Daily Halacha Podcast - Daily Halacha By Rabbi Eli J. Mansour

There is an ancient custom to add to the morning Pesukeh De'zimra service the recitation of "Az Yashir," the jubilant song of praise which Beneh Yisrael sung after the miracle of the splitting of the sea. We begin the recitation two verses earlier, with "Va'yosha Hashem…" (Shemot 14:30). This practice appears already in the Siddur of Ram Amram Gaon (Babylonia, 9 th century), though the Rambam does not include this recitation in his text of the prayer service. Regardless, it has been accepted to recite "Az Yashir," and the Arizal and others revealed the great spiritual benefits of this practice. Some suggested that the daily recitation of "Az Yashir" is included in the song's introductory verse, which tells that Beneh Yisrael sang this song "Le'mor" – literally, "to say." This alludes to the fact that this song was written to be sung not only at the shores of Yam Suf, but also for all generations, each day, and even in the times of Mashiah, when we will continue to sing this song to praise Hashem for the miracles He has performed. So significant is the daily recitation of "Az Yashir" that the Midrash Shoher Tob teaches that one who sings this song with Kavana (concentration) is cleansed from his sins. This is inferred from the Torah's account of Moshe leading Beneh Yisrael away from the shores of the sea after they sung this song – "Va'yasa Moshe Et Yisrael Mi'Yam Suf" (Shemot 15:22), which the Midrash explains to mean that the people were brought away from their sins at the sea. Before the miracle, when Beneh Yisrael found themselves trapped by the Egyptian army, they complained bitterly to G-d. Their joyous singing of "Az Yashir" had the effect of atoning for their inappropriately angry protests. By extension, anyone who reenacts our ancestors' jubilant singing of "Az Yashir" is likewise absolved of his wrongdoing. The work Solet Belula instructs that one should sing "Az Yashir" with the Te'amim – the cantillation notes with which this section is chanted when it is read from the Torah in the synagogue. Indeed, the custom in our Syrian community is that the Hazan chants "Az Yashir" with the Te'amim. On the two occasions when the section of "Az Yashir" is included in the congregational Torah reading – namely, Shabbat Parashat Beshalah (Shabbat Shira) and on Shebi'i Shel Pesach – it is customary for the congregation to chant "Az Yashir" all together during Pesukeh De'zimra, with the Te'amim. Several sources teach that whenever a person finds himself in a challenging situation, where he faces a difficult problem, he should read "Az Yashir" with Kavana. This recitation can help "split the sea" for him, bringing him the salvation he needs just as G-d split the sea for our ancestors to rescue them from the pursuing Egyptians. One should recite "Az Yashir" with genuine feelings of joy. We evoke these feelings by taking a moment to reflect on the miracles that G-d performed for our ancestors and the miracles He performs for us even today, protecting us from harm, providing our needs, and helping us achieve what we set out to do. Some Poskim maintained that the joyous "Az Yashir" song should not be recited in a house of mourning. The widespread practice, however, is to recite it even in a house of mourning. Some have the custom to stand during the recitation of "Az Yashir," but our custom is to recite it while seated.

Although technically Pesukeh De'zimra ends after the verses of "Baruch Hashem Le'olam Amen Ve'amen," at which point we should, in principle, proceed to Yishtabah – the concluding blessing of Pesukeh De'zimra – it is customary to add Va'yebarech David as well as Shirat Ha'yam. This is an ancient practice, instituted around one thousand years ago. The section of Va'yebarech David consists of verses from the Book of Dibreh Ha'yamim I (29:10-13) and a series of verses from the Book of Nehemya (9:5-11). The section of Shirat Ha'yam, of course, is the song sung by Beneh Yisrael after crossing the sea (Shemot, chapter 15), preceded by two introductory verses ("Va'yosha Hashem…"). The Sha'ar Ha'kavanot writes that one should stand while reciting the first 40 words of Va'yebarech David, meaning, through the words "Ata Hu Hashem Ha'Elokim." He adds that the first letters of these final five words – Alef, Heh, Yod and Heh – spell the Name of Hashem ("E-heyeh") associated with "Keter," the highest of the Sefirot (emanations). As standing during the recitation of these forty words is only customary, and not a strict requirement, one who finds it difficult to stand may certainly sit. While reciting the words "Ve'ata Moshel Ba'kol" in Va'yebarech David, one should give some money to charity. Specifically, one gives three coins – he should first give two coins together, and then a third coin by itself. This practice was taught by the Arizal, but there are indications that its origins date back even earlier. One indication is a testimony that the Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, 1520-1572) followed this custom of giving charity during Va'yebarech David in his synagogue in Cracow, and the Rama did not have access to the Arizal's teachings. By giving charity during Pesukeh De'zimra, before praying the Amida, one fulfills the custom of Rabbi Elazar, mentioned by the Gemara (Baba Batra 10a), to give charity before praying. The commentaries explain that this should be done so that the charity acts as an advocate on the individual's behalf, helping to ensure the acceptance of his prayers. It has been noted that if Rabbi Elazar, a righteous sage, felt that he needed an advocate, then certainly we, who are on a much lower level, should avail ourselves of such an advocate by giving charity before praying. Some had the custom to give charity each morning twice – when they first entered the synagogue, and then a second time while reciting the words "Ve'ata Moshel Ba'kol." This custom is brought by the Kaf Ha'haim (Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939), who tells the story of a person who consistently followed this practice, but one day failed to do so. That night, he dreamt that he was harshly chastised for deviating from this practice. Interestingly enough, Rav Ben Sion Mussafi brings a tradition among Iraqi Jews that whenever the Kaf Ha'haim tells a story about somebody without naming him, this story is actually about himself. We may thus conclude that the Kaf Ha'haim personally observed this custom to give charity when entering the synagogue and then a second time during the recitation of "Ve'ata Moshel Ba'kol." In any event, the consensus among the Poskim is that it suffices to give charity only once, during the recitation of "Ve'ata Moshel Ba'kol," because, as mentioned, the purpose is to give charity before one presents his requests in the Amida prayer. One should preferably give charity not only at Shaharit, but also before Minha and Arbit. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) taught that the act of giving charity is associated with the divine Name of Havaya (which is spelled Yod, Heh, Vav and Heh). The small coin resembles Yod – the smallest letter in the alphabet – and the giver holds it in his hand, with his five fingers, alluding to the letter Heh, which in Gematria equals 5. When he extends his arm, he forms the letter Vav, which is long and straight, and the coin is then received in the poor individual's hand, which represents the second Heh in the Name. The Ben Ish Hai adds that if a poor person is not present, and one is setting aside the money for charity, then he should place the coin with his right hand into a pouch in his left hand. In his work Od Yosef Hai (Parashat Vayigash), the Ben Ish Hai writes that there were Sadikim who fulfilled this custom even on Shabbat. Before Shabbat, they would prepare two envelopes – one with two coins, and another with one coin, and place them in a designated location. Then, on Shabbat, while reciting "Ve'ata Moshel Ba'kol," they would think of those envelopes, allocating them for charity. They would then give these coins to the poor after Shabbat. Even one who did not designate these envelopes before Shabbat can fulfill this practice on Shabbat by pledging in his mind during the recitation of "Ve'ata Moshel Ba'kol" to donate three coins to Sedaka after Shabbat. The Kaf Ha'haim writes that if a person has a bill, and he cannot exchange it for coins, then he should hold it and have in mind to donate the value of two coins within this bill for charity, and then the value of one coin. After several days, when he has donated the full amount of the bill, he should give the bill to charity. If one wishes to give charity from the bill before Minha and Arbit, when speaking is permissible, he should make this pledge verbally.

The heart of the Pesukeh De'zimra section consists of the final five chapters of Tehillim, each of which begin and end with the word "Halleluy-ah." While all five of these chapters are significant, the third and fifth chapters (Psalm 148 & Psalm 150) – "Halleluy-ah Halelu Et Hashem" and "Halleluy-ah Halelu Kel Be'kodsho" – are the most important. Therefore, if a person arrives late, and is unable to recite all five chapters, he should try to recite at least these two. We present here a number of insights into these chapters in order for us to get a glimpse of the unlimited depth and countless layers of meaning underlying the words. In the first of these chapters, we proclaim, "Ahalela Hashem Be'hayai, Azamera L'Elokai Be'odi" – "I shall praise G-d in my lifetime; I shall sing to my G-d while I still exist." The word "Be'hayai" ("in my lifetime") has been understood to mean when we are still healthy and functioning. As long as we are physically capable of speaking and giving praise to the Almighty, we are obliged to do so. Rav Chaim Brim (Jerusalem, 1922-2002) noted the implication of this verse that one of the most important things in life, one of our most central obligations, is to give praise to Hashem. Among the purposes of our existence here in this world is to recognize Hashem's goodness, to express our gratitude, and to sing His praises. If a person would be asked what he would do if, after his passing, he could be resurrected for five minutes, his response should be that he would use this time to praise Hashem. This concept is emphasized further in the next chapter, which begins, "Halleluy-ah Ki Tob Zamera L'Elokenu" – we should praise Hashem because "it is good to sing to our G-d." One of the greatest privileges we have is the opportunity to praise Hashem each and every day. The fourth of these five chapters exclaims, "Shiru L'Hashem Shir Hadash" – "Sing a new song to G-d." This verse uses the masculine term for song – "Shir" – as opposed to the feminine form – "Shira." The difference between the masculine and feminine form is that the feminine form implies succession, that there will be other songs, just as a woman produces children, whereas the masculine form refers to a song that does not produce more songs. The masculine term "Shir" is used in this Psalm because it speaks of the final song, the song that we will sing at the time of Mashiah's arrival. Indeed, the end of this chapter talks about G-d taking revenge from Israel's enemies – "La'asot Nekama Ba'goyim" – as it refers to the final redemption, when our enemies will be vanquished. The final of these chapters, "Halleluy-ah Halelu Kel Be'kodsho" – concludes with the verse, "Kol Ha'neshama Tehalel Y-ah Halleluy-ah" – "Every soul shall praise G-d, Halleluy-ah" – and it is customary to recite this concluding verse twice. One of the reasons given is that by repeating this verse, we end up recite the verb "Hallelu"/"Tehalel" twelve times, an allusion to the custom to recite Hallel on Rosh Hodesh, at the beginning of each of the twelve months of the year. The Arizal taught that the first letters of the words "Kol Ha'neshama Tehalel" – Kaf, Heh and Tav – spell a Name of Hashem associated with protection from danger. Having this intention while reciting these words can help protect a person from harm. It is likewise recommended to recite these words with this intention anytime one fears some sort of danger. The Arizal noted that this also helps protect pregnant women from miscarriage. Rav David Abudarham (Spain, 14 th century) writes that the Pesukeh De'zimra service is constructed in a manner that corresponds to the "Asara Ma'amarot" – the ten pronouncements through which G-d brought the world into existence. Pesukeh De'zimra begins with the blessing of Baruch She'amar, which corresponds to the first pronouncement. It is followed by Mizmor Le'toda – which parallels the second pronouncement, that of "Va'yehi Or" ("There shall be light"), and so on. The chapter of "Halleluy-ah Halelu Kel Be'kodsho" corresponds to the final pronouncement, the creation of Adam, and thus concludes, "Every soul shall praise G-d," emphasizing the point that the human being is the only one among the world's creatures capable of giving praise to G-d. After completing these five chapters of Tehillim, we recite four verses: "Baruch Hashem Le'olam Amen Ve'amen" (Tehillim 89:53); "Baruch Hashem Mi'sion, Shochen Yerushalayim…" (Tehillim 135:21); "Baruch Hashem Elokim Oseh Niflaot Le'bado U'baruch Shem Kebodo Le'olam…" (72:18-19). The first of these verses marks the conclusion of the third of the five books of Tehillim, and the fourth and fifth verses mark the conclusion of the second book. We thus recite these verses as a fitting conclusion to our recitation of Tehillim in Pesukeh De'zimra. Additionally, the first verse has five words, corresponding to the congregation's five-word response to Barechu – "Baruch Hashem Ha'meborach Le'olam Va'ed." The second verse consists of six words, alluding to the six words of the verse "Shema Yisrael Hashem Elokenu Hashem Ehad." Finally, the third and fourth verses contain a total of 19 words, paralleling the 19 blessings of the Amida prayer. The first and final verses conclude with "Amen Ve'amen." The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) explains that the word "Amen" is repeated to affirm the eternal truth of our praise of Hashem, both in this world and the next. One should not add other chapters of Tehillim or other verses in Pesukeh De'zimra. For example, if somebody completed Pesukeh De'zimra before the Hazan, he should not add recitations while he waits for the Hazan to finish. Neither should a person repeat any of the text of Pesukeh De'zimra. Even if one realized that he had recited Pesukeh De'zimra without Kavana (concentration), he should not repeat it. (The exception is the verse "Pote'ah Et Yadecha U'masbi'a…" which should be repeated if it was recited without Kavana, as we discussed in a previous installment.)

The section of Ashreh, which we recite three times each day, contains the famous verse, "Pote'ah Et Yadecha U'masbi'a Le'chol Hai Rason" – "You open Your hands and willfully satiate every living creature" (Tehillim 145:16). This verse is especially significant, and, in fact, it is one of the reasons why we are to recite this chapter of Tehillim three times each day (Berachot 4b). It must therefore be recited with concentration, and it behooves us to properly understand its meaning. While the verse's meaning is generally straightforward, the final word – "Rason" – requires explanation. This word means "will," that which a person wishes for. What exactly did King David mean when he said that Hashem satiates all living beings "Rason"? One explanation is that Hashem does not just give us a livelihood – but He does so willfully, lovingly. Just as a parent loves giving to his or her children, and wants to give them as much as possible, Hashem similarly loves us and wants very much to give us a livelihood. It is his pleasure, so-to-speak, to sustain us. Others explain "Rason" as referring to our will, the will of the beneficiaries of Hashem's kindness. He fills our needs and grants us what we wish for. There is also another possible interpretation of the word "Rason" in this verse. Very often, financial success results from a person's likeability, his finding favor in other people's eyes. He earns other people's respect and fondness, and it is because of this that they buy his product or solicit his services. It is not always the product itself which attracts buyers; sometimes it's the seller's character and demeanor. The phrase "U'masbi'a Le'chol Hai Rason" thus might refer to G-d's providing a livelihood by granting a person "Rason" – a certain charm and likeability. Hashem often helps a person succeed by giving him this quality whereby he attracts customers and his products or services are eagerly sought after. The scholars of Kabbalah have unearthed numerous additional layers of interpretations underlying this verse. The Kaf Ha'haim (Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939) writes that the vast majority of people should not try to have deep kabbalistic intentions while praying, and should instead ensure to concentrate on the plain, straightforward meaning of the words. Seeking to pray with these deep intentions could lead one to overlook the plain meaning, and the Kaf Ha'haim warns that this could be harmful to the person's Tefila. Nevertheless, there are two relatively straightforward kabbalistic allusions in this verse which are worthwhile for even us to learn and have in mind while reciting it. The first letters of the words "Pote'ah Et Yadecha" – Peh, Alef, Yod – spell a Name of Hashem that is associated with His providing us with Parnasa. Another Name is formed by the final letters of these words – Het, Tav, Chaf. It is recommended, when possible, to have these Names in mind while reciting this verse in the Tefila. If one recites this verse in Ashreh and then realizes that he recited it without Kavana (concentration), then he must repeat it. This is the ruling of the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909). If the person realized his mistake before he completed Ashreh, then he simply returns to the verse of "Pote'ah Et Yadecha" and continues from there. If he did not realize his mistake until he began the next chapter of Tehillim ("Hallelu-ya Haleli Nafshi"), then he should complete that chapter and then recite "Pote'ah Et Yadecha…" before beginning the following chapter ("Hallelu-ya Ki Tob Zamra"). Meaning, the verse should be inserted in between the subsequent chapters, and not in the middle of a chapter. If a person realized his mistake only later, after Pesukeh De'zimra, then he should ensure to have Kavana when reciting this verse in Ashreh before U'ba Le'sion. And if he failed to have Kavana also at that point, then he should try again while reciting Ashreh at Minha. Some Poskim maintained that one who did not recite this verse with Kavana and realized his mistake only later should repeat it after the Amida, but Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that it suffices to ensure to recite it with Kavana in Ashreh before U'ba Le'sion. The Ben Ish Hai and the Hesed La'alafim (Rav Eliezer Papo, 1785-1828) write that when one needs to repeat this verse, he should begin two verses earlier, from "Somech Hashem Le'chol Ha'nofelim." From the Shulhan Aruch and other Poskim, however, it appears that it suffices to recite just "Pote'ah Et Yadecha…" This is the view of Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in Yalkut Yosef. Nevertheless, if time allows, it is recommended to begin from "Somech Hashem Le'chol Ha'nofelim." Some noted the distinction drawn by Halacha between one who recites "Pote'ah Et Yadecha" without Kavana, and one who recites the first blessing of the Amida without Kavana. While one of course must endeavor to concentrate throughout the entire Amida, one must minimally have Kavana while reciting the first Beracha. Nevertheless, the Halacha is that if one did not have Kavana during the first blessing, he does not repeat the Amida, because of the likelihood that he will not concentrate the second time, either. When it comes to "Pote'ah Et Yadecha," however, as we have discussed, one who recited this verse without Kavana is required to repeat it. Two explanations are given for this distinction. First, quite simply, it is far easier to concentrate while reciting a single verse, and so there is little reason to think that one who did not have Kavana while reciting this verse during Ashreh will not have Kavana when he repeats it. Additionally, Halacha is always more careful when it comes to the recitation of Berachot, given the prohibition against reciting a Beracha in vain. Therefore, a person who did not have Kavana during the first Beracha of the Amida is told not to repeat the Amida due to the concern that he will not concentrate the second time, and the blessings of the Amida will then have been recited in vain. When reciting a verse from Tehillim, however, there is no such concern, and thus the person should repeat the verse despite the possibility that he will not concentrate. It is customary to open one's hands when reciting this verse, which speaks of Hashem opening His hands to give us our livelihood. This is done to symbolize our preparedness to receive the blessing that G-d bestows. Of course, we do not need to actually open our hands to receive the Beracha, but we nevertheless perform this action as a visual expression of our desire to receive Hashem's blessings. The Ben Ish Hai writes that one should open his hands horizontally, side to side, without lifting them up in the air. Some stand for the recitation of "Pote'ah Et Yadecha," but this is not our practice. Summary: One must have Kavana (concentration) when reciting the verse "Pote'ah Et Yadecha…" in Ashreh during the prayer service. If one realized during Ashreh that he had recited this verse without Kavana, then he must go back to recite it with Kavana, and then proceed from there. If he remembers after Ashreh, then he should add this verse in between chapters of Pesukeh De'zimra. According to some opinions, if the person did not realize his mistake until after Pesukeh De'zimra, then he should repeat the verse after the Amida. Others maintain that he should just ensure to have Kavana during Ashreh before U'ba Le'sion. If one needs to repeat this verse, it is preferable to begin two verses earlier, from "Somech Hashem Le'chol Ha'nofelim." It is customary to open one's hands while reciting "Pote'ah Et Yadecha." They should be opened only horizontally, side to side, and not lifted in the air.

After completing the paragraph of Yehi Chebod, one should proceed immediately to the recitation of Ashreh. Ashreh consists of the 145 th chapter of Tehillim – "Tehila Le'David" – which is introduced by two other verses from Tehillim: "Ashreh Yosheveh Betecha…" (84:5) and "Ashreh Ha'am She'kacha Lo…" (144:15). While one must of course avoid interruptions at any point during Pesukeh De'zimra, the Kabbalists taught that one must be especially careful not to make any interruption between the end of Yehi Chebod and the beginning of Ashreh. In fact, the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) ruled that if one hears Kaddish right when he concludes Yehi Chebod, then he should respond to Kaddish but then repeat the final three verses of Yehi Chebod so he can connect the end of Yehi Chebod with Ashreh without any interruption. Alternatively, if one hears during his recitation of Yehi Chebod that Kaddish will soon be recited, he should pause in the middle of Yehi Chebod so he can respond to Kaddish then, and not at the end of Yehi Chebod. Hacham Ovadia Yosef disagreed, and maintained that responding to Kaddish does not constitute a Hefsek (interruption). In his view, then, if one hears Kaddish between Yehi Chebod and Ashreh, he responds to Kaddish and then proceeds to Ashreh as usual. Summary: It is critically important to proceed to Ashreh immediately after concluding the recitation of Yehi Chebod. According to some opinions, if one hears Kaddish between Yehi Chebod and Ashreh, then although he should respond to Kaddish, he should repeat the final three verses of Yehi Chebod before beginning Ashreh. Others disagree and maintain that the person in this case simply proceeds to Ashreh as usual.

Each morning, immediately after Baruch She'amar, we recite the 100 th chapter of Tehillim – Mizmor Le'toda, the Psalm that was sung during the offering of the Korban Toda (thanksgiving sacrifice) in the Bet Ha'mikdash. Several explanations have been given for why this chapter was incorporated into our daily prayer service. One reason is that we recite this chapter to express gratitude for the creation of light which we enjoy anew each morning. The Kab Ha'yashar (Rav Tzvi Hersh Kaidanover, d. 1712) explains that we thank Hashem for the daily miracles He performs for us without us even knowing. We are all aware of many things that Hashem does to help and protect us, but there are also countless occasions when we are helped in ways we know nothing about. We'll never know about the germs in the air that we do not inhale, or the looming threats that were neutralized before affecting us. We therefore recite Mizmor Le'toda each morning to acknowledge that our debt of gratitude to the Almighty is far greater than what we can imagine. Another reason is that this chapter contains the famous verse, "Ibdu Et Hashem Be'simha," urging us to serve Hashem joyfully. This chapter is meant to put us in a state of genuine Simha (joy) as we begin to recite Pesukeh De'zimra. What's important is not just what we say, but how we say it. If we speak Hashem's praises feeling unhappy, then we are not properly fulfilling our obligation. And so we recite "Ibdu Et Hashem Be'simha" right at the outset of Pesukeh De'zimra to put ourselves in the proper frame of mind for this section of praise. Yet another reason for reciting Mizmor Le'toda is that this recitation serves as our own Korban Toda. In the times of the Bet Ha'mikdash, a person would bring this sacrifice after being saved from a perilous situation – specifically, after being rescued from captivity, after recovering from a serious illness, after a sea voyage, or after traversing a desert. We all experience these situations in various forms, and thus in the absence of the Bet Ha'mikdash, when we are unable to offer this sacrifice, we instead recite Mizmor Le'toda, the chapter which was sung during this offering. For this reason, some Kabbalists maintained that one should stand while reciting Mizmor Le'toda, just as one would stand during the offering of his sacrifice. We, however, follow the practice taught by the Arizal to recite Mizmor Le'toda sitting. We are not actually reenacting the offering of the Korban Toda – as evidenced by the fact that we recite it even on days when this sacrifice could not be brought, such as on Pesach (since this sacrifice included leavened bread). This recitation merely commemorates the sacrifice, and so we do not need to stand. The Shulhan Aruch writes that Mizmor Le'toda should be sung in a pleasant melody. This is not commonly done, and Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv (Jerusalem, 1910-2012) is said to have left unanswered the question of why this is the case. Others suggested different theories to justify the widespread practice not to sing this chapter. Rav Haim Kanievsky (1928-2022) said that the Shulhan Aruch perhaps meant not that this chapter should actually be sung, but rather that it should be recited slowly. Others explain that it should be recited with joy, but not necessarily in a melody. The Hesed La'alafim (Rav Eliezer Papo, 1785-1828) writes that we do not know the correct tune to sing, and so we recite this chapter instead of singing it. These reasons were suggested in defense of the custom not to sing Mizmor Le'toda, but it seems clear that if one can, it is preferable to sing this chapter. Rashi, commenting to the opening verse of Parashat Hayeh-Sara, tells us that "Bat Kuf Ke'bat Chaf" – Sara at the age of 100 was no different from the way she was at age 20. Some have explained this remark as an allusion to two very different chapters of Tehillim that we include in our morning prayer service: Mizmor Le'toda – the 100 th chapter, and La'menase'ah Mizmor Le'David Ya'ancha Hashem – the 20 th chapter. Mizmor Le'toda, as discussed, is a song of thanksgiving, whereas La'menase'ah is a desperate plea for help during times of distress. Rashi's comment alludes to us that Sara Imenu treated "chapter 100" no different than "chapter 20" – meaning, she thanked Hashem for all the goodness He bestowed upon her no less than she begged for help during times of hardship. As important as it is to always turn to Hashem for His assistance and to fill our needs, it is no less important to say "Mizmor Le'toda," to thank Him from the bottom of our hearts for His kindness toward us and all the wonderful blessings in our lives.

One may answer "Amen" to a Beracha that he hears while reciting Pesukeh De'zimra in the morning. Thus, for example, if one finished reciting Baruch She'amar – the introductory blessing to Pesukeh De'zimra – and then hears the Hazzan conclude Baruch She'amar ("Baruch Ata Hashem Melech Mehulal Be'tishbahot"), he answers "Amen." For that matter, if one hears the person next to him conclude Baruch She'amar after he had finished the blessing, then he answers "Amen." This applies to any Beracha, such as if a person hears someone who had arrived late reciting the Beracha over the Tallit of Tefillin. However, a number of Poskim (including the Ben Ish Hai and Hesed La'alafim) maintain that one may not answer "Amen" to a Beracha after he concluded Baruch She'amar unless he had proceeded to Mizmor Le'toda, the first chapter recited after Baruch She'amar. After all, Baruch She'amar is, as mentioned, the introductory blessing to Pesukeh De'zimra. Seemingly, then, just as one may not make any interruption after reciting a blessing over food before eating some of the food, one must likewise proceed immediately to Pesukeh De'zimra after reciting Baruch She'amar, without any interruption. Hacham Ovadia Yosef disagrees with this position, and maintains that one may answer "Amen" to a Beracha he hears after Baruch She'amar even before he began reciting Mizmor Le'toda. He concedes, however, that one should certainly try not to pause between the end of Baruch She'amar and Mizmor Le'toda so that no such interruption will be necessary. If one recites Baruch She'amar together with the Hazzan, and he concludes the blessing with the Hazzan, then he does answer "Amen" to the Hazzan's blessing, as this would give the appearance of answering "Amen" to his own Beracha, which is not permitted. This is true generally, as well – whenever one hears somebody finish a Beracha just as he finishes a Beracha, he does not answer "Amen," so as not to give the impression that he answers "Amen" to his own blessing. It is worth emphasizing in this context that Halacha forbids speaking after the recitation of Baruch She'amar, through the end of the Amida. Actually, as speaking is forbidden between the Amida and "Ana" and "Le'David," one may not talk at all until the end of those prayers. For matters involving a Misva, one may speak after Yishtabah, before beginning the Beracha of "Yoser Or." But general conversation is strictly forbidden from Baruch She'amar until after "Ana" and "Le'David." Certainly, this is a difficult Halacha for many to observe. We are a social community, and socializing and friendly conversation is undoubtedly something that we strongly encourage. In fact, for many, seeing friends is a motivation to come to the synagogue, and there is nothing wrong with that. Nevertheless, our primary reason for coming must be to pray properly, to spend time focusing on our relationship with Hashem through Tefilla. We must therefore delay our conversations until after the prayer service, and give the Tefilla and attention and respect that it deserves and that Halacha requires. Summary: One may not speak from Baruch She'amar through the end of "Ana Le'David" after the Amida. If one hears a Beracha while he recites Pesukeh De'zimra, he may answer "Amen." If one recites Baruch She'amar with the Hazzan, and ends the blessing at the same time as the Hazzan, then he does not answer "Amen." If, however, he completed Baruch She'amar before the Hazzan, then he answers "Amen." This applies even if he had yet to begin Mizmor Le'toda, but preferably one should recite Mizmor Le'toda immediately after completing Baruch She'amar, without any pause.

In some editions of the Siddur, several words are added to the text of Baruch She'amar on Shabbat. However, these additions are incorrect. The text of Baruch She'amar – which, according to tradition, was revealed to the Ansheh Kenesset Ha'gedola (Men of the Great Assembly) on a piece of paper that fell from the heavens – contains precisely 87 words, and this is the exact text that we should recite. There are some editions of the Siddur in which additions for Shabbat appear before Baruch She'amar. One may recite these additions, though he should ensure to have in mind that they are not said as part of Baruch She'amar, but rather comprise a separate text. The custom is to stand during the recitation of Baruch She'amar. However, since standing is required only by force of custom, and not as a strict Halachic obligation, one who is ill or otherwise frail may sit. Our custom is to hold the front two Sisit of the Tallit in our hand during the recitation of Baruch She'amar. This is based on a Kabbalistic teaching mentioned in the Sha'ar Ha'kavanot (a work based on the teachings of Rav Haim Vital, 1542-1620), according to which there is a deep connection between Baruch She'amar and Sisit. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) adds that one should kiss the Sisit upon concluding Baruch She'amar, as an expression of love and affection for the Misva of Sisit. In the phrase "Ha'mehulal Be'feh Amo," there are some who say "Be'fi" instead of "Be'feh." However, this is incorrect. The proper text is "Be'feh." Significantly, the word "Be'feh" in Gematria equals 87 – the number of words in Baruch She'amar. The correct pronunciation of the final word of Baruch She'amar is "Ba'tishbahot," and not "Ba'tushbahot." One who arrives in the synagogue late, and skips Pesukeh De'zimra in order to recite the Amida together with the congregation, does not recite Baruch She'amar afterward. This Beracha is to be recited only before the Amida. (This applies also to Yishtabah, the concluding Beracha of Pesukeh De'zimra.) The first four words of Baruch She'amar are "Baruch She'amar Ve'haya Ha'olam," the first letters of which (Bet, Shin, Vav, Heh) spell the word "Be'shaveh" – "equal." This has been understood as alluding that reciting Baruch She'amar properly earns us rewards equal to the rewards granted to the angels for serving G-d. Moreover, these four words express praise to Hashem for bringing the world into existence – and so reciting this blessing properly helps us tap into G-d's creative powers. So often, we need Hashem to bring us a salvation, to "create" a solution for us. People frequently approach me asking how they can earn something that they so desperately need. One thing we can do is to recite Baruch She'amar properly, slowly, from the Siddur, and with concentration, thinking about how Hashem created the world from sheer nothingness, and in this merit we will, please G-d, be worthy of Him "creating" the solutions that we all need in our lives.

Baruch She'amar – the blessing with which we introduce the Pesukeh De'zimra section of the morning prayer service – begins with a series of phrases that open with the word "Baruch," praising G-d for various qualities. First, we praise Him for pronouncing that the world should come into existence ("Baruch She'amar Ve'haya Ha'olam"). Later, we praise Him for His compassion on the world's inhabitants ("Baruch Merahem Al Ha'beriyot"). There is, however, one phrase in this series which requires some explanation: "Baruch Gozer U'mekayem" – "Blessed is He who decrees and fulfills [the decrees]." It seems that we praise Hashem for carrying out His decrees – even when He issues harsh decrees against someone. We must ask why we give praise to Hashem for this quality. Should we rejoice over G-d's carrying out decrees of punishment? One explanation is that the word "Mekayem" in this phrase refers not to the fulfillment of the decrees, but rather to G-d's sustaining the individual. We give praise to Hashem for the fact that even when He issues a harsh decree against somebody, and brings upon him some sort of hardship or crisis, He is "Mekayem" – He holds the person by the hand, helping him get through this difficult ordeal. Whenever Hashem presents a person with a challenge, He equips him with the strength to overcome the challenge, to past the test that he now faces. We are assured that no matter what we are dealing with, Hashem is "Mekayem" – He is helping us get through it. We thus praise Hashem for mercifully helping people even when they are deserving of hardship, by holding their hand and giving them the strength, fortitude and capabilities they need to persevere.

It is customary to add on every Yom Tob a special chapter of Tehillim associated with that Yom Tob. The chapter is recited immediately after the recitation of "Yosheb Be'seter Elyon," which is one of the chapters of Tehillim added before Baruch She'amar on Shabbat and Yom Tob. This custom is mentioned by the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909), in Parashat Vayigash, though he notes that the custom among the Kabbalists in Yeshivat Bet-El in Jerusalem was not to add this recitation on Yom Tob. It is reported that many Kabbalists omitted this recitation because the Arizal did not instruct adding a special chapter of Tehillim on Yom Tob. In any event, the accepted custom today is to add this chapter every Yom Tob. There were some communities who recited the chapter in Tehillim (19) "La'menase'ah Mizmor Le'David" before Baruch She'amar on Hol Ha'mo'ed. This was the custom in Yeshivat Bet-El, though the Ben Ish Hai did not follow this practice in Baghdad. The accepted custom is not to add this chapter on Hol Ha'mo'ed. Some Poskim recommend to add this chapter privately on Hol Ha'mo'ed after reciting "La'menase'ah Bi'neginot" before Baruch She'amar, but this is not our community's custom.

Every weekday, following the recitation of "Hashem Melech…" and the verses of "Hoshi'enu," we recite the 67 th chapter of Tehillim – "La'menase'ah Bi'neginot Mizmor Shir." The Rabbis taught of the great value and importance of reciting this chapter from a text in which it is arranged in the shape of a Menorah. Our sources tell us that if one ensures to recite "La'menase'ah" in the shape of a Menorah just before sunrise in the morning, he will suffer no harm, and will be considered to have kindled the lights of the Menorah in the Bet Ha'mikdash. The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) writes that Hashem showed this chapter to King David on a piece of gold, arranged in the shape of the Menorah, and that this was shown also to Moshe Rabbenu. David wore this piece of gold as shield, and it protected him from his enemies during battle. When one recites "La'menase'ah" from a Siddur, he should hold the Siddur in front of him, and not place it on the table, because the Menorah must be upright during the recitation. For the same reason, one should not turn the Siddur sideways to read the text. One who does not have the text of "La'menase'ah" written in the shape of a Menorah, but knows the text by heart, should imagine the arrangement of the Menorah in his mind as he recites the words. Some have the practice of acquiring a Kelaf (piece of parchment) with the Menorah arrangement of this chapter, and reciting it each morning from this piece of parchment. This is a good practice, but Hacham Ovadia Yosef was of the opinion that Sephardic Sofrim (scribes) should not prepare such a Kelaf. Therefore, one who wishes to follow this custom should purchase the Kelaf from an Ashkenazic Sofer.

The proclamation "Hashem Melech, Hashem Malach, Hashem Yimloch Le'olam Va'ed," which we make each morning before Baruch She'amar, should be made while standing. On weekdays, "Hashem Melech" is recited just before Baruch She'amar, and so one remains standing until after Baruch She'amar. On Shabbat and holidays, however, when other chapters of Tehillim are recited in between "Hashem Melech" and Baruch She'amar, one must remain standing until he completes the verse recited right after "Hashem Melech" – "Ve'haya Hashem La'Melech…U'Shmo Ehad." The next paragraph – "Hoshi'enu" – may be recited sitting. If one has already prayed Shaharit, and, while learning Torah in the synagogue, he hears the congregation recite "Hashem Melech," then he must stand. Preferably, he should also join them in the recitation. If, however, one hears an individual reciting "Hashem Melech," not with a Minyan, he has no obligation to stand. If a person is praying with a Minyan, and he is still reciting Hodu when the congregation reaches "Hashem Melech," then he should stand but not join the congregation in reciting "Hashem Melech." The Arizal taught that the sequence of the prayer service is vitally important, and so following the proper order takes precedence over the value of joining the congregation in reciting "Hashem Melech." Disrupting the sequence of the Tefila could adversely affect its impact, and so one should not recite "Hashem Melech" early, while he has yet to complete Hodu or the earlier parts of the service. This is the ruling of the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) and the Kaf Ha'haim (Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939). This is in contrast to the view of the Peri Hadash (Rav Hizkiya Da Silva, 1659-1698), who felt that since we do not pray with all the deep intentions of the Arizal, the sequence of the prayers is not as critical, and thus one should interrupt an earlier part of the service for the sake of joining the recitation of "Hashem Melech." The Ben Ish Hai countered that we should follow the Arizal's practices despite not having all his deep Kavanot (intentions), and so the sequence must be maintained. It is worth noting that if Halacha discourages disrupting the Tefila with the recitation of a different part of the service, then certainly, and many times more so, it forbids interruptions such as reading text messages, checking notifications, and doing other things with one's device. Throughout the entire prayer service, we should try to remain as singularly focused on our Tefila as possible, and make a point of avoiding all distractions. "Hashem Melech" is recited also during the Selihot prayers, and the Ben Ish Hai writes that the aforementioned Halachot apply also when one hears the congregation recite "Hashem Melech" during Selihot, and he is required to stand. Standing during "Hashem Melech" is the accepted custom, but not a strict Halachic requirement. Therefore, an elderly or infirm individual, who finds it difficult to stand, may remain seated for the recitation of "Hashem Melech." The Ben Ish Hai writes that standing is not required during the traditional recitation of "Hashem Melech" during the Hakafot on Simhat Torah. This custom is a relatively new development, and may thus be treated more leniently, such that standing is not required. Hacham Ovadia Yosef raises the question of how the Ben Ish Hai could write this, as standing is strictly required during Hakafot for an entirely different reason – because the Torah scrolls are being carried. Irrespective of the recitation of "Hashem Melech," standing is required in the synagogue when the Sefer Torah is being carried, which is of course happening during Hakafot. Some answer this question by suggesting that the Ben Ish Hai accepted the novel ruling of Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) permitting one to sit during Hakafot. Rav Shlomo Zalman asserted that during Hakafot, the Torah scrolls are considered to be in their place, as they are meant to be danced with at this time. Standing for the Sefer Torah is required only when it is removed from its place, and therefore one may sit during Hakafot, when the Torah scrolls are, in a sense, in their place. For this reason, perhaps, the Ben Ish Hai permitted sitting while reciting "Hashem Melech" during the Hakafot. It is unlikely, however, that the Ben Ish Hai followed this novel position, and in fact, it is not accepted as Halacha. The story is told of Hacham Ezra Attieh (1885-1970), Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Porat Yosef, who, as an older man, felt weary during Hakafot on Simhat Torah, and so he left the room to sit down somewhere else. This is the generally accepted Halacha – that even those who feel weak or weary during Hakafot should leave the synagogue to sit. (It should be noted, however, that Hacham Ovadia permitted sitting when the Torah scrolls are stationary in the few moments between Hakafot.) It is more likely, then, that the Ben Ish Hai referred to the practice observed in many congregations to place the Torah scrolls on the Teba after dancing and recite the hymns, including "Hashem Melech," and he therefore wrote that sitting is permissible during that time. Summary: One must stand for the recitation of "Hashem Melech" during Shaharit. If one had already prayed, and, while learning in the synagogue, he hears the congregation recite "Hashem Melech," he should stand and join their recitation. If one is reciting a different part of the prayer service, such as Hodu, then he should rise but not interrupt to recite "Hashem Melech." This applies also to the recitation of "Hashem Melech" during Selihot. Standing is not required, however, for the recitation of "Hashem Melech" during Hakafot if the Torah scrolls are on the Teba and not being carried at that time. The elderly, infirm and others who find it difficult to stand may remain seated for the recitation of "Hashem Melech," even during Shaharit and Selihot.

Each morning before Baruch She'amar, the congregation stands and the Hazan declares, "Hashem Melech, Hashem Malach, Hashem Yimloch Le'olam Va'ed" – "Hashem is King, Hashem was King, Hashem will be King for all eternity." The congregation then repeats this proclamation after the Hazan. Our custom is to make this proclamation twice. There is an opinion that a Minyan is required for pronouncing "Hashem Melech," but the accepted view is that this may be said even without a Minyan, and so if ten men have yet to arrive by this point, "Hashem Melech" may nevertheless be recited. Some communities have the practice that a child leads the congregation in reciting "Hashem Melech." It would seem, however, that it is more proper to choose someone who is at least Bar-Misva age to lead this proclamation. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) brings a custom to lift one's feet when reciting "Hashem Melech," like we do when reciting "Kadosh, Kadosh, Kadosh." This symbolizes the "elevation" that we experience through this recitation, as we make our way toward the higher realms until we reach the highest level in the heavens so we can recite the Amida directly in Hashem's presence. One who follows this custom must ensure to do so in a discreet, unassuming manner, and not in a way that draws attention to himself. The Arizal (Rav Yishak Luria, Safed, 1534-1572) taught that the pronouncement of "Hashem Melech" is associated with our quest to neutralize the 280 "Kelipot," or negative energies, that threaten us. These 280 forces are alluded to in the names of the five letters of the Hebrew alphabet that are changed when they appear at the end of a word: Mem, Nun, Sadi, Peh, Kaf (represented by the acrostic "Mansapach"). The combined numerical value of these letters is 280. When we succeed in "subjugating" these 280 forces, the Arizal taught, Mashiah will come. In the proclamation of "Hashem Melech," the words "Melech" and "Malach" both have the Gematria of 90, and the word "Yimloch" equals 100 – for a total of 280, thus alluding to the "Kelipot." The Name of "Havaya" is mentioned three times in this proclamation ("Hashem Melech, Hashem Malach, Hashem Yimloch"), and in Gematria it equals 26, for a total of 78 (26 * 3). Adding this to 280, we arrive at a total of 358 – the Gematria of "Mashiah" (40+300+10+8). This daily proclamation, then, is a crucial part of our effort to overcome the harmful spiritual forces in the world so that we will become worthy of the arrival of Mashiah.

The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) writes that the section of Hodu should be recited in the morning immediately following the Korbanot section, which discusses the sacrifices offered each day in the Bet Ha'mikdash. King David established the reading of Hodu during the offering of the daily Tamid sacrifice, and so, in commemoration, we should recite Hodu immediately after we speak of this sacrifice. Furthermore, the Ben Ish Hai writes, the declaration of "Hashem Melech, Hashem Malach, Hashem Yimloch Le'olam Va'ed" should be made soon after the recitation of Hodu. Therefore, if somebody recited the sections of Korbanot and Hodu at home, and then comes to the synagogue, he should repeat Hodu so he can juxtapose this recitation to the pronouncement of "Hashem Melech…" Our custom is to recite Hodu before Baruch She'amar, but the custom among many Ashkenazim is to recite Baruch She'amar first, before Hodu. This sequence is indeed found in a number of ancient Ashkenazic texts of the Siddur. The Maharam Shick (Hungary, 1807-1879) went so far as to say that one who recites Hodu before Baruch She'amar does not fulfill the obligation of Pesukeh De'zimra. He explained that the verses of Hodu express praise for Hashem, which is the function of Pesukeh De'zimra, and so they must be included within the framework of Pesukeh De'zimra, which begins with Baruch She'amar. Later Rabbis disputed this strict position, noting that the Arizal taught that Hodu should be recited before Baruch She'amar. Moreover, even the Ashkenazim recite the chapter of "Aromimcha Hashem Ki Dilitani" before Baruch She'amar, even though that chapter, like Hodu, expresses praise to Hashem. And, several Rishonim wrote explicitly that one should proceed directly from Baruch She'amar to the series of "Haleluya" chapters of Tehillim, such that Hodu must be recited beforehand. Of course, every community should follow the custom that they've received from their forebears. The Arizal taught that every community has its own "gate" through which its prayers ascend to the heavens, and so each community should strictly adhere to its customs. Significantly, however, Hacham Ovadia Yosef cites the Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) as stating that prayers that follow the Sephardic custom ascend through all the "gates," and thus an Ashkenazi who wishes to adopt the Sephardic prayer customs may do so. This is evidenced by none other than the Arizal himself, who was an Ashkenazi but decided to adopt the customs of prayer followed by the Sepharadim. Similarly, Rav Natan Adler (Germany, 1741-1800) brought a Rabbi from Turkey to teach him the Sephardic tradition of prayer because he wanted to adopt those customs. Therefore, Hacham Ovadia writes, an Ashkenazi may switch to the Sephardic prayer customs, but a Sephardi may not adopt the Ashkenazic prayer customs. Accordingly, Hacham Ovadia ruled that if a Sephardi prays in an Ashkenazic Minyan, he should not serve as Hazan, as this would require him to recite Baruch She'amar before Hodu. Hacham Ben Sion Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) maintained that a Sephardi may lead the services according to Ashkenazic custom, but Hacham Ovadia disagreed, and stated that a Sephardi must adhere to the Sephardic custom of reciting Baruch She'amar only after Hodu. If a Sepharadi mistakenly recited Baruch She'amar without first reciting Hodu, and he realized his mistake after completing Baruch She'amar, then he should recite Hodu at that point. This was the ruling of Hacham Ben Sion, and Hacham Ovadia would presumably agree that after the fact, if a person already recited Baruch She'amar, then he can and should still recite Hodu. Summary: Sephardic practice is to recite Hodu before Baruch She'amar, whereas many Ashkenazim have the custom to recite Hodu only after Baruch She'amar. A Sepharadi praying in an Ashkenazic Minyan must adhere to Sephardic practice, and so he should not serve as Hazan, as this would compel him to reverse the order in accordance with Ashkenazic practice. However, if a Sepharadi mistakenly recited Baruch She'amar first, he recites Hodu afterward.

Each morning, after the recitation of Hodu, we recite the 30 th chapter of Tehillim, which begins "Mizmor Shir Hanukat Ha'bayit Le'David." Sephardic practice is to omit this introductory verse, and to begin with the next verse – "Aromimcha Hashem Ki Dilitani…" The Arizal (Rav Yishak Luria, Safed, 1534-1572) taught about the importance of reciting this chapter each morning as part of the prayer service, though it is found already in earlier Siddurim, from the late 15 th century. After this recitation, we arrive at a particularly important point of the morning service – the declaration of "Hashem Melech, Hashem Malach, Hashem Yimloch Le'olam Va'ed" ("Hashem is King, Hashem has reigned, Hashem will reign for all eternity"). This declaration appears nowhere in Tanach, but is a composite of phrases from three different verses. The phrase "Hashem Melech" is taken from a verse in Tehillim (10:16) – "Hashem Melech Olam Va'ed, Abedu Goyim Me'arso." The source of the phrase "Hashem Malach" is a later chapter in Tehillim (97), which begins, "Hashem Malach, Ge'ut Labesh." Finally, "Hashem Yimloch Le'olam Va'ed" appears at the conclusion of Az Yashir, the song of praise which Beneh Yisrael sang after the miracle of the splitting of the sea (Shemot 15:18). The Shiboleh Ha'leket (Rav Sidkiya Ben Abraham Ha'rofeh, Rome, 13 th century) cites Rabbenu Binyamin as explaining the custom to make this pronouncement in the morning based on the Midrash's description of the angels' daily praise of G-d. Each morning, the Midrash states, one angel stands in the center of the heavens and declares, "Hashem Melech…" whereupon all the other angels repeat this pronouncement. In commemoration, here in our world, too, the Hazzan makes this declaration in the synagogue, followed by the rest of the congregation. We stand for this recitation because the angels are always in a standing position. Some communities had the practice of proclaiming "Hashem Melech" only on Shabbat, but already the Bet Yosef (Maran Rav Yosef Karo, author of the Shulhan Aruch) observes the custom in his time to recite "Hashem Melech" each morning. This is, indeed, the common custom today. The proclamation of "Hashem Melech" is followed by the recitation of the 67 th chapter of Tehillim – "La'menase'ah Bi'nginot Mizmor Shir." This is an especially significant chapter of Tehillim, and the Arizal taught that this recitation has the power to protect a person throughout the day and bring great prosperity. It is customary to write this chapter of Tehillim in the shape of a Menorah and to hang it in the synagogue. The Rokeah (Rav Eliezer of Worms, Germany, c. 1176-1238) taught that a synagogue which has this chapter on the Aron is guaranteed protection.

On the night of a boy's 13 th birthday, when he becomes a Bar-Misva, he must – in principle – recite Birkot Ha'Torah before learning Torah. Generally, of course, a person's recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning covers all his Torah learning throughout the day and the following night. In the case of a Bar Misva boy, however, he recited Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning as a minor, who is not obligated in Misvot (except by virtue of his parents' obligation to train him in Misva observance). Therefore, his recitation that morning does not fulfill his obligation once he becomes a Halachic adult who now bears an obligation to recite Birkot Ha'Torah. Therefore, before the boy learns and speaks words of Torah on the night of his 13 th birthday, he is required to recite Birkot Ha'Torah. However, as there is some uncertainty as to whether this is necessary, Hacham Ovadia Yosef suggested two ways to avoid this question. One possibility is to recite Arbit before learning Torah, having in mind that the recitation of Ahabat Olam – the blessing immediately preceding Shema – will satisfy the obligation of Birkot Ha'Torah. As we have seen, this blessing discusses similar themes as those of Birkot Ha'Torah, and thus a person can fulfill his requirement of Birkot Ha'Torah by reciting this blessing. Hacham Ovadia adds, however, that if the boy chooses this option, he must ensure to recite Arbit after sundown, when he has already turned 13. The other option is for the boy to have in mind when he recites Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning that his recitation should remain in effect only until sundown. He can then recite Birkot Ha'Torah after sundown according to all opinions, without any concern. Incidentally, a similar Halacha applies to a convert. After undergoing conversion, a convert must recite Birkot Ha'Torah before he learns Torah, even if he had recited Birkot Ha'Torah that morning. His recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah as a gentile does not fulfill his obligation as a Jew, and so he must repeat Birkot Ha'Torah immediately after completing his conversion and assuming the formal status of a Jew. Summary: In principle, a boy must recite Birkot Ha'Torah before he learns Torah on the night he turns 13, even though he had recited Birkot Ha'Torah that morning. Preferably, he should have in mind when he recites Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning that his recitation should remain in effect only until sundown, so he can then repeat Birkot Ha'Torah after sundown according to all opinions. Alternatively, he can recite Arbit right after sundown and have in mind to fulfill his Birkot Ha'Torah obligation through the recitation of Ahabat Olam (the blessing preceding Shema), thus obviating the need to repeat Birkot Ha'Torah after sundown.

According to Sephardic custom, one who remained awake throughout the night must recite Birkot Ha'Torah after the point of Alot Ha'shahar (daybreak), and should not learn Torah once this point arrives before reciting the blessings. (Different customs exist among Ashkenazim regarding the recitation of Birkot Ha'shahar in the morning after remaining awake throughout the night, as some do not recite the blessings, whereas others do. The Mishna Berura advises one to try to listen to the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah by somebody who had slept during the night. Sepharadim, however, recite the blessings in this case.) The Shulhan Aruch maintained that the point of Alot Ha'shahar is 72 halachic minutes before sunrise. The Vilna Gaon (1720-1797), however, disagreed, and held that this occurs already 90 halachic minutes before sunrise. Due to this difference of opinion, Hacham Ben Sion Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) ruled that if somebody learns throughout the night – as is customary on the night of Shabuot, for example – he must stop learning 90 halachic minutes before sunrise, and refrain from learning until the point of Alot Ha'shahar according to the Shulhan Aruch's opinion. He should then recite Birkot Ha'Torah and resume his learning. Since learning Torah is not allowed before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah once Alot Ha'shahar arrives, and one should not recite Birkot Ha'Torah before Alot Ha'shahar, one should desist from learning during the period when it is uncertain whether the point of Alot Ha'shahar had arrived. One cannot yet recite Birkot Ha'Torah, out of concern for the position of the Shulhan Aruch, but one cannot yet learn Torah, due to the ruling of the Vilna Gaon. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, however, disagrees, and maintains that a person who remains awake throughout the night may follow the view of the Shulhan Aruch and continue learning Torah until 72 minutes before Alot Ha'shahar. He should then recite Birkot Ha'Torah and resume his learning. Moreover, Hacham Ovadia ruled that if one does not know when Alot Ha'shahar occurs, he may continue learning until he knows for certain that Alot Ha'shahar has arrived, and then recite Birkot Ha'Torah at that point. Hacham Ovadia added that one specifically should not find somebody who had slept during the night and listen to his recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah, because it is preferable to perform a Misva oneself than to discharge one's obligation by listening to another person's recitation ("Misva Bo Yoter Mi'bi'shluho"). Summary: According to Sephardic practice, one who remained awake throughout the night must recite Birkot Ha'Torah at the point of Alot Ha'shahar (daybreak), and he may not learn Torah from that point until he recites Birkot Ha'Torah. We follow the view of the Shulhan Aruch, that Alot Ha'shahar occurs 72 halachic minutes before sunrise. One who does not know when Alot Ha'shahar may continue learning until he knows for certain that Alot Ha'shahar has arrived and then recite Birkot Ha'Torah at that point.

In a previous installment, we saw that just as Halacha requires reciting Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning before verbally speaking words of Torah, one is similarly required to recite Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning before listening to words of Torah. This is based on the Halachic principle of "Shome'a Ke'oneh," which equates listening with speaking. One who listens to words of Torah is considered to be speaking those words himself, and so he must recite Birkot Ha'Torah. This conclusion gives rise to the question of whether it is permissible to teach Torah to Jews who can be presumed not to have recited Birkot Ha'Torah. Many communities run Torah learning programs for non-observant Jews, who certainly do not recite the morning blessings, such as Birkot Ha'Torah. Seemingly, by teaching them Torah, one causes them to violate the prohibition of learning before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah. How, then, is this allowed, given that one is not permitted to facilitate another Jew's violation of Halacha? The Poskim offer different reasons why this should be allowed. One theory is that the mechanism of "Shome'a Ke'oneh" works through Kavana (intent) – meaning, the speaker has in mind that his words should be considered as though they were spoken also by the listeners. When teaching Torah to a non-observant audience, one does not have this intention, since the listeners have not recited Birkot Ha'Torah, and so they are not considered as though they are speaking the words. However, as we saw in a previous installment, it is uncertain whether the process of "Shome'a Ke'oneh" indeed requires Kavana in the context of Torah study. Another possibility is that non-observant Jews have the same status as people who are incapable of reciting Birkot Ha'Torah. If one is practically unable to recite Birkot Ha'Torah – such as if he does not know Hebrew, or if he does not have Siddur and does not know the text from memory – then Halacha allows him to learn Torah without reciting the Berachot. Jews who are unfamiliar with Halacha observance may likely fall under this category, and so they are allowed to learn Torah without reciting Birkot Ha'Torah. Others suggest that it is preferable for non-observant Jews to learn Torah, despite not having recited Birkot Ha'Torah, as the exposure to Torah learning could lead them to embrace observance. It is better for them to violate this transgression, of learning before Birkot Ha'Torah, than never to be taught Torah, as they will hopefully be drawn to learn more and become observant. Rav Yitzchak Zilberstein (contemporary) cites his father-in-law, Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv (Jerusalem, 1910-2012), as advancing a different rationale. He noted that non-observant Jews who attend a Torah lecture have no intention to fulfill the Misva of Torah learning, but come merely for the sake of curiosity or intellectual engagement. This kind of study, Rav Elyashiv asserted, does not qualify as a fulfillment of the Misva of Torah learning, and thus does not require Birkot Ha'Torah. Others dispute this line of reasoning, claiming that this indeed fulfills the Misva despite the absence of intent for the Misva. Summary: Although one is required to recite Birkot Ha'Torah each day before learning Torah, including silently listening to a Torah class, the Poskim generally allow teaching Torah to non-observant Jews who do not recite the required daily blessings.

After waking in the morning, a person is not permitted to learn Torah before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah. As we saw in earlier installments, however, this applies only to learning verbally. Merely thinking Torah in one's mind, without speaking, is allowed before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning. (We saw, though, that reading a Torah book, even silently, might require the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah.) Intuitively, we might assume that silently listening to a Torah lecture should be no different than silently thinking about Torah. Seemingly, then, if a person attends a Torah class in the synagogue early in the morning, he does not need to first recite Birkot Ha'Torah. However, the Halachot Ketanot (Rav Yisrael Yaakob Hagiz, 1680-1757) rules that listening to a Torah class differs from thinking about Torah in this regard. He applies to this situation the famous Halachic principle of "Shome'a Ke'oneh" – that listening to the recitation of a text is akin to reciting it oneself. Thus, for example, every Shabbat, one person recites Kiddush, and everyone else at the table fulfills his obligation by listening to the recitation. Accordingly, people who listen to a Torah class are considered to be saying the words spoken by the teacher. Hence, listening to a Torah class is akin to verbally speaking words of Torah, and requires the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah. Hacham Ovadia Yosef brought proof to this theory from the Gemara's inference of the Birkot Ha'Torah obligation from a verse in the Book of Debarim (32:3). The Gemara in Masechet Berachot (21a) cites as the Biblical source of this requirement the verse, "Ki Shem Hashem Ekra, Habu Godel L'Elokenu" – "When I call the Name of G-d, give praise to G-d." Moshe here was announcing that when he teaches Torah, the people should recite a blessing. Thus, the very source of Birkot Ha'Torah is a situation where people recite a Beracha before listening to words of Torah, clearly implying that even silently listening to a Torah lecture requires the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah. This is the ruling also of the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909). Although several Poskim (including the Lebush and Hida) disagree, Halacha follows the opinion of the Halachot Ketanot. Therefore, those who attend a Torah class early in the morning must ensure to first recite Birkot Ha'Torah. Some addressed the question of how to reconcile the Halachot Ketanot's reasoning with the ruling of the Rosh (Rabbenu Asher Ben Yehiel, 1250-1327) that the person who receives an Aliya to the Torah must read along with the Ba'al Koreh (reader). Fundamentally, the obligation to read is upon the Oleh (person who was called to the Torah); the Ba'al Koreh reads the Torah on his behalf. Seemingly, the rule of "Shome'a Ke'oneh" should allow the Oleh to silently listen to the reader and thereby discharge his obligation. Indeed, the Peri Hadash (Rav Hizkiya Da Silva, 1659-1698) disputed the Rosh's ruling, and maintained that the Oleh does not need to read together with the reader. Halacha, however, follows the Rosh's ruling. If, as the Halachot Ketanot writes, listening to words of Torah is akin to reciting them, then why must the Oleh read along with the Ba'al Koreh? Several explanations were given for why the congregational Torah reading might be different, and is not subject to the rule of "Shome'a Ke'oneh." One theory is that "Shome'a Ke'oneh" applies only when there is a general obligation to recite a certain text. The congregational Torah reading is an obligation upon the congregation as a whole, and not on any particular individual, and it therefore is not included in the rule of "Shome'a Ke'oneh." Others explain that since the original format of Torah reading was that the Oleh reads the text, and the concept of a Ba'al Koreh was introduced later, the Oleh is required to read along, to preserve the initial arrangement. Yet another answer is that the rule of "Shome'a Ke'oneh" does not allow for one person to recite the Beracha over a Misva and another person to perform the Misva. On Purim, for example, the one who reads the Megilla for the congregation also recites the Beracha. Never does someone from the congregation recite the Beracha, and then the Ba'al Koreh reads the Megilla. Therefore, the Oleh cannot recite the Beracha and then fulfill his obligation by listening to the Ba'al Koreh's reading. Interestingly, Rav Shlomo Kluger (1785-1869) asserted that this Halacha regarding Birkot Ha'Torah before listening a Torah class hinges on a debate among the Rishonim regarding a different issue. It often happens that somebody is still in the middle of the Amida prayer when the Hazzan begins the repetition, and reaches Nakdishach. Common practice follows the view of Rashi, that the person in this situation should stop and listen silently to Nakdishach in order to fulfill this Misva. Rabbenu Tam (France, 1100-1171), however, disagreed with this ruling, arguing that in light of the principle of "Shome'a Ke'oneh," listening to Nakdishach in the middle of the Amida would constitute a Hefsek (forbidden interruption) in the Amida. This is no different than reciting Nakdishach in the middle of the Amida, which is of course not allowed. Seemingly, Rav Kluger writes, the ruling of the Halachot Ketanot, that listening to Torah is akin to speaking Torah, follows the view of Rabbenu Tam, that "Shome'a Ke'oneh" actually equates listening to speaking. According to Rashi, listening is not precisely the same as speaking, which is why he permits listening to Nakdishach during the Amida. By the same token, it would seem that Rashi would not require reciting Birkot Ha'Torah before listening to a Torah lecture. The question, then, becomes why we follow Rashi's opinion regarding listening to Nakdishach during the Amida, but we accept the Halachot Ketanot's ruling regarding Birkot Ha'Torah. These two rulings seem to contradict one another – as the first presumes that listening is not precisely like speaking, whereas the second presumes that listening is equivalent to speaking. Hacham Ovadia answers that when a person is reciting the Amida as the congregation reaches Nakdishach, he wants to fulfill the Misva of reciting Nakdishach, but he also does not wish to interrupt his Amida. Halacha therefore allows him to listen to Nakdishach – such that he will be credited with this Misva – without being considered in violation of disrupting the Amida. Since the person seeks to perform the Misva, an exception is made to allow him to do so. Even Rashi agrees that listening is equivalent to speaking, but in the specific instance where a person recites the Amida and hears Nakdishach, special permission is given to listen to Nakdishach. Hacham Ovadia cites in this context the Gemara's teaching (Kiddushin 39b) that a person's intention to transgress a sin is disregarded if he ends up being unable to commit the forbidden act. A person's thoughts are discounted as far as Halachic violations are concerned, and thus one cannot be considered guilty of disrupting his Amida by silently listening to Nakdishach. Another question that was asked regarding the Halachot Ketanot's ruling is whether the speaker and audience must have specific intention for "Shome'a Ke'oneh" to take effect. During Kiddush, the person reciting Kiddush must have in mind that his recitation will be effective in satisfying the listeners' obligation, and they must likewise intend to fulfill their obligation by hearing his recitation. Seemingly, then, if listening to a Torah class is akin to speaking words of Torah due to the principle of "Shome'a Ke'oneh," this should depend on whether or not the speaker and audience have this specific intention. However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in his Yabia Omer (vol. 4, addendum to #8), writes that this specific intention is not necessary, and he draws proof to the fact that Torah study marks an exception to the general rule. The Gemara in Masechet Sukka (38) infers the principle of "Shome'a Ke'oneh" from the story of King Yoshiyahu, before whom a man named Shafan read the Torah, and Yoshiyahu was considered to have read it himself. There is no mention of either Yoshiyahu or Shafan having specific intention that Yoshiyahu should be considered to have read the text – indicating that such intention is not necessary. Although in general "Shome'a Ke'oneh" requires the intention of both the speaker and listener, Torah study marks an exception, where such intention is not needed for "Shome'a Ke'oneh" to take effect. Rav Yisrael Bitan offers two possible explanations for this distinction, for why the mechanism of "Shome'a Ke'oneh" does not require Kavana (intent) in the context of Torah study, but it does in the context of all other Misvot. First, the primary method of Torah learning is through a teacher and listeners; this is the most common way that Torah is studied. Therefore, the listeners fulfill their obligation by listening without having to create a connection to the speaker through Kavana. Alternatively, one could say that in the case of Torah learning, the intent is present by default. When a Rabbi or teacher stands up before a room to teach Torah, everyone's intention is clearly to fulfill the Misva of Torah learning, and there is no need to consciously think this. The fundamental difference between these two explanations is that according to the first, Kavana is not necessary for "Shome'a Ke'oneh" to take effect when teaching Torah, whereas according to the second, Kavana is necessary, but it is presumed even without consciously having it in mind. These different perspectives will affect the fascinating question of whether a distinction exists between attending a Torah class and listening to a recording. According to the first explanation, listening to Torah is equivalent to speaking Torah even without Kavana, and this would be true even when listening to a recording of a Torah class. According to the second approach, however, Kavana is necessary for the listener to be considered to be speaking, and the speaker and listener are presumed to have this intent – and thus this would not apply in the case of a recording. When listening to a recording, there is no speaker to supply the Kavana, and thus the listener is not considered to be speaking the words. It would then follow that one would not be required to recite Birkot Ha'Torah before listening to a recorded Torah class in the morning. For example, if a person wishes to listen to a Torah class as he makes his way to the synagogue in the morning, he would not – according to this second explanation – be required to first recite Birkot Ha'Torah. In practice, however, as this matter cannot be conclusively determined one way or another, we must be stringent and recite Birkot Ha'Torah even before listening to a recorded Torah class. Therefore, one who wishes to hear a Torah class in the morning – either in person or a recording – must first recite Birkot Ha'Torah and the verses of Birkat Kohanim beforehand. Summary: One who wishes to hear a Torah class in the morning – either in person or a recording – must first recite Birkot Ha'Torah and the verses of Birkat Kohanim beforehand.

The Mishna in Pirkeh Abot (1:6) famously instructs, "Aseh Lecha Rav U'kneh Lecha Haber" – literally, "Make for yourself a Rabbi, and 'purchase' for yourself a friend." This is commonly understood to mean that that as important as it is to have a Rabbi, it is even more important to have a friend, and one should therefore go so far as to "purchase" a friend if necessary. The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806), however, added a different interpretation, explaining "U'kneh Lecha Haber" to mean that the quill – "Kaneh" – should be one's "friend." One should make sure to learn from a knowledgeable Rabbi – and he should also grow accustomed to writing the Torah he learns as much as possible. There is immense value in writing the Torah that one studies, as this helps him retain the material and also preserves it. The question arises as to whether one who wishes to write words of Torah in the morning must first recite Birkot Ha'Torah. Halacha requires reciting Birkot Ha'Torah before learning Torah in the morning, but (as we saw in a previous installment) a distinction exists between silently thinking about Torah and speaking words of Torah. Birkot Ha'Torah is required in the morning before verbally speaking words of Torah, but not – according to the consensus opinion – before silently thinking words of Torah. At first glance, we would assume that silently writing Torah material is no different from silently thinking about Torah, and thus this may be done before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning. Interestingly, however, the Shulhan Aruch distinguishes between thinking about Torah in one's mind and writing Torah. When it comes to thinking about Torah, the Shulhan Aruch follows the view of the Agur (Rav Yaakob Landau, 1410-1493) that silent Torah thoughts do not require Birkot Ha'Torah. However, the Shulhan Aruch rules that writing Torah indeed requires the recitation of the Birkot Ha'Torah. This is based on the position of the Abudarham (Rav David Abudarham, Spain, 14 th century) which Rav Yosef Karo – author of the Shulhan Aruch – brings in his Bet Yosef. Importantly, however, Rav Yosef Karo wrote a collection of notes to the Bet Yosef called Bedek Ha'bayit, in which he corrects or amends certain passages in the Bet Yosef. And in the Bedek Ha'bayit, commenting on his citation of the Abudarham's ruling concerning one who writes Torah, Rav Yosef Karo remarks: "See the words of the Agur" – a clear reference to the aforementioned ruling of the Agur that Birkot Ha'Torah is not required before thinking about Torah. It thus appears that the Bet Yosef retracted his opinion, and concluded that one does not, in fact, need to recite Birkot Ha'Torah before writing Torah. The question then becomes, what was Rav Yosef Karo's final ruling? In the Bet Yosef, he seems to have concluded that writing Torah does not require Birkot Ha'Torah, but in the Shulhan Aruch, he wrote that it does. The Poskim dispute the question of whether the Rav Yosef Karo wrote the Shulhan Aruch before or after he wrote his emendations to the Bet Yosef. Therefore, it is unclear which ruling reflects his final position – his ruling in Bedek Ha'bayit, or his ruling in the Shulhan Aruch. If we follow the Shulhan Aruch's ruling, which distinguishes between thinking about Torah and writing Torah, what's the rationale behind this distinction? Why would thinking about Torah not require Birkot Ha'Torah, but writing Torah would? Later commentators offered several explanations. One approach is that the obligation of Torah study is inherently linked to the obligation to teach Torah. Therefore, Birkot Ha'Torah – the blessing over the Misva to learn Torah – is recited only upon a kind of learning which could also facilitate the teaching of Torah. As Torah can be taught through speech and through the written word, these two forms of Torah learning require Birkot Ha'Torah, whereas silently thinking about Torah, which of course is not a way in which Torah can be disseminated, does not. Others explain that one must learn Torah with the goal of remembering the material. Therefore, the Beracha is recited only when one speaks or writes Torah, as one is more likely to remember material which he verbalizes or writes than material which he simply thinks in his mind. The Lebush (Rav Mordechai Yoffe, 1530-1612) answers, very simply, that writing, as opposed to thinking, is an action, and a Beracha is recited only before a Misva act. Finally, the Hayeh Adam (Rav Abraham Danzig, Vilna, 1748-1820) explains that people often tend to say the words as they write, and therefore Halacha requires reciting Birkot Ha'Torah before writing, given the likelihood that he will end up speaking words of Torah. As for the final Halacha, the Mishna Berura cites several Poskim who rule that due to the uncertainty surrounding this question, one who wishes to write Torah must first recite Birkot Ha'Torah and then recite verses from the Torah before proceeding to write. This is the ruling of Hacham Ovadia Yosef, as well. Verbally reading verses before writing satisfies all opinions and thus avoids this Halachic uncertainty. (Rabbi Yisrael Bitan notes that in one work, Hacham Ovadia is cited as ruling that a person in this situation must recite Birkot Ha'Torah and should then "preferably" recite verses before writing – indicating that this is a preference, but not a requirement. However, Rabbi Bitan shows that this is an inaccurate representation of Hacham Ovadia's position, as in truth he maintained that one must first verbally read verses in order to satisfy all opinions.) This Halacha applies also to a Sofer who wishes to do some work – writing a Sefer Torah, Tefillin or Mezuza – in the morning. Some Poskim maintained that since a Sofer merely copies the Torah text, and is not actually learning Torah, Birkot Ha'Torah is not required before such work. However, due to the different opinions that exist, a Sofer should ensure to recite Birkot Ha'Torah and then verbally read verses before writing. This applies also to somebody who is typing Torah material from a handwritten text, without any intention to learn as he types. Although one could argue that this does not qualify as Torah learning, nevertheless, given the uncertainty, the typist should first recite Birkot Ha'Torah, verbally read some verses, and then proceed to the typing. Summary: One who wishes to write Torah insights, commentaries, etc. in the morning should first recite Birkot Ha'Torah and then verbally read some Torah text before writing, in order to satisfy all opinions. This applies also to a Sofer – he should recite Birkot Ha'Torah and then verbally read some verses before writing in the morning.

Halacha requires reciting Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning before one learns Torah. Does this apply only if one wants to learn Torah verbally, or even if one is interested in learning silently, such as by reading without saying the words? For example, if a person wakes up in the middle of the night, and he wants to read a Torah book to help him fall back asleep, must he first recite Birkot Ha'Torah? This question arises also if one sits and drinks coffee early in the morning before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah. May he silently read a Torah book while drinking, or must he first recite Birkot Ha'Torah? For that matter, is one allowed upon waking in the morning to think about Torah before he recites Birkot Ha'Torah? The Bet Yosef cites the Agur (Rav Yaakob Landau, 1410-1493) as ruling that Birkot Ha'Torah is required only before learning Torah verbally, but not before learning silently. Just as praying only with one's eyes, without saying the words, does not qualify as prayer, likewise, learning Torah without saying the words does not constitute "learning" as far as the Birkot Ha'Torah requirement is concerned. The Shulhan Aruch rules accordingly. The Vilna Gaon (Rav Eliyahu of Vilna, 1720-1797), however, disagrees. He notes the verse in which G-d commands, "Ve'hagita Bo Yomam Va'layla" (Yehoshua 1:8), that we must study Torah day and night. The word "Hagita," the Gaon asserts, refers to unspoken thoughts, as in the expression, "Hegyon Libi" ("the stirrings of my heart" – Tehillim 19:15), and thus the Misva of Torah study is fulfilled even through silent learning. The Nishmat Adam (Rav Abraham Danzig of Vilna, 1748-1820) refuted this proof, pointing to the text of Birkot Ha'Torah, which mentions "words of Torah" ("Dibreh Torah"), implying that this refers specifically to spoken words (as "Dibur" means "speech"). Moreover, the Nishmat Adam cites several instances where the word "Hegyon" clearly refers to speech, and not to silent thought, such as "U'lshoni Tehegeh Sidkecha" (Tehillim 35:28), "Pi Sadik Yehegeh Hochma" (Tehillim 37:30), and "Lo Yehegu Bi'gronam" (Tehillim 115:7). (The Vilna Gaon would likely respond that "Hegyon" refers to both speech and silent thoughts, and thus both fall under the command of "Ve'hagita" and require Birkot Ha'Torah.) The Nishmat Adam further notes that the Gemara (Berachot 21a) cites as the source of the Birkot Ha'Torah obligation the verse in Debarim (32:3), "Ki Shem Hashem Ekra Habu Godel L'Elokenu" – "When I call the Name of G-d, express praise to our G-d." This verse speaks of reciting a Beracha when one "calls the Name of G-d," suggesting that this applies only to verbally articulating the words of Torah. The majority of Poskim follow the view of the Shulhan Aruch, that Birkot Ha'Torah is not required before silent Torah study. These include the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) and Hacham Ovadia Yosef. (Moreover, there is considerable discussion among later Poskim as to whether the Vilna Gaon truly held the stringent position that even thinking Torah requires Birkot Ha'Torah, or only considered this possibility.) Therefore, one who wishes to silently think about Torah in the middle of the night, or in the morning before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah, may do so.

Many people have the custom each morning to read "Hok Le'Yisrael" – a collection of texts that includes passages from the Tanach, Mishna, Halachic works, Zohar, and other sources. "Hok Le'Yisrael" follows a regimented schedule, with different pieces of texts being recited each day. Often, the people who read "Hok Le'Yisrael" do not understand the material they read. The question arises whether a person may read "Hok Le'Yisrael" in the morning before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah. Halacha requires reciting Birkot Ha'Torah before learning Torah for the first time in the morning, but does this apply even if one reads Torah literature without understanding the text? Does this qualify as "learning" with respect to the obligation of Birkot Ha'Torah? Rav Schneur Zalman of Liadi (first Rebbe of Lubavitch, 1745-1812), in his Shulhan Aruch Ha'Rav, distinguishes in this regard between the Tanach and other texts. When one reads verses from the Torah, Nebi'im or Ketubim, this constitutes Torah learning regardless of whether or not he understands what he reads. When it comes to all other texts, however, reading them qualifies as Torah study only if one understands the material he reads. Similarly, the Mishna Berura cites the Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, Poland, 1635-1683) as stating that if one reads "Ezehu Mekoman" – the chapter of Mishna which is customarily read during the "Korbanot" section each morning – without understanding the text, this is not considered Torah study. This is true also of "Rabbi Yishmael Omer," the paragraph which is customarily read in the morning, listing the thirteen methods by which the Sages extracted Halachot from the Biblical text. If a person does not understand this passage, reading it does not qualify as Torah learning. This rule has ramifications with regard to Ereb Pesach, when it is customary for firstborns to participate in a Siyum celebration in order to be absolved from the "fast of the firstborn" (Ta'anit Bechorot) on this day. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that a Siyum is effective in absolving the firstborns of their obligation only if the person making the Siyum truly understood all the material in the Masechet (tractate of Talmud) which he completes. Simply reading the words does not suffice. The exception to this rule is the Zohar, the reading of which qualifies as Torah learning even if one does not understand what he reads – and even if he does not read the words correctly. This is the ruling of the Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) and of Rav Haim Palachi (Turkey, 1788-1868). The words of the Zohar have such power and potency that reading them has the effect of absorbing the content into one's being even if he does not understand what he reads. It is told that the Arizal (Rav Yishak Luria, 1534-1572) once advised somebody to read five pages of Zohar each day as a Tikkun (rectification) for his soul. And many have the custom to read from the Zohar Hadash each day during the month of Elul, until Yom Kippur, because the reading itself brings great spiritual benefits, even if one does not understand the text. Therefore, one who reads Zohar in the morning must first recite Birkot Ha'Torah. This exception is unique to the Zohar. Other Kabbalistic works – such as Sha'ar Ha'kavanot and the teachings of the Rashash (Rav Shalom Sharabi, 1720-1777) – elucidate and expound upon the teachings of the Zohar, and thus simply reading them without understanding what they say does not qualify as Torah learning. Returning the case of those who read "Hok Le'Yisrael," since this reading includes passages from the Tanach, one must recite Birkot Ha'Torah before reading this text in the morning, even if he does not understand anything he reads. This applies also to somebody who wishes to read Tehillim in the morning – he must first recite Birkot Ha'Torah, even though he does not understand the verses he recites, because Tehillim is part of the Tanach. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that although reading Tanach and Zohar without understanding the text qualifies as Torah study, we should always aspire to understand to the best of our ability. The sin of "Bittul Torah" (neglecting Torah) is normally defined as wasting time which could have been used for Torah, but it includes also wasting one's capabilities which could have been used to understand Torah. G-d gave us intellectual skills, the ability to comprehend, and we must utilize these powers to understand as much Torah as we can to the greatest extent possible. Today, when virtually every Torah text is available with translations and commentaries, there is really no excuse for reading any part of Torah literature without understanding the material. Summary: If one wishes to read verses from the Torah – such as Tehillim – in the morning, he must first recite Birkot Ha'Torah, even if he will not understand the text he will be reciting. This applies also to someone who wishes to read passages from the Zohar which he does not understand. Reading any other Torah text, however, does not qualify as Torah study unless one understands what he reads, and thus one who reads in the morning other Torah texts without understanding does not need to first recite Birkot Ha'Torah.

In all languages besides Hebrew, the letters are simply the way words are formed for the purpose of communication. They have no other function and no other significance. The Hebrew alphabet, however, is laden with great spiritual power. Our Sages teach that Hashem created the world using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. When He proclaimed, "Yehi Or" ("There shall be light"), the letters that comprise these words brought light into existence. Likewise, the Gemara teaches that Besalel, the chief artisan who led the construction of the Mishkan, had the knowledge of how to combine different letters and form the various configurations through which the world was created. Beyond these creative powers, there are numerous layers of meanings to the Hebrew letters, their shapes, and also their numerical values (Gematria). Indeed, several Kabbalists authored works unearthing the deep secrets underlying the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. In light of this, one might wonder whether Birkot Ha'Torah must be recited before one learns the alphabet. If somebody did not receive a Jewish education as a child, and has now committed to religious observance, should he be told to recite Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning before he studies the Hebrew alphabet? Does this study qualify as the study of Torah that must be preceded by Birkot Ha'Torah? The answer is that in this case, where the person is studying only the letters themselves, what they look like and how to pronounce them, he does not need to recite Birkot Ha'Torah. Certainly, however, if one studies the depth and meaning behind the letters, then this is considered Torah learning, and he must recite Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning before such study. Must one recite Birkot Ha'Torah before studying Hebrew grammar? Rav Yaakob Emden (Germany, 1697-1776) addresses the question of whether one may study grammar in the restroom, where Torah learning is forbidden, and he writes that one should not, as studying Hebrew grammar will invariably lead him to think of verses in the Torah. It emerges from this ruling that studying grammar does not intrinsically qualify as Torah learning, and so it does not require the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah. However, this applies only if a person studies grammar as a secular field of study. If one studies grammar specifically for the purpose of enhancing his understanding of Torah, then this qualifies as Torah learning, and requires Birkot Ha'Torah. Summary: If a person is learning the Hebrew alphabet, and he wishes to study the letters in the morning before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah, he may. However, if a person studies the depth and meaning behind the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, this qualifies as Torah study and requires the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah. Studying Hebrew grammar as a secular field does not require the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah, but learning Hebrew grammar for the sake of better understanding Torah qualifies as Torah learning and requires the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah.

Before one learns Torah in the morning, he must first recite Birkot Ha'Torah. The Gemara cites different opinions as to which particular subjects within the broad corpus of Torah may not be studied before the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah. Rav Huna maintained that only the study of Tanach requires Birkot Ha'Torah; in his view, one may study anything else before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning. Rabbi Elazar ruled that both Tanach and Midrash require Birkot Ha'Torah, because the Midrash explains the verses of the Tanach. The next opinion brought is that of Rabbi Yohanan, who held that even the study of Mishna must be preceded by Birkot Ha'Torah. However, Halacha follows the final view brought by the Gemara – that of Raba, who asserted that even Gemara requires Birkot Ha'Torah. Accordingly, the Rambam and Shulhan Aruch write that one must recite Birkot Ha'Torah before studying either Tanach or any part of Torah She'be'al Peh (the oral law). Although the Shulhan Aruch does not specify the study of Midrash, the Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles of Cracow, 1520-1572) adds that Midrash also requires the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah. The Peri Hadash (Rav Hizkiya Da Silva, 1659-1698) writes that the Shulhan Aruch does not disagree with the Rama on this point, even though he did not specifically mention Midrash. The Aruch Ha'shulhan (Rav Yehiel Michel Epstein of Nevardok, 1829-1908) notes the possibility of restricting this requirement to areas related to Halacha. It is possible, he writes, that Birkot Ha'Torah is required only before the study of texts that form the basis of Halacha. The Sages infer Halachot from the verses, and these inferences and their applications are discussed, elucidated and debated in the Midrash, Mishna and Gemara – and it might be for this reason that these texts are specified as the material requiring Birkot Ha'Torah. If so, then one would be permitted to study non-halachic portions of the Torah – such as the stories in Midrashic texts, Aggadic portions of the Gemara, and Zohar – before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning. The Aruch Ha'shulhan remains uncertain about this matter. By contrast, the Kaf Ha'haim Sofer (Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939) writes that the study of the Zohar requires Birkot Ha'Torah. He does not explain the reason for this ruling, but we may presume that he equated the study of Zohar with the study of Gemara, and, moreover, we occasionally determine practical Halacha based on teachings in the Zohar. The final Halacha is that even the study of non-halachic texts such as the Midrash and Zohar requires Birkot Ha'Torah. The study of works of Mussar also requires Birkot Ha'Torah, because these works are based upon Torah sources. Texts such as Mesilat Yesharim and Michtab Me'Eliyahu, which guide and instruct how to live a religious life, are rooted entirely in Torah, and so they certainly qualify as parts of Torah requiring the recitation of Birkot Ha'Torah. This applies to works of Hassidic teachings, as well. In principle, biographies of Sadikim, or story books that tell about the lives of great Sages, may be read before Birkot Ha'Torah, because reading these stories – despite being very valuable – does not qualify as the study of Torah. In practice, however, books about great Rabbis almost invariably contain Torah insights which they taught, and so they require Birkot Ha'Torah. One is not required to recite Birkot Ha'Torah before studying general subjects, even those subjects which have great value and are important to learn. For example, one must study math in order to properly understand certain sections of the Gemara, such as those which deal with geometry (e.g. Sukka, Erubin and Kil'ayim). There are texts which address the dimensions and layout of the Bet Ha'mikdash which similarly cannot be understood without a background in mathematics. Scientific knowledge, too, is critically important for the understanding of certain sections of the Talmud – such as the Gemara's discussion about the volume of wine which a Nazir must drink to be liable for violating his vow, which touches upon the subject of volume displacement. This issue requires an understanding of how displacement works, and how the density of wine becomes a factor. One cannot understand the portions of the Talmud that deal with the Jewish calendar without basic knowledge of astronomy. An understanding of modern technology, too, is necessary for learning how Halacha applies in our time, and indeed, Hacham Ovadia Yosef studied the mechanics of boilers in order to determine the relevant Halachot. Nevertheless, the study of these subjects does not require Birkot Ha'Torah, since they are not actual Torah, but rather background information to help in the study of Torah. The Rambam writes that subjects such as mathematics and science are the "chefs" and "maidservants" of Torah, meaning, they are necessary for the understanding of Torah, but are not part of Torah. Therefore, one is not required to recite Birkot Ha'Torah before studying general subjects. Summary: One may not learn any Torah subject before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah in the morning. This includes Tanach, Midrash, Mishna, Gemara, Halachic texts, Zohar, Mussar and Hassidut. Biographies of Sadikim, too, require Birkot Ha'Torah since they usually incorporate Torah insights by the Sages whose lives and legacy they present. Birkot Ha'Torah is not required before the study of non-Torah subjects, even those which are necessary to learn to properly understand Torah.

Halacha requires one to recite Birkot Ha'Torah each day before learning Torah. One who wishes to learn Torah upon waking in the morning may not do so until he first recites Birkot Ha'Torah. The question arises whether a person may learn Torah if he is unable to recite Birkot Ha'Torah, such as if he cannot read Hebrew, or if he does not have access to the text of the blessings, and he does not know them by heart. If an individual in this situation wishes to fulfill the precious Misva of Torah study, may he do so, or is he barred from learning as long as he cannot recite the required Berachot? Rav Haim of Volozhin (1749-1821), and the Netziv (Rav Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin, 1816-1893), maintained that one is not permitted to learn Torah even in such a case, where a person has no practical ability to recite Birkot Ha'Torah. By contrast, the Be'sel Ha'hochma (Rav Betzalel Stern, 1911-1988) maintained that Halacha does not actually forbid learning Torah before reciting the Berachot. Rather, there is a Misva to recite Birkot Ha'Torah before learning. Therefore, the inability to perform the Misva of Birkot Ha'Torah does not affect the ability to learn Torah. Hence, one who is unable to recite Birkot Ha'Torah is nevertheless allowed to study Torah. Likewise, Hacham Ovadia Yosef approvingly cites the ruling of Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) as allowing a person to recite Birkot Ha'Torah in such a case. Rav Shlomo Zalman noted that there are numerous other Misvot which we introduce with a Beracha, and yet, if a person, for whatever reason, cannot recite the Beracha over a Misva, he nevertheless performs the Misva. For example, if a person forgot the text of the Beracha over Tefillin, and he does not have access to a Siddur, he puts on Tefillin without the Beracha. The Gemara states that eating or drinking without reciting a Beracha is forbidden, as it constitutes a type of "theft" – deriving benefit from the world without first acknowledging G-d – but this was never said about Misvot. Even when we are required to recite a Beracha before performing a Misva, the inability to do so does not prevent us from fulfilling the Misva. Hence, when it comes to Torah learning, too, one may fulfill the Misva of learning even if he cannot recite the Beracha. Rav Shlomo Zalman also advanced a second argument, suggesting a comparison to the situation of an Onen – somebody who, Heaven forbid, lost an immediate family member who was not yet buried. During this period between a family member's passing and burial, one does not perform any Misvot, and does not recite Berachot. Nevertheless, he is permitted to eat, without a Beracha, because circumstances prevent him from reciting a Beracha. Therefore, even if one would argue that learning Torah is forbidden before reciting Birkot Ha'Torah, this would be allowed when a person is unable to recite the blessing due to circumstances beyond his control. Hacham Ovadia accepts Rav Shlomo Zalman's reasoning, and this is, indeed, the Halacha. It must be emphasized, however, that this applies only to somebody who does not have the ability to recite Birkot Ha'Torah. If someone is able to recite Birkot Ha'Torah, then he is required to do so, even if this entails great difficulty. Thus, for example, if a person wakes up in the middle of the night and wishes to learn for a little while before going back to sleep, he must recite Birkot Ha'Torah, even though this is inconvenient. Summary: One is obligated to recite Birkot Ha'Torah before learning Torah each day, and thus, upon waking in the morning, one may not learn Torah before first reciting Birkot Ha'Torah. However, if, for whatever reason, one cannot recite Birkot Ha'Torah – such as if he does not have access to a Siddur and does not know the text of the blessings by heart – then he may learn Torah without reciting the Berachot.

In the second of the three Berachot that comprise Birkot Ha'Torah – the series of blessings we recite each morning over Torah learning – we include a prayer that we and all our descendants should be devoted students of Torah. Some Rabbis teach that one should have special intention when reciting this prayer that his children and all his offspring should grow into Torah-committed adults. This second Beracha concludes, "Baruch Ata Hashem Ha'melamed Torah Le'amo Yisrael" – "Blessed are You, O G-d, who teaches Torah to His nation, Israel." This formulation reminds us that Hashem Himself teaches us Torah. Although we are, of course, required to invest maximum effort and exertion in the pursuit of Torah knowledge and understanding, we cannot attain any knowledge or comprehension without Hashem's assistance. Whenever we attend a class, or open a book to learn, Hashem is there with us teaching us the material, and it is only because of Him that we know all that we know and understand all that we understand. I was privileged to learn with several great Rabbis who, when they encountered a difficult passage or a difficult concept, and were struggling to understand the material, they turned to Hashem and prayed for His help. They truly understood that G-d is "Ha'melamed Torah Le'amo Yisrael," that He is the one teaching us whenever we learn. This text of the Beracha should also remind us of the great stature of Torah educators. I once visited the Skverer Rebbe together with a prestigious educator in our community, and the Rebbe turned to him and asked what he did. He replied that he teaches Torah. "You are emulating your Creator," the Rebbe said. "He is a teacher – and you're following in His ways." Teaching Torah is a special privilege, and a job which should elicit our respect and esteem – if for no other reason that a Torah educator is doing precisely what Hashem does. The final blessing of Birkot Ha'Torah concludes, "Baruch Ata Hashem Noten Ha'Torah" – "Blessed are You, Hashem, who gives the Torah." Significantly, we speak of Hashem giving us the Torah in the present tense. He did not give our nation the Torah only once, at Mount Sinai. Every time we learn, He is giving it to us anew. Each and every day, and at every moment, we have the opportunity to renew our connection to Hashem by receiving the Torah from Him. We must cherish every such opportunity and seize every moment we can to strengthen our bond with our Creator by inviting Him to give us the Torah anew.

Every morning, we recite Birkot Ha'Torah – a series of blessings over Torah learning. This series consists of three different Berachot. The text of the first Beracha resembles that of other blessings recited over Misvot. We thank Hashem "Asher Kideshanu Be'misvotav Be'sivanu Al Dibre Torah" – who commanded us to study Torah. Just like we recite a Beracha over other Misvot – such as over the Misva of Sisit, the Misva of Tefillin, Netilat Yadayim, and many others – we likewise recite a Beracha over the Misva of Torah learning, which is the most important of all the Misvot that we perform. This first Beracha, then, is a standard Birkat Ha'misva – blessing recited over a Misva. In the second Beracha, we beseech Hashem to make the words of Torah "sweet" and enjoyable for us and for all Am Yisrael ("Ve'Ha'areb Na Hashem Elokenu Et Dibreh Toratecha Be'finu…"). We ask that the experience of Torah learning should be uplifting and exhilarating, and not a burdensome task that we do only because we are required to. The Rebbe of Sochatchov (Rav Avraham Borenstein, 1838-1910), in the introduction to his work Igleh Tal, laments the fact that many people mistakenly assume that enjoying Torah study undermines the sincerity of the Misva. They think if one receives enjoyment and satisfaction from the experience, then he loses the element of "Li'shmah" – learning Torah "for its sake," purely for the Misva. In their view, the highest level of Torah learning is studying without any enjoyment, without enthusiasm, learning the material solely for the sake of fulfilling the Misva. The Rebbe of Sochatchov writes that this is a grave mistake, as to the contrary, enjoyment is an integral component of the Misva of Torah learning. The Misva is not only to learn Torah – but to reach the point where learning Torah is thrilling, and a source of immense joy and satisfaction. The Rebbe of Sochatchov explains that when a person enjoys learning, then the material he learns is fully absorbed into his being, and transforms him. The Zohar teaches that when a person learns with joy and enthusiasm, this experience has the effect of empowering and emboldening his Yeser Tob (good inclination), so it can overcome his Yeser Ha'ra (evil inclination). Indeed, many stories are told of great Sages who exuded unbridled joy when learning Torah. When they arrived at a new understanding or new insight, they would erupt in song and dance to celebrate. Of course, we are required to learn even when it does not provide us with joy and satisfaction, but we must always strive to experience the joy and sweetness of Torah. Thus, in the second of the three Birkot Ha'Torah, we ask Hashem to make Torah learning enjoyable for us, so we can observe this precious Misva at the very highest level. In the third blessing of Birkot Ha'Torah, we express our gratitude to Hashem "who has chosen us from among all the nations, and has given us His Torah." Torah is the greatest of all gifts, enabling us to access the divine wisdom and connect to Hashem, and so we recite this Beracha to thank Hashem for this extraordinary gift, the privilege to study His Torah. A number of writers addressed the question of why we do not recite a Beracha after we learn Torah, just as we recite Birkat Ha'mazon or a Beracha Aharona after eating. If we recite a Beracha before we enjoy the delight of Torah learning – the way we recite a Beracha before enjoying food – then why do we not recite a Beracha afterward – the way we recite a Beracha after enjoying food? The Rashba (Rav Shlomo Ben Aderet of Barcelona, 1235-1310) answers, very simply, that the Sages did not institute the recitation of a Beracha after the performance of a Misva. They established Berachot to be recited before the observance of certain Misvot, but not afterward. There are several Misvot enacted by the Sages for which they instituted Berachot to be recited afterward – such as Megilla reading, which is followed by the Beracha of "Ha'rab Et Ribenu" – but we never find a Beracha recited after the fulfillment of a Biblical obligation. The Bet Yosef offers an additional answer, explaining that one never truly finishes learning Torah. Whenever we are not learning Torah, we are tending to our necessary affairs with the intention of returning to our Torah study as soon as possible. We don't finish learning – we only take temporary breaks and then resume our studies. Therefore, there cannot be a Beracha to be recited when one finishes learning.

Virtually all the Berachot that we are required to recite were introduced by the Sages. One notable exception is Birkat Ha'mazon – the obligation to recite a series of blessings after eating bread, which is explicitly mentioned by the Torah: "You shall eat and be satiated, and you shall bless Hashem your G-d…" (Debarim 8:10). According to some Rishonim, however, there is also another exception – Birkot Ha'Torah, the special blessing recited over Torah study each day. The Gemara (Berachot 21a) infers the obligation to recite a Beracha over the Torah from the verse in Parashat Haazinu (Debarim 32:3), "Ki Shem Hashem Ekra, Habu Godel L'Elokenu" – "When I call the Name of G-d, give praise to G-d." The Torah is comprised of the Names of Hashem; they are encoded in the text of the Torah. Thus, this verse means that when we learn the Torah – "calling" the Names of G-d – we must give praise to Hashem for granting us this precious gift. Indeed, the text of the blessing over the Torah includes a prayer that we and all our descendants should be "knowers of Your Name, and people who study Torah for its sake." By studying the Torah, we become "knowers" of Hashem's Name. Based on the Gemara's comment, the Ramban (Rav Moshe Nahmanides, Spain, 1194-1270) maintained that this Beracha constitutes a Torah obligation. Others, however, disagree. They explain the verse to mean that when we hear someone recite G-d's Name in a Beracha, we must respond "Amen." According to this view, the Gemara does not actually point to this verse as the source of the obligation of Birkot Ha'Torah, but rather it finds a subtle allusion in the Biblical text to a law enacted later by the Sages. This is the opinion of the Rambam, who does not include Birkot Ha'Torah in his list of Torah commands. The Shulhan Aruch appears to follow this view, ruling that if someone is uncertain whether or not he recited a required Beracha, he does not recite it – except in the case of Birkat Ha'mazon. Since Birkat Ha'mazon is required on the level of Torah obligation, we apply the rule of "Safek De'Orayta Le'humra" – that we must act stringently in a situation of uncertainty when a Torah law is at stake. The fact that the Shulhan Aruch mentions Birkat Ha'mazon as the only exception clearly indicates that this is the only Beracha mandated by the Torah, and he regarded Birkot Ha'Torah as a Rabbinic obligation, such that we act leniently in a situation of doubt. This inference is made by the Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806), who notes that others disagree, and follow the opinion that Birkot Ha'Torah is a Biblical requirement. Later scholars who embraced this position include the Peri Hadash (Rav Hizkiya Da Silva, 1659-1698), the Mor U'kesi'a (Rav Yaakov Emden, Germany, 1697-1776), the Yad Aharon (Rav Aharon Alfandari, d. 1774), the Hikreh Leb (Rav Raphael Yosef Hazan, 1741-1820), and the Sha'agat Aryeh (Rav Aryeh Leib Ginsburg, d. 1785). The Mishna Berura writes that given the large number of Aharonim (later scholars) who accept the view that Birkot Ha'Torah constitutes a Biblical obligation, it is difficult to rely on the lenient position in a case of uncertainty. As for the practical Halacha, the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) writes that although we follow the Shulhan Aruch's view, that Birkot Ha'Torah is required only by force of Rabbinic enactment, nevertheless, we must seek to satisfy the stringent view. Therefore, if one cannot remember whether or not he recited Birkot Ha'Torah, he should recite it, but instead of verbalizing the words "Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," he should instead think these words in his mind. This is the ruling accepted by the Kaf Ha'haim (Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939) and Hacham Ovadia Yosef. Summary: If a person is unsure whether or not he recited Birkot Ha'Torah, he should recite it, but instead of verbalizing the words "Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," he should instead think these words in his mind.

The Gemara in Masechet Nedarim (81a) famously attributes the destruction of the first Bet Ha'mikdash to the people's failure to recite Birkot Ha'Torah – the daily blessings over the Misva of Torah study. The prophet Yirmiyahu (9:11) rhetorically asks, "Al Ma Abeda Ha'aretz" – "On account of what was the land destroyed?" – and then relays to us Hashem's answer: "Al Ozbam Et Torati" – "on account of their abandoning My Torah." The Gemara clarifies that in truth, the people during the time of the first Bet Ha'mikdash learned Torah, but they were deemed guilty of "abandoning" the Torah in that they neglected to recite the required Berachot over Torah study. Later commentators advanced different approaches to explain why the failure to recite Birkot Ha'Torah was considered such a grievous infraction. One interpretation is that the Jews of the First Commonwealth viewed Torah study as nothing more than a practical necessity, a means of knowing what to do. They mistakenly thought that the only reason to learn Torah is to obtain the information needed for proper observance of the Misvot. But in truth, this is only one aspect of Torah learning. Certainly, we must learn practical Halacha so we can observe the Torah correctly – but the Misva of Torah study extends far beyond that. As we say each evening in the Arbit prayer, "Ki Hem Hayenu Ve'orech Yamenu" – "For they are our lives, and the length of our days." Torah is a vitally important component of religious life, the way we connect to Hashem and immerse ourselves in Kedusha. We learn Torah not just for the functional purpose of knowing how to perform the Misvot, but also as an integral part of our pursuit of spirituality and holiness, and our effort to build a close relationship with our Creator. During the time of the first Bet Ha'mikdash, the people did not recite Birkot Ha'Torah because Berachot are recited only over the fulfillment of a Misva, and not over the performance of a "Hechsher Misva" – the preparatory stage of a Misva. For example, we recite a Beracha on Sukkot when eat in the Sukka, which fulfills the Misva, but not when we build the Sukka, which we do only to facilitate the Misva. Similarly, a Sofer does not recite a Beracha when he prepares a pair of Tefillin; a Beracha is recited only when one actually fulfills the Misva by putting the Tefillin on. Hence, the people in the First Commonwealth, who mistakenly saw Torah study as just a means of facilitating Misva observance, did not see any reason to recite a Beracha over Torah study. But in truth, Torah study is itself a Misva – and an exceptionally important Misva – which warrants a Beracha, just like other Misvot. Rabbenu Yona (Spain, d. 1264) explained that the people of that time did not sufficiently value Torah learning. They learned Torah, but they failed to appreciate the singular importance of this great Misva, which, as the famous first Mishna in Pe'a teaches, is equivalent to all other Misvot combined ("Ve'talmud Torah Ke'negged Kulam"). The Gaon of Vilna (Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 1720-1797) taught that each word of Torah that we learn is equivalent to the other 612 Misvot combined. The Jews during the period of the first Mikdash did not recognize the great value of this Misva – and they were thus considered to have neglected the Beracha, and for this they were punished.

The series of Berachot which we are required to recite each morning include Birkot Ha'Torah – three blessings over the privilege of studying Torah. The unique importance of these Berachot is expressed by the Gemara in Masechet Nedarim (81). The Gemara observes that some Torah scholars have children who do not become Torah scholars, and it attributes this phenomenon to the fact that these scholars do not recite Birkot Ha'Torah. It seems that in their eagerness to begin learning, they proceed directly to their studies without first reciting the Beracha over the Misva of Torah study. This neglect of Birkot Ha'Torah has an impact upon their children, causing them not to pursue Torah scholarship. Rav Yishak Abuhab (Spain, 14 th century) writes that the Gemara here refers to scholars who learned Torah as an intellectual exercise, for the mental satisfaction that Torah study brings, rather than for the purpose of fulfilling a Misva and connecting with Hashem. They therefore did not recite Birkot Ha'Torah, just as we do not recite Berachot over the study of other disciplines – because for them, Torah learning was just another field of study. This directly affected their children. In any event, it is clear from the Gemara's comment that one of the ways parents can help ensure that their children follow the path of Torah is by properly fulfilling the obligation of Birkot Ha'Torah. Many concerned parents approach me to receive advice, to ask what they can do so that their children will grow to become Torah-committed Jewish adults. One strategy is to recite Birkot Ha'Torah each morning with Kavana (concentration). Indeed, these Berachot include the prayer that our descendants should all study Torah ("Ve'niheyeh Anahnu Ve'se'esaenu Ve'se'esa'eh Se'esa'enu…"). By reciting this prayer with proper Kavana, we can help ensure that our children commit themselves to Torah. In our generation, especially, our children and grandchildren need all the help, encouragement and prayers they can get to remain committed to Torah learning, and so it behooves us all to do our part, which includes properly reciting Birkot Ha'Torah each morning. The Ateret Zekenim teaches that besides during Birkot Ha'Torah, there are also other places in the morning prayer service where one should pray with special intention that his offspring follow the path of Torah. One is the Beracha of "Ahabat Olam" recited before Shema, where we ask Hashem for the wisdom to properly learn and observe the Torah ("Ve'ten Be'libenu Bina Le'habin U'l'haskil…"). While one recites this prayer, he should have in mind his wish that his children and all his descendants become Torah scholars. And in the "U'ba Le'sion" prayer, we cite the verse in which G-d promises that the words of Torah "shall not leave your mouth, the mouth of your offspring, or the mouth of your offspring's offspring, from now and for all eternity" ("Lo Yamushu Mi'picha U'mi'pi Zar'acha…" – Yeshayahu 59:21). Here, too, one should pray that all his descendants will be devoted students of Torah. Toward the end of "U'ba Le'sion," we ask that Hashem "open our hearts" to learn Torah and to live with love and fear of Him – and one should concentrate at this point on his desire that his children grow to become Sadikim. Rav Yehezkel Landau of Prague (1713-1793) writes that in addition, reciting Birkot Ha'Torah properly, with Kavana, helps us remember the material we learn. Many students of Torah struggle to retain the information, and one way we can help remember what we learn is by paying closer attention to Birkot Ha'Torah each morning and reciting it with feeling and concentration.

The requirement to recite 100 Berachot each day refers to the period between sundown and sundown the following day. Hence, the Berachot recited in the evening count toward the next day's total with respect to this obligation. This gives rise to a number of interesting questions in situations where it is unclear how to classify a certain time-period. One such question involves Friday evenings in the summer, when many people recite Arbit and accept Shabbat early, before sundown (after the point of "Pelag Ha'minha"). Do those Berachot recited at Arbit – and the Berachot recited at the meal before sundown – count toward Friday's total of Berachot, since the sun has yet to set? Or, since one has accepted Shabbat, do these Berachot count toward the next day's number? Hacham Ovadia Yosef answered this question based on a ruling of the Taz (Rav David Segal, Poland, 1586-1667) regarding one who prayed Arbit early, before sundown, on the night of Shemini Aseret. In the case of Shemini Aseret, the day before this Yom Tob is Hoshana Rabba, the final day of Sukkot. Therefore, when one accepts Yom Tob early, before sundown, he faces the question of whether the time that remains until sundown is considered Sukkot or Shemini Aseret. In Israel, where people do not eat in the Sukka on Shemini Aseret, this question determines whether the individual must eat in the Sukka, because the sun has yet to set on the final day of Sukkot, or if he may eat inside his home, since he has already accepted Shemini Aseret, such that Sukkot has already ended. The Taz ruled that once the person recited Arbit, he has ushered in the new Halachic day, and so in this case, the individual does not need to eat in the Sukka. Hacham Ovadia accepts this ruling, and thus concludes that by the same token, one who accepts Shabbat early has transitioned to the next day, Shabbat, and all the Berachot he recites count toward Shabbat's total of Berachot, even though the sun is still out. This principle applies in the converse in the case of a Se'uda Shelishit meal that is eaten late in the afternoon on Shabbat, and continues after dark. Since the person has in effect extended Shabbat past sunset, the Berachot of Birkat Ha'mazon that he recites after dark still count toward Shabbat's total, as this period is still considered Shabbat. (However, if one recites Arbit during Se'uda Shelishit, then he has begun the new day, and thus the Berachot he recites subsequently during Birkat Ha'mazon will count toward Sunday's total.) This becomes especially important when we consider the difficulty entailed in reaching the total of 100 Berachot on Shabbat, when the Amida consists of only seven blessings (as opposed to the weekday Amida, which consists of 19 Berachot). Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) disagreed. He maintained that the obligation of 100 daily Berachot refers to the period from sunset to sunset, even if one accepts Shabbat before sunset or extends Shabbat past sunset. In his view, all the Berachot recited before sunset count toward the previous day's total, whereas the Berachot recited after sunset count toward the new day's total. (This poses a challenge for those who accept Shabbat early, as the Berachot of Arbit are not counted toward the required 100 Berachot of Shabbat.) In any event, we follow Hacham Ovadia's opinion, that if one accepts Shabbat early or extends Shabbat past sundown, the Berachot count toward Shabbat's total. Does this apply also on weekdays? If a person recites Arbit before sundown on a weekday during the summer, do the Berachot recited at Arbit, and Berachot recited subsequently, before sunset, count toward that day's number of Berachot, or the next day's total? This question seems to hinge on a debate among the Rishonim concerning the case of a woman who performed the Hefsek Tahara inspection (which establishes the cessation of bleeding, so she can begin the "seven clean days") after reciting Arbit. This inspection must be performed during the day, and the question thus becomes whether it is valid if was done before sundown but after the woman recited Arbit. The Terumat Ha'deshen (Rav Yisrael Isserlein, 1390-1460) maintained that once a person recites Arbit, even before sundown, he has begun Halachic nighttime, and thus the woman in this case has already begun the night, when it is too late to perform the Hefsek Tahara. By contrast, the Maharil (Rav Yaakob Moelin, Germany, 1365-1427) ruled that the recitation of Arbit does not affect the status of the time that remains until sunset, and it is still considered daytime. Therefore, the woman may still perform a Hefsek Tahara even after reciting Arbit, as long as the sun has not set. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in his Taharat Ha'bayit, follows the Maharil's position, that a woman may perform a Hefsek Tahara after she recited Arbit if the sun has not set. We would thus seemingly assume that with regard to the obligation of 100 daily Berachot, too, reciting Arbit before sundown on a weekday does not mark the onset of nighttime, and thus the Berachot recited count toward that day's number of Berachot. A similar question arises in the case of a person who, for whatever reason, did not put on Tefillin all day, and recited Arbit before sundown. The Shulhan Aruch – seemingly following the opinion of the Terumat Ha'deshen – rules that this individual can no longer put on Tefillin, because by reciting Arbit he has begun the nighttime, when Tefillin are not worn. Hacham Ovadia, however, writes that the person can still put on Tefillin, since the sun had not set. Returning to the issue of the 100 daily Berachot, it would seem that according to the Shulhan Aruch, the Berachot recited during Arbit before sundown count toward the next day's total, whereas according to Hacham Ovadia, they count toward the previous day's total. Given the different opinions, this issue remains unresolved, and we cannot ascertain the status of Berachot recited after a person recited Arbit before sundown. Summary: If a person begins Shabbat early, before sundown, the Berachot he recites during Arbit and after Arbit count toward his number of blessings recited on Shabbat with respect to the obligation of 100 daily blessings, even though the sun has not yet. Likewise, if one extends Se'uda Shelishit past sundown, the Berachot of Birkat Ha'mazon count towards Shabbat's total, since he has yet to end Shabbat. On weekdays, however, if one recites Arbit before sundown, it is unclear whether those Berachot – and the Berachot recited after Arbit, before sundown – count toward the previous day's total, or the next day's total.

On Shabbat (and Yom Tob), fulfilling the daily requirement of reciting 100 Berachot is more difficult than on weekdays, due to the fact that the Amida prayer on Shabbat consists of only seven Berachot (as opposed to the weekday Amida, which contains 19 Berachot). As discussed in previous installments, the Poskim have proposed several different strategies for reaching the required total of 100 Berachot. Amidst this discussion, the Poskim addressed the question of whether one may intentionally delay dessert during the Shabbat meals until after Birkat Ha'mazon in order to facilitate an additional Beracha. If dessert is eaten before Birkat Ha'mazon, one does not recite a separate Beracha Aharona over the dessert, because it is covered by Birkat Ha'mazon which is recited over the entire meal. (One does recite a Beracha before eating dessert, as the dessert is separate from the main meal and is thus not covered by the Beracha of Ha'mosi recited over the bread.) Thus, by reciting Birkat Ha'mazon before dessert, one puts himself in a position where he would need an additional Beracha – the Beracha Aharona after dessert – which could help him reach the required total of 100 blessings. At first glance, this practice seems improper, as it falls under the category of "Beracha She'ena Sericha" – an unnecessary Beracha. Halacha does not allow intentionally arranging a situation that necessitates a Beracha that would otherwise not be needed. We might therefore assume that one should not recite Birkat Ha'mazon before dessert for the purpose of facilitating an additional Beracha. However, the Shela Ha'kadosh (Rav Yeshaya Ha'levi Horowitz, d. 1630) writes that the effort to reach 100 Berachot on Shabbat qualifies as a legitimate need, such that facilitating an extra Beracha is acceptable. Although normally Halacha would not allow intentionally arranging a situation that requires an additional Beracha, this is allowed if one's goal is to ensure to fulfill the obligation of 100 daily blessings. This view is taken by several other Poskim, as well, including the Elya Rabba (Rav Eliyahu Shapira, Prague, 1660-1712) and the Erech Ha'shulhan (Rav Yishak Tayeb, Tunisia, 1786-1830), and this is the ruling of Hacham Ovadia Yosef. Hacham Ovadia adds that one should preferably not bring the dessert to the table until after Birkat Ha'mazon in such a case, so he does not recite Birkat Ha'mazon with the dessert right in front of him at the table. Additionally, Hacham Ovadia emphasizes that this is allowed only on Shabbat and Yom Tob, due to the challenge of reaching a total of 100 Berachot on these days. On weekdays, when one naturally reaches 100 Berachot by reciting the required daily prayers and Berachot, one should not intentionally facilitate an additional Beracha. Summary: If one is concerned that he might not reach the obligatory total of 100 daily Berachot on Shabbat (when the Amida prayer consists of only seven Berachot), he is allowed to facilitate additional Berachot by reciting Birkat Ha'mazon before dessert at the Shabbat meals, such that he must recite a Beracha Aharona. If one does this, he should preferably ensure to recite Birkat Ha'mazon before the dessert is brought to the table. This may be done only on Shabbat and Yom Tob, but not on weekdays, when it is relatively easy to reach a total of 100 blessings.

The Shulhan Aruch (in Bet Yosef) presents a list of Berachot which a Jew recites as part of his daily routine, showing that at least on weekdays, one will generally reach the required sum of 100 daily Berachot without difficulty. In this list, he includes the nighttime Shema (which includes the Beracha of "Ha'mapil") as part of the total of the following day's Berachot – clearly indicating that the "day" with regard to this requirement begins in the evening. Meaning, when Halacha requires one to recite 100 Berachot each day, this means that one must recite 100 Berachot from after sunset until sunset the following day. The Torat Haim Sofer disagrees, noting that the Birkot Ha'shahar (morning blessings) cover the period from the morning through the next night. These Berachot thank Hashem for various phenomena that we experience each day, and we recite them in the morning, not at night. By the same token, the Torat Haim Sofer asserts, the requirement of 100 Berachot applies to the period from the morning through the following nighttime. According to this view, we have a partial solution to the problem discussed in a previous installment regarding Shabbat, when the Amida consists of only seven Berachot – as opposed to the 19 Berachot of the weekday Amida – making it more difficult to reach the total of 100 Berachot. If the "day" begins in the morning, then the 19 Berachot during the Amida on Mosa'eh Shabbat count toward that day's total, making it at least somewhat less difficult to reach a total of 100. This point reinforces our previous inference that the Shulhan Aruch did not accept this opinion, as the Shulhan Aruch did not mention the Mosa'eh Shabbat prayer as a partial solution to this problem. (As we saw, the Shulhan Aruch writes that listening to the Berachot over the Torah reading counts toward the sum of 100 Berachot.) Regardless, Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that the "day" begins at sundown, and thus one must ensure to recite 100 Berachot from the period between sundown until sundown the following day. The period in between sunset and Set Ha'kochavim – nightfall, when the stars become visible – is called Ben Ha'shemashot. (There is considerable discussion regarding the length of Ben Ha'shemashot, but let us assume for our purposes that it extends for 13 minutes after sunset.) This is a time of Halachic uncertainty, as it is unknown whether this period is considered daytime or nighttime. The question thus arises as to whether Berachot recited during this period count toward the previous day's total number of Berachot, or the next day's total. The answer emerges from a position taken by Hacham Ovadia Yosef in numerous contexts regarding the status of Ben Ha'shemashot, applying the principle of "Sefek Sefeka" (literally, a "double doubt"). This principle says that when there is a Halachic uncertainty, but one of the two possibilities is itself uncertain, as there is another doubt at play, then this second doubt tips the scales, so-to-speak, in favor of the other side of the initial uncertainty. In the case of Ben Ha'shemashot, we are uncertain whether this period qualifies as daytime or nighttime – but the possibility that it qualifies as nighttime is subject to a different question. Rabbenu Tam (France, 1100-1171) maintained that halachic sunset occurs not what we consider sunset – when the sun dips below the western horizon – but nearly an hour later. Accordingly, there are two reasons why we might consider the period of Ben Ha'shemashot daytime: 1) perhaps Ben Ha'shemashot really is part of the day; 2) perhaps Halacha follows Rabbenu Tam's opinion, that what we consider Ben Ha'shemashot is actually the period preceding sundown, and Ben Ha'shemashot begins much later. (Hacham Ovadia also noted a third factor – a view that Ben Ha'shemashot begins a half-minute after the period we consider to be Ben Ha'shemashot.) On this basis, Hacham Ovadia ruled that as a practical matter, one may assume that Ben Ha'shemashot is still Halachic daytime. Thus, for example, on Ereb Yom Kippur, if someone was unable to put on his Tallit before sunset, he may still do so – and recite the Beracha – during the period of Ben Ha'shemashot after sunset, based on the assumption that it is still daytime. Likewise, if a person did not read the Megilla reading on Purim before sundown, he may do so after sundown, during Ben Ha'shemashot, and recite the Berachot over the reading. Another example is Berit Mila on the child's eighth day– if the Mohel was delayed, and arrived right after sunset, he may perform the Berit and recite the Berachot, as long as it is still within the period of Ben Ha'shemashot. This applies also to the "Hefsek Tahara" inspection that a married woman must perform to establish the cessation of bleeding so she can begin the "Shib'a Nekiyim" (seven clean days). This inspection must be made before sundown, but if a woman was unable to do so before sunset, she may perform the inspection during the period of Ben Ha'shemashot. Applying this principle to our subject, Berachot recited during the period of Ben Ha'shemashot after sunset are counted toward the previous day's total of Berachot, as we assume that this period has the status of Halachic daytime. Summary: The obligation to recite 100 Berachot each day means that one must recite 100 Berachot from sundown until sundown the next day. Berachot which one recites during Ben Ha'shemashot – the 13-minute period after sundown – count toward the previous day's total.

If a person hears a Beracha for the purpose of fulfilling an obligation, and he listens attentively and responds "Amen," then hearing this Beracha counts toward the required recitation of 100 blessings each day. Thus, for example, when a person hears Kiddush on Friday night to fulfill the Misva of Kiddush, those two Berachot – "Ha'gefen" and "Mekadesh Ha'Shabbat" – count as two of the 100 Berachot which he is obligated to recite each day. The same is true of the Misva over the Shofar blowing on Rosh Hashanah ("Li'shmoa Kol Shofar") and the Berachot recited over the Megilla reading on Purim ("Al Mikra Megilla," "She'asa Nissim," and – at night – "She'hehiyanu"). By listening to these Berachot and responding "Amen," one adds to his total number of Berachot recited that day. If a person recites a Beracha for others to fulfill their obligation, then, according to the ruling of Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995), this Beracha counts toward his recitation of 100 blessings. Thus, for example, if someone works as a chaplain in a hospital, and on Friday night he goes around the hospital making Kiddush for patients, all those Berachot can be counted toward his obligation. Even though he had already fulfilled the Misva of Kiddush, and he is reciting Kiddush solely for the sake of others, nevertheless, since he is, after all, reciting these Berachot, they count toward his 100 daily blessings. An interesting question arises in the case of somebody who recited the Amida, and then realized that he did not concentrate on the meaning of the words during the first Beracha. The Shulhan Aruch ruled that although we must of course endeavor to pray the entire Amida with Kavana (concentration), one fulfills his obligation even if he prayed without Kavana, as long as he recited the first blessing with Kavana. If, however, one did not concentrate on the meaning of the words while reciting the first Beracha, then he did not fulfill his obligation. Nevertheless, the accepted practice follows the ruling of the Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Cracow, 1530-1572) that one does not repeat the Amida in such a case, given the likelihood that he will not have Kavana the second time, either. The Poskim posed the question of whether these 19 Berachot – the blessings that comprise the Amida – can be counted toward one's required 100 daily Berachot in such a case. Seemingly, since it turns out that the person did not fulfill his obligation through the recitation of the Amida, the Berachot are considered to have been recited in vain, and thus they cannot count toward the required 100 blessings. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, however, ruled that these Berachot do, in fact, count toward the 100 Berachot. He proves this from the fact that if a person realizes during the recitation of the Amida that he did not have Kavana while reciting the first Beracha, he nevertheless continues reciting the Amida. Although he cannot fulfill the Amida requirement, as he recited the first blessing without Kavana, nevertheless, he completes the Amida. This proves that the Berachot of the Amida are not considered to have been recited in vain even if one had not concentrated while reciting the first Beracha. Rav Shlomo Zalman explains that although the person does not fulfill his obligation in this case, his prayer still formally qualifies as a valid Amida prayer. Thus, for example, the prohibition against walking in front of someone praying the Amida applies even if someone prays the Amida and did not have Kavana during the first blessing. Since the remainder of his Amida qualifies as an Amida – notwithstanding the fact that the individual does not fulfill his prayer obligation through this Amida – one may not pass in front of him. By the same token, Rav Shlomo Zalman rules, the Berachot can be counted toward the obligatory 100 blessings. Rav Shlomo Zalman applies this ruling also to the case of somebody who mistakenly omitted "Ya'aleh Ve'yabo" from the Amida on Rosh Hodesh, or recited "Ve'ten Tal U'matar" in the summer, and thus needs to repeat the Amida. Although the Amida was invalid, and the individual did not fulfill his obligation, Rav Shlomo Zalman maintained that these blessings count toward the 100 required daily Berachot. Rav Shlomo Zalman writes that if someone hears his fellow make such a mistake in his Amida prayer without realizing it, and the fellow continues the Amida, the person may not walk in front of him, as the one reciting the Amida is still considered to be praying the Amida. As in the case of one who did not concentrate during the first Beracha, the Amida still qualifies as an Amida prayer, even though the person does not fulfill his prayer obligation through the recitation of this prayer. (Regarding "Ya'aleh Ve'yabo," there is a debate among the Rishonim as to whether one who mistakenly omits this addition is considered not to have prayed at all, or has simply not fulfilled the obligation of "Ya'aleh Ve'yabo." According to one view, if one forgets "Ya'aleh Ve'yabo" at Minha on Rosh Hodesh, and he realizes his mistake only that night, when it is no longer Rosh Hodesh, he must recite an extra Amida at Arbit, even though he will not be adding "Ya'aleh Ve'yabo," since he is considered not to have prayed Minha. The other view maintains that this fellow has fulfilled his obligation of Minha, but failed to fulfill his obligation to recite "Ya'aleh Ve'yabo," and so there is no value in adding an Amida at Arbit, since he will not be reciting "Ya'aleh Ve'yabo." At first glance, it seems that Rav Shlomo Zalman's ruling was said specifically according to this second view, though in truth, it applies according to all opinions. A comprehensive analysis of this subject lies beyond the scope of our discussion here.) The Poskim offer different solutions for reaching a total of 100 Berachot on Shabbat and Yom Tob, when the Amida prayer is much shorter than the weekday Amida. The Amida prayer on Shabbat and Yom Tov consists of only seven blessings, as opposed to the weekday Amida, which contains 19. The Musaf prayer – with its seven Berachot – is added on Shabbat and Yom Tob, but nevertheless, one is left with 19 fewer Berachot – and these become 20 Berachot once we consider that one does not recite the Beracha over Tefillin on Shabbat and Yom Tob. Several of these missing Berachot are supplied by reciting and listening to Kiddush, but nevertheless, one is missing a considerable number of Berachot. The Shulhan Aruch writes that this problem can be solved by listening attentively and answering "Amen" to the Berachot recited over the Torah reading. On Shabbat morning, eight people are called to the Torah (seven regular Aliyot, and Maftir), and another three are called to the Torah at Minha – and each of these 11 men recite two Berachot. If a person listens to these Berachot and recites "Amen," he adds 22 Berachot to his total. The Magen Abraham (Rav Avraham Gombiner, 1633-1683) writes that this solution should be relied upon only if one has no other possibility of reaching a total of 100 Berachot. Preferably, one should fulfill the obligation in other ways. This is the position taken by others, as well, including the Shulhan Aruch Ha'Rav (Rav Shneur Zalman of Liadi, founding Rebbe of Lubavitch, 1745-1812), and the Mishna Berura. This was also the view taken by Hacham Ovadia Yosef in his earlier works. However, in his Hazon Ovadia, which he wrote later in life, he cites the Magen Giborim as stating that one can rely on this solution even Le'chatehila (on the optimal level of Halachic observance), and this is the Halacha. By listening attentively to the Berachot recited before and after the Haftara reading, one adds even more Berachot to his total. Hacham Baruch Ben-Haim taught us an allusion to this Halacha in the final verses of Shir Hashirim, which speak of the fruit of King Shlomo's vineyard. The Gemara tells that if someone slaughtered a chicken, and before he fulfilled the Misva of Kisui Ha'dam (covering the blood), somebody else came along and covered the blood, the person who covered the blood owes the Shohet (slaughterer) 100 gold coins. The reason, the Gemara explains, is that this person caused the Shohet to lose the opportunity to recite the Beracha over this Misva, and so he owes compensation. It thus turns out that a Beracha is worth 100 gold coins – such that the 100 Berachot we recite each day have a total value of 1000 gold coins. The verse in Shir Hashirim says, "A thousand for you, Shlomo, and 200 for those who guard the fruit." The name "Shlomo" in Shir Hashirim sometimes refers to Hashem, and thus this verse alludes to the 1000 gold coins we are to earn through the recitation of 100 Berachot each day. The phrase "and 200 for those who guard the fruit" alludes to the 20 missing Berachot on Shabbat – valued at 200 gold coins – which some people achieve through "fruit," by eating extra delicacies on Shabbat so they add more Berachot. The next verse then says, "Haberim Makshibim Le'kolech" – "friends heeding your voice," alluding to attentively listening to the Torah reading, which is the other method of reaching the required 100 blessings. Rabbi Bitan notes that in light of this Halacha, it seems that one should not respond "Baruch Hu U'baruch Shemo" to Hashem's Name in the blessings recited over the Torah reading. Since one needs to be considered as though he recites these Berachot, so he can reach a total of 100 blessings, he should listen silently without saying "Baruch Hu U'baruch Shemo." Moreover, those who are called to the Torah should ensure to recite the Berachot loudly and clearly, so that everyone can hear the recitation. The Mishna Berura writes that if one listens attentively to the Hazan's repetition of the Amida, then he is considered to have recited those Berachot, and they count toward his total of 100 Berachot. The Abudarham (Spain, 14 th century), quoted by the Bet Yosef, goes even further, saying that one is considered to have recited the Hazan's blessings by listening to them, and then, by answering "Amen," he receives credit again for all those Berachot. According to the Abudarham, then, one can be credited with 57 Berachot at each weekday Shaharit and Minha. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) finds an allusion to this concept – that listening to the Hazan's repetition counts as the recitation of Berachot – in the verse, "L'Hashem Ha'yeshu'a Al Amcha Birchatecha Sela" (Tehillim 3:9). This could be read to mean that G-d's salvation is upon those who bless Him "Sela" – who recite 95 blessings, the numerical value of "Sela." By listening to the Hazan's repetition, one is considered as though he recites 38 Berachot (19 X 2) at Shaharit, another 38 at Minha, and 19 at Arbit (when the Hazan does not repeat the Amida), for a total of 95. However, the Shulhan Aruch clearly disagreed with this opinion. In presenting the way to reach 100 Berachot each day, he makes no mention at all of the Hazan's repetition, indicating that he did not feel that this counts toward the required 100 daily blessings. Some Poskim proposed that one can be considered to have recited 100 Berachot simply by reciting the blessing of "Modim" in the Amida with concentration. The word "Modim" in Gematria equals 100, and thus reciting this Beracha properly, with Kavana, is equivalent to reciting 100 blessings. Others suggest that this can be achieved through the recitation in Shaharit, after Shema, of the phrase "Ve'yasib Ve'nachon Ve'kayam…Ve'yafeh." This clause consists of 15 words which begin with the letter Vav, which in Gematria equals 6, for a total of 90. The next two words – "Ha'dabar Ha'zeh" – both begin with the letter Heh, which in Gematria equals 5, thus adding another 10, for a total of 100. By reciting these words with this in mind, one can perhaps be considered to have recited 100 Berachot. The Shiboleh Ha'leket (Rav Sidkiya Ben Abraham, Rome, 13 th century) writes that the recitation of "En K'Elokenu" adds an additional 12 Berachot to one's total. This prayer begins, "En K'Elokenu, En K'Adonenu, En Ke'Malkenu, En Ke'Moshi'enu" – four phrases that begin with the word "En." It continues with the same four phrases but that begin with "Mi," followed by these four phrases beginning with the word "Nodeh." The first letters of "En," "Mi" and "Nodeh" are Alef, Mem and Nun, which spell "Amen." Reciting this hymn, therefore, is akin to answering "Amen," and by answering "Amen" one is considered to have recited a Beracha. These three lines, then, can qualify as 12 Berachot (as each line contains four phrases). Other Poskim, however, are skeptical as to whether this recitation is really effective to be considered as the recitation of Berachot. The Ben Ish Hai, in Parashat Vayesheb, brings a source that suggests a different way of reaching 100 Berachot: reciting seven or ten times each day the verses of "Va'yebarech David" (Divrei Hayamim I 29:10-12), which contains a Beracha ("Baruch Ata Hashem Elokeh Yisrael…") and reciting after each time the verse "Baruch Ata Hashem Lamedeni Hukecha" (Tehillim 119:12). This recitation qualifies as the recitation of 100 Berachot. This practice is recommended for women, who do not recite as many Berachot as men, and thus face a challenge trying to reach a total of 100 Berachot each day. (As we saw in an earlier installment, Hacham Ovadia maintained that women are included in the obligation to recite 100 daily Berachot.) Hacham Ovadia Yosef had the practice of smelling different fragrant items over the course of Shabbat in order to add more Berachot. One who smells Hadas branches recites "Boreh Aseh Besamim"; before smelling mint leaves one recites "Boreh Asbeh Besamim"; over the scent of a fragrant fruit one recites "Ha'noten Re'ah Tob Ba'perot"; and over perfume one recites "Boreh Mineh Besamim." By smelling different items at different points over the course of Shabbat, one can add more Berachot. One can recite a new Beracha over a fragrance after "Heseh Ha'da'at" – meaning, when he smells it again after it was no longer on his mind. Normally, if a person has a fragrant plant requiring the Beracha of "Aseh Besamim," another which requires "Asbeh Besamim," and a third whose Beracha is uncertain, he simply recites the Brachot over the first two, having mind to cover the third. However, Hacham Ben Sion Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) writes that on Shabbat, one should first recite the generic blessing of "Boreh Mineh Besamim" over the questionable plant, and then recite the Berachot over the other two, in order to have the opportunity to recite an additional Beracha. Although we generally discourage unnecessarily putting oneself into a position to recite a Beracha ("Beracha She'ena Sericha"), this is permitted on Shabbat for the purpose of reaching a total of 100 blessings.

The requirement to recite 100 Berachot each day is easily fulfilled each weekday, as each of the three Amida prayers consists of 19 Berachot – such that just with the Amida alone, one already recites 57 Berachot. This is alluded to in the verse in Tehillim (55:18), "Ereb Va'boker Ve'sahorayim Asiha Ve'ehemeh" – "Evening, morning and afternoon, I pray and cry out." The word "Ve'ehemeh" in Gematria equals 57, hinting to the 57 Berachot we recite in the three Amida prayers, in the morning, afternoon and evening. In addition, we recite each morning the 18 Birkot Ha'shahar (morning blessings), the three blessings of the Torah (Birkot Ha'Torah), and Berachot on the Tallit and Tefillin, for a total of 80. We then recite "Baruch She'amar" and "Yishtabah" – the two Berachot at the beginning and end of Pesukeh De'zimra, as well as seven Berachot associated with Shema: in the morning, we recite two Berachot before Shema and one after Shema; and in the evening, we recite two Berachot before Shema and two after Shema. This brings us to a total of 89. If a person eats only one meal with bread, he recites one Beracha over hand-washing, another over the bread, and four in Birkat Ha'mazon, for a total of 95. And this is before we include the recitation of "Asher Yasar" after using the restroom, and the Berachot recited before and after eating and drinking throughout the day. The Poskim debate the question of whether women are included in the obligation to recite 100 Berachot each day. Rav Shmuel Wosner (1913-2015), in Shebet Ha'levi, notes that when the Shulhan Aruch (and the Bet Yosef) lists how one can easily reach 100 Berachot every day, he includes the Berachot on the Tallit and Tefillin, as we saw. The Shulhan Aruch thus appears to assume that this issue is relevant only to men, who wear Tallit and Tefillin. If women were also required to recite 100 Berachot each day, then the Shulhan Aruch would not have included these two Berachot in his list. Similarly, Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) writes that the Shulhan Aruch includes three Amida recitations, and women are required to one only Amida each day – indicating that this obligation applies only to men. Other Poskim follow this view, as well. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, however, disagrees. He observes that although Maran (author of the Shuihan Aruch) indeed includes the Berachot over Tallit and Tefillin when listing the blessings in the Bet Yosef and Shulhan Aruch, elsewhere – in his Kessef Mishneh – he does not include these two Berachot. Therefore, we cannot conclude on this basis alone that Maran held that women are exempt from this obligation. Hence, in the absence of any clear indication to the contrary, we must assume that men and women alike are bound by the obligation of 100 daily Berachot. This poses a difficult challenge – particularly given that Hacham Ovadia ruled that women are required to recite only one Amida each day, and that they specifically should not recite "Baruch She'amar," "Yishtabah," or the Berachot before and after Shema. It would thus seem that women should try to recite three Amida prayers each day to make it easier for them to reach a total of 100 Berachot.

The Gemara in Masechet Menahot (43) cites a verse in the Book of Debarim (10:12) in which Moshe Rabbenu turns to Beneh Yisrael and says, "Ma Hashem Elokecha Sho'el Me'imach" – "What does Hashem your G-d ask of you?" Moshe proceeds to explain that Hashem asks that we fear Him and obey His commands. The Gemara, however, comments that the word "Ma" in this verse may be read as "Me'a" – one hundred. This means that we are required to recite 100 Berachot each day, and this is what Hashem wants from us. It seems from the Gemara that source of this obligation is the word "Ma," which is read as though it is written "Me'a." Some commentators, however, understood the Gemara's inference from this verse differently. The Shiboleh Ha'leket (Rav Sidkiya Ben Abraham Ha'rofeh, Italy, 13 th century) noted that this verse contains 100 letters, and thus the Sages found in this verse an allusion to the requirement of 100 daily blessings. In truth, this verse contains only 99 letters, but since the Gemara reads the word "Ma" as "Me'a," which contains an additional letter (an Alef), the total reaches 100. Others explain that this inference is based on the "Atbash" system, whereby a letter can be substituted with its corresponding letter at the opposite end of the alphabet (e.g. Alef is replaced by Tav; Bet is replaced by Shin, Gimmel is replaced by Resh, etc.). In the system of "Atbash," the letters that form the word "Ma" – Mem and Heh – become Yud and Sadi, which have the combined numerical value of 100, alluding to the 100 daily Berachot. Another allusion to this requirement is found in the verse in Tehillim (128:4), "Hineh Ki Chen Yeborach Gaber Yereh Hashem" ("Behold, this is how a G-d-fearing man shall be blessed"). The word "Ki" in Gematria equals 30, and the word "Chen" equals 70, for a total of 100, such that the phrase "Ki Chen Yeborach Gaber" may be read to mean that a man should recite 100 Berachot. As the Gemara inferred this requirement from a verse in the Torah, we might conclude that this constitutes a Biblical obligation, mandated by the Torah. This is, in fact, the view taken by the Ba'al Halachot Gedolot, in his listing of the 613 Misvot. Rav Shlomo Ibn Gabirol, in his "Azharot" poem which lists the 613 Biblical commands following the view of the Behag (and which we customarily chant on Shabuot), makes reference to this requirement ("U'mi'berachot Tasmid Me'at Ha'nigmarim"). By contrast, the Rambam maintained that this obligation was enacted later, by the Sages. The Sefer Ha'yere'im (Rav Eliezer of Metz, France, 1140-1237) similarly maintained that this requirement was instituted by the Ansheh Kenesset Ha'gedola ("Men of the Great Assembly") at the beginning of the Second Commonwealth. According to this view, the inference from the verse in Debarim is meant as an allusion to a law enacted by the Sages, and is not the actual source of this requirement. A third opinion is that of the Shiboleh Ha'leket and others, who maintained that this obligation was verbally transmitted as a "Halacha Le'Moshe Mi'Sinai" – a law taught to Moshe at Sinai, without having been written in the Torah. At first glance, we might question the view of the Behag and Shiboleh Ha'leket based on the Midrash's comment that it was King David who instituted the recitation of 100 Berachot each day. The Midrash relates that a devastating plague ravaged the nation during the reign of King David, killing 100 people every day. David determined that to end the plague, everyone must recite 100 daily blessings. (David later refers to himself as "Hukam Al" (Shemuel II 23:1), which could be read to mean, "the one who established 'Al,' as the word "Al" in Gematria equals 100, an allusion to the 100 Berachot which David instituted.) Seemingly, if this constitutes a Biblical obligation, or a requirement transmitted orally since the time of Moshe Rabbenu, then there would be no need for David to introduce this law. The answer, it would seem, is that the people were lax in their fulfillment of this obligation, and so David ordered the people to be more scrupulous in this regard and ensure to recite 100 blessings every day. A fascinating theory regarding the origins of this obligation was advanced by Rav Aharon Amarillo (1700-1772), in his work Peneh Aharon. He writes that Moshe Rabbenu instituted the requirement to recite 100 Berachot each day at the time of the construction of the Mishkan. The wooden planks that formed the structure of the Mishkan were inserted into "Adanim" – sockets embedded in the ground. In all, there were one hundred sockets, which together formed the base and foundation of the Mishkan. The word "Me'a," Rav Amarillo writes, is an acrostic representing the words "Me'at Adneh Ha'Mishkan" – "the one hundred sockets of the Mishkan." The 100 daily blessings were instituted to correspond to the 100 sockets of the Mishkan. The question naturally arises, what connection is there between the "Adanim" and Berachot? Why are the 100 daily blessings associated with the sockets that formed the base of the Mishkan? We can perhaps answer this question based a discussion by Rav Yosef Salant (Jerusalem, 1885-1981), in his Be'er Yosef, regarding the symbolism of the "Adanim." He writes that the Mishkan itself represents the Misvot that the Torah commands us to observe, and the sockets represent the foundation of it all, the pillar upon which the entire Torah rests. And that pillar, Rav Salant explains, is Emuna – faith in Hashem. Our faith in Hashem as the Creator who governs and controls everything is the foundation upon which all of Torah is based. If so, then we can perhaps understand the association between the "Adanim" and the Berachot that we recite. Numerous times each day, we are required to take a few moments and recite a Beracha, with Kavana (concentration), reminding ourselves of Hashem's involvement in the world and in our lives. Indeed, the word "Beracha" in Gematria equals 227 – the same Gematria as the word "Zecher" – "remembrance." The purpose of Berachot is to remind us of Hashem's existence and control over the world. And, in fact, the verse from which the Gemara derived this obligation tells us that what Hashem asks is "Le'yir'a Et Hashem Elokecha" – that we "fear" Hashem, meaning, that we live with an awareness of His unlimited power and His greatness. Accordingly, the 100 Berachot we recite each day are truly the ''foundation" of Torah life, as they serve to reinforce our Emuna. For good reason, then, the Berachot we recite are associated with the "Adanim," which comprised the foundation of the Mishkan and thus symbolize faith, the foundation of the entire Torah. A number of sources speak of the great reward which one earns through the proper fulfillment of this obligation – reciting 100 Berachot each day with concentration, and pronouncing each word correctly. (For example, one must ensure that the words "Baruch Ata" do not sound like "Baru Chata," and to recite "Melech Ha'olam," and not "Melecholam," skipping the syllable "Ha-.") The Ba'al Ha'Turim (Rabbenu Yaakob Ben Asher, 1270-1340) writes that those who fulfill this Misva are rewarded with long life. Commenting on the verse, "And you who cling to Hashem your G-d, you are all alive today" (Debarim 4:4), the Ba'al Ha'Turim observes the custom followed in some communities to add a crown in the Torah scroll above the letter Kof in the word "Ha'debekim" ("who are attached") in this verse. This crown, he explains, emphasizes that we attach ourselves to Hashem through the 100 blessings we recite each day – as the letter Kof in Gematria equals 100, and the reward for reciting these Berachot is "Haim Kulechem Hayom" – long life. The Seder Ha'yom (Rav Moshe Ben Machir, Safed, 16 th century) adds that when one recites a Beracha properly, the Beracha ascends to G-d in the heavens, and He takes the Beracha and embeds it into His "crown." Hashem's "crown," as it were, is made from the Berachot which we recite properly with Kavana. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) would advise people experiencing hardship to devote themselves to the meticulous observance of this Misva, and try to recite 100 Berachot each day with proper attention and concentration. The verse from which the Gemara inferred this obligation begins with the letter Vav ("Ve'ata Yisrael") and ends with the letter Chaf ("Nafeshecha"), and these letters have the combined numerical value of 26 – the Gematria of the divine Name of "Havaya." The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) thus writes that the fulfillment of this Misva saves a person from the dreadful punishments described in the section of the "Kelalot" ("curses") in Parashat Ki-Tabo, a section in which the Name "Havaya" appears 26 times. Moreover, this section contains 98 curses, and also includes a warning about "every ailment and every punishment which is not mentioned in this book" (Debarim 28:61) – adding another two curses, for a total of 100. We protect against these 100 curses through the recitation of 100 Berachot each day. Additionally, the Zohar Hadash teaches that we remain in exile because of our failure to properly observe this requirement to recite 100 Berachot each day. It emerges, then, that our commitment to properly fulfill this obligation helps end our long, bitter exile and bring our final redemption. The Arizal taught that the 100 daily Berachot allow us to harness the power of the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet – the letters that Hashem used to create the world. The 100 daily blessings are, according to Kabbalistic teaching, associated with the 22 letters, and we thus benefit from the spiritual force of these letters by properly reciting 100 Berachot every day. The Gemara in Masechet Menahot (43b) tells that Rabbi Hiyya went out of his way to purchase special foods for Shabbat and Yom Tob in order to ensure he would recite 100 Berachot. On Shabbat and Yom Tob, the Amida prayer contains far fewer blessings than the weekday Amida prayer, making it more challenging to reach a total of 100 Berachot. Rabbi Hiyya thus made a point of having additional foods on Shabbat and Yom Tob so he would have more Berachot to recite. The Hida, in his work Mahazik Beracha (290), noted the Gemara's implication that this practice marked a special measure of piety on Rabbi Hiyya's part. The Gemara appears to laud Rabbi Hiyya for his piety – indicating that this was not strictly required. The Hida thus suggests that reciting 100 Berachot each day does not constitute a strict Halachic obligation, but is rather a worthwhile practice to follow. The consensus view among the Poskim, however, is that this is indeed a strict obligation. The Petah Ha'debir (Rav Haim Binyamin Pontremoli, Turkey, d. 1872) explains that Rabbi Hiyya was praised for fulfilling the Misva at the highest standard – going out of his way to buy special delicacies, rather than buying simpler foods. But ensuring to recite 100 blessings is a strict requirement, and not just a measure of piety. Hacham Ovadia Yosef adds that there are ways to reach a total of 100 Berachot without actually reciting Berachot, but Rabbi Hiyya chose not to rely on these leniencies, and instead went out to buy food so he could recite 100 blessings on Shabbat and Yom Tob. Indeed, the Shulhan Aruch explicitly rules that one is required to recite 100 Berachot each day. The Poskim indicate that 100 Berachot is a minimum amount, and not an exact amount. Hacham Ovadia notes that from the explanation mentioned earlier associating the 100 daily Berachot with the 100 sockets beneath the Mishkan, one might conclude that we must recite precisely 100 Berachot, and no more, but this is not the Halacha. One must recite at least 100 Berachot, but certainly may recite more. The Rambam, in Hilchot Tefila, brings a custom that some observed to count the Berachot that one recites over the course of the day. This was the practice of Hacham Ovadia Yosef on Shabbat, when it is more difficult to reach a total of 100 blessings, as he wanted to ensure to fulfill this obligation. It is told that the Brisker Rav (Rav Yitzchak Zev Soloveitchik, 1886-1959) would count the Berachot he recited every day, following this custom mentioned by the Rambam.

After reciting the lengthy Beracha of "Ha'ma'abir Hebleh Shena," which concludes with "Ha'gomel Hasadim Tobim Le'amo Yisrael," it is customary to then recite a "Yehi Rason" prayer. This is not a Beracha, but rather a beautiful prayer in which we beseech G-d to save us from many different kinds of misfortune and hardships. We begin by asking Hashem to protect us today and every day from "Azeh Panim" – brazen people, who can inflict harm upon us. We then ask for protection from "Azut Panim" – brazenness, meaning, that we ourselves should not act arrogantly and harshly toward other people. We proceed to ask that Hashem save us from "Adam Ra" – evil people; "Yeser Ha'ra" – the evil inclination; "Haber Ra" – a bad friend; "Shachen Ra" – a bad neighbor; "Pega Ra" – harmful events; "Ayin Ha'ra" – the evil eye; "Lashon Ha'ra" – either negative speech spoken about us, or that we should not speak negatively about others; "Din Kasheh" – harsh judgments against us; and "Ba'al Din Kasheh" – a difficult adversary who wages a legal battle against us. In all, this prayer lists 11 harmful or otherwise undesirable phenomena from which we wish to be spared. Some texts also add "Isha Ra'a" – a "bad woman." However, the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) writes that the proper text one should recite is the one which lists precisely 11 forms of harm, as according to Kabbalah, there is great significance to the number 11. (Some claim that this list is associated with the 11 ingredients that comprised the Ketoret – the incense offered in the Bet Ha'mikdash.) If one wishes to add more requests, then he should introduce a new prayer by reciting "Ve'chen Yehi Rason Milefanecha…" ("And so may it be Your will…"). Indeed, many have the custom to add such a prayer, asking to be protected from "Malshinut" – people who report their fellow to the government; "Edut Sheker" – false testimony; "Sin'at Ha'beriyot" – people's hatred; "Alila" – libelous accusations; "Mita Meshuna" – unnatural death; "Hola'im Ra'im" – illnesses; "Mikrim Ra'im" – unpleasant experiences; "Satan Ha'mash'hit" – the Satan, which brings destruction; and "Dinah Shel Gehinam" – the punishments of Gehinam in the afterlife. It is worthwhile to recite these prayers with concentration and feeling, as with these prayers we ask for protection from many different kinds of adversity that we all wish to avoid.

We recite in the morning a special Beracha thanking Hashem for enabling us to wake up refreshed and reinvigorated after a night's sleep – "Ha'ma'abir Hebleh Shena Me'enai U'tnufa Me'af'apai." We then proceed immediately to the "Vi'yhi Rason" prayer, which concludes, "Baruch Ata Hashem Ha'gomel Hasadim Tobim Le'amo Yisrael." The Beracha of "Ha'ma'abir Hebleh Shena" and the subsequent "Vi'yhi Rason" prayer are considered a single, lengthy blessing. Therefore, somebody who hears another person reciting the Beracha of "Ha'ma'abir Hebleh Shena" does not answer "Amen" when that person completes the words "Al Af'apai," because this blessing continues with "Vi'yhi Rason." One answers "Amen" only at the end, after hearing the recitation of "Ha'gomel Hasadim Tobim Le'amo Yisrael." There is a general rule requiring that when a lengthy Beracha is recited, the conclusion must resemble the beginning; meaning, the end of the Beracha must speak of the same theme with which the Beracha opened. At first glance, the lengthy Beracha of "Ha'ma'abir Hebleh Shena" violates this rule, as it begins by speaking of Hashem allowing us to wake up refreshed in the morning, and concludes with the more general statement that Hashem performs kindness for the Jewish People ("Ha'gomel Hasadim Tobim…"). Tosafot, cited by the Bet Yosef, explains that in truth, the beginning and conclusion of this Beracha are indeed the same, only that the Beracha begins with a specific kindness that Hashem performs, and concludes with a general statement about Hashem's kindness. We open this Beracha by mentioning Hashem's restoring our strength and alertness in the morning, and we end by thanking Him for always acting kindly toward us. Further insight into this Beracha may be gleaned from the Midrash Tehillim (25:2), which teaches that Hashem returns our souls to us in the morning in better condition than when we went to sleep. Normally, the Midrash states, when somebody lends an object, he receives it back in slightly worse condition; it experienced at least some degree of-wear and-tear in the borrower's possession. But after we entrust our souls to G-d at night, He cleanses them for us, and returns them to us pure and pristine. This is, indeed, a great act of kindness that we experience each and every morning, warranting the recitation of a special Beracha. The text of this Beracha that appears in the Talmud is written in the singular form ("Me'enai… Me'af'apai," etc.), and this is the text brought by the Rif, Rambam and Rosh. Accordingly, the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) and the Kaf Ha'haim (Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Israel, 1870-1939) ruled that this Beracha should be recited in the singular form. The Ben Ish Hai adds that in the Siddur of the Rashash (Rav Shalom Sharabi, 1720-1777), which was written based on deep Kabbalistic teachings, this Beracha appears in the singular form. By contrast, the Mishna Berura brings several Poskim (the Kenesset Ha'gedola, Magen Abraham and Mateh Yehuda) as stating that this blessing should be recited in the plural form. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in Halichot Olam, refutes the proofs brought by the Ben Ish Hai, noting that we do not always follow the precise text of Berachot that appears in the Gemara. (For example, we recite the Beracha of "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina," which appears in the Gemara in past tense – "Asher Natan La'sechvi Bina.") And as for the Siddur of the Rashash, there are different versions of this work, as according to tradition, the original manuscript was buried by the Rashash's son. Therefore, no proof can be brought from the Siddur of the Rashash. Accordingly, Hacham Ovadia ruled that those communities who have the custom to recite this Beracha in the plural form should follow their custom. This was, in the fact, the custom among the Jewish community of Damascus. This is also the practice among Ashkenazim. Most Sepharadim, however, recite this Beracha in the singular form, following the opinion of the Ben Ish Hai and Kaf Ha'haim.

The Beracha of "She'lo Asani Abed," which we recite each morning, expresses our gratitude to G-d for making us free, that we are not an "Ebed" – "servant." This refers to an "Ebed Kena'ani" – a gentile servant purchased by a Jewish owner, who undergoes a partial conversion whereby he becomes obligated in the same Misvot that are binding upon a woman. After we recite the Beracha of "She'lo Asani Goy," thanking Hashem for not making us a gentile, who has no Misva obligations whatsoever, we thank Hashem also for not making us an "Ebed," who is obligated in only some Misvot. Furthermore, servants do not have Yihus (respectable lineage), and so we are grateful that we have the status of free men who enjoy the honor of Yihus. A person who is held captive, G-d forbid, nevertheless recites this Beracha, even though he does not enjoy freedom. "She'lo Asani Abed" refers specifically to the status of an "Ebed Kena'ani," and so even a Jew who is in captivity recites this Beracha because he is a full-fledged Jew. The word "Ebed" is pronounced "Abed" because of a grammatical rule that a "Segol" vowel at the end of a sentence changes to a "Kamatz." The next Beracha that men recite each morning is the blessing of "She'lo Asani Isha" – "who has not made me a woman." Some mistakenly view this Beracha as an indication that Judaism regards women as somehow inferior to men. This is certainly not true; both men and women are equally important from the Torah's perspective, and neither plays a more a vital role in the mission of the Jewish Nation than the other. Men recite this Beracha because they have more Misva obligations than women. Just as we all recite "She'lo Asani Goy" to thank Hashem that we are not gentiles, who have no Misva obligations, and "She'lo Asani Abed," thanking Hashem that we are not servants who have limited Misva obligations, men go further and thank Hashem for the additional Misva obligations that they have as men. Women recite instead the Beracha "She'asani Ki'rsono" – "who has made me according to His will," thanking Hashem for creating them in a way that does not require the same Misva obligations as men. We might draw an analogy to two kings who are crowned on the same day – one of whom inherited the throne from his father, and another who needed to work to earn the appointment as ruler. Both deliver speeches expressing their joy and appreciation for having reached this milestone – one for the privilege of being born into royalty, and the other for having successfully worked to earn his position. Both are equally distinguished, and both are equally grateful, but for different things. Similarly, men recite a Beracha thanking Hashem for the work they are given to achieve spiritual greatness, and women recite a Beracha thanking Hashem for being created in a state of spiritual refinement that does not require as many Misvot as men require. Women recite simply, "Baruch Ata She'asani Ki'rsono," without "Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam." If a woman wishes she can think these words in her mind before concluding "She'asani Ki'rsono." A woman recites the Beracha "She'lo Asani Goya," in the feminine form, instead of "She'lo Asani Goy," and "She'lo Asani Shifha" instead of "She'lo Asani Abed" (as a "Shifha" is a female maidservant). Summary: The Beracha of "She'lo Asani Abed," which thanks Hashem for our being full-fledged Jews, as opposed to servants, is recited even by those in captivity, Heaven forbid. Women recite the Berachot of "She'lo Asani Goy" and "She'lo Asani Abed" in the feminine form: "She'lo Asani Goya," and "She'lo Asani Shifha." Instead of the Beracha of "She'lo Asani Isha," a woman recites "Baruch She'asani Ki'rsono," without "Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam." If a woman wishes she can think these words in her mind before concluding "She'asani Ki'rsono."

One of the Berachot we are required to recite each morning is "She'lo Asani Goy," in which we thank Hashem for making us Jews. We have the great privilege of having been chosen to build a special relationship with G-d, and so the Sages instituted a Beracha to express our gratitude for the gift of being part of G-d's chosen people. There is considerable discussion and debate among the Poskim as to whether this text of the Beracha is indeed the correct text. The Zecher Yehosef (Rav Yosef Zecharya Stern, 1831-1903) noted that the term "Goy" – which means "nation" – is used even in reference to the Jewish People, as in the verse in Dibreh Hayamim I 17:21), "U'mi Ke'amcha Yisrael Goy Ehad Ba'aretz" ("And who is like Your nation, Israel, a singular nation on earth"). Accordingly, the Zecher Yehosef claims that the wording of this blessing was changed by the Church to "Goy" so that it would not be offensive to Christians. The Shulhan Aruch Ha'Rav (Rav Schneur Zalman of Liadi, founding Rebbe of Lubavitch, 1745-1812), among others, maintained that the proper text for this Beracha is "She'lo Asani Nochri," substituting the word "Goy" with "Nochri," which means "gentile." The Zecher Yehosef disagreed with this practice, arguing that the word "Nochri" technically means "foreigner," referring even to somebody from a different family or land, and does not necessarily refer to non-Jews. It is reported that the Hafetz Haim (Rav Yisrael Meir Kagan of Radin, 1839-1933) recited this Beracha as "She'lo Asani Obed Kochabim U'mazalot" – specifying that we are not worshippers of foreign deities. Others, however, dismissed this opinion, noting that there are many gentiles who do not worship foreign deities, and we are thankful also for not being among them, for being part of the Jewish Nation. In any event, common practice is to recite the text "She'lo Asani Goy." The explanation might be that although the Jewish People collectively is sometimes called a "Goy," this term used in the context of an individual refers specifically to a gentile. Hence, when we say "She'lo Asani Goy," we mean that Hashem did not make us a non-Jew. The Sedeh Hemed (Rav Haim Hizkiya Medini, 1834-1904) recited the text "She'lo Asani Goy Ke'goyeh Ha'arasot" – "who did not make me a 'Goy' like the nations of the other lands," in order to specify foreign nations. This is not the commonly accepted practice, though one certainly may recite this text, for even if the phrase "She'lo Asani Goy" is correct, adding the words "Ke'goyeh Ha'arasot" does not undermine the Beracha's legitimacy. The Bayit Hadash (Rav Yoel Sirkis, Poland, 1561-1640) raises the question of why this blessing is formulated in the negative form, thanking Hashem for not making us gentiles, rather than thanking Hashem for making us Jewish. One answer, as the Bayit Hadash brings, is based on the Gemara's sobering comment in Masechet Erubin (13), "No'ah Lo La'adam She'lo Nibra Yoter Mi'she'nibra" – "It would have been preferable for a person not to have been created, rather than to have been created." As life presents us with so many opportunities for failure, a person would have been better off having never been brought into this world. As such, it would be incorrect to thank Hashem for "making us" a certain way. The Bayit Hadash rejects this explanation, and suggests a different answer – that if we said "She'asani Yisrael," thanking Hashem for creating us as Jews, we would then be unable to recite the next two blessings – thanking Hashem for not making us a servant ("She'lo Asani Abed") and for not making us a woman "(She'lo Asani Isha"). The term "Yisrael" implies a free, Jewish man, and thus includes the next two Berachot. Hence, the Sages formulated this blessing in the negative form – "She'lo Asani Goy," so that we would be able to recite two additional blessings thanking Hashem for our freedom and for making us male. The Taz (Rav David Segal, 1586-1667) suggests a different answer, explaining that the text "She'asani Yisrael" would give the mistaken impression that only Jewish males have value and significance. Although we are thankful for being Jewish and for being male, we certainly do not believe that those who aren't Jewish, or Jewish women, are unimportant or do not have crucial roles to play in the world. For this reason, the Sages chose not to formulate the blessing as "She'asani Yisrael," and chose the negative form, instead. The Poskim debate the question of whether a Ger (convert) recites this blessing. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Poland, 1530-1572) maintained that a convert does not recite this Beracha, since he cannot say that Hashem made him a Jew, as he was born a gentile. The Bayit Hadash understood the Rama to mean that a Ger recites instead, "She'asani Yehudi" – "who has made me a Jew." However, the Bayit Hadash disputes this opinion, arguing that it was the convert himself, and not G-d, who turn him into a Jew, as he was born a gentile and then made the decision to become a Jew. Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) refutes this challenge, noting that Hashem enabled the convert to become Jewish by establishing the process of conversion. It is thus indeed appropriate for a convert to thank Hashem for "making" him a Jew by making conversion a possibility and assisting him along this process. A different view is brought by the Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, 1633-1683) – that a convert should recite the Beracha "She'asani Ger" – "who made me a convert." The verb "A.S.A." ("make") refers to the motivation to convert, as evidenced by the verse in the Book of Bereshit (12:5), "Ve'et Ha'nefesh Asher Asu Be'Haran" ("and the souls which they made in Haran"), which refers to the idolaters whom Abraham and Sara influenced to convert to monotheism. Others suggested that a Ger should recite the blessing, "She'hichnisani Tahat Kanfeh Ha'shechina" – "who has brought me under the wings of the Shechina," which refers to the process of joining the Jewish Nation. Others maintained that a Ger recites the standard Beracha of "She'lo Asani Goy," because he thanks Hashem for the fact that he is now a Jew. According to Kabbalah, this blessing thanks Hashem for restoring our Jewish soul in the morning, and this is relevant also to converts. Hence, according to this opinion, converts recite the same text as those who were born Jewish. In practice, however, the Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) maintained that a convert should not recite "She'lo Asani Goy" or any variation thereof, noting that the Bet Yosef appears to concur with this ruling. Later Poskim also noted that given the differences of opinion on this subject, we apply the famous rule of "Safek Berachot Le'hakel" – that we do not recite a Beracha when it is uncertain whether it is warranted. Instead, a convert should recite "Baruch Ata She'lo Asani Goy," omitting Hashem's Name. If a woman converted to Judaism while she was pregnant, it is uncertain whether the child has the status of a gentile or of a regular Jew. The child in this case was conceived when the mother was a gentile, but was delivered after she became a Jew, and it is questionable whether the child's status is determined at conception or at birth. Therefore, this child when he grows up should not recite the Beracha of "She'lo Asani Goy," given the different opinions that exist. All opinions agree that a convert recites the Beracha of "She'lo Asani Abed" and (in the case of a male convert) the Beracha of "She'lo Asani Isha." The Mishna Berura explains that a convert must thank Hashem for having been given the opportunity to be free and to be a man, an opportunity which he would not have had if he had been born as a servant or a woman. These three Berachot – "She'lo Asani Goy," "She'lo Asani Abed," and "She'lo Asani Isha" – are to be recited in this sequence. One first thanks Hashem for making him a Jew, then for making him a free person, as opposed to a slave, and then for making him male. A gentile, of course, is not bound by the Torah's commands at all, whereas a servant has already begun the process of becoming a Jew, and is obligated in some Misvot. And a woman, of course, is a full-fledged Jew, though with fewer Misva obligations then men. These three Berachot, then, follow a specific sequence, proceeding gradually from more general to more specific. The Magen Abraham ruled that if a person recited these Berachot out of order – reciting "She'lo Asani Isha" first – then he can no longer recite the other two blessings. The Beracha of "She'lo Asani Isha," as mentioned, is the most specific, and it thus naturally includes the other two. Meaning, once a person thanks Hashem for making him a man with numerous Misva opportunities, he in effect thanks Hashem also for not making him a gentile – who has no Misva obligations – or a servant – who has relatively few Misva obligations. This resembles the situation addressed by the Poskim where a person recited the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim" – thanking Hashem for the ability to stand up straight – before reciting the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," which thanks Hashem for the ability to move our limbs. According to some opinions, the person in this case can then not recite "Matur Asurim," because the ability to move our limbs is included in the ability to stand up straight. (This is, in fact, the Halacha.) By the same token, the Magen Abraham writes, a person who recited "She'lo Asani Isha" before reciting "She'lo Asani Goy" and "She'lo Asani Abed" does not then recite those two blessings. However, the Mishna Berura cites the Elya Rabba (Rav Eliyahu Shapira, Prague, 1660-1712) as disagreeing with this ruling, and maintaining that the Berachot of "She'lo Asani Goy" and "She'lo Asani Abed" may be recited even after "She'lo Asani Isha." The Taz explains that the Beracha of "She'lo Asani Isha" does not necessarily cover the other two blessings, because a servant and a gentile have certain advantages over a Jewish woman, in that they have the possibility of becoming a full-fledged Jewish male. Therefore, even after reciting "She'lo Asani Isha," one still has reason to thank Hashem for not making him a servant or a gentile. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in Halichot Olam, cites a large number of Poskim who follow this second opinion, that "She'lo Asani Goy" and "She'lo Asani Abed" may be recited after "She'lo Asani Isha." (These include the Elya Rabba, the Taz, the Peri Hadash, the Mateh Yehuda, the Shulhan Aruch Ha'Rav, the Peri Megadim, Rabbi Akiva Eger and the Shalmeh Sibur.) Therefore, as this is clearly the consensus view, this opinion should be followed, and one who mistakenly recited "She'lo Asani Isha" before "She'lo Asani Goy" and "She'lo Asani Abed" may still recite those two Berachot. Summary: A Ger (convert), who was not born Jewish, should not recite the full text of the Beracha of "She'lo Asani Goy," and should recite instead, "Baruch Ata She'lo Asani Goy," omitting Hashem's Name. The Berachot of "She'lo Asani Goy," "She'lo Asani Abed" and "She'lo Asani Isha" should be recited in that specific sequence. Nevertheless, if one recited one of the later blessings first, he still recites the others.

The Rabbis instituted the recitation each morning of the Beracha "Oter Yisrael Be'tif'ara" – "who crowns Israel with glory," which refers to our wearing a hat on our heads. Rav David Abudarham (Spain, 14 th century) understood that this Beracha is recited specifically over turbans, which were commonly worn in Arab lands. Turbans resemble a crown, and thus the term "Oter" – "crowns" – is appropriate for this kind of hat. According to this view, the Beracha is recited only by those who wear turbans, and not in countries where people are not accustomed to wearing this special kind of hat. Others, however, follow the view of Tosafot, that this Beracha refers to any head covering. This is, indeed, the commonly accepted practice – to recite this Beracha regardless of which kind of head covering a person wears. The Shulhan Aruch explains that although we already recite a Beracha praising Hashem for the gift of clothing ("Malbish Arumim"), a special Beracha was instituted for head-coverings because of the prohibition to leave our heads uncovered. Some Poskim maintained that covering one's head does not constitute an outright Halachic requirement, but all agree that this is the proper practice, and the Zohar, in particular, emphasizes the importance of covering one's head. The Shechina hovers over a person's head, and so we are to wear a head-covering to show deference to the divine presence and so that we are mindful at all times of Hashem's watchful eye and protection. Indeed, the word commonly used today in reference to a head-covering – "Yarmulke" – is a combination of the words "Yareh Malka" – "fearful of the King," as the Yarmulke serves to ensure that we conduct ourselves with an awareness of the King's constant presence. This is why this Beracha specifies the Jewish People – "Oter Yisrael…" We refer here not to ordinary hats – which even gentiles wear – but rather to the special requirement we observe to wear a head-covering as a sign of "glory," of our cognizance of Hashem's presence in our lives. The Tur (Rabbenu Yaakob Ben Asher, 1270-1340) writes that his father, the Rosh (1250-1327), had the practice of reciting this Beracha after putting on his Tefillin. He felt that when this Beracha speaks of us being "crowned with glory," it refers to the Tefillin Shel Rosh, which is described as our source of "glory" in the Book of Yehezkel (24:17 – "Pe'ercha Habosh Alecha"). However, this is not the accepted practice. In fact, we follow the view that it is preferable to recite the morning blessings at home, before coming to the synagogue and putting on our Tefillin for Shaharit. The accepted view is that the Beracha of "Oter Yisrael Be'tif'ara" refers to our covering our heads out of reverence for G-d, as discussed, and not to the Tefillin on our heads.

The Gemara teaches that one recites each morning the blessing of "Ozer Yisrael Bi'gbura" – "who girds Israel with strength" – upon putting on an "Abnet." Most commentaries explain this term to mean a belt (like the belt worn by the Kohanim in the Bet Ha'mikdash, which is called "Abnet"), and indeed, the word "Ozer" means "gird," referring to putting on a belt. Others, however, including the Peri Hadash (Rav Hizkiya Da Silva, 1659-1698) and Rav David Abudarham (Spain, 14 th century), explain that this Beracha speaks of putting on pants. According to both understandings, this Beracha thanks Hashem for allowing us to make a separation between the upper body and lower body. On this basis, some explain why we speak in this blessing of our being girded with Gebura – "strength." As the Mishna in Abot (4:1) famously teaches, "Ezehu Gibor, Ha'kobesh Et Yisro" – the truly "strong" person is one who has the strength to restrain his evil inclination. The belt thus signifies our ability to separate between the lower body, which is associated with sinful desires, and the upper body, which is associated with the intellect and conscience. When we recite this Beracha, we praise Hashem for giving us the power of self-restraint, to use our upper body – such as the mind, the eyes, the mouth, etc. – for meaningful, spiritual endeavors, detached from sinful passions associated with the lower body. This ability is a precious gift which Hashem has given us, and so the Sages instituted the recitation of a special Beracha each morning to thank Him for this quality that He has mercifully embedded within us.

One of morning blessings we are required to recite each day is "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" – "who Has made for me all that I need." This Beracha expresses gratitude for the ability to wear shoes, as it is only because we have shoes that we can go about and do all that we need to do. On a personal note, I gained greater appreciation for this Beracha after a bizarre experience I had during a trip to Mexico City. I was invited by the Syrian-Jewish community there to come as a guest speaker, and I stayed in a hotel. In the hotel room, I noticed that the hotel offered a shoe-polishing service, whereby the guest gives in his shoes before going to sleep, and they are placed outside his door freshly-polished the next morning. I gave in my shoes, but the next morning, after I got dressed, they were not by my door. I had no choice but to go down the lobby – where the leaders of the community were meeting me to bring me to the synagogue – without my shoes. I explained to them what happened, and we spoke to the hotel staff. They brought me to the room where the shoes are kept, and I had to rummage through piles of shoes for quite some time until I found mine. That morning, I understood the significance of this Beracha that we recite each morning – "She'asa Li Kol Sorki." We tend to take it for granted that we can put on shoes every morning, but this is, in truth, a wonderful gift that we must appreciate. This message applies as well to the Beracha of "Malbish Arumim" which we recite each morning to thank Hashem for having clothing. This blessing, too, should never be taken for granted. Every so often it happens that a fire breaks out in a home or building during the night, forcing the residents to go outside in their bathrobes, as all their clothing goes up in flames. We must always appreciate the fact that Hashem provides us with clothing and shoes to wear each and every day. Grammatically, the word "She'asa" in the phrase "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" should be pronounced with the emphasis on the second syllable: "She-A-sa." This Beracha is unique in that it is formulated in the past tense – "She'asa" ("who has made"), as opposed to the present tense – "Ha'oseh" ("who makes"). The reason why this Beracha is formulated in the present tense might be that people sometimes recognize how Hashem has fulfilled their needs only in retrospect, after the fact. Often, things happen in life that make us feel that Hashem is specifically not fulfilling our needs, that He is ignoring us, or withholding our necessities from us. For example, when a person loses his job, or when his business takes a downturn, he might not recognize how "Oseh Lo Kol Sorki," that G-d is currently taking care of him. But later, when he finds a better job, or when he finds a different business opportunity, he realizes that everything was for the best, and that Hashem was always doing what was best for Him. Therefore, it is only afterward when we can look back and say, "She'asa Li Kol Sorki," recognizing in hindsight that Hashem was caring for us all along, even when it seemed like He wasn't. Our custom is to recite the Beracha of "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" after the Beracha of "Ha'mechin Mis'adeh Gaber" (as opposed the custom to reverse the order). Furthermore, we pronounce the final word of this blessing "Sorki," and not "Sorkai." There are two days on the Jewish calendar – Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur – when Halacha forbids wearing regular shoes. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909), in Parashat Vayesheb, thus writes that the Beracha of "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" is not recited on these days. Since this Beracha expresses gratitude for the ability to wear shoes, it is omitted on days when wearing shoes is forbidden. Citing the Sha'ar Ha'kavanot, the Ben Ish Hai explains that although the Arizal taught that there are deep mystical concepts underlying the morning blessings, and their meaning thus extends beyond the actual phenomena which they mention, nevertheless, this is relevant only when other Jews benefit these phenomena. If a person himself does not benefit from a certain phenomenon mentioned by one of the Birkot Ha'shahar, he nevertheless recites that Beracha because others are benefitting. On Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur, however, nobody is allowed to wear shoes, and so the Beracha of "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" cannot be recited. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in a responsum in Yabia Omer, questions this ruling of the Ben Ish Hai, presenting several reasons why this Beracha should be recited even on days when wearing shoes is forbidden. Firstly, Halacha permits wearing shoes on Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur to protect against potential harm, such as if there may be scorpions on the ground where one walks. Therefore, we indeed benefit from the protection provided by shoes even on Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur. Secondly, we recite Birkot Ha'shahar to thank Hashem for "Minhago Shel Olam" – the natural order which He created that allows us to live and function, irrespective of whether we actually benefit from these phenomena on a particular day. Therefore, even on days when we do not wear shoes, we should thank Hashem for the blessing of shoes from which people normally benefit. Another argument is that Halacha does not forbid all shoes on Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur, only those made from leather. Therefore, there is reason to recite the Beracha of "She'asa Lo Kol Sorki" even on these days. Additionally, at night, after the conclusion of Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur, we are permitted to wear shoes, and as Birkot Ha'shahar are recited only in the morning, they clearly cover the entire day and also the following night. Hence, even if we would understand Birkot Ha'shahar as expressing gratitude for the benefit we receive, we should still recite "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" on Yom Kippur and Tisha B'Ab, because we can wear shoes at night. (The Gaon of Vilna had the practice of reciting "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" when he put on his shoes upon the conclusion of Yom Kippur. We, however, follow the view that Birkot Ha'shahar can be recited only during the day, and the Beracha covers the rest of the day and the following night.) Finally, whereas the Arizal maintained that Birkot Ha'shahar thank Hashem specifically for the blessings that He grants us, the Jewish Nation, others, including Rabbenu Nissim, felt that these Berachot refer to the natural order that benefits all mankind. Hence, even though Jews do not wear shoes on Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur, the Beracha of "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" should perhaps be recited since gentiles benefit from shoes on these days. Indeed, Rav Yosef Karo (author of the Shulhan Aruch, 1488-1575), in one of his published responsa (Abkat Rochel, 54), writes explicitly that the accepted custom is to recite the Beracha of "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" even on Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur, and emphasizes that this custom should be followed. Accordingly, Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that if somebody asks whether or not to recite this Beracha on Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur, he should be told not to recite it, given the different views that exist. If, however, a person does recite the Beracha, he should not be corrected, because this practice has strong Halachic basis. This ruling of Hacham Ovadia appears in the first edition of Yalkut Yosef (p. 55). But in a later work – Halichot Olam (vol. 1, p. 53) – the Hacham changed his position, and ruled that the Beracha of "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" should be recited on Yom Kippur and Tisha B'Ab. This was his final ruling, and this is the Halacha that should be followed. Hacham Ovadia's son, Hacham David Yosef, writes in Halacha Berura that his father would make a point of wearing his regular leather shoes at night after Tisha B'Ab and Yom Kippur, in order to strengthen the case for reciting the Beracha of "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" on these days. It goes without saying that a mourner, Heaven forbid, recites "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" even though he does not wear regular shoes, since everybody else is wearing shoes. Summary: The Beracha of "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" – which thanks Hashem for the gift of shoes – should be recited after the Beracha of "Ha'mechin Mis'adeh Gaber." The emphasis in the word "She'asa" should be on the second syllable ("She-A-sa"). We pronounce the final word "Sorki," and not "Sorkai." The Beracha should be recited even on days when shoes are not worn – during mourning, on Tisha B'Ab, and on Yom Kippur.

One of the Berachot that we recite each morning as part of the Birkot Ha'shahar series of blessings is "Roka Ha'aretz Al Ha'mayim." This text is based on a verse in Tehillim (136:6) in which King David gives praise to G-d for the wonder of the earth being spread over the water. Water lies underneath the earth, and since earth is much heavier than water, the earth should sink into the water, making the world uninhabitable. If we throw a mound of earth into water, it will of course sink to the bottom of the water, and yet, miraculously, the earth remains afloat, allowing us to live here. This is an ongoing miracle which we are unlikely to be cognizant of, because we don't see the water. King David appreciated this wondrous phenomenon because he saw what could happen without it. The Gemara relates that when David laid the foundations for the Bet Ha'mikdash, the underground water began rising, and threatened to flood the entire earth. He needed to utilize one of the Names of G-d to make the water return to place. We catch glimpses of the threat that would be posed by the underground waters when we see or hear of a tsunami, whereby the ocean waters expand into the shoreline. The Sages wanted us to appreciate this miracle on a daily basis, and so they instituted a special blessing for us to recite each morning praising Hashem for keeping the earth above the underground waters. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) notes that this Beracha is unique in that, as opposed the other morning blessings, it does not speak of a phenomenon that is renewed each day. The other Berachot we recite in the morning praise Hashem for blessings He grants us anew every day – such as the ability to get out of bed, to open our eyes, to put on our clothing, and so on. The earth's floating on the underground waters, however, is a continuous condition that never ceases; this is not something which is discontinued during the night and then resumes in the morning. The Ben Ish Hai writes that precisely for this reason the Sages deemed this phenomenon worthy of a special Beracha – because it is a constant miracle, as at any moment the earth would sink if not for Hashem's kindness. The Rabbis instituted this Beracha to draw our attention to this wondrous reality so we recognize our enormous debt of gratitude to the Almighty.

One of the morning blessings (Birkot Ha'shahar) which we recite each day is "Ha'mechin Mis'adeh Gaber" – "…who prepares the steps of man." Some commentators explain that this Beracha praises Hashem for allowing us to walk upright, on two legs, as opposed to animals, who walk on four legs, their bodies hunched. Others understand this Beracha to mean that Hashem guides and directs each and every one of our steps, bringing us at all times to precisely where we need to be. We never take a "wrong turn," and we never end up in the "wrong place." Wherever we find ourselves at any moment is the exact place where Hashem wanted us to be at that exact moment. This is a crucial aspect of Emuna (faith) – the belief that we are always precisely where we are supposed to be at that time, that Hashem is constantly directing us, even when it seems that we are not in the right place. According to some commentators, this is what we thank Hashem for each morning when we recite the Beracha of "Ha'mechin Mis'adeh Gaber." This Beracha concludes with the word "Gaber," a variation of the word "Geber" – "man." Some suggest that this word refers specifically to Jews, as it is an acrostic representing the words "Gomleh Hasadim" (performers of kindness), "Bayshanim" (people with shame), and "Rahmanim" (compassionate people) – the three qualities which, the Gemara teaches, characterize the Jewish Nation. The word "Geber" is changed to "Gaber" because of a rule of Hebrew grammar – that at the end of a word or clause, the "Segol" vowel is changed to a "Kamatz" vowel. Thus, for example, when the word "Kesef" (money) appears at the end of a verse, it is changed to "Kasef." Similarly, the word "Geber" is changed to "Gaber" when it is the final word of a Beracha. (Another Beracha we recite each morning is "She'lo Asani Abed" – and there, too, the word "Ebed" is changed to "Abed" because it appears at the end of the Beracha.) This is why Ashkenazim have the practice to pronounce the blessing recited over wine "Boreh Peri Ha'gafen." Whereas Sephardic custom is to pronounce the final word of this Beracha "Ha'gefen," Ashkenazim pronounce it "Ha'gafen" because it is the last word of the blessing. Hacham Ovadia explained the Sephardic custom based on the fact that the Beracha over wine is generally recited in the presence of other people, who answer "Amen" to the Beracha. Since the people answer "Amen," the Beracha actually ends with "Amen," and not with the word "Ha'gefen." Therefore, it is not changed to "Ha'gafen." This is in contrast to Birkot Ha'shahar, which are usually recited at home, in private, with nobody around to answer "Amen," and so the Beracha ends with the word "Gaber." Some recite the text "Asher Hechin Mis'adeh Gaber," in past tense, but we follow the custom to recite this blessing in the present tense – "Ha'mechin Misa'adeh Gaber."

One of the Berachot we recite each morning as part of Birkot Ha'shahar is "Malbish Arumim," with which we express gratitude to Hashem for the gift of clothing. The clothing that we wear protects us from the elements, and maintains our dignity. As such, it is a precious gift that we must never take for granted, and the Sages therefore instituted a special blessing to thank G-d for the garments that we are privileged to wear in the morning. The literal meaning of the words "Malbish Arumim" is "who clothes the naked." Grammatically, the letter Mem has a "Dagesh" (a dot for emphasis), such that it is to be pronounced as a strong "m," as opposed to a Mem without a "Dagesh" which is pronounced as a softer "m." One should pronounce the word properly, with a "Dagesh" in the Mem, because the word "Arumim" with a soft Mem, without a "Dagesh," means "clever people." It would thus sound as though G-d provides clothing only to the wise, which is, of course, not true. We want to emphasize that Hashem provides clothing to all His creatures, and so we must ensure to recite the word "Arumim" correctly. In several sources, the text of this Beracha is "Malbish Ha'arumim" (as opposed to "Malbish Arumim," without "Ha-"). This is the text found in Sha'ar Ha'kavanot (by Rav Haim Vital, 1542-1620), and this was the view also of Rav Haim Palachi (Turkey, 1788-1868). The Sedeh Hemed (Rav Haim Hizkiya Medini, 1834-1904) writes that he taught his students to recite this text. The reason given is that if one recites, "Baruch Ata…Melech Ha'olam Malbish Arumim," he might pronounce the words "Ha'olam" and "Malbish" as one long word. Since the word "Ha'olam" ends with a Mem, and the word "Malbish" begins with a Mem, a separation must be made to avoid combining them into a single long word that has no meaning. This problem is avoided by adding the prefix "Ha-" before "Malbish." (Some also suggest proving this text from a phrase in the Book of Shmuel II 1:24.) Nevertheless, the common custom is to recite "Malbish," and not "Ha'malbish," and this is the text that appears in the ancient Siddur of Rav Amram Gaon (Babylonia, 810-875). Another Beracha which we recite each morning is "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah," thanking Hashem for "giving strength to the weary." G-d created our bodies with the ability to rejuvenate itself through sleep, such that we can regain our strength and energy, and so we thank Him each morning for granting us the physical strength we need to function. Interestingly enough, this Beracha appears nowhere in the Gemara. When the Gemara lists the blessings that one should make in the morning, it makes no mention of "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah." Therefore, the Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 46) writes that the custom to recite this Beracha is incorrect, as we do not have the authority to introduce new Berachot that the Sages in the Talmud did not institute. This Beracha does not appear in Rav Amram Gaon's Siddur, either. The question thus arises as to why the widespread practice is to recite this Beracha, which does not appear anywhere in the Talmud, and which the Shulhan Aruch thus opposed. The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) writes that although the Shulhan Aruch opposed reciting this Beracha, the Arizal maintained that this Beracha should be said. In the view of the Hida, the teachings of the Arizal are authoritative and binding, even when they conflict with the rulings of the Shulhan Aruch. The Hida even speculates that if the Shulhan Aruch had been aware of the Arizal's teaching, requiring the recitation of this Beracha, he would have concurred. This is the position taken also by the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) – that we must always follow the Arizal's opinions, regardless of which and how many Rabbis rule differently. Hacham Ovadia Yosef does not accept this approach. In his view, the Arizal's opinions are not necessarily more authoritative than those of other Poskim. And in the case of "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah," Hacham Ovadia notes, the Ashkenazim also recite this Beracha, even though they do not always follow the Arizal's teachings. Hacham Ovadia therefore gives a different explanation for the widespread practice to recite this Beracha. He shows that this Beracha appears in early sources – such as in Mahzor Vitri, and in the writings of Rav David Abudarham (Spain, 14 th century), and the Tur (Rabbenu Yaakob Ben Asher, 1270-1340) – indicating that this practice earned widespread acceptance well before the Shulhan Aruch. And when there is an accepted Minhag (custom), Hacham Ovadia writes, we follow the custom even if it runs counter to the ruling of the Shulhan Aruch. Rav Haim Vital cites the Arizal as explaining the deeper meaning underlying the two Berachot we have been discussing – "Malbish Arumim" and "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah." The Arizal taught that our sins have the effect of removing, or tearing, the "garments" that cover our souls. The missing garment, or the missing portion of the garment, is replaced by the "Kelipot" – harmful spiritual energies. A relatively minor sin wears out this "garment," whereas a grievous sin causes the garment to be removed entirely. When a person goes to sleep at night, his soul ascends to the heavens, where Hashem, in His infinite mercy and kindness, "repairs" the damaged "garment" for us, so we will not be subject to the harmful effects of the "Kelipot." When our souls are restored in the morning, they are newly clean and pristine. The Arizal taught that the two Berachot of "Malbish Arumim" and "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah" thank Hashem for this precious gift. The Beracha of "Malbish Arumim" refers to the new "garments" that Hashem grants to those who had committed severe sins which caused the complete loss of their soul's "garment." The Beracha of "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah" speaks of the "weary" souls, those which had been tainted by minor transgressions, and whose garments thus needed "mending." These two blessings, then, thank Hashem for His mercifully cleansing and repairing our souls each and every night. In light of this teaching of the Arizal, some have suggested that we should reverse the order, and recite "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah" before "Malbish Arumim." After all, once we thank Hashem for replacing a lost "garment," this encompasses also His repairing the damaged "garments." Common practice, however, is to first recite "Malbish Arumim." These Berachot thank Hashem not for our personal experience of these phenomena, but rather for the phenomena themselves, for the fact that Hashem has made them part of the natural order. As such, the sequence of these blessings is not important, as both the replacement of lost spiritual "garments" and the repair of the damaged "garments" occur regularly, warranting our expression of praise and gratitude to the Almighty.

The Beracha of "Matir Asurim," which we recite each morning, praises G-d for the ability He grants us to move our body. While we sleep, our body remains "trapped" in place, without moving. Although we might move a little during the night, these motions are involuntary. In the morning, we have the ability to voluntarily move our limbs, and it is for this gift that we recite the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," which literally means, "He who releases those who are bound." Upon waking in the morning, we are "freed" from our "shackles" and able to move our body. The next Beracha we recite is "Zokef Kefufim," praising Hashem for allowing us to stand upright. The term "Kefufim" means "those who are bent," and "Zokef" means "make upright." Hashem gives us the ability each morning to not only move our arms and legs, but also to get out of bed and stand up straight. A person who is sick and bedridden, unable to stand up, nevertheless recites the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim." This is because common custom follows the view of Rav Natrunai Gaon (9 th century) that the morning blessings are recited to praise Hashem not for personally experiencing these phenomena, but rather for the phenomena themselves. Thus, for example, we recite the Beracha "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" – thanking Hashem for granting the rooster the wisdom to crow at daybreak – even though we do not hear the rooster's crow. These Berachot refer to "Minhago Shel Olam" – the features that G-d built into the natural order from which mankind in general derives benefit, and not to thank Him for the benefit that we personally experience. Therefore, even if someone is unable to get out of bed due to illness, he recites the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim," thanking Hashem for granting people the ability to stand up straight. At first glance, it would follow from this line of reasoning that even somebody who is, G-d forbid, permanently paralyzed should recite this Beracha. In truth, however, this is not clear. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in discussing the question of whether a blind person recites the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim," which thanks Hashem for the gift of sight, raises the possibility that even according to our practice, a blind person might not recite this blessing. Perhaps, the Hacham writes, we recite "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" because although we do not actually hear the rooster's crow, we have the ability to do so. A blind person, however, is not able to see, and one could thus argue that he cannot recite the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim," which speaks of a phenomenon which he is incapable of experiencing. Due to this uncertainty, Hacham Ovadia concludes that a blind person should not recite "Poke'ah Ivrim." Seemingly, this same rationale should apply to the question of a person with paralysis reciting the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim." There is no record of Hacham Ovadia's ruling on this subject, and so it remains uncertain whether such an individual recites this Beracha. (Of course, we hope and pray that this question will always remain theoretical.) The Poskim address the question of whether these two Berachot – "Matir Asurim" and "Zokef Kefufim" – can be recited out of order. Meaning, if a person mistakenly recited "Zokef Kefufim" before having recited "Matir Asurim," may he then recite "Matir Asurim"? (These questions often arise when people recite the morning blessings mindlessly, by rote, without proper concentration, and without looking in a Siddur. Particularly in the morning, when people tend to be less focused and attentive, it is crucial to recite these Berachot patiently and from a Siddur to avoid mistakes.) Rav Amram Gaon (810-875) ruled that once a person recites "Zokef Kefufim," thanking Hashem for the ability to stand upright, it is too late to recite "Matir Asurim," which thanks Hashem for the ability to move one's limbs. The ability to move one's arms and legs is, quite obviously, included in the ability to get out of bed and stand up straight. Hence, when one recites "Zokef Kefufim," this Beracha covers also the ability referred to in the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," and it is therefore too late to recite "Matir Asurim." The Bah (Rav Yoel Sirkis, Poland, 1561-1640), however, disagreed, and maintained that these two Berachot may be recited out of order. In his view, then, one who mistakenly recited "Zokef Kefufim" before "Matir Asurim" still recites "Matir Asurim." The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) initially followed the position of Rav Amram Gaon, ruling that the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" cannot be recited after "Zokef Kefufim." However, in a later work – Od Yosef Hai – the Ben Ish Hai retracted this ruling, and concluded that one may, in fact, recite "Matir Asurim" after "Zokef Kefufim." He presents three reasons for this ruling. First, as mentioned earlier, we recite these Berachot to thank Hashem not for our personal benefit from the phenomena they mention, but rather for "Minhago Shel Olam" – for His making these phenomena part of the natural order, which help mankind generally. Therefore, the fact that one moves his arms and legs before getting out of bed has no bearing whatsoever on the required sequence of the Berachot that thank Hashem for these capabilities. Secondly, the Ben Ish Hai noted the teaching of the Arizal that these blessings encompass profound Kabbalistic concepts, beyond their straightforward, literal meaning, and these are relevant to all people, regardless of how and when they experience the phenomena mentioned in the text of the Berachot. Therefore, the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" retains its value and relevance even after one has recited "Zokef Kefufim." The Ben Ish Hai's third argument is the simple fact that the Sages instituted two separate blessings – one for the ability to move our limbs, and a second blessing for the ability to stand up straight. If the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" were subsumed under the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim," then there would be no reason for the Rabbis to institute two separate blessings; it would have sufficed to simply recite "Zokef Kefufim," which includes both our ability to move our limbs and our ability to stand up straight. An analogy might be reciting "She'hakol" over the cheese before reciting "Ha'mosi" over the cheese sandwich. Since "Ha'mosi" covers the entire sandwich, there is clearly no reason to first recite a Beracha over the cheese by itself. Similarly, there would be no value in reciting "Matir Asurim" before "Zokef Kefufim" if the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim" covers the ability to move one's limbs. Evidently, the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" must have significance that extends beyond that which is covered by "Zokef Kefufim," and so even if one first recited "Zokef Kefufim," he then recites "Matir Asurim." Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in Halichot Olam, refutes these three arguments advanced by the Ben Ish Hai. He makes the interesting observation that Rav Amram Gaon, who ruled that one cannot recite "Matir Asurim" after "Zokef Kefufim," was a disciple of Rav Natrunai Gaon – who, as mentioned, maintained that the morning blessings praise Hashem for these phenomena, and not for one's personally benefitting from them. This shows that Rav Amram's ruling does not hinge upon the issue of how one understands the nature and purpose of Birkot Ha'shahar, that even if they praise Hashem for "Minhago Shel Olam," the sequence of "Matir Asurim" and "Zokef Kefufim" must nevertheless be followed. As for the Ben Ish Hai's proof from the very fact that two separate Berachot were instituted, Hacham Ovadia counters that we cannot know the reasons why the Sages chose to institute the various blessings, and so this does not provide any proof. Given the uncertainty surrounding this issue, Hacham Ovadia writes, one who mistakenly recited "Zokef Kefufim" before "Matir Asurim" does not then recite "Matir Asurim," in light of the rule of "Safek Berachot Le'hakel" – we do not recite a Beracha when it is questionable whether it is required. A person in this situation should preferably find somebody who had yet to recite Birkot Ha'shahar and listen to his recitation of the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," so he can satisfy the view that he must still recite the Beracha, without running the risk of reciting a Beracha in vain. If this is not possible, then he should recite "Baruch Ata," think silently in his mind the words "Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," and then conclude "Matir Asurim." If a person recited "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam" with the intention of concluding "Zokef Kefufim," and at that moment he realized he had not yet recited "Matir Asurim," he should conclude with "Zokef Kefufim" as he had intended. Although he will then be unable to recite the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," as discussed, nevertheless, this is preferable to concluding with "Matir Asurim" after having recited the first part of the Beracha with the intention of concluding "Zokef Kefufim." This is the ruling of Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998). He explains that according to the Rambam, the critical component of the recitation of a Beracha is the intention one has while reciting "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam." In the Rambam's view, once a person recited these words with the intention of conclude "Zokef Kefufim," he will be credited with the recitation of this Beracha even if he then recites "Matir Asurim." It is therefore preferable to conclude, "Zokef Kefufim" even though he will then be unable to recite "Matir Asurim." Summary: A person who is ill and bedridden in the morning recites the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim" even though this blessing speaks of the ability to stand up straight. It is uncertain whether this applies also to somebody who is paralyzed, Heaven forbid. If a person mistakenly recited "Zokef Kefufim" before reciting "Matir Asurim," he should not then recite "Matir Asurim." Preferably, he should find somebody who had yet to recite Birkot Ha'shahar and listen to his recitation of the Beracha of "Matir Asurim." If this is not possible, he should recite "Baruch Ata," think silently in his mind the words "Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," and then conclude "Matir Asurim." A person who recited "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam" with the intention of reciting "Zokef Kefufim," and then realized he did not recite "Matir Asurim," should conclude "Zokef Kefufim," and should not switch to "Matir Asurim."

The Rambam has a surprising ruling regarding the case of a person who recited a different Beracha than the Beracha he had intended to recite. One example is a person who is reciting Birkot Ha'shahar (the morning blessings), and while reciting the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim" – fully intending to recite this Beracha – he mindlessly completed the Beracha with the words "Matir Asurim," instead of "Poke'ah Ivrim." The Rambam rules that the person has fulfilled the requirement to recite "Poke'ah Ivrim," despite the fact that he recited the wrong words. Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) explains that according to the Rambam, the critical component of a Beracha is the recitation of the words "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam" with the intention of completing the Beracha. Of course, we are supposed to complete the Beracha properly, verbally expressing our intentions. But if a person mistakenly failed to do so, then although he ended up reciting the wrong Beracha, he is credited with the recitation of the Beracha that he had intended to recite. Others, however, disagree with the Rambam, dismissing this novel theory, and insisting that a person cannot be credited with the recitation of a Beracha unless he indeed recited it properly. The Shulhan Aruch brings both opinions. Hacham Bension ruled that given the different opinions on this matter, a person who intended to recite one Beracha but instead recited a different Beracha which he was required to recite is credited with the recitation of both Berachot. In the case described above, then, the individual is considered to have fulfilled both the requirement of "Poke'ah Ivrim" and the requirement of "Matir Asurim." It should be noted, however, that if the person realized his mistake immediately after reciting the wrong text, within a couple of seconds, then he should right away correct his mistake. He will then be credited with reciting only the Beracha he had intended to recite, as he immediately corrected his mistake and recited the Beracha he had intended to recite. Summary: If a person intended to recite a certain Beracha that he was required to recite, but he mindlessly recited a different Beracha which he was required to recite, then he is credited with the recitation of both Berachot. For example, if a person intended to recite the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim" in the morning, but mistakenly concluded the Beracha with the words "Matir Asurim," he is considered to have recited both Berachot. However, if he realizes he mistake within a couple of seconds after reciting the Beracha, he should immediately correct himself, and will then be credited with reciting only the Beracha he had intended to recite.

One of the blessings we recite each morning is "Poke'ah Ivrim," praising Hashem for "opening the eyes of the blind." The idea underlying this Beracha is that we must never take for granted the ability we have each morning to open our eyes and see. The eye is an especially fragile organ, and even the slightest disorder can cause it to malfunction and deny us the ability to see, Heaven forbid. Vision is a precious gift which we must appreciate anew each and every day, and so our Sages instituted the recitation of a special Beracha to thank Hashem for granting us the ability to see. Unfortunately, however, not everyone is able to see, and some people are blind. The Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, Poland, 1635-1682) ruled that since a blind person cannot see, he does not recite the Beracha, as he is unable to thank Hashem for "opening his eyes" and granting him the gift of vision. At first glance, this Halacha depends on a fundamental question regarding the nature of the Birkot Ha'shahar obligation. The Rambam maintained that one recites each of the Birkot Ha'shahar only upon benefitting from the phenomenon referred to in that Beracha. Meaning, upon hearing the rooster's crow, one recites, "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina"; upon opening one's eyes, one recites, "Poke'ah Ivrim"; upon getting out of bed, one recites, "Matir Asurim," and so on. If one does not experience one of these phenomena, then, according to the Rambam, he does not recite the corresponding Beracha. The Magen Abraham's ruling appears to follow this perspective, that one who does benefit from the phenomenon mentioned by one of the morning blessings does not recite that blessing. Hence, a blind person does not recite "Poke'ah Ivrim." Others, however, disagreed, and understood that we recite these Berachot to praise Hashem not for the benefit we personally receive from these phenomena, but rather for the phenomena themselves, for the very fact that He made them part of the natural order. Additionally, the Arizal explained these Berachot as having deep mystical meanings, which are relevant to everyone, irrespective of whether or not one experiences the phenomena mentioned in these blessings. According to this perspective, it would seem that a blind person should, in fact, recite Birkot Ha'shahar. Indeed, the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) brings the Arizal's teaching and concludes on this basis that even a blind person recites the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim." Moreover, the Peri Hadash (Rav Hizkiya Da Silva, 1659-1698) writes that a blind person should recite "Poke'ah Ivrim" because although he himself cannot see, he benefits from the vision of others. People are able to help him – bringing him where he needs to go, and bringing him what he needs – because of their gift of vision, and so he must praise Hashem for this gift. This line of reasoning led Rav Moshe Zakut, cited by the Hid"a (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) in Shiyureh Beracha, to conclude that even the Rambam would require a blind person to recite "Poke'ah Ivrim" each morning, as he indeed directly benefits from the precious gift of vision. One may, however, question this assertion in light of the fact that the Rambam's son, Rabbenu Abraham ben Ha'Rambam (1186-1237), in one of his responsa, sharply criticizes a certain congregation that hired a blind Hazan, who recited aloud the morning blessings, including "Poke'ah Ivrim." Rabbenu Abraham presumably followed his father's rulings, and his objection thus indicates that in the Rambam's view, a blind person does not recite this Beracha. Another argument for allowing a blind person to recite "Poke'ah Ivrim" is advanced by the Shalmeh Sibur, who asserts that the blessing of "Poke'ah Ivrim" does not actually refer to the ability to see. After all, even while we sleep, we are able to see; our eyes are closed, but not dysfunctional. Therefore, it cannot be said that our vision is restored in the morning, warranting a Beracha over our regaining the ability to see. The Shalmeh Sibur thus explains this blessing differently, as referring to our ability to notice things, to live with an awareness of what's happening around us, a quality metaphorically described as the opening of our eyes. (Clearly, however, this is not the commonly accepted understanding of the blessing.) As for the final Halacha, we might have assumed that since we recite the morning blessings together, and not when we benefit from each phenomenon, we follow the view that these blessings praise Hashem for the phenomena in general, and for our personal benefit. Moreover, we recite the Beracha of "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" even though we do not hear the rooster's crow. Although the Shulhan Aruch accepts the aforementioned ruling of the Rambam, that one should recite each Beracha as he experiences the phenomenon it speaks of, the common custom is to recite them all even if, for whatever reason, we do not experience one of the blessings. Seemingly, then, it should follow that a blind person recites "Poke'ah Ivrim" even though he cannot see. However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that the case of a blind person differs in that the individual is not capable of enjoying the gift of sight. It is possible that we recite even the blessings over phenomena which we do not personally experience only because we are potentially able to enjoy these features which Hashem built into the natural world. Hence, this does not prove that a blind person – who has no possibility of enjoying the gift of sight – recites "Poke'ah Ivrim." In light of the different opinions, Hacham Ovadia rules that it is preferable for a blind person not to recite this Beracha, following the general rule of "Safek Berachot Le'hakel" – that we do not recite a Beracha when it is uncertain if it is warranted. However, Hacham Ovadia writes, if a blind person recites the Beracha, he does not have to be told not to.

One of the Birkot Ha'shahar is "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina La'havhin Ben Yom U'ben Layla." The common translation of this blessing is, "…who gives the rooster the understanding to distinguish between day and night." According to this understanding, this Beracha praises G-d for granting the rooster the wondrous ability to know that dawn has occurred, when the first rays of light appear on the eastern sky. The moment of dawn is not readily discernible to the naked eye (as opposed to the sunrise, which is clearly seen), and yet the rooster has the ability to know when this occurs, and to crow to wake people up. Others, however, interpret the word "Sechvi" to mean "heart." According to this understanding, the Beracha "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" thanks Hashem for giving us human beings the wisdom of distinction, to differentiate between day and night, between right and wrong, and between truth and falsehood. The Arizal advanced a deeper understanding of this Beracha, according to the teachings of Kabbalah. He said that at night, when dark falls, strict judgment descends into the world, which poses danger. For this reason, the Kabbalists in earlier generations would go to sleep right at nightfall. At Hasot (Halachic midnight), the Arizal taught, the judgments become "sweetened," and are less strict. This process unfolds gradually until morning, when the attribute of Hesed, divine kindness, prevails. Therefore, the righteous Kabbalists would arise at midnight and pray until the morning. The Arizal explained on this basis why we find two Hebrew words for nighttime – "Layil" and "Layla." The difference between them is the letter Heh, which is added to the word "Layil" to form "Layla." In Kabbalah, the letter Heh signifies a sphere called "Bina" (literally, "understanding"), which is also called "Ima" – "mother." A mother, even when she needs to deal strictly with her children to educate them, always feels a significant measure of love and compassion toward them. The term "Layla," then, which ends with the letter Heh, refers to the second half of the night, when the strict judgments are mitigated by love and kindness. The word "Layil" refers to the first part of the night, when the judgments are as yet unmitigated. The Arizal explained that in the Beracha "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina," we refer to the angel Gabriel, whose name signifies the attribute of "Gebura" (literally, "power"), which is associated with strict judgment. Starting at Hasot, Hashem lends Gabriel the quality of "Bina," sweetening the judgments until morning. (Needless to say, these are very deep concepts which lie beyond our comprehension and require further study.) Ashkenazim recite a slightly different text of this Beracha – "Asher Natan La'sechvi Bina La'havhin Ben Yom U'ben Layla," based on a verse in the Book of Iyob ("O Mi Natan La'sechvi Bina" – 38:36). This version is formulated in past tense, praising G-d "who has granted" this wisdom. Sephardic tradition, however, teaches that this Beracha, like all the morning blessings, should be recited in the present tense. The Aruch Ha'shulhan (Rav Yehiel Michel Epstein of Nevardok, 1829-1908) explains that Birkot Ha'shahar are formulated in the present tense because Hashem creates the world anew at every moment, and thus all the phenomena for which we praise Him in these Berachot are occurring right now, at this very moment. As we say in the morning prayer service, in the first Beracha before Shema, "Ha'mehadesh Be'tubo Be'chol Yom Tamid Ma'aseh Bereshit" – Hashem constantly renews the act of creation, each and every day. A human being who creates – such as a carpenter, who produces a piece of furniture – makes his creation and then leaves it and completely disengages. Hashem, however, did not create the world just once – He is constantly creating it anew. Thus, we thank Hashem who is granting us the ability to see at this moment, who is giving us clothing to wear at this moment, who is giving us the ability to stand up straight at this moment, and so on. This fundamental concept has crucially important ramifications for our Emuna (faith), our belief that situations can change. No matter what we're going through, whatever problem or crisis we're facing, we need to believe that the current moment is not connected to the previous moment, and the next moment in the future has no connection to the current moment. Hashem is constantly creating anew, and so at any moment in time He can create an entirely new reality. A deaf person recites this Beracha, even though he cannot hear the rooster's crow in the morning, for several reasons. Firstly, as discussed, this Beracha has a number of different meanings, and does not necessarily refer only to the crowing of the rooster. Additionally, Halacha follows the opinion that Birkot Ha'shahar are recited to thank Hashem not for one's having personally experienced the phenomena mentioned in these blessings, but rather for the phenomena themselves, for the very fact that Hashem has made them part of the natural order. Hence, even if a person does not personally benefit from the crowing of the rooster, he is required to praise Hashem for making this happen each morning.

It is well known that if a person begins reciting a Beracha that is not required, and he realizes his mistake after reciting the words "Baruch Ata Hashem," he has the possibility of avoiding an accidental utterance of Hashem's Name in vain. He can do this by immediately reciting the words "Lamedeni Hukecha," which has the effect of turning his words into a Biblical verse. The phrase "Baruch Ata Hashem Lamedeni Hukecha" is a verse in Tehillim (119:12), and so by adding the words "Lamedeni Hukecha," one transforms his recitation of "Baruch Ata Hashem" into the first words of a verse, such that he is not considered to have recited Hashem's Name in vain. One common case is when a person recites a Beracha over food during a meal, forgetting that he had recited "Ha'mosi" over bread and thus does not need to recite a Beracha over the various foods eaten during the meal. If he began reciting a Beracha, and after saying "Baruch Ata Hashem" he realized his mistake, he should quickly add the words "Lamedeni Hukecha." Less known, however, is the option that one has even if he realized his mistake later, after he already recited the words "Elokenu Melech Ha'olam." At this point, of course, it is too late to turn his mistakenly-recited words into a verse from the Tanach. What he can do, however, is to recite a Beracha which, although we do not customarily recite, some Rishonim (early Medieval scholars) had the practice of reciting. The Bet Yosef brings that some earlier Rabbis would include in the Birkot Ha'shahar (morning blessings) a number of Berachot which do not appear in other sources. For example, some recited a Beracha "Baruch Ata Hashem…Magbi'ah Shefalim," praising Hashem for raising the downtrodden. Another Beracha that some Rabbis recited was "Baruch Ata Hashem…Somech Nofelim," praising Hashem for supporting those who are falling. The Bet Yosef disapproves of this practice, despite the fact that these Berachot were included in several editions of the Siddur in Spain. He notes that these Berachot are mentioned nowhere in the Talmud, and we do not have the authority to introduce our own Berachot. However, the Mishmeret Shalom writes that the fact that some early Rabbis advocated for the recitation of these Berachot allows a person the opportunity to avoid a mistaken recitation of Hashem's Name in vain if he had begun reciting an unwarranted Beracha. If a person realized after reciting the words "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam" that his Beracha is not needed, he should immediately recite the words "Magbi'ah Shefalim" or "Somech Nofelim." This way, at least according to some Rabbis, he had recited a legitimate Beracha, and has not recited G-d's Name in vain. Summary: If a person began reciting a Beracha, and after saying the words "Baruch Ata Hashem" he realizes that the Beracha is not warranted, he should immediately say "Lamedeni Hukecha," so he will be considered to have recited a verse, instead of having recited G-d's Name in vain. If he realized his mistake only after he said "…Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," he should immediately add the words "Magbi'ah Shefalim" or "Somech Nofelim," as these are Berachot which some Rabbis had the practice of reciting each day. Although we do not follow this custom, it is preferable to add these words in this case so that at least according to these Rabbis, the person has recited a legitimate Beracha and has not recited G-d's Name in vain.