi first, remove it, and then wear Rabbenu Tam afterward. There is no need to force both on at once. It's more important that each Tefillin is worn correctly and within the Halachic boundaries. Halacha never requires a person to compromise proper placement just to fulfill both customs simultaneously. If there is room, both can be worn together. If not, one after the other is perfectly acceptable and often preferred. Summary - The Tefillin Shel Yad must be worn on the inner bicep, above the elbow, angled toward the heart. - It must be entirely within the zone between the elbow and the shoulder, not sitting too high on the shoulder bone and not touching the elbow joint. - The Bayit should sit flat and upright — not twisted, not rotated inward, and not pushed outward by the strap. - When wearing both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin, they must be placed vertically, one above the other — never side by side. - If the arm is too small to fit both boxes properly, one should wear them separately, rather than compromising on Halachic placement.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the recording dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/02/25 ; 04/03/25 ; 04/07/25 ; 04/09/25 ; 05/04/25 Which Arm Should a Person Use for Tefillin—And What If He Is Left-Handed, Ambidextrous, or Disabled? The Torah commands us to bind Tefillin "on your arm." But which arm? That question is settled by our Sages: the arm referred to is the weaker arm. So for a right-handed person, Tefillin go on the left arm, and for a left-handed person, they go on the right. This Halacha examines how the decision is made, and how the Halacha applies to left-handed people, those who are ambidextrous, and individuals with limited use of one arm due to injury, paralysis, or amputation. What Is the Halachic Rule for Determining Which Arm to Use? The verse says, "Ukeshartam le'ot al yadekha" — "You shall bind them as a sign upon your arm." The Sages explain that this means the hand opposite the writing hand. That's the basic rule. If you write with your right hand, the Tefillin go on your left arm. If you write with your left hand, they go on your right. This is how the Shulhan Aruch rules in Orah Haim 27:6. The Mishnah Berura follows the same position. The weaker hand is used for Tefillin, because the act of binding represents control and submission of our actions to Hashem — and this symbolism applies specifically to the hand that is not dominant. What If a Person Writes with One Hand but Does Most Tasks with the Other? This comes up a lot. Let's say someone writes with his left hand but eats, throws, and does everything else with his right. Which is his dominant hand? The general rule is that writing is the primary indicator of dominance. If a person writes with his left hand, he is considered left-handed for Halachic purposes — and he should wear Tefillin on his right arm. Even if he does many other things with his right hand, the fact that he writes with his left gives it priority in Halacha. That said, if there's real uncertainty — someone is truly mixed or doesn't feel natural with either — he should speak to a Rav. But in most cases, the writing hand decides the matter. What If a Person Is Ambidextrous? In a rare case where someone uses both hands equally and writes comfortably with both, the Halacha treats him like a righty, meaning the Tefillin should be worn on the left arm. That's the ruling in most Poskim. In cases of doubt, we follow rov — the majority — and most people are right-handed. What If a Person Loses Use of His Dominant Hand? If a person becomes permanently unable to use his dominant hand — due to stroke, nerve damage, or any other reason — and now functions primarily with the opposite hand, the Halachic ruling may change. That person is now treated as if his non-dominant hand has become dominant, and the Tefillin should be worn on the new weaker arm. I once had a case where a man lost full use of his right arm. He was born right-handed, but after an injury, he could no longer write, eat, or function with that arm. He was now doing everything with his left. In that case, we ruled that he was now a lefty and should put Tefillin on his right arm. If the condition is temporary, such as post-surgery or while recovering from an injury, the ruling stays as-is. But if the condition is permanent and the person's habits have shifted accordingly, the Halacha adapts. What If One Arm Has Been Amputated? If someone is missing one of his arms, this too affects how Tefillin is worn. - If a right-handed person has had his left arm amputated, then the usual placement of the Tefillin Shel Yad is impossible. - If there remains some muscle or upper-arm area, and the strap can be wrapped around it, the Tefillin may be placed there. - If nothing usable remains, the Tefillin Shel Yad cannot be worn — but the person should still wear the Tefillin Shel Rosh. This is a rare case, but one that arises. The general rule is that Tefillin must be placed on the upper arm in a specific position. If there's no limb, the Misva simply doesn't apply in that case — but one still fulfills the Misva of the Shel Rosh. Does This Apply Equally to Tefillin of Rabbenu Tam? Absolutely. Whether one is wearing Tefillin of Rashi, Rabbenu Tam, or both, the choice of arm follows the exact same rule. We don't differentiate based on which Tefillin you're wearing. The arm is chosen based on your dominant hand — period. Summary - Tefillin are worn on the weaker arm: left for righties, right for lefties. - The writing hand determines which arm is considered dominant. - Ambidextrous people are generally treated as right-handed and wear Tefillin on the left arm. - If a person permanently loses use of their dominant hand, the Halacha may shift and reclassify their status. - In cases of amputation, Tefillin are worn if possible on remaining muscle. If not, the Shel Rosh should be worn without the Shel Yad. - This applies equally to both Rashi and Rabbenu Tam Tefillin.

The Halacha below was derived from multiple classes orated by Rabbi Eli Mansour in the Bekiim B'Halacha series. Click on any of the dates below to hear the original audio files, which are the sources for today's Halacha below. 04/01/25 ; 04/02/25 ; 04/10/25 ; 04/28/25 ; 05/12/25 Can One Fulfill the Misva by Wearing Only One Tefillin—Shel Yad or Shel Rosh? We know the Misva of Tefillin includes both the Shel Yad (the arm Tefillin) and the Shel Rosh (the head Tefillin). But what if someone can only wear one? Does he fulfill the Misva at all? What if a person is injured, or cannot afford both pieces? Can the two components of Tefillin function independently, or are they one inseparable Misva? Are the Arm and Head Tefillin Considered One Misva or Two? The Gemara in Menahot (36a) records a debate as to whether the Tefillin Shel Yad and the Tefillin Shel Rosh are one Misva or two separate Misvot. The Halacha follows the view that they are two distinct Misvot. The Rambam codifies this in Hilchot Tefillin (4:1), stating that each one has its own Beracha and its own independent status. Accordingly, if a person only wears the Shel Yad or only the Shel Rosh, he has indeed fulfilled a Misva. Ideally, one must wear both, but wearing just one still earns the reward of a Misva. What If One Can Only Afford One Tefillin? A person who cannot afford to buy both Tefillin should not delay until he can purchase both. Instead, he should immediately buy whichever one he can afford—Shel Yad or Shel Rosh—and wear it. The Ben Ish Hai writes explicitly that each part is a Misva in its own right. Waiting would mean losing out on daily Misvot. Similarly, Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes in Yehave Da'at (3:2) that there is no reason to postpone the Misva. If a person later acquires the second piece, he should start wearing both—but in the meantime, he must not miss the opportunity to fulfill what he can. Does It Matter Which One Is Worn First If You Only Have One? Ideally, the Tefillin Shel Yad is put on first, followed by the Shel Rosh. But if a person only has one of them—regardless of which—it should be worn without hesitation. The order only applies when both are available. In practice, some authorities say the Shel Yad is preferred if only one can be worn, since it comes first in the verse and is placed before the Shel Rosh. However, this is not an absolute rule. If a person has only the Shel Rosh available, he should wear it, make the proper Beracha, and fulfill that part of the Misva. What If a Person Is Injured and Cannot Use His Arm or Head? If a person injures his left arm and cannot wear the Shel Yad, he should still wear the Shel Rosh. Likewise, if he has a head injury or bandage that prevents the Shel Rosh from sitting properly, he should at least wear the Shel Yad. One should never skip Tefillin entirely just because he cannot wear both parts. The value of each is significant and independent. Summary - The Shel Yad and Shel Rosh are two separate Misvot. - One who wears only one of them fulfills a Misva. - If one can only afford or wear one, he should still do so without delay. - Ideally, the Shel Yad is worn first, but the order does not prevent one from fulfilling the Misva. - Injuries or limitations do not exempt a person from performing the part of the Misva he is able to do.

Can One Use Borrowed Tefillin—And What If They Were Bought on Credit or Unpaid For? Tefillin are holy objects—handwritten, expensive, and often personalized. As a result, situations arise where someone needs to borrow a pair or buy one on credit , and the Halacha must clarify when that's permitted and under what conditions the Tefillin are valid. Can You Borrow Tefillin Without Explicit Permission? According to the Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 14), it is generally permissible to borrow Tefillin without asking , as long as: The Tefillin are in a public or communal place , such as a synagogue shelf. The owner is known to be a religious, Torah-observant individual who would be pleased to fulfill the Misva of helping another Jew perform the commandment. This is based on the concept of "Nicha le'le'insah de'te'avid Misva b'mamoneh" —a person is happy for others to fulfill a Misva using his belongings. However: If the Tefillin case is clearly labeled with a note such as "Do not borrow," or if the owner is known to be particular, they may not be used without permission . If the Tefillin are custom-made, unusually expensive, or rare (e.g., very small, lightweight, or adorned), one may not assume permission to borrow them. Are Tefillin Purchased on Credit Kosher to Use? A person who buys Tefillin on credit or with a payment plan —meaning, they took the Tefillin before completing payment—can still use them , and they are halachically valid. However, several points must be observed: The seller must have willingly agreed to this arrangement. There must be no deception or unresolved protest from the seller. If the seller later expresses dissatisfaction or demands the return of the Tefillin due to non-payment, the buyer must stop using them until the matter is resolved. This is because ownership is not fully transferred when there is a dispute over payment. Using Tefillin that one does not fully own—against the will of the seller—is improper. What If the Seller Cannot Be Located Later? If a person purchased Tefillin (even years ago) and later realized: The full payment was never completed, Or they can't remember whether it was ever paid, Or they cannot locate the original seller, Then the person must try to track down the seller , even through friends or family. If all reasonable attempts fail: He should donate the estimated value to a Torah cause or Misva, such as a yeshiva , Tefillin fund , or synagogue in need . This shows good faith effort to settle the financial obligation, and avoids benefiting from a Misva object that may be partially stolen. Summary: You may borrow Tefillin without permission only if the owner would be pleased, and there's no sign or reason to assume otherwise. Tefillin bought on credit are valid if the seller agreed—but must not be used if the seller later protests or withdraws permission. If the seller cannot be found, donate the value to a Torah cause to ensure proper use of the Tefillin.

Can Tefillin Be Worn Again After Musaf on Rosh Hodesh for a Berit Mila? Rosh Hodesh presents a unique halachic situation. On one hand, it is a semi-Yom Tob , and thus many customs are softened or adjusted. On the other hand, Tefillin are not typically worn during Musaf , as the spiritual "Ot" (sign) of the day is already present in the Musaf offering itself. So what happens when a Berit Mila takes place after Musaf on Rosh Hodesh —can the Tefillin be worn again? Tefillin and Musaf on Rosh Hodesh: What's the Rule? On Rosh Hodesh: Tefillin are worn throughout Shaharit until Musaf . Before Musaf begins , it is customary to remove Tefillin out of respect for the added sanctity of the day. This is based on the idea that Rosh Hodesh has its own "sign"—its Korban Musaf —and we do not "add a sign upon a sign." This is the standard Halacha practiced in both Ashkenazi and Sephardi communities. But What If There Is a Berit Mila After Musaf? If a Berit Mila takes place after Musaf , the question arises: may one put Tefillin back on to enhance the Misva? The answer is: Yes . Hacham Ovadia Yosef, the Ben Ish Hai, and many Poskim rule that one may put Tefillin back on after Musaf for the sake of a Berit Mila . Since the Berit Mila itself is a sign ( Ot ), the Tefillin complement and enhance it. This is not considered adding a sign upon a sign because the Misva of the Berit changes the framework—you're wearing Tefillin not for the day, but for the ceremony. How Should One Do This? Wash hands (Netilat Yadayim) before putting the Tefillin back on. Say Shema Yisrael or learn a small amount of Torah while wearing them. Remove them immediately after the ceremony concludes. Important: One does not recite a new Beracha when re-wearing the Tefillin in this context. The act is an enhancement, not a fresh fulfillment of the daily obligation. What If Someone Already Removed Their Tefillin? If the person already removed Tefillin after Shaharit or Musaf, he may still put them back on for the purpose of the Berit , as long as it's shortly thereafter and not hours later. However, it's ideal to delay removing Tefillin until after the Berit if one knows in advance that a Brit will be taking place. Summary: On Rosh Hodesh, Tefillin are removed before Musaf. If a Berit Mila occurs after Musaf, one may re-wear Tefillin for the ceremony. No Beracha is recited, and they should be removed after the Berit ends.

Should Tefillin Be Worn During a Berit Mila—and Do All Attendees Share in the Misva? A Berit Mila is one of the holiest events in Jewish life, symbolizing the covenant between Hashem and Am Yisrael. Tefillin, too, are a sign of this covenant. So when a Berit Mila takes place during or after Shaharit, should one continue wearing Tefillin for the ceremony? And is the Misva of the Berit shared by all who are present? Are Tefillin and Berit Mila Connected? Yes. Both Tefillin and Berit Mila are called an "Ot"—a sign of the Jewish people's bond with Hashem: Berit Mila is the physical covenant, marked on the body. Tefillin are a daily reaffirmation of that covenant, worn on the body as a public declaration. The Zohar teaches that these "signs" complement each other, and the greater the combination of "Otot" present, the stronger the spiritual impact. Should One Keep Tefillin On During the Berit? Yes— ideally, a person should keep his Tefillin on during the entire Berit Mila ceremony , even if it takes place after Shaharit has ended. This applies even if the Berit occurs after Musaf on a weekday or Rosh Hodesh (more on that in the next Halacha). Keeping the Tefillin on during the Berit adds to the holiness of the moment. Many great Rabbis, including Hacham Ben Zion Abba Shaul, would be careful not to remove their Tefillin until the Berit was completed. Exception: If it is extremely late and the person must go to work or is in discomfort, he may remove them after Tefilla—but if possible, it is praiseworthy to wait. Does Every Attendee Share in the Misva? Absolutely. According to many Rishonim and Aharonim: The Misva is not only on the father and Mohel. All those present —men standing respectfully and celebrating the moment— are rewarded for participating in the Misva . Rav Hida writes that being present for a Berit Mila is like joining in a public Kiddush Hashem. Therefore, remaining in Tefillin and treating the Berit with reverence—even as a bystander—brings spiritual reward. Extra Care During the Ceremony Because the Tefillin are on during the Berit: One should avoid casual chatter. Try to stand respectfully and listen to the Berachot. If possible, recite verses of Torah quietly or say Tehillim until the ceremony concludes. Summary: Tefillin should remain on during a Berit Mila whenever possible—even after Shaharit. All those present share in the Misva—not just the father or Mohel. Wearing Tefillin during the ceremony enhances its holiness and connects the covenant of the body (Berit) with the covenant of the mind and heart (Tefillin).

When Is the Best Time to Wear Rabenu Tam Tefillin—And Can One Switch Between Them During the Hazara? Many Sepharadim follow the custom of wearing both Rashi and Rabenu Tam Tefillin each morning. While Rashi's Tefillin fulfill the primary obligation, Rabenu Tam's are worn as an added measure of piety—especially among those who follow the teachings of the Mekubalim . This practice raises several practical questions: When should one switch to Rabenu Tam? Can it be done during the Hazara or Kaddish? And what is the proper way to time and perform this change? What's the Ideal Time to Wear Rabenu Tam Tefillin? The most preferred time to switch to Rabenu Tam is after completing Shaharit entirely , including: Aleinu Any post-prayer supplications Removal of the Rashi Tefillin respectfully The Mekubalim —especially the Arizal —emphasized that Rabenu Tam should be worn after the formal structure of Shaharit , not in the middle. Can One Switch Tefillin During Hazara or Kaddish? Some mistakenly remove Rashi and put on Rabenu Tam during the Hazara (repetition of the Amidah) or Kaddish . This is not recommended : The Hazara is part of the structured Tefilla. It's forbidden to do actions that interrupt its sanctity—even silently switching Tefillin. The same applies to Kaddish or Kedusha —no switching should take place during these portions. Best practice: Wait until Shaharit is completely over, and only then switch Tefillin. Why Wear Rabenu Tam at All—And What Did Hacham Ovadia Say? While some authorities argue that one should only wear Rashi's Tefillin, Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that it is a beautiful minhag to also wear Rabenu Tam, especially for those who: Come from families with this tradition Follow the customs of the Arizal Have extra time after prayers That said, it should not be rushed or done publicly if it will cause embarrassment to others or look like showing off. The Ben Ish Hai emphasizes that if done privately and with humility , the reward is immense. How Long Should Rabenu Tam Be Worn? At minimum: Say Shema with Kavana Learn a few lines of Halacha or Torah Even reading one perek (chapter) of Tehillim fulfills the enhancement Torah learning while wearing Rabenu Tam Tefillin is essential— don't just wear them and remove them immediately . The learning gives them spiritual function and purpose. Summary: Rabenu Tam Tefillin should be worn after completing all of Shaharit . Do not switch Tefillin during the Hazara, Kaddish, or Kedusha. If worn, say Shema and learn a bit of Torah before removing them. The practice is commendable when done with humility and intention.

What Is the Proper Way to Remove Tefillin—And Should It Be Done Away from the Sefer Torah? Removing Tefillin may feel like a simple conclusion to prayer, but Halacha views it as a continuation of the Misva itself. The removal must be done with awareness, order, and reverence— preserving the dignity of the Tefillin until the very end. Which Tefillin Comes Off First? The Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 28:2) rules that the Tefillin Shel Rosh —the head Tefillin— should be removed before the Tefillin Shel Yad —the arm Tefillin. This is based on the principle of Ma'alin BaKodesh Ve'lo Moridin —" we ascend in holiness and do not descend." Since the Tefillin Shel Rosh is considered holier, it is kept on longer. Removing the holier one first would symbolically lower our spiritual standing, so we delay it respectfully. Handling the Tefillin with Respect When removing Tefillin, one should take special care not to treat them casually: Do not drop or fling the straps. Roll the straps neatly around the box, without tangles or knots. Do not place anything on top of the Tefillin boxes , even briefly. Avoid placing Tefillin on the floor or on a chair where people sit. Return them to their bag with care, and place the bag in a respectful location. The Tefillin remain sacred even after removal. As Hacham Ovadia Yosef notes, the Misva of Kavod (honor) for Tefillin applies not just when they're worn, but also when they are being handled and stored. Should One Remove Tefillin in Front of a Sefer Torah? Several Poskim , including Rav Hida and the Ben Ish Hai, stress that Tefillin should not be removed in direct view of an open Sefer Torah , especially during Keri'at HaTorah (Torah reading). Why? Tefillin represent an intense spiritual connection and a symbol of Hashem's Name. Removing them symbolizes a descent from that spiritual height. Doing so in front of the Sefer Torah—another symbol of the covenant—may appear as dishonor. Best practice: Wait until the Torah is returned to the Hechal or covered. If it must be done earlier, step to the side or turn away discreetly. If that's not possible, remove them with added care and seriousness, being mindful of their sanctity. What If Others Are Removing Early? One of the challenges people face is peer pressure. If everyone around is already removing Tefillin—whether out of habit or rushing to work—a person may feel uncomfortable being the only one still wearing them. However, Halacha does not change due to social behavior. A person should be guided by what is proper and respectful, not simply by what others are doing. It is better to be alone in doing what is right than to follow a crowd in treating a Misva lightly. Summary: Always remove the Tefillin Shel Rosh before the Shel Yad. Handle Tefillin respectfully: no dropping, flinging, or placing on unclean surfaces. Avoid removing them in direct view of an open Sefer Torah. Don't let social habits override halachic dignity. The end of the Misva should reflect the same reverence as its beginning.

Why Must Tefillin Stay On Until After Aleinu —And Can They Be Removed Early for Health or During Keri'at HaTorah ? The ideal practice is to wear Tefillin throughout the entire Shaharit service—from the beginning of the Berachot until after Aleinu . This wasn't just a stringency of the righteous—many authorities consider it a halachic preference, rooted in the structure of prayer and the meaning of Tefillin. Why Keep Tefillin On Until After Aleinu ? The Tefillin reflect our bond with Hashem—physically, spiritually, and publicly. The Mekubalim teach that each section of Tefilla corresponds to higher and higher spiritual worlds. Keeping the Tefillin on through Aleinu ensures the sanctity flows through the entire process of ascent. Removing them before Aleinu may disrupt the flow of the Misva . It also signals a "spiritual descent" before the Tefilla experience is complete. What If Someone Has Discomfort or a Medical Issue? Sometimes a person may want to remove the Tefillin earlier—after the Amidah, or even sooner—because of: Headaches Tightness from the straps Nausea or stomach weakness Skin sensitivity or pressure points In these cases: It is 100% permissible to remove the Tefillin early. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that the Misva of Tefillin must be done with joy and dignity , not with discomfort or pain. One should not push through physical suffering just to complete the ideal time frame . Should One Remove Tefillin Before or During Keri'at HaTorah ? Many people remove their Tefillin before the Torah reading on Mondays and Thursdays. But this is not ideal unless the synagogue has a strong custom. If possible: Keep Tefillin on through Keri'at HaTorah . The sanctity of the Tefillin matches the holiness of the Torah reading. One who receives an Aliyah should wear Tefillin while standing next to the Sefer Torah. However: If it feels uncomfortable or awkward (especially if the community expects Tefillin to be off), one may remove them just before the Aliyah. Ideally, step to the side or wait until the Sefer Torah is covered before removing them. Summary: Tefillin should remain on through the entire Tefilla and Aleinu . Removing early is allowed for valid health or comfort reasons. Tefillin should ideally stay on through Keri'at HaTorah unless there's strong reason or local custom to remove them.

Should One Learn Torah While Wearing Tefillin Before or After Tefilla—and Is It Better with Rashi or Rabenu Tam? Tefillin are more than just a morning ritual—they are a tool to elevate both prayer and Torah learning. The Halacha and Kabbala emphasize that their purpose is to bring holiness to the mind and heart, especially when used in the service of Torah. What Makes Learning Torah in Tefillin So Special? The Gemara teaches that the words of the Torah should be *"al lebecha"—*on your heart. The Mekubalim explain that Tefillin open a spiritual channel from the upper worlds, helping the mind focus and the soul absorb holiness during study. Learning Torah while wearing Tefillin connects the holiness of action (Tefillin) with the holiness of speech and thought (Torah). Rav Hida writes that even a short amount of Torah study with Tefillin brings great spiritual reward. After Tefilla: Don't Rush to Remove Them Ideally, one should remain in Tefillin for a few minutes after prayers and learn Torah. Even just five or ten minutes of Mishnayot, Halacha, or Tehillim makes a difference. The Ben Ish Hai says this is the deeper purpose of Tefillin—not just to wear them, but to use them while actively connecting with Torah. Before Tefilla: Can One Learn While Wearing Tefillin? Yes—if one arrives early to synagogue, it is praiseworthy to: Put on Tefillin Learn before Tefilla begins (especially before Baruch She'amar) However, learning should not delay the Minyan or disrupt the proper flow of Tefilla. If there's enough time before communal prayer begins, learning in Tefillin beforehand is a beautiful practice. What About Rabenu Tam Tefillin? Many Sepharadim have the custom to wear both Rashi and Rabenu Tam Tefillin . According to the Mekubalim, each pair connects to different spiritual channels. If one wears Rabenu Tam Tefillin after Shaharit, he should: Avoid removing them immediately Learn a bit of Torah—this connects them to their true purpose Even reading one chapter of Tehillim or reviewing a few Halachot counts Summary: Learning Torah while wearing Tefillin is the ideal fulfillment of the Misva. Do so after Tefilla if possible—even for a few minutes. Learning with both Rashi and Rabenu Tam Tefillin is highly recommended if one wears both. Before Tefilla, Torah learning in Tefillin is also encouraged if time allows.

Does Hearing a Beracha for Tefillin from Someone Else Count—And What If the Speaker or Listener Makes a Mistake? One of the foundational principles in Halacha is Shome'a Ke'Oneh —"the listener is as if he himself recited." This principle allows a person to fulfill a Beracha obligation by hearing someone else say the Beracha and answering "Amen," provided certain conditions are met. This rule applies not only to communal rituals like Kiddush, Havdala, or Megillah, but also to personal Misvot such as Tefillin . For example, if someone says the Beracha over Tefillin aloud with the intent to fulfill the obligation for another, the listener may rely on that Beracha and is exempt from saying his own— if all the proper conditions are met . The Halachic Conditions for Shome'a Ke'Oneh to Work According to Shulhan Aruch (O.H. 213:2), four conditions must be present for Shome'a Ke'Oneh to apply: The person saying the Beracha must have intent to fulfill the obligation for the listener. The listener must also have intent to be yotze through the speaker's Beracha. The listener must hear the entire Beracha clearly —from "Baruch Ata" through the conclusion. The listener should answer "Amen" immediately upon hearing the end of the Beracha. If all of these are fulfilled, the listener is considered to have personally recited the Beracha and can then proceed to perform the Misva—in this case, placing Tefillin— without saying his own Beracha . Applying This to Tefillin In many Sephardic yeshivot and minyanim, it is common for a father to recite the Beracha aloud while helping his son put on Tefillin for the first time. Or a Hazan may say the Beracha for several men in the room. So long as the speaker and listener have the mutual kavana (intent), and the listener hears the Beracha clearly and answers "Amen," this is fully valid. The Ben Ish Hai and Kaf Ha'Haim both encourage the use of this mechanism, especially for beginners or people who may struggle with pronunciation or correct Beracha wording. What If the Speaker Interrupts? Now we come to a practical concern. What happens if the person who said the Beracha speaks between the Beracha and putting on the Tefillin ? For example, if Reuven says "Baruch Ata… Lehani'ah Tefillin," and then says something unrelated before placing the Tefillin (e.g., "Where's my bag?" or "Let me adjust my jacket"), he has made a Hefsek (interruption), and according to Maran (O.H. 25:9), he is required to recite a new Beracha . But what about Shimon , who was listening and answered "Amen" with the intent to be yotze? This is debated among the Poskim: According to some, the listener's Beracha is still valid , because at the moment he heard it, the Beracha was said properly and with kavana. This is the ruling of Hacham Ovadia Yosef ( Yabia Omer and Halichot Olam ), who holds that the speaker's later mistake does not invalidate the listener's fulfillment . Others argue more strictly, saying the speaker's interruption disqualifies the entire process—including for the listener. However, this view is not followed in practice by the majority of Sephardic authorities. What If the Listener Interrupts? If the listener himself speaks after answering "Amen" and before placing his own Tefillin , the ruling is more severe. In this case, the listener has created a Hefsek between the Beracha and the act , and must now recite a new Beracha , specifically "Al Misvat Tefillin" before placing the Shel Rosh. This is a straightforward ruling in Shulhan Aruch and the Ben Ish Hai . The interruption breaks the connection between the Beracha and the Misva, even though the listener did not speak during the actual Beracha. However, if the speech was related to the Misva —such as "Pass me the Shel Rosh" or "Can you adjust the knot?"—this is not ideal but is not considered a full Hefsek , and a new Beracha is not required . What If There Was No Kavana? Shome'a Ke'Oneh only works when both parties have intent : If the speaker was not aware that someone was listening—or had no intent to fulfill their obligation—then the listener is not yotze . Similarly, if the listener was distracted, unsure, or did not intend to be yotze, the Beracha does not apply to him. The Hida and Kaf Ha'Haim emphasize this in many places, warning against relying on a public Beracha unless you're sure both parties are aware and participating with clear intent. In cases of doubt (e.g., someone is unsure if the speaker had him in mind), the principle of Safek Berachot Le'hakel applies: Do not repeat the Beracha unless you are certain that it is required. Summary: A person may fulfill the Beracha for Tefillin by listening to someone else , if both have intent and the listener answers "Amen." If the speaker interrupts after the Beracha, most Sephardic Poskim say the listener is still covered . If the listener interrupts before putting on the Tefillin, he must recite a new Beracha . Speech related to the Misva is discouraged but not a disqualifying Hefsek. Without mutual intent , the Beracha does not count . When in doubt, follow Safek Berachot Le'hakel —do not repeat the Beracha unless clearly necessary.

Should One Always Wrap the Tefillin Strap Eight Times, or Can It Be Skipped to Avoid Missing Kaddish or Kedusha? One of the beautiful customs in donning the Tefillin Shel Yad is to wrap the strap around the forearm eight times before proceeding to the Tefillin Shel Rosh. This is the widely accepted Sephardic custom , as taught by the Ben Ish Hai (Parashat Vayera, Halacha 11) and based on Kabbalistic sources . Each of the eight windings corresponds to a spiritual level or sefirah and reflects the binding of one's physical strength and actions to the service of Hashem. Though some Ashkenazim follow the custom of wrapping seven times , for Sephardim — particularly those who follow the teachings of the Mekubalim — eight wraps is the standard. This practice is not just symbolic; it is seen as an integral part of the proper fulfillment of the Misva. The Spiritual Meaning of the Eight Wraps The number eight signifies that which is above nature — transcending the seven-day cycle of creation. According to the Mekubalim, these eight coils spiritually bind the Tefillin Shel Yad to one's heart, representing full control over emotions and desires. It connects the physical arm to a higher spiritual purpose. The wraps are to be done after tightening the Shel Yad on the biceps , and the strap should go down the arm in smooth, evenly spaced coils. The eight wraps help secure the Tefillin in place while also fulfilling this deeper mystical layer. The Ben Ish Hai and Kaf Ha'Haim both warn against neglecting this practice, especially for those who follow Kabbalistic customs. This is the dominant opinion among Sephardic Poskim, including Maran Ha'Hida and Rav Ben Sion Abba Shaul . The Halachic Dilemma: Missing Kaddish or Kedusha A common scenario: A person begins wrapping the Tefillin Shel Yad and realizes the Hazan is about to begin Kaddish or Kedusha . If he performs all eight wraps, he may miss the opportunity to respond to "Yehe Shemeh Rabba" or "Kadosh, Kadosh, Kadosh." Can he shorten or delay the wraps? This situation creates a halachic and spiritual tension : Should one preserve the integrity of the Tefillin placement and do all eight wraps? Or should he interrupt or shorten the process to participate in a communal declaration of Hashem's greatness? The Kabbalistic View: Never Skip the Wraps The Mekubalim are clear: Do not skip the eight wraps , even if it means missing Kaddish or Kedusha. Rav Eliyahu Mani , one of the great Mekubalim of Hebron and a teacher of the Ben Ish Hai , ruled that these eight wraps are an inseparable part of the Misva . To skip them—even temporarily—compromises the spiritual completeness of the Tefillin. According to this view, Kaddish and Kedusha are important, but not at the expense of properly fulfilling a Torah-level obligation with its spiritual intentions intact. The Ben Ish Hai heavily relies on Rabbi Mani for rulings in matters of Kabbalah, making this a binding view for Sephardim who follow the Mekubalim. The Practical View: Skip Temporarily If Necessary Some Halachic authorities take a more practical approach , especially in situations where missing Kaddish or Kedusha would result in a spiritual or emotional loss. According to this view: One may put on the Shel Yad, do one or two wraps to hold it in place, Then place the Shel Rosh, And return to complete the remaining wraps afterward . This opinion appears in Mishna Berura (O.H. 25:16) and is cited by various contemporary Poskim who aim to accommodate modern prayer timing challenges. For Sephardim, however, this approach is only a last resort , and only when all of the following conditions are met: The Tefillin Shel Yad is securely in place , even with only partial wrapping. The person intends to return and complete the wraps immediately after Shel Rosh. The person is responding to Kaddish, Kedusha, or Barchu , not idle speech or distraction. Even then, some Mekubalim object to this entirely and say one should miss Kaddish rather than compromise the Misva's structure. Anticipating the Situation: The Best Option The best practice is to plan ahead : If you know Kaddish or Kedusha is about to begin, wait a few moments before starting the Tefillin process. If you're already mid-Tefillin, continue properly and listen quietly (without verbal response) if you must. Summary: Sephardic custom is to wrap the Tefillin strap eight times around the forearm, based on Kabbalistic sources. These wraps are spiritually and halachically significant , and should not be skipped , even to answer Kaddish or Kedusha. In urgent situations, one may wrap partially , place the Shel Rosh, and return to complete the wraps —but this is only under pressing circumstances and with intention to fix the order. Best practice: Anticipate upcoming parts of tefillah and plan Tefillin placement accordingly to avoid halachic compromise.

Can One Respond to Amen, Kaddish, or Kedusha While Putting on Tefillin—And What If He Already Did? One of the most common halachic dilemmas in the morning prayer is what to do when someone is putting on Tefillin and hears Kaddish , Kedusha , or a Beracha . Can he respond out loud? Should he listen silently? Or must he remain completely passive until finishing the Tefillin? This question centers on the concern of interrupting between the Tefillin Shel Yad and the Tefillin Shel Rosh . As discussed earlier, any Hefsek (interruption) between the two parts of the Misva may require repeating the Beracha . The situation becomes more complicated when the interruption is not mundane speech but a holy response , such as saying "Amen" or "Yehe Shemeh Rabba." The Strict View: No Interruptions, Even for Holy Words Maran in Shulhan Aruch (O.H. 25:9) rules that one may not speak at all between the Tefillin Shel Yad and Shel Rosh—even to respond "Amen" or to say "Kadosh, Kadosh, Kadosh." This is the view of the Rosh , cited in the Mordechi , who maintains that these responses still count as interruptions because the person has already started one Misva and must complete it without pause. Following this view, one should not respond to Kaddish or Kedusha between the two Tefillin. Even though these responses are important, the Misva of Tefillin is in progress and must not be interrupted. The Ben Ish Hai (Parashat Vayera, Halacha 8) agrees and writes that although it is painful to miss answering Kedusha, it is more important to complete the Tefillin properly. He explains that the person should simply pause silently , listen attentively, and intend to fulfill the Misva through listening ( Shome'a Ke'Oneh ). This ruling is widely accepted by Sephardic authorities , including Hacham Ovadia Yosef ( Yabia Omer vol. 1 and Halichot Olam ). A Middle Opinion: Listen Without Answering According to the middle-ground opinion, a person who hears Kaddish or Kedusha while wrapping Tefillin should stop what he's doing , listen silently, and fulfill the obligation through listening alone . This is based on the rule of Shome'a Ke'Oneh — "the listener is as one who recites." However, some Aharonim raise a concern: If listening is equivalent to speaking, then isn't that also an interruption? Not necessarily. The logic is that Shome'a Ke'Oneh does not require active speech , and therefore it does not violate the condition of silence between the Tefillin Shel Yad and Shel Rosh. This is the approach of the Magen Avraham and is mentioned by the Hida in Birkei Yosef . It is considered the ideal practice when caught in this situation: stop, listen quietly, and do not speak . Still, this only works if the person saying Kaddish or the Beracha has proper intent to fulfill others' obligation. If he's just reciting the words by rote and not thinking about others listening, Shome'a Ke'Oneh might not apply—especially for a Tefillah like Kaddish, where communal intent is crucial. Therefore, Maran Ha'Hida and later Hacham Ben Sion Abba Shaul note that if one is unsure whether the Hazan is a learned person with kavana, it's better not to stop to listen , and just continue putting on the Tefillin. The Lenient View: If You Answered, You're Still Covered What if someone did answer "Amen," "Yehe Shemeh Rabba," or another phrase during the Tefillin process? According to most Sephardic authorities, although one should not have answered, if he did, he does not repeat the Beracha . This follows the principle of Safek Berachot Le'hakel —when there is doubt about whether a Beracha must be repeated, we err on the side of caution and do not say Hashem's name again unnecessarily. This view is stated clearly by the Ben Ish Hai and Kaf Ha'Haim , and is upheld by Hacham Ovadia Yosef. Even though answering was improper, the holiness of the response and the minimal nature of the interruption make it insufficient to require a new Beracha. However, some Ashkenazic authorities (such as the Mishna Berura citing the Eliyahu Rabba ) are stricter. They hold that if one answered anything between the Tefillin Shel Yad and Shel Rosh, he must repeat the Beracha for the Shel Rosh. Sephardim do not follow this opinion . Best Practice: Anticipate and Avoid the Situation If a person sees that Kaddish or Kedusha is about to begin , and he hasn't started donning Tefillin yet, he should wait a moment and delay putting them on. It is better to fulfill both Misvot properly —answering Kaddish and wrapping Tefillin—than to get caught between them and risk an interruption. If he's already started wrapping the Shel Yad, he should proceed without interruption and miss answering Kaddish if necessary. Summary: Do not speak between the Tefillin Shel Yad and Shel Rosh—not even to answer Amen or Kaddish. If caught in the middle, stop silently and listen ( Shome'a Ke'Oneh )—but only if the Hazan has intent to fulfill others' obligation. If one did answer , most Sephardic Poskim say he should not repeat the Beracha , though it is discouraged. Best of all is to time your Tefillin placement so that you are not mid-wrap when Kaddish or Kedusha begins.

When Does Speaking Between the Arm and Head Tefillin Require Repeating the Beracha? A fundamental rule in Halacha is that one should not interrupt between related stages of a single Misva. With regard to Tefillin, once a person recites the Beracha of "Lehani'ah Tefillin" and places the Shel Yad , he must immediately proceed to place the Shel Rosh , without any interruptions in between. Any unnecessary pause—especially speech —is considered a Hefsek (interruption), and in certain cases, it invalidates the initial Beracha. This is the ruling of Maran in the Shulhan Aruch (O.H. 25:9), which states: "One should not speak between the donning of the Shel Yad and the Shel Rosh. If he did speak, he must recite another Beracha on the Shel Rosh." This ruling is rooted in the Gemara (Menahot 36a), which teaches that both Tefillin are part of one extended Misva. The Beracha on the Shel Yad is intended to cover both the arm and head Tefillin —provided no interruption occurs. Speaking, therefore, severs this connection and requires a new Beracha. What Type of Speech Counts as an Interruption? Not all speech is treated equally. Halacha distinguishes between: Speech unrelated to the Misva (e.g., "How are you today?" or "Did the Yankees win?") — This is considered a clear Hefsek. One must repeat the Beracha , saying "Al Misvat Tefillin" before placing the Shel Rosh. Speech related to the Misva (e.g., "Pass me my Tefillin Shel Rosh," or "I need to adjust the knot") — This is discouraged , but it is not considered a full interruption. A new Beracha is not required , though one should avoid such speech whenever possible. The Ben Ish Hai (Parashat Vayera, 7) writes strongly against any talking, even related to the Misva, and encourages placing both Tefillin with total focus and silence. Nonetheless, he rules that speech about the Tefillin does not invalidate the Beracha. The Mishna Berura (25:36) clarifies that even a brief word or short phrase—if not directly related to Tefillin—is sufficient to be called a Hefsek and require a new Beracha. What About Gestures, Movement, or Sounds? Actions such as gesturing, nodding, or pointing are not considered interruptions , since the mouth remains silent and the Beracha is not disconnected from the Misva. Similarly, clearing the throat or making an involuntary sound does not constitute a Hefsek. Even so, some opinions advise avoiding all forms of distraction—verbal or physical—between Shel Yad and Shel Rosh in order to maintain the full sanctity of the process. What If One Began Another Beracha by Mistake? Another case that often arises is when someone begins saying a Beracha by habit or mistake. For example, after placing the Shel Yad, he begins, "Baruch Ata…," thinking he needs to recite a Beracha before the Shel Rosh. If he says "Baruch Ata…" but stops before saying Hashem's Name , he should immediately stop and not complete the Beracha . This is not considered a Hefsek. If he says "Baruch Ata Hashem…" but realizes the mistake mid-sentence, he should conclude the phrase with "Lamdeni Hukecha" , a verse from Tehillim (119:12), which turns the phrase into a pasuk and avoids a Beracha Levatala. If he completes a full, unrelated Beracha—such as "Shehakol" or "Asher Yasar" —he has certainly interrupted and must repeat the Beracha for Tefillin . This case is discussed in the Ben Ish Hai and the Mishna Berura , and the solution of "Lamdeni Hukecha" is accepted by both Ashkenazim and Sephardim. Summary: No speech is allowed between Tefillin Shel Yad and Shel Rosh. If one speaks unrelated words , he must repeat the Beracha , saying "Al Misvat Tefillin" for the Shel Rosh. If the speech is related to the Misva , no new Beracha is needed, but it is still discouraged. Gestures or movements are not considered interruptions. If one starts a Beracha by mistake , he should either stop immediately or redirect it to a pasuk if Hashem's Name was already mentioned. Remaining silent between the two Tefillin ensures a smooth and spiritually complete fulfillment of this daily Misva.

Should One Place Tefillin While Sitting or Standing—And What If the Community Follows a Different Custom? The Sephardic custom, rooted in the rulings of Maran in the Shulhan Aruch (O.H. 25:5), is to don the Tefillin Shel Yad while sitting , and the Tefillin Shel Rosh while standing . This is not simply a question of posture but reflects a deeper understanding of the nature of each Tefillin and its associated Misva. The Tefillin Shel Yad is considered a private and personal obligation . It is hidden, placed on the weaker part of the body, and not seen by others during prayer. In contrast, the Tefillin Shel Rosh sits openly on the head, between the eyes, and represents a public declaration of our bond with Hashem. Because of its visibility and its connection to communal holiness, the Tefillin Shel Rosh is given more formality, which includes the standing position when placing it. The Ben Ish Hai (Parashat Vayera) emphasizes this distinction, explaining that the Shel Yad is associated with the heart , representing internal service of Hashem (Avodat HaLev), while the Shel Rosh is associated with the mind , representing Torah and public sanctity. Therefore, sitting for the Shel Yad reflects modesty and inwardness, while standing for the Shel Rosh expresses reverence and honor. What If One Is in an Ashkenazi Minyan That Stands for Both? In Ashkenazi practice, it is common to stand for both the Shel Yad and Shel Rosh. This can present a challenge for a Sephardi who finds himself in such a minyan. Should he follow his custom to sit for the Shel Yad, or should he stand to avoid standing out? Hacham Ovadia Yosef (in Yabia Omer , vol. 1, O.H. 4 and Halichot Olam ) rules clearly that one should not deviate from the Sephardic custom , even when praying in an Ashkenazi congregation. The halachic principle of "Al Titosh Torat Imecha"—do not abandon the tradition of your fathers—applies here. A person should not feel pressured to change his practice in order to "fit in," especially in a matter that has solid halachic and kabbalistic support. Moreover, this practice is not offensive to others. In most cases, no one pays much attention to who is standing or sitting during Tefillin. But even if someone notices, preserving one's mesora (halachic tradition) takes precedence over conforming for the sake of appearance. In the reverse case—an Ashkenazi praying in a Sephardic minyan—it is likewise appropriate for him to stand for both Tefillin, according to his custom. Kabbalistic Reasoning The Mekubalim, particularly the Hida and the Ben Ish Hai , stress the spiritual distinctions between the two Tefillin. According to the Zohar HaKadosh , the Tefillin Shel Yad corresponds to the sefirah of Gevurah and is internal, while the Tefillin Shel Rosh corresponds to the sefirah of Hokhmah and projects spiritual light outward. These ideas are only heightened when the Tefillin are placed with proper kavana (intent), posture, and awareness of their function. In short, sitting for the Shel Yad enhances the quality of its intent as a private covenant with Hashem. Summary: Sephardim should place the Tefillin Shel Yad while sitting , and the Tefillin Shel Rosh while standing. This custom follows Maran in Shulhan Aruch and is further supported by the Ben Ish Hai and Mekubalim. Even in an Ashkenazi minyan, Sephardim should not deviate from their custom. This posture reflects both halachic rulings and the inner meaning of each Tefillin.

Should One Leave the House Already Wearing Talet and Tefillin, and Is This Practically Required Today? The Zohar HaKadosh places profound spiritual significance on the act of leaving one's home in the morning already wearing Talet and Tefillin. This is not merely about preparation for prayer—it is a sacred moment that opens the door to unique spiritual protection and Divine pride. The Zohar describes that when a Jew exits his home dressed in Tefillin on the head and arm and Talet on his shoulders, four ministering angels accompany and protect him. These angels declare to all that this person is bearing the image of the King, and Hashem Himself makes an announcement in the upper worlds praising this individual. It is likened to a father publicly celebrating his child's achievements—Hashem says, "Look at My son!" ( Zohar Parashat Terumah , cited in Kaf HaHaim, Ben Ish Hai, and others). Despite the strength of these sources, the widespread practice today is that most people do not fulfill this halacha. Sephardic Poskim such as the Ben Ish Hai, Kaf HaHaim, and Hida all reinforce the Zohar's stance, yet even they acknowledge that the practice has fallen into neglect. Rabbi Eli Mansour notes that attempts to justify this neglect—such as concerns about passing filth or improperly dressed individuals—are not strong in most modern contexts. People often drive from their homes directly to shul in clean environments, especially in the early hours when streets are empty. So why don't people do it? Mostly, it's due to convenience and habit. Many keep their Tefillin in shul lockers and would need to bring them home daily to fulfill this practice. It requires a lifestyle change: bringing the Koracha home each day, preparing at home before leaving, and possibly returning it afterward. For those going straight to work from shul, that adds an extra logistical layer. Still, Rabbi Mansour encourages individuals to consider incorporating this practice even once in a while. Even partial observance of a mitzvah with such reward is spiritually worthwhile. What If It's Too Early to Wear Tefillin? One valid exemption arises when a person goes to shul before the earliest time to wear Tefillin (such as Alot HaShahar). According to Hacham Yaakov Hillel in VaYashov HaYam , and as explained by Rabbi Mansour, a person in this case is not obligated to wait at home until the proper time. Rather, it is better to go to the synagogue, learn Torah, and then put on Tefillin when the time arrives. There is no obligation to return home later just to fulfill this Zoharic custom. Rav Hillel adds that one who stays in the synagogue for tefillah and is among the first ten participants (the "Asarah Rishonim") is also fulfilling a great mitzvah that may even override the practice of leaving home with Tefillin. Some rabbis, like Hacham Yehuda Sadka, would go home and return, but this is not a practical expectation for most people and is viewed as an act of personal stringency rather than normative halacha. What Are Practical Ways to Fulfill This Today? For those who feel uncomfortable or find it difficult to wear Talet and Tefillin outside the home, halachic sources offer creative and doable solutions: Use a discreet setup : Wear a small pair of Tefillin and a Talet that can be worn like a scarf under a jacket. This fulfills the halacha without drawing attention. Keep a second Koracha at home : A small "to-go" set can make this easier and avoid the need to bring your full set back and forth daily. Rely on Talet Katan : According to the Beit Yosef and Spanish Mekubalim, if a person wears Talet Katan and then puts on Tefillin at home—even if not the full Talet Gadol—he may gain some of the spiritual benefit. Change Tefillin in Shul : The Ben Ish Hai permits one to wear a pair of Tefillin at home and then switch to another pair in shul, such as putting on Rashash or Rabbenu Tam after already fulfilling the Zohar's practice. Put on Tefillin in the shul side room : While not the ideal per the Zohar, poskim like the Mishna Berura and Aruch HaShulchan permit putting on Tefillin in a lobby or side room before entering the sanctuary, especially if needed to avoid embarrassment or external discomfort. Importantly, one must also apply judgment. The halacha does not encourage making a spectacle of oneself. If wearing Tefillin publicly might cause mockery or suspicion, it may be better not to do so. Even if one's intentions are noble, doing something that is widely misunderstood—like walking outside with Tefillin at 8 a.m.—may result in Chillul Hashem rather than Kiddush Hashem. Does This Apply on Shabbat? On Shabbat, Tefillin are not worn. The question arises: must one still leave the house wearing a Talet on Shabbat? The majority of poskim, including Kaf HaHaim and others, hold that this requirement does not apply on Shabbat. The Zohar's emphasis is on Tefillin. Since they are not worn on Shabbat, the associated practice of leaving the house dressed for tefillah is also not required. Therefore, one may go to synagogue in regular clothing and put on the Talet there without issue. However, the Ben Ish Hai writes that since most people wear Talet Katan on Shabbat anyway, the practice is partially fulfilled. According to his view, one who does not wear Talet Katan might consider putting on the Talet Gadol before leaving the house. Still, this is not a widespread custom and is not mandated. Summary: The practice of leaving one's house wearing Talet and Tefillin is highly praised by the Zohar and Sephardic Poskim and is said to bring angelic protection and Divine honor. While not widely followed today, there are few valid excuses to avoid it entirely in modern cities. Those who come to shul before the proper time for Tefillin are exempt and should not delay Torah learning to fulfill the Zoharic ideal. Still, one should strive to observe this practice occasionally using any of several halachically acceptable solutions. It does not apply on Shabbat. Overall, this is a beautiful opportunity for spiritual elevation—one that can be embraced incrementally and with wisdom.

A person must avoid the transgression of "Ma'avirin Al HaMisvot" —skipping over a Misva that is within reach. This Halacha affects how one packs their Talet and Tefillin in the Kora ḥ ah (prayer bag). The Problem If the Tefillin are packed on top of the Talet , when you unzip the bag, the first thing you touch is the Tefillin. According to Halacha, this obligates you to put them on first, even though the proper order is Talet then Tefillin. Maran's View Maran HaShulhan Arukh rules: If one touches the Tefillin first, he should put them on before the Talet. That's because once a Misva is in hand, you may not pass it over to do another first. Therefore, Maran implicitly advises that one should pack the Talet in a way that it is reached first —either on top of or side-by-side with the Tefillin, so it can be accessed without touching the Tefillin. Today's Practical Setup In modern prayer bags: Many people place their Tefillin in a separate case , and then put both the Talet bag and Tefillin case inside the Kora ḥ ah. If the Tefillin case is on top , it might seem like you're skipping over it when reaching for the Talet. However, many Poskim say that as long as you do not touch the Tefillin case , and can pull the Talet out from underneath or beside it, you're not violating Ma'avirin Al HaMisvot . Best Practice Place your Talet in front or on the side —the area your hand naturally reaches when unzipping the bag. Avoid stacking the Tefillin on top of the Talet unless the Tefillin are clearly in the back or separated in a way that you won't touch them first. If you do mistakenly remove the Tefillin first, don't place them back just to follow the Talet-first rule. According to Maran, this would be worse—once a Misva is "in your hand," putting it down is a disrespect. According to the Mekubalim The Ben Ish Hai insists Talet always be put on first— even if the Tefillin were touched first . So they would advise you to put the Tefillin aside and still wear the Talet first. As noted earlier, Rav Ben Sion Abba Shaul offered a solution: pause and break the flow (e.g., walk away or learn for a moment), then return and begin again by putting on the Talet first. Summary Pack your Talet and Tefillin so that the Talet is reached first —ideally at the front or side of your bag. Avoid touching the Tefillin before the Talet to prevent skipping over a Misva. If you touch the Tefillin first, Halacha says to wear it first; Kabbalah says to still put on the Talet first. Rav Ben Sion's solution: step away briefly to "reset" and then proceed with Talet first.

What Comes First: Talet or Tefillin? The widespread custom is to first don the Talet and then the Tefillin . But what is the reasoning behind this order, and is it required? Reasons to Wear Talet First Ma'alin BaKodesh – We ascend in levels of sanctity. Putting on the Talet first begins the process, and then we elevate ourselves further by donning the holier Tefillin. Zohar HaKadosh – The Zohar emphasizes that even though Tefillin are holier, one should wear the Talet first, to ascend in kedusha. The Talet wraps the outside of the body; the Tefillin are placed on the skin—closer, deeper, and more intimate in sanctity. The transition reflects a personal spiritual climb. Sedar HaMitzvot – The Talet is associated with the Misva of Sisit, which some sources say is equal to all the Misvot. Although Sisit is a "voluntary" Misva (dependent on wearing a four-cornered garment), it still carries enormous spiritual weight. Challenges to the Above Maran HaShulhan Arukh agrees with putting Talet first but also writes that if one happens to grab the Tefillin first, he should put on the Tefillin , due to the rule "Ein ma'avirin al haMisvot" – do not skip over a Misva that is already in front of you. HaRav Ovadia Yosef zt"l explains that touching the Tefillin first obligates you to put them on first. However, if one did not yet touch them, even if the Tefillin are on top of the Talet in the bag, he may still reach for the Talet and put it on first. Kabbalistic View The Ben Ish Hai and other Kabbalists disagree. They hold that Talet must always come first , even if the Tefillin are picked up first. In their view, spiritual order takes precedence over technicalities like which was touched first. Some recommend putting the Tefillin to the side temporarily and donning the Talet first anyway. Practical Solution Rav Ben Sion Abba Shaul zt"l suggests a clever workaround: if you picked up your Tefillin first, walk away for a few moments—this breaks the continuity of the act. Then return, pick up the Talet, and put it on first. This satisfies both opinions: you respected the idea of not skipping a Misva you already touched (by pausing), and you honored the order promoted by Kabbalah. Summary The custom is to wear Talet before Tefillin. If one touched the Tefillin first, Halacha says put them on first (Maran); Kabbalah says still put Talet first (Ben Ish Hai). Best practice: pack your bag so the Talet is accessible first. If you grabbed the Tefillin first, pause, step away, and then return to follow the proper order.

Does the Misva of Tefillin Apply Outside of Eres Yisrael? Some verses in the Torah link the obligation of Tefillin to the entry into Eres Yisrael, such as: "Vehaya ki yebi'acha Hashem el Eres haKena'ani" — "And it shall be when Hashem brings you into the land of the Canaanite…" This wording led some to question whether Tefillin is required only in the land of Israel. However, this assumption is incorrect . The obligation of Tefillin applies equally outside Eres Yisrael. Three Proofs That Tefillin Applies in the Diaspora Parashat Va'etchanan – The Torah states that even in exile, when Hashem drives Benei Yisrael from the land, they are still commanded to observe the Misvot, including Tefillin: "Veshamarta le'ot al yadecha…" follows immediately after the verses about exile. Juxtaposition to Pidyon Peter Hamor – Tefillin is mentioned near the Misva of redeeming a firstborn donkey, a commandment known to apply outside of Israel. This parallel suggests that Tefillin, too, applies everywhere. Association with Torah Study – The verse "Lema'an tihyeh Torat Hashem beficha" links Tefillin to Torah learning. Since Torah applies globally, Tefillin does as well. While the Torah references entering the land when discussing Tefillin, this is not to limit the Misva to Eres Yisrael. Rather, it highlights the ideal setting for fulfilling the Misva—"in the King's palace," as some say—but not its exclusive domain. Even though the Torah sometimes speaks about performing Misvot when entering the land , it does not mean they are limited to Eres Yisrael. Instead, it highlights that Eres Yisrael is the ideal place to do Misvot — like fulfilling them in the King's palace. Summary The Misva of Tefillin applies equally inside and outside of Eres Yisrael. Proofs from Scripture show that even in exile, Jews are obligated in Tefillin. The reference to the land in the Torah merely underscores the ideal environment for Misvot—not a geographic limitation.

The Torah mentions the Misva of Tefillin eight times , and Rambam rules that one who regularly neglects this Misva violates all eight mentions. This makes Tefillin one of the most serious daily obligations. A natural question arises: What if a person cannot afford Tefillin? Is he required to beg or sell his belongings to fulfill the Misva? Is There a Financial Obligation to Purchase Tefillin at All Costs? Surprisingly, Halacha does not require a person to beg, knock on doors, or sell his clothing in order to buy Tefillin. This contrasts sharply with other Misvot: For Shabbat candles , Halacha states one should sell the shirt off his back. For the four cups of wine on Pesa ḥ , one must do the same. Why, then, is Tefillin different? The A ḥ aronim address this inconsistency. Some suggest the distinction lies in the preparation of the Misva versus its fulfillment . When it comes to creating or purchasing Tefillin, one is not required to go to extreme measures . But when it comes to fulfilling the Misva—actually wearing Tefillin—a person must make great efforts , even if not to the level of begging or selling his shirt. Borrowing Tefillin When One Cannot Buy Them Although one is not obligated to beg or sell belongings, Halacha still expects a person to do everything reasonably possible to fulfill the Misva, including: Borrowing Tefillin from a friend Asking family or community members to help buy him a pair However, borrowing Tefillin is not always a simple solution : Proper fit matters , especially for the head Tefillin (Shel Rosh). If the fit is incorrect, one may not fulfill the Misva properly . Right-handed and left-handed Tefillin are different . Borrowed Tefillin might be unusable if the sides don't match. The knots often require adjustment , and people are either unable or too lazy to adjust and then return them properly. This can result in a misplacement or a Beracha Levatala (a blessing in vain). Due to these complications, many rabbis—especially the Mishnah Berura , Ḥ acham Ovadia Yosef , and Rav Moshe Feinstein —strongly encourage even poor individuals to ask for help or borrow properly rather than excuse themselves from the Misva. The Bait Ḥ adash further warns against those who habitually rely on borrowed Tefillin. He criticizes those who wouldn't borrow a toothbrush or shoes , yet treat Tefillin as communal property. This attitude reflects a lack of personal responsibility for one of the Torah's most central obligations. Summary Tefillin is a daily Misva of great seriousness , mentioned eight times in the Torah. One is not required to beg or sell basic clothing to fulfill it—but should do everything else possible . This includes borrowing Tefillin or asking others to help purchase a pair. Long-term reliance on borrowed Tefillin is discouraged due to concerns of improper fit, invalid usage, and lack of commitment. Each Jew should ultimately own his own Tefillin and treat them as essential—just as he would his clothing or daily necessities.

Tefillin is one of the 613 Misvot of the Torah and among the most iconic symbols of Judaism. It is referenced four separate times in the Torah and is described not with the term "Tefillin," but with the word "Totafot." Each of the four passages is written on the parchments inside the Tefillin, establishing both the arm (Shel Yad) and head (Shel Rosh) Tefillin as distinct Misvot. According to the Rambam, Tefillin Shel Yad and Tefillin Shel Rosh are counted as two separate commandments—Misvot 12 and 13 in his enumeration. This implies that if one cannot wear one of them (e.g., due to a physical limitation), he should still fulfill the other, as each stands independently. However, the Ramban disagrees and views them as parts of a single Misva. The Torah repeats the Misva of Tefillin multiple times, yet the Rambam teaches that repetition does not necessarily indicate separate commandments. Rather, the repetition underscores the importance of the Misva. In fact, one who neglects to wear Tefillin transgresses eight positive commandments —four from Shel Yad and four from Shel Rosh. What Does " Totafot " Mean? The term " Totafot " has numerous interpretations: The Gemara Menahot (34b) explains that "Tot" means "two" in the Katpi language, and " Fot " means "two" in African dialect— totalling four, referencing the four compartments of Tefillin Shel Rosh. Menahem ben Saruq interprets " Totafot " from the root " Hatof " (to speak), reflecting that Tefillin inspires us to speak of Hashem's teachings. Ramban says Totafot is an ornament, a kind of crown or glorious item worn on the head, based on Midrashim and biblical parallels. Hezkuni interprets it as something gazed upon, meant to visually remind the wearer of Hashem's miracles. Kabbalistic sources say Tefillin is a form of "Ot" (sign), symbolizing the covenant between the Jewish people and Hashem. The word "Tefillin" itself derives from "Peli"—to distinguish or to separate—or from " Tefila " (prayer), since Tefillin is primarily worn during prayer. Some suggest it comes from the root "Patil" (binding), as in the Torah's description of Naftali. Philosophical Purpose of Tefillin The Sefer HaHinuch (Misva 421) writes that humans are physical beings drawn to material pleasures. The soul is the counterforce, urging one to rise spiritually. Tefillin serves as a daily spiritual armor , empowering the soul to prevail in its ongoing struggle with the body. The Tefillin Shel Yad is worn near the heart, the seat of emotion and desire, while the Tefillin Shel Rosh rests above the brain, the seat of thought—reinforcing control over both. Tefillin is part of the "triple protection system" described in the Gemara—Tefillin, Sisit , and Mezuzah. A person surrounded by these reminders is far less likely to sin . The Rambam adds that donning Tefillin causes a person to behave with humility, awe, and discipline, shielding him from improper thoughts. Tefillin as a Sign Three Misvot are described in the Torah as an "Ot" (sign) : Tefillin, Shabbat, and Berit Milah. A Jew must always be accompanied by at least two signs testifying to his faith. During the week, Tefillin and Milah serve this role. On Shabbat and Yom Tob, when Tefillin is not worn, Shabbat and Milah function as the two signs. This explains the prohibition of wearing Tefillin on Shabbat—doing so would imply that Shabbat is not a sufficient "sign" on its own. Protection, Reward, and Spiritual Energy Wearing Tefillin not only fulfills a critical Misva but is associated with long life, Divine protection, spiritual clarity , and even atonement . Rabbi Shimon teaches that Tefillin atones for the sin of arrogance and, according to some Midrashim, even for more serious transgressions. The Zohar states that Tefillin draws Divine light around the wearer's head. The famed Baba Sali is said to have sensed when his Tefillin were invalid because he didn't feel this spiritual energy. In fact, studies have been cited showing subtle energy field changes when valid Tefillin are worn. The Gemara in Berachot teaches that those who wake early, clean their bodies, don Tefillin, and pray are considered as if they built an altar and brought a sacrifice. The Midrash Tanhuma says that one who desires to study Torah day and night but is preoccupied with work can still attain that merit through wearing Tefillin. The Spiritual Danger of Neglect The Gemara states that one who never wore Tefillin is categorized as a " Poshe'a B'gufo " —a sinner with his body—one of the most serious categories. Such a person does not merit resurrection and is punished severely in Gehinnam . Some authorities rule that even a person who only occasionally neglects Tefillin is included in this category, especially if done out of contempt or laziness. This explains why many Sephardi communities adopted the custom of donning Tefillin at Minha on Ereb Yom Kippur —to ensure that even the least observant Jews fulfill the Misva at least once annually. Tefillin and the Five Senses Tefillin affects not only the spiritual self but also the five senses : Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth are all situated in the head, thus corresponding to the four compartments of the Tefillin Shel Rosh. Touch corresponds to the Tefillin Shel Yad, placed on the arm and wrapped around the hand. This design serves as a daily reminder to guard our senses and align our behavior with holiness. Summary Tefillin is not just a ritual—it is a powerful spiritual and physical shield . The Torah refers to it repeatedly, highlighting its great value. Tefillin connects the mind and heart to Hashem, serves as a visible testimony to one's Jewish identity, brings protection and humility, and provides spiritual credit equivalent to the study of Torah. One who neglects it—especially willfully—risks significant spiritual consequences. Conversely, one who wears it properly fulfills multiple Misvot and draws down abundant blessing. As we begin our study of the practical Halachot of Tefillin, we now understand why this Misva is treated with such reverence and importance.

The Mishna Berura (Rav Yisrael Meir Kagan of Radin, 1839-1933), in Siman 4, writes (citing the Seder Olam) that upon awakening in the morning, one should not touch his garments before washing Netilat Yadayim. One should immediately proceed to Netilat Yadayim after waking, before taking off his pajamas or getting his shirt, pants, or other garments. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995), in Isheh Yisrael (1:23), writes that an exception may be made regarding the Kippa. Many people wear their Kippa when they go to bed, and indeed the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) writes that this is a proper practice. Of course, by the time one wakes up his Kippa is no longer on his head, and Rav Shlomo Zalman noted that the prevalent custom is to allow putting one's Kippa on his head before Netilat Yadayim in the morning. The Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, Poland, 1635-1682) in any event wrote that from the Gemara it appears that one may touch his clothing before washing hands, and so although we generally do not follow this view, when it comes to the Kippa we may rely on the Magen Abraham and put it one before washing.

Maran writes in Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 4) that one must ensure not to touch a vat of beer in the morning before washing Netilat Yadayim, as doing so could cause one to lose the beer. The Mishna Berura (Rav Yisrael Meir Kagan, 1839-1933) explains that since there is Tum'a (impurity) on one's hands when he wakes up in the morning, touching food can cause it to become Tameh, which can have detrimental effects. One must therefore avoid touching food before washing his hands in the morning. The Halachic authorities write that if one did touch food before washing his hands in the morning, he should put it under water three times, and then it may be eaten. This applies even to vegetables that one normally peels, like cucumbers. Despite the fact that one touched only the peel, which in any event will be removed, the vegetable must be rinsed three times before it is eaten. Some writers raised the question of why this method of eliminating Tum'a does not work in the case of garlic that was left without its peel overnight. The garlic in this case should not be eaten, as it contracts Tum'a overnight, and the Poskim do not offer the solution of rinsing the garlic the three times. The work Arsot Haim explains that one cannot compare different forms of Tum'a and evil spirits. A method that is effective for eliminating one kind of Tum'a is not necessarily effective with regard to a different kind, and thus although a food that has been touched before Netilat Yadayim may be rinsed and eaten, this solution cannot be used in the case of garlic that had been left overnight without its peel. The Mishna Berura writes that one should also refrain from smelling tobacco snuff before washing Netilat Yadayim in the morning, for two reasons: 1) he causes the snuff to become Tameh by touching it; 2) smelling snuff involves touching the nostril, and it is forbidden to touch the openings of one's body before washing Netilat Yadayim. Summary: One should ensure not to touch any food or drink before washing his hands in the morning. If he did touch food before washing his hands, he should wash it three times and it may then be eaten.

The day immediately following Pesach, Shavuot or Sukkot is referred to as "Isru Chag" and is observed as a quasi-festival. Some people make a point of wearing their Shabbat clothing and conducting a special festive meal on Isru Chag. Rabbi Chayim Palachi (Turkey, 1788-1868), in his work Mo'ed Le'kol Chai (8:43), writes that Isru Chag Shavuot is a particularly significant day, more so than Isru Chag Pesach and Sukkot, and must therefore be observed with special festivity. He goes so far as to assert that Isru Chag Shavuot is of such importance that in principle it should warrant "Issur Melacha" – a prohibition against work similar to Shabbat and Yom Tov. In practice, of course, Halacha permits Melacha on Isru Chag Shavuot, but it nevertheless should be observed as a festive day, even more so than Isru Chag of the other festivals. There is a debate among the authorities as to when we resume the recitation of Tachanun during Sivan. We of course omit Tachanun on the first of Sivan, in honor of Rosh Chodesh, as well as on the second day of Sivan, which is when God declared that we will become "a kingdom of Kohanim and a sacred nation" (Shemot 19:6). The next three days – the third, fourth and fifth of Sivan – are known as the "Yemei Hagbala," the days of preparation for the giving of the Torah, a festive period in which we omit Tachanun. We do not recite Tachanun on Shavuot – the sixth and seventh of Sivan – or on Isru Chag Shavuot, the eighth of Sivan. During the times of the Mikdash, those who were unable to bring their sacrifices on the day of Shavuot itself – which in Israel is celebrated only on the sixth of Sivan - were allowed to do so during the six days following Shavuot, through the twelfth of Sivan. In commemoration, we omit Tachanun during this period, as well. According to some authorities, however, since in the Diaspora Shavuot is observed on both the sixth and seventh of Sivan, we begin the six-day period on the eighth of Sivan, rather than the seventh, and thus Tachanun is omitted on the thirteenth, as well. For the Syrian Jewish community, this debate bears no practice relevance, as Syrian Jews in any event observe the thirteenth of Sivan as a quasi-festival to celebrate the "Musan" miracle when the Jews of Halab were saved from a planned pogrom. Syrian communities therefore omit Tachanun on the thirteenth of Sivan regardless of the aforementioned debate. Many other communities, however, have the practice to resume the recitation of Tachanun on the thirteenth of Sivan. Later in this chapter in Mo'ed Le'kol Chai (Halacha 48), Rav Chayim Palachi writes that on the fifteenth of Sivan, it is proper for the Chazan to read aloud after the morning service Yaakov's blessing to Yehuda (Bereishit 49:8-12) and Parashat Ve'zot Ha'beracha. Reading these sections on this day, he writes, has the capacity to hasten the arrival of the final redemption. Summary: Isru Chag Shavuot (the day following Shavuot) must be observed as a festive day, even more so that the day following other festivals. Tachanun is omitted from Rosh Chodesh Sivan through the twelfth or thirteenth of Sivan, depending on communal custom. It is proper on the fifteenth of Sivan for the Chazan to read after the morning prayer Yaakov's blessing to Yehuda and Parashat Ve'zot Ha'beracha.