Podcasts about hegira

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Best podcasts about hegira

Latest podcast episodes about hegira

Business Ninjas
Putting Mental Health First: Zero Suicide Initiative | Business Ninjas: WriteForMe and Hegira Health

Business Ninjas

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 29, 2023 15:15


Join our resident Business Ninja, Kelsey, as she talks with Andrea Rodgers, a representative of Hegira Health, a non-profit healthcare organization based in Michigan, USA. Hegira Health offers a wide range of behavioral healthcare services, including mental health and substance abuse treatment, to individuals and families in the community. On their website, visitors can find helpful resources, including information about services, locations, and staff. They also provide a blog featuring articles and resources related to mental health and addiction recovery. Additionally, patients and clients can easily access their medical records and communicate with their healthcare providers through the website's user-friendly interface. Don't miss this informative conversation about the important work Hegira Health is doing to support the community's mental health and well-being.Learn more about them and visit their website https://www.hegirahealth.org/-----Do you want to be interviewed for your business?  Schedule time with us, and we'll create a podcast like this for your business:  https://www.WriteForMe.io/-----https://www.facebook.com/writeforme.iohttps://www.instagram.com/writeforme.io/https://twitter.com/writeformeiohttps://www.linkedin.com/company/writeforme/https://www.pinterest.com/andysteuer/Want to be interviewed on our Business Ninjas podcast? Schedule time with us now, and we'll make it happen right away! Check out WriteForMe, more than just a Content Agency! See the Faces Behind The Voices on our YouTube Channel!

The Rabbi and The Shrink
#76: Confronting the Status Quo w/ Dr. Robyn

The Rabbi and The Shrink

Play Episode Play 60 sec Highlight Listen Later Nov 3, 2022 40:57 Transcription Available


Why do so many of us not achieve our own potential?What can we do to turn failure into success?How do we bridge the gap between perception and reality?These and more topics are addressed when  concierge, high performance, psychology coach Dr. Robyn Odegaard joins The Rabbi and the Shrink.https://www.linkedin.com/in/robynodegaard/https://drrobynodegaard.com/It's easy to be mediocre, because if you don't try, you can't fail.Don't repeat the mistake of Cain.Five step paradigm:1) What is your goal?2) What is your plan?3) What do I need to know or know how to do that I don't know now?4) What are your psychological barriers?5) What people, places, or habits are helping or hurting us?Changing our environment can help us change what needs to be change.Once you make the choice to change, change becomes easier and more likely.Talking about ourselves can be limiting.Giving advice is dangerous; giving good advice is deadly.Rebuke is validating when it's given with care and concern.Shame is imposed from the outside, but it's our choice whether we accept it.Ethics demands that we make ourselves competent.Have the courage to question your own expertise, competence, and objectivity."Perception is what you think; reality is what I think."Learn from the intellectual integrity of Abraham Lincoln.Listen to everyone, then make your own decisions.Don't compromise with the middle.Employees who are overworked, overwhelmed, and underutilized is a formula for disaster.The word of the day: Hegira [ hi-jahy-ruh]Flight or journey to a more agreeable locationRabbi Akiva's transition from illiterate shepherd to the leader of his generation via the coaching of his wife, Rachel.

Word of the Day

Hegira is a noun that refers to a trip to a more desirable location. Coming from an Arabic word for ‘departure,' hegira came to English in the late 16th century. It was initially used in a spiritual context, referring to a trip to Mecca, but it can now be used to refer to any trip or migration made with the intention of improving one's life. After twelve years of living in the frozen climates of Minnesota, our hegira to Florida was wonderful. It felt like summer every day of the year.

Lexman Artificial
Hegira with Whitney Cummings

Lexman Artificial

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 7, 2022 4:39


Lexman and Whitney chat about her experience on the latest season of the comedy game show Hegira. They chat about all things travel related and Whitney gives an insider look at what it was like to be on the show!

Islamic Books For Free
Essentials of Islam is five

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 14, 2022 2:40


Rasulullah (sall-Allahu Taala alaihi wa sallam) said that the first of the essentials of Islam was “to say the Kalimat ash-shahada”; that is, one should say, “Ash'hadu an la ilaha illa Allah wa ash'hadu anna Muhammadan abduhu wa rasuluh.” In other words, a sane person who has reached the age of puberty and who can talk has to say, “On the earth or in the sky, there is nothing nor anyone but Allahu Taala who has the right to be worshipped and Who is worthy of deifying. The real Deity is Allahu Taala alone. He is the Wajib ul-wujud. Every kind of superiority exists in Him. No defect exists in Him. His name is Allah,” and to believe in this absolutely with all their heart. Also one should say and believe: “The most noble person named Muhammad ibn Abdullah who had a face that was rosy in appearance, white-reddish, bright and lovely, with black eyes and brows, a blessed wide forehead and beautiful manners, whose shadow never fell on the ground, who was soft-spoken and was called Arab because he had been born in Mecca of Hashemitedescent, is the human being and Messenger sent by Allahu Taala.” The Prophet's mother was Hazrat Amina bint (daughter of) Wahab. His birth in Mecca honored the world [at the dawn of Monday, April 20, in the (Gregorian) year 571]. When he was forty, he was informed that he was the Prophet [Monday, Ramadan 17, 610]. That was named the year of ‘Bi'tha' (a prophet's being sent for calling people to the right path). After this, he invited people to Islam, in Mecca, for thirteen years. Then he migrated (the Hijrat, Hegira) to Medina on the command of Allahu Taala. From there, he spread Islam everywhere. Ten years after the Hijrat, he passed away in Medina in July 632 (on Monday 12, Rabi al- Awwal) 5. Islam's fifth essential is “for the able person to perform the hajj (pilgrimage) once in their life.” For an able person who has money enough for going to and coming back from the city of Mecca including an amount sufficient for the subsistence of the family they leave behind until they come back, it is fard once in their lifetime to perform tawaf around the Kaaba and to perform Waqfa on the plain of Arafat, provided that the way is safe and their body is healthy.

Islamic Books For Free
Value of an Awliyâ!

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 22, 2022 1:59


Question: Since no Murshid-i kâmil has been seen after the first half of the fourteenth century of the Hegira, why don't we attach our heart to the heart of Rasûlullah, and thereby receive his strong nûr, instead of attaching our heart to the hearts of past Walîs by reading their words and thus knowing them? Besides, isn't it an essential of îmân to be attached to him, that is, to believe and love him? Answer: No doubt it is better to follow Rasûlullah directly ‘sallAllâhu ta'âlâ 'alaihi wa sallam', and after his passing, to follow his holy soul. In fact, this is even necessary and wâjib. In the 81st letter of the book (Mekâtîb-i sherîfa), it states: “Thinking of a Walî as an eyeglass, we should look at Rasûlullah and Allâhu ta'âlâ through this eyeglass.” To find a Walî or his books, to know him, to do râbita with him is actually for the purpose of becoming attached to the sacred soul of Rasûlullah ‘sallAllâhu ta'âlâ 'alaihi wa sallam'. By merely reading or hearing about a person, it is difficult for one to dream of his figure or his physiognomy, since one has never seen him before. Not the desired one, but someone else may be seen in this case. That is why râbita is not practised with Rasûlullah. It would be kufr to believe someone else to be Rasûlullah. There is no such danger when practising râbita with the Awliyâ. A person who practises râbita with a murshid-i kâmil will have with the heart looked into his blessed heart. Therein, he will see the blessed heart of Rasûlullah. Thus, he will have practised râbita with Rasûlullah. This is the only way the ignorant, the heedless, like us, do râbita with Rasûlullah. Through this kind of râbita, after receiving fayd from Rasûlullah, it will be possible and easy to practise râbita directly with him, and to receive fayd from the graves of Awliya and from their souls. A person who practises râbita with Rasûlullah and receives fayd from him loves him very much. Endless Bliss First Fasicle | Page 286-287

Islamic Books For Free
Salaf-i Sâlihîn

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 17, 2022 1:24


The Ashâb-i kirâm (the companions of the Prophet) and the Tâbi'în-i izâm (people who saw the Ashâb-i kiram) are called Salaf-i sâlihîn. The Ahl-as-Sunna savants who succeeded them and who lived until the end of the four hundredth year of the Hegira are called Halaf-i sâdiqîn. Halaf-i sâdiqîn always followed the Salaf-i sâlihîn in the knowledge pertaining to faith, deeds and heart; they never deviated from the way of the Salaf-i sâlihîn. It appeared to be impossible to see insân-i-kâmils (perfect guides) after the year fourteen hundred, just as was the fact that there had been no mutlaq mujtahids (absolute mujtahids) left after the year four hundred. Until Doomsday, however, there will be mujaddids ‘rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaihim ajma'în', who may not have attained the grades of Awliyâ or mujtahids, on the earth. These mujaddids will spread the books of the mujtahids all over the world and restore the teachings of the Ahl as-Sunna and the right way, which will have been forgotten by people. They will answer the slanders and lies of the people of bid'at (heretics), false men of Tasawwuf, zindîqs, and impostors of science and religion, with whom the entire world will be rife. People who find and read the books of the mujaddids will attain happiness in this world and in the Hereafter. Endless Bliss First Fasicle | Page 283-284

Islamic Books For Free
He Was Ummî Alam's ‘sall-Allâhu 'alaihi wa sallam'

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 9, 2022 1:12


Rasûlullah was ummî, that is, he hadn't read books; he was not schooled in writing, nor had he received lessons from anyone. Born and raised in Mecca, brought up among certain people, and despite having never travelled, he conveyed information about facts and events in the Tawrât (Hadrat Mûsâ's heavenly book), in the Injîl, and in the books written during the Grecian and Roman centuries. In order to teach Islam, he sent letters to Muslims. In the sixth year of the Hegira, he sent letters to Byzantine, Iranian, and Abyssinian rulers and to other Arabic emperors. The Iranian ruler (shâh) Husraw Pervîz tore his letter to pieces, and martyred the Sahâbî who had delivered him the letter. Shortly after that, he was slain by his son named Shîrûya. More than sixty foreign ambassadors came to his service. It is wâjib for everybody who has heard of Rasûlullah's ‘sall-Allâhu 'alaihi wa sallam' prophethood to believe him, the Qur'ân, which he brought, and Islam. He who, after having heard, dies without having îmân will go into Hell and will be eternally tormented there. Endless Bliss First Fasicle | Page 243

Islamic Books For Free
Mi'râj And Migration To Medina

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 5, 2022 2:23


When he was fifty-two years old, on the twenty-seventh night of the month of Rajab, in Mecca, Hadrat Jabrâil descended and took him from Masjid-i-Harâm to Masjid-i-Aqsa in Jerusalem and thence to heavens. In this Mi'râj, he saw Allâhu ta'âlâ. On this night, the daily five prayers of namâz became fard. Please read the final page of the fifth chapter of the second fascicle of Endless Bliss! When he was fifty-three years old, he migrated to Medina with a divine command. He left his house early in the morning, on Thursday, the twenty-seventh of the month of Safar. He came to Abû Bakr Siddîq's house in the afternoon. After a short time, he and Abû Bakr left the latter's house together. They went to a cave on Mount Sawr, five and a half kilometres south-east of Mecca. The way to this mount, which is 759 metres (about 2530 ft.) above sea level, was very rough. His blessed feet bled. They stayed in the cave for three nights and left it on Monday night. After a week's travel, they arrived at Kubâ village near Medina on Monday, the eighth of Rabî'ul-awwal, which coincided with the twentieth of September. It is written in the book of Tafsîr entitled Baydâwî that after staying here until the twenty-third of September, (the autumnal equinox,) when day and night are of equal length, they spent the day here and left for Medîna on the twelfth of Rabî'ulawwal, a Friday, arriving in the blessed city on the same day. Later, during the caliphate of 'Umar ul-Fârûq, the first day of the month of Muharram of that year, which was sixty-six days before the Hijrat, became the beginning of the Muslims' Hijrî kamarî calendar. That first day, according to historians, was in the year 622 A.D. It is written in Ahmad Ziyâ Bey's book Ilm-i Hey'et, printed in 1316 [1898 A.D.], that it corresponded with Friday, the sixteenth of July. The beginning of Muslim's Hijrî shamsî year (Hegira solar calendar) is the day when he entered the village, Kubâ, which was the 20th of September. The first day of the year of 623 A.D. was in the first year of the Hegira solar calendar, and lunar calendar. Endless Bliss First Fasicle | Page 237-238

Islamic Books For Free
He Began Talking In The Cradle ‘sall-Allâhu 'alaihi wa sallam'

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 4, 2022 2:33


Hadrat Jabrâil's first coming and informing him of his prophethood, his leaving the city of Mecca for a Hegira, his setting foot in the village of Kubâ of Medîna-i-munawwara, his leaving Medina for the conquest of Mecca, and his death all took place on Mondays. When he was born, it was discovered that his umbilical cord had been cut and that he had been circumcised. When he honoured the earth with his presence, he raised his index finger and prostrated. Angels used to cradle him. He began talking in the cradle. It is said in the annotation Zerkânî of Mawâhib: “When his parents Hadrat 'Abdullah and Hadrat Âmina married, the former was eighteen years old and the latter was fourteen years old. Hadrat Âmina passed away when she was twenty. First he was suckled by his holy mother for nine days, then by Suweyba, a jâriya of Abû Lahab, for a few days. Then, Halîma-i Sa'diyya suckled him for two years. He stayed in the village of Banî Sa'd bin Bakr for two years; then, when he was four years old, he was brought to the city of Mecca. When he began to walk, he used to watch children play; he wouldn't join the playing. When he was six years old, his mother Âmina passed away, and when he was eight, his grandfather 'Abdul-muttalib passed away. When he was twentyfive years old, he married Hadrat Hadîjah ‘radiy-Allâhu anhâ'. When he was forty years old, in the month of Ramadân on a Monday, as he was in a cave on a mountain that was called Jabali-hirâ and Jabal-i-nûr and which was an hour's walk north of the city, the angel appeared to him and he was informed that he was the Prophet for all human beings and genies. First, Hadrat Jabrâil came. Then, for three years Hadrat Isrâfil kept coming to teach him. Yet, Isrâfil didn't bring the Qur'ân al-kerîm. Then, Hadrat Jabrâil began to come and conveyed all of the Qur'ân al-kerîm in twenty years. Jabrâil ‘'alaihis-salâm' came to him twenty-four thousand times. [By comparison, he had descended to Hadrat Âdam twelve times, to Hadrat Nûh (Noah) fifty times, to Hadrat Ibrâhim forty times, to Hadrat Mûsâ (Moses) four hundred times, and to Hadrat Îsâ ten times.] He didn't manifest his prophethood for three years, and then, with the command of Allâhu ta'âlâ, he declared it. Endless Bliss First Fasicle | Page 236-237

Islamic Books For Free
Rasûlullah's sall-Allâhu 'alaihi wa sallam' Ring

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 2, 2022 1:24


Rasûlullah, together with twelve thousand heroes, after departing from Medina on the tenth day of Ramadân, conquered Mecca on Thursday, the twentieth of Ramadân, in the eighth year of the Hegira. On the following day, Friday, when reciting the khutbah, he had a black turban around his blessed head. After staying eighteen days in Mecca, he went to Hunayn. He used to let the end of his turban hang down. He used to say, “The turban distinguishes Muslims from disbelievers.” It was his habit to wear various clothes. When ambassadors from foreign countries came, he would adorn himself. That is, he would wear valuable and beautiful clothes and expose his beautiful face. Formerly, he used to have a gold ring, but later he wore a ring with an agate. He used his ring as a seal. “Muhammadun Rasûlullah” was written on his ring. In all four Madhhabs it is not permissible for men to wear gold rings. His bed was made of leather filled with date tree shredding. Sometimes he slept on this bed and sometimes on leather laid on the ground, on a mat and sometimes on dry soil. He laid on his right side putting his blessed palm under his right cheek. Rasûlullah ‘sall-Allâhu 'alaihi wa sallam' did not accept zakât, and he did not eat such things as raw onions or garlic, and he did not recite poems. Endless Bliss First Fasicle | Page 235-236

Islamic Books For Free
Raghâib Night

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 27, 2021 2:17


The first Friday night (the night between Thursday and Friday) of Rajab-i Sherîf is called the Raghâib Night, for Allâhu ta'âlâ bestows raghîbats, that is, blessings and gifts, on His human creatures throughout that night. Any invocations pronounced on that night will not be rejected, and acts of worship, such as namâz, fasting and alms, will be rewarded a number of times better than usual. He (Allah) will forgive those who respect that night. In the early ages of Islam, and before Islam, it was harâm (forbidden) to war in the months of Rajab, Dhu'lqa'da, Dhu'lhijja and Muharram. It is written in the eighth paragraph of the second chapter of the book Riyâd-un-nâsikhîn: “It is writen in the Tafsîrs of Zâhidî and Alî Jurjânî and in all the Tafsîrs that before Islam the Arabs used to change the places of the months in order to be able to make war in the months of Rajab and Muharram by putting them forward or backward. Rasûlullah, when he performed the Farewell Hajj with ninety thousand Muslims in the tenth year of the Hegira, said: “O my Ashâb! We are performing the hajj exactly at its proper time. The sequence of months is exactly as it was when Allâhu ta'âlâ created it!” In the year when 'Abdullah got married the places of the months were wrong. The month of Rajab was in the place of Jamâ'zil'âkhir. That is, it was one month ahead. Then, the transition of the Prophet's blessed light to our mother Âmina is in today's month of Jamâ'zil'âkhir. It is not on the Ragâib Night. Endless Bliss First Fasicle | Page 231

This Day in History Class
The prophet Muhammad completes his Hegira - September 24th, 622

This Day in History Class

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 24, 2021 9:36


On this day in 622, the prophet Muhammad completed his Hegira, or “flight,” from the city of Mecca to what is now known as Medina. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com

Word of the Day

hegira
Islamic Books For Free
Essentials of Islam is five

Islamic Books For Free

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 16, 2021 2:40


Rasulullah (sall-Allahu Taala alaihi wa sallam) said that the first of the essentials of Islam was “to say the Kalimat ash-shahada”; that is, one should say, “Ash'hadu an la ilaha illa Allah wa ash'hadu anna Muhammadan abduhu wa rasuluh.” In other words, a sane person who has reached the age of puberty and who can talk has to say, “On the earth or in the sky, there is nothing nor anyone but Allahu Taala who has the right to be worshipped and Who is worthy of deifying. The real Deity is Allahu Taala alone. He is the Wajib ul-wujud. Every kind of superiority exists in Him. No defect exists in Him. His name is Allah,” and to believe in this absolutely with all their heart. Also one should say and believe: “The most noble person named Muhammad ibn Abdullah who had a face that was rosy in appearance, white-reddish, bright and lovely, with black eyes and brows, a blessed wide forehead and beautiful manners, whose shadow never fell on the ground, who was soft-spoken and was called Arab because he had been born in Mecca of Hashemitedescent, is the human being and Messenger sent by Allahu Taala.” The Prophet's mother was Hazrat Amina bint (daughter of) Wahab. His birth in Mecca honored the world [at the dawn of Monday, April 20, in the (Gregorian) year 571]. When he was forty, he was informed that he was the Prophet [Monday, Ramadan 17, 610]. That was named the year of ‘Bi'tha' (a prophet's being sent for calling people to the right path). After this, he invited people to Islam, in Mecca, for thirteen years. Then he migrated (the Hijrat, Hegira) to Medina on the command of Allahu Taala. From there, he spread Islam everywhere. Ten years after the Hijrat, he passed away in Medina in July 632 (on Monday 12, Rabi al- Awwal) 5. Islam's fifth essential is “for the able person to perform the hajj (pilgrimage) once in their life.” For an able person who has money enough for going to and coming back from the city of Mecca including an amount sufficient for the subsistence of the family they leave behind until they come back, it is fard once in their lifetime to perform tawaf around the Kaaba and to perform Waqfa on the plain of Arafat, provided that the way is safe and their body is healthy.

The History of the Christian Church

El episodio de esta semana se titula – "Desafío".Hemos seguido el desarrollo y crecimiento de la Iglesia en el Este en algunos episodios. Para ser claros, estamos hablando de la Iglesia que hizo su sede en la ciudad de Seleucia, ciudad gemela a la capital persa de Ctesifonte, en la región conocida como Mesopotamia. Lo que hoy en día los historiadores se refieren como La Iglesia del Oriente se llamó a sí misma la Iglesia de Asiria. Pero fue conocida por la Iglesia Católica en el Occidente con sus centros gemelos en Roma y Constantinopla, por el título despectivo de la Iglesia Nestoriana porque continuó en la tradición teológica del obispo Nestóreo, declarado herético por el Consejo de Éfeso en el año 431 y Calcedonia 20 años más tarde. Como hemos visto, es dudoso que lo que Nestóreo enseñó acerca de la naturaleza de Cristo fuera verdaderamente errante. Pero Cirilo, Obispo de Alejandría, más por razones políticas que por una preocupación por la pureza teológica, convenció a sus compañeros que Nestóreo era un hereje y lo desterró a él y a sus seguidores. Se movieron hacia el Este y formaron el núcleo de la Iglesia en el Oriente.Mientras esa rama de la Iglesia prosperó durante la Edad Media Europea, la Iglesia Católica Occidental se fusionó alrededor de 2 centros; Roma y Constantinopla. Aunque habían llegado a un acuerdo sobre las cuestiones doctrinales relativas a la naturaleza de Cristo y habían expulsado tanto a los Nestorianos al Este como a los Jacobitas Monofisitas a sus enclaves en Siria y Egipto, las mitades Occidentales y Orientales de la Iglesia Romana empezaron a separarse.El Concilio de Constantinopla en el año 692 marcó uno de los varios puntos de inflexión en la eventual brecha entre Roma y Constantinopla. Llamado por el Emperador, el Concilio sólo contó con la asistencia de los Obispos Orientales. No trato con asuntos doctrinales reales, sino que estableció reglas para la forma en que la Iglesia debía organizarse y llevar a cabo la adoración. El problema es que varias de las decisiones fueron contrarias a prácticas de larga duración en Roma y a las iglesias de Europa Occidental que la seguían. El Papa rechazó el Consejo. à Y el abismo entre Roma y Constantinopla se ensancho.Esta brecha entre la mitad oriental y occidental de la Iglesia, reflejaba lo que estaba sucediendo en el Imperio en general. Como hemos visto, Justiniano I trató de revivir la gloria del Imperio Romano en el 6º siglo, pero después de su muerte, el Imperio rápidamente volvió a su camino hacia la desintegración. Lo que ayudó a esta disolución fue el surgimiento del Islam desde la esquina sureste del Imperio.Históricamente, los Árabes eran un pueblo de múltiples tribus que compartían una cultura común y desconfianza entre ellos mismos, lo que alimentaba un conflicto sin fin. Pero el principio del 7º siglo los vio unidos por una religión nueva y militante. Las interminables luchas que los habían mantenido atacándose los unos a los otros, y ahora los fusiono en una misión compartida de ponerse en contra de todos los demás. ¿Por qué robarse los unos a los otros por generaciones, simplemente transfiriendo el mismo botín entre ellos? ¿Cuándo podían unirse y agarrar nuevos tesoros de sus vecinos?¿Y tanto mejor cuando esos vecinos que solían ser demasiado fuertes para atacar y ahora estaban en declive y poco defendidos?Fue una tormenta perfecta. El surgimiento de los ejércitos Musulmanes a principios del 7º siglo, brotando del horno que los forjó, llegó justo en el momento en que el antes imparable poder del Imperio Romano era finalmente una reliquia de una época pasada. Constantinopla fue capaz de mantener alejados a los invasores durante otros 700 años, pero el Islam se extendió rápidamente sobre otras tierras del antes gran Imperio; en el Medio Oriente, en el Norte de África, e incluso fue capaz de conseguir un punto de apoyo en Europa cuando saltaron el Estrecho de Gibraltar y desembarcaron en España. En el Oriente, los Musulmanes tomaron a la antigua némesis de Roma, Persia, y rápidamente la sometieron bajo su control.Todo comenzó con el nacimiento de un árabe llamado Mahoma en el año 570.Dado que este es un podcast sobre la Historia del Cristianismo en lugar del Islam, seré breve en esta examinación de la nueva religión que sacó a los árabes de su península durante el 7º siglo.El Islam marca su comienzo en la Hegira, el traslado de Mahoma de su ciudad natal de Meca a la ciudad de Medina en el año 622. Esto comenzó la fase exitosa de su predicación. Muhammad construyó una teología que incluía elementos del Judaísmo, el Cristianismo y el Politeísmo Árabe.Si bien hoy se habla mucho del lugar del Islam con el Judaísmo y el Cristianismo como religión monoteísta, una pequeña investigación revela que Mahoma realmente sólo elevó a uno de los dioses árabes sobre todos los demás, es decir, Il-Alá, o como se conoce hoy en día, a Alá. Alá era el dios de la luna y la deidad patrona de la tribu Quraish de Mahoma. La prueba perdurable de esto es el símbolo de la luna creciente que adorna la parte superior de cada mezquita musulmana y minarete y es el símbolo universal del Islam.La nueva religión de Mahoma incluía elementos tanto del Judaísmo como del Cristianismo porque esperaba incluir a ambos grupos en su nuevo movimiento. Los Judíos rechazaron sus esfuerzos mientras varios Cristianos se unieron al nuevo movimiento. Es comprensible por qué. La iglesia con la que Mahoma estaba familiarizado era una que había sido infiltrada por la superstición árabe. Apenas se parecía al Cristianismo Bíblico. Era campo abierto para esa fe emergente. Cuando el Islam más tarde se topó con comunidades Cristianas más ortodoxas, rechazaron la nueva fe. Mahoma estaba indignado por el rechazo de los Judíos y Cristianos a unirse, por lo que se convirtieron en el objeto de su ira.Parte del genio de Mahoma fue que santificó la inclinación árabe por la guerra uniendo a las tribus y enviándolas con la misión de llevar el Islam al resto del mundo a través del poder de la espada. El botín y tesoros entonces se vio como un bono religioso, evidencia de favor divino.La rápida propagación del Islam por Asia Occidental y el Norte de África fue facilitada por el vacío dejado por las guerras crónicas entre Roma y Persia. Justo antes de las conquistas Árabes, los viejos combatientes habían concluido otra ronda en su larga competencia y estaban agotaron.En la segunda década del 7º siglo, los Persas conquistaron Siria y Palestina de los Romanos, tomaron Antioquía, saquearon Jerusalén y luego conquistaron Alejandría en Egipto. Eso significa que los Persas gobernaron lo que habían sido las ciudades más pobladas del Imperio Romano en el 2º y 3º siglo. Conquistaron la mayor parte de Asia Menor y establecieron un campamento justo al otro lado del Bósforo de Constantinopla.Luego, en una de las grandes reversiones de la historia, el Emperador Heraclio reunió al Imperio Oriental y lanzó una Guerra Santa para reclamar las tierras perdidas por los Persas. Retomaron Siria, Palestina, Egipto e invadieron profundamente en Persia. Pueden imaginar lo que toda esta guerra hizo política, ambiental y económicamente a la región. Los dejó agotados. Como un cuerpo cuyas defensas han caído, el Imperio Oriental estaba listo para una nueva invasión. Y mira; Oh que bueno à Aquí vienen los Arabes balanceando sus cimitarras. El avance Árabe fue nada menos que espectacular.Mahoma murió en el año 632 y fue seguido por una serie de asociados conocidos como califas. En el año 635 los Árabes tomaron Damasco, en el año 638 capturaron Jerusalén. Alejandría cayó en el año 642. Entonces los ejércitos musulmanes se dirigieron hacia el Norte y se hundieron en la desmoralizada región de Persia. En el año 650 terminaron de tomar el control, al igual que partes de Asia Menor y una gran parte del Norte de África.Los Musulmanes se dieron cuenta de que conquistar el Mediterráneo requeriría que se convirtieran en una potencia naval. Lo hicieron, y comenzaron a tomar islas estratégicas en el mar oriental y central. En la década del 670 con su nueva armada, comenzaron a atacar a Constantinopla, pero fueron perseguidos por un nuevo invento: el Fuego Griego.Conquistaron Cartago en el año 697, el centro del poder Bizantino en el Norte de África. Luego, en el año 715, saltaron el Estrecho de Gibraltar y desembarcaron en España, poniendo fin al dominio Visigodo allí. Luego cruzaron los Pirineos y reclamaron el suroeste de Galia. No fue hasta la Batalla de Tours en el año 732 que los Francos bajo Carlos Martel fueron capaces de poner fin al avance Musulmán. Eso también marca el comienzo del siempre lento retroceso de la dominación musulmana en la Península Ibérica.Pero el territorio que el islam perdió en el extremo Occidental de sus posesiones fue compensado por sus avances en el Este. Durante el 8º siglo, llegaron al Punjab en la India y profundamente en Asia Central.Las principales islas del Mediterráneo se convirtieron en monedas que pasaron de Bizantino a musulmán, y luego de nuevo. Los musulmanes incluso lograron establecer un par de colonias en la costa de Italia. Asaltaron Roma.Estas conquistas se calmaron a medida que regreso la vieja tendencia a la animosidad entre las tribus Árabes. Lo que los había unido, el Islam, se convirtió en una cosa más por la que luchar. El principal punto de contención fue sobre quién debía liderar la Umma– la comunidad Musulmana. El Islam se fracturó en diferentes grupos que volvieron sus cimitarras los unos en contra de los otros, y el resto del mundo respiró un suspiro colectivo de alivio.La Iglesia en las tierras que ahora yacía bajo la Medialuna sufrió. Se suponía que el Islam tenía cierto respeto por lo que llamaban "El Pueblo del Libro", es decir, Cristianos y Judíos. Moisés y Jesús fueron considerados grandes profetas en el Islam. Mientras que los paganos tenían que convertirse al Islam, a los Cristianos y Judíos se les permitió continuar en su fe, siempre y cuando pagaran un impuesto sancionado. El tratamiento de los cristianos variaba ampliamente a través de las tierras musulmanas. Su destino estaba determinado por la intensidad de la fe y la adhesión de los gobernantes al Islam. Esto se debió en gran parte a las instrucciones contradictorias que se encontraban en el Corán sobre cómo tratar a personas de otras religiones.En el Islam, la revelación posterior reemplaza los pronunciamientos anteriores. Al principio de la carrera de Mahoma, el esperaba ganar a los Cristianos mediante la persuasión a su causa, por lo que pidió un trato amable de ellos. Más tarde, cuando tuvo algo de poder y los cristianos resultaron intratables, habló con más fuerza e se enfoco en su cumplimiento forzado. La conversión del Islam a cualquier otra religión iba a ser castigada con la ejecución. Pero el Corán no esta establecido en una secuencia cronológica y los lectores no siempre saben cuál era una revelación anterior y cuál era una revelación posterior. Algunos gobernantes musulmanes fueron severos y leyeron los pasajes duros como la regla. Persiguieron a los cristianos y trataron de erradicar la Iglesia. Otros creían que el llamado a una relación más misericordiosa con los cristianos era una moralidad más elevada y siguieron eso. A las iglesias se les permitió reunirse bajo esos gobernantes, pero las manifestaciones públicas de fe fueron prohibidas y no se permitió ningún edificio nuevo para las iglesias.Curiosamente, hubo un florecimiento de la cultura Árabe que tuvo lugar debido al gobierno de los musulmanes benevolentes. Debido a que se permitió la enseñanza Cristiana, los clásicos de la civilización Griega y Romana que fueron traducidos al Árabe por el clero cristiano y académicos. Fue esto lo que llevó al surgimiento de la Edad de Oro Árabe que les encanta a los historiadores modernos. Rara vez se menciona que tal Edad de Oro fue provocada y habilitada por eruditos Cristianos que dieron a los Musulmanes acceso a las obras de la antigüedad clásica.Los severos límites puestos a la Fe por parte incluso de gobernantes musulmanes indulgentes, combinados con el duro trato de la Iglesia en otros lugares llevaron a pérdidas generalizadas por parte de la Iglesia en términos de población e influencia. Los Cristianos Católicos que vivían en el Norte de África huyeron al Norte de Europa, donde fueron recibidos por aquellos de fe similar. Pero la comunidad de los Monofisitas Jacobitas se quedó atrás empezó a decaer, y la vibrante cultura de la iglesia que una vez había dominado la región casi se perdió. El resurgimiento del Islam radical de la Hermandad Musulmana en Egipto está poniendo los últimos clavos en el ataúd de la Iglesia Copta, los herederos espirituales de esa historia que alguna vez fue vibrante.Casi por todas partes en el cual Islam se extendió, fue acompañado por deserciones masivas de Cristianos marginales a la nueva fe. Después de todo, el pragmatismo no es una filosofía tan moderna. Muchos cristianos nominales asumieron que el Dios único del Islam era el mismo que el único Dios del cristianismo y debia favorecer a los musulmanes – quiero decir > mira lo exitosos que son en la difusión de su religión. La fuerza hace que sea lo correcto – ¿Verdad? Bueno, tal vez no . . . ¡Shhh!  No tan fuerte, los Mulás podrían oír y sus Cimitaras son afiladas.Como muchos se habían convertido al Cristianismo recién emergente bajo los auspicios de Constantino a principios del siglo 4º siglos, ahora muchos se convirtieron al Islam bajo los califatos en el 7º siglo.Junto con las restricciones impuestas a aquellos cristianos que se negaron a convertir al Islam se añadió una práctica que los musulmanes recogieron de los gobernantes Zoroastristas de Persia. Exigieron a los cristianos que llevaran una insignia distintiva y les prohibieron servir en el ejército. Eso fue probablemente lo mejor ya que el ejército fue utilizado específicamente para difundir la fe por la espada - la práctica musulmana de la yihad. Pero ser prohibidos de las fuerzas armadas, significaba que se les prohibía el uso de armas, y obligados a usar ropa distintiva significaba una fácil identificación para aquellos elementos hostiles que veían la presencia de los cristianos como contraria a la voluntad de Dios. Los cristianos se convirtieron en blanco de la vergüenza pública y, a menudo, de la violencia. Dado que las conversiones del Islam fueron castigadas con la muerte, mientras que la conversión al Islam fue recompensada, incluso en los reinos más indulgentes bajo la bandera de La Luna creciente, la iglesia experimentó un declive constante.A medida que el Islam se asentaba y se convertía en la fuerza cultural dominante en todos sus dominios, la mayoría de las comunidades cristianas que permanecían se convirtieron en una tradición. Reaccionaron enérgicamente contra cualquier innovación, temiendo que fueran peligrosas desviaciones de la Fe que habían mantenido tan tenazmente a pesar de la persecución. Otra razón por la que rechazaron el cambio fue por temor a que pudiera conducir al éxito y la iglesia crecería. El crecimiento significaba que las autoridades musulmanas prestaban más atención, y eso era algo que querían evitar a toda costa. Por esa razón, hasta el día de hoy la Iglesia en tierras musulmanas tiende a ser arcaica y ligada a tradiciones practicadas durante cientos de años.

Today In History
Today In History - Muhammad completes Hegira

Today In History

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 24, 2020


https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/muhammad-completes-hegiraSupport the show on Patreon

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Terrible Writing
NaNoWriMo Special: (Don't) Write What You (Don't) Know

Terrible Writing

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 1, 2019 19:56


During NaNoWriMo, regular people write an entire novel in one month. What could possibly go wrong? Besides...well...everything? I will read an excerpt of my own terrible attempt from when I was 23, called Hegira. Problems include writing myself a new boyfriend, totally oversimplifying country living, and trying to tackle a brand new topic of after school special: abusing Robitussin. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

write nanowrimo robitussin hegira
Hollow Leg Podcast
Hollow Leg History | What Happened on This Date, September 24?

Hollow Leg Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 24, 2019 3:18


622 The prophet Muhammad completes his Hegira, or “flight,” from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution. In Medina, Muhammad set about building the followers of his religion—Islam—into an organized community and Arabian power. The Hegira would later mark the beginning (year 1) of the Muslim calendar. 1789 The Judiciary Act of 1789 is passed by Congress and signed by President George Washington, establishing the Supreme Court of the United States as a tribunal made up of six justices who were to serve on the court until death or retirement. That day, President Washington nominated John Jay to preside as chief justice, and John Rutledge, William Cushing, John Blair, Robert Harrison, and James Wilson to be associate justices. On September 26, all six appointments were confirmed by the U.S. Senate. 1960 The USS Enterprise (CVN-65), the first nuclear powered aircraft carrier, is launched. The only ship of her class, Enterprise was, at the time of inactivation, the third-oldest commissioned vessel in the United States Navy after the wooden-hulled USS Constitution and environmental research ship USS Pueblo. She was inactivated on 1 December 2012, and officially decommissioned on 3 February 2017, after over 55 years of service. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. 2005 Hurricane Rita made landfall as a Category 3 Major Hurricane near Johnson's Bayou, Louisiana, between Sabine Pass, Texas and Holly Beach, Louisiana. Rita was the 4th named storm to make landfall during the 2005 season, and the 3rd hurricane to strike the US. Rita was the 4th most intense hurricane on record in the Atlantic Basin as the time, and the most intense hurricane ever observed in the Gulf of Mexico. Rita caused $12 billion in damages and a state of disaster was declared in 9 Texas Counties and 5 Louisiana Parishes as a result of the devastation.

Today In History
Today In History - September 24, 622: Muhammad completes Hegira

Today In History

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 24, 2019


https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/muhammad-completes-hegiraSupport the show on Patreon

completes today in history historic event hegira
The Be-Loving Imaginer
Goethe and Hafiz | Episode 04

The Be-Loving Imaginer

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 17, 2019 30:40


PODCAST #4: GOETHE AND HAFIZ | be the scripture you sing by Martin Bidney As be-loving imaginer I have no greater mentor-friend than Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, author of Faust and Germany's number one poet. How did he set me an example in both life and art? When he read the 1814 edition of Hafiz' Divan (or Collection) newly translated (for the first time into any European language!) by the marvelously talented scholar-poet Joseph von Hammer, Goethe decided this medieval Persian Muslim pub poet was his “twin brother” and worked for five years until at last his multicultural dialogue-reply was finished: the West-East Divan of 1819. The Hafiz masterwork had transformed Goethe's life. I am Goethe's spiritual brother as he was twin brother to Hafiz – I'm brother to them both. Poem 2, “Hegira,” shows Goethe patterning the new book on the examples of the traveler Hafiz and of Muhammad himself, who journeyed from Mecca to Medina. So in my verse reply I show how I'm trying to “be the scripture I sing,” a fellow traveler with the two men throughout my book West-East Divan: The Poems, with ‘Notes and Essays': Goethe's Intercultural Dialogues. In “Unbounded,” the poem where Goethe identified his “twin brother,” the German Hafiz-admirer declares the Persian mentor to be akin to him as poet, drinker, and lover. So I study what Goethe thought on all three topics. Medieval Persian society interpreted quite liberally Muhammad's remarks on wine, tending to see them as warning about excess, not as commanding abstention. In Poems 197-200, I show how Goethe shares the Hafizian light-hearted attitude to drinking. In this last poem of this group, “Cupboy, come! Another cup!” I note two kinds of breakthrough. (1) Goethe wittily confides that Muhammad's dissuasion from wine-indulgence was brought on by the Prophet's wish to be the only one drunk – drunk on God. Second, there's a hint of homoerotic love in the relation of the tavern customer in the lyric to the tavern waiter he's conversing with. Therefore, to elucidate Goethe's attitude of bisexual inclusion and acceptance, I study poem 8 by Hafiz, in Poems of Wine and Romance, which contains 103 Hafizian lyrics I translated (with a verse reply to each). Of course Goethe, Germany's greatest love poet, also shines in love lyrics addressed to women, as we see in Poem 227, “It is good.” In poem 13, “Past and Present,” we find the aging Goethe, who's over sixty, enjoying pleasurable memories and again paying grateful tribute to Hafiz, the master enjoyer. I conclude with Goethe's finest love poem of all, “You in a thousand forms may hide,” where the beloved lady is said to deserve a multitude of laudatory names, comparable to the 99 which – as Hafiz had known well – the Qur'an gives to God.

Love Letters Live
Psychotherapist and Student of History Hank Berman Connects Red Flags of the 60s to ISIS and Laments The American Demise of Critical Thinking

Love Letters Live

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 27, 2016 36:28


Need a little help remembering the road from the 60s to ISIS? San Francisco psychotherapist Hank Berman looks back what he saw on his self described “Hegira on the Hippie Trail”. His was North Africa, Turkey and across Iran and into Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, and the political blowback of what he saw was in the cards. Were people paying attention...

Matt & Brett Love Comics!
Dave Bluvband / You Can't Always Go To Steve Ditko

Matt & Brett Love Comics!

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 27, 2014 73:52


This week’s chat episode guest is our dear ol’ buddy Dave Bluvband. You may recognize Mr. Bluvband from his work on public access sensation The Chris Gethard Show, where he appears as The Human Fish. In this free-flowing talk-a-palooza, we discuss Dave’s love of Silver Age Marvel, his comic shop habits when traveling across the country, and some of his comic-book based comedy exploits. You can follow @Bluvband on Twitter, and be sure to check him out on The Chris Gethard Show! Music: “Hegira Émigré” by of Montreal "Dave Bluvband / You Can't Always Go To Steve Ditko" originally appeared at http://mattandbrettlovecomics.com/podcast/2014/david-bluvband.html

music montreal steve ditko chris gethard show hegira silver age marvel dave bluvband
From the Underground with Ryan Ford

The guys start off by fulfilling a request by Kevin Moyers to have Jacob do Sean Connery lines in his creepy voice. They talk about cab driving, boobs, awkward silences, the new comic series "The Star Wars" based on early drafts of the movie and Ryan professes his love for New Found Glory. And Jacob keeps talking about boobs and professes his undying love for Violent Femmes and Oingo Boingo. The 13th Floor Elevators - You're Gonna Miss MeEach Of The Days - This Burning BloodEagles Of Death Metal - Speaking In TonguesMan Man - Hurly BurlyTrigger Void - HegiraAndrew Jackson Jihad - Survival SongTurbid North - Kodiak Parts 1 & 2Frightened Rabbit - Old Old FashionedVivicyde - ForsakenIf you would like to be featured on a future episode you can contact us a podcastunderground@gmail.com.Drop us a line if you have any suggestions, comments, criticisms or anything else. Make sure you "like" our Facebook page - http://facebook.com/UndergroundPodcast.Follow us on Twitter at www.twitter.com/PodFromUnder.Read Jacob's occasional ramblings on his blog - http://robotvampireproductions.wordpress.com.Need help booking a show? Contact Ryan - somethingwickedent@gmail.com.Click here to listen or right click and choose "Save As..." to download.Please support our show by clicking the links to our Sponsors.

La Historia de la Iglesia Cristiana

El episodio de esta semana se titula – "Desafío".Hemos seguido el desarrollo y crecimiento de la Iglesia en el Este en algunos episodios. Para ser claros, estamos hablando de la Iglesia que hizo su sede en la ciudad de Seleucia, ciudad gemela a la capital persa de Ctesifonte, en la región conocida como Mesopotamia. Lo que hoy en día los historiadores se refieren como La Iglesia del Oriente se llamó a sí misma la Iglesia de Asiria. Pero fue conocida por la Iglesia Católica en el Occidente con sus centros gemelos en Roma y Constantinopla, por el título despectivo de la Iglesia Nestoriana porque continuó en la tradición teológica del obispo Nestóreo, declarado herético por el Consejo de Éfeso en el año 431 y Calcedonia 20 años más tarde. Como hemos visto, es dudoso que lo que Nestóreo enseñó acerca de la naturaleza de Cristo fuera verdaderamente errante. Pero Cirilo, Obispo de Alejandría, más por razones políticas que por una preocupación por la pureza teológica, convenció a sus compañeros que Nestóreo era un hereje y lo desterró a él y a sus seguidores. Se movieron hacia el Este y formaron el núcleo de la Iglesia en el Oriente.Mientras esa rama de la Iglesia prosperó durante la Edad Media Europea, la Iglesia Católica Occidental se fusionó alrededor de 2 centros; Roma y Constantinopla. Aunque habían llegado a un acuerdo sobre las cuestiones doctrinales relativas a la naturaleza de Cristo y habían expulsado tanto a los Nestorianos al Este como a los Jacobitas Monofisitas a sus enclaves en Siria y Egipto, las mitades Occidentales y Orientales de la Iglesia Romana empezaron a separarse.El Concilio de Constantinopla en el año 692 marcó uno de los varios puntos de inflexión en la eventual brecha entre Roma y Constantinopla. Llamado por el Emperador, el Concilio sólo contó con la asistencia de los Obispos Orientales. No trato con asuntos doctrinales reales, sino que estableció reglas para la forma en que la Iglesia debía organizarse y llevar a cabo la adoración. El problema es que varias de las decisiones fueron contrarias a prácticas de larga duración en Roma y a las iglesias de Europa Occidental que la seguían. El Papa rechazó el Consejo. à Y el abismo entre Roma y Constantinopla se ensancho.Esta brecha entre la mitad oriental y occidental de la Iglesia, reflejaba lo que estaba sucediendo en el Imperio en general. Como hemos visto, Justiniano I trató de revivir la gloria del Imperio Romano en el 6º siglo, pero después de su muerte, el Imperio rápidamente volvió a su camino hacia la desintegración. Lo que ayudó a esta disolución fue el surgimiento del Islam desde la esquina sureste del Imperio.Históricamente, los Árabes eran un pueblo de múltiples tribus que compartían una cultura común y desconfianza entre ellos mismos, lo que alimentaba un conflicto sin fin. Pero el principio del 7º siglo los vio unidos por una religión nueva y militante. Las interminables luchas que los habían mantenido atacándose los unos a los otros, y ahora los fusiono en una misión compartida de ponerse en contra de todos los demás. ¿Por qué robarse los unos a los otros por generaciones, simplemente transfiriendo el mismo botín entre ellos? ¿Cuándo podían unirse y agarrar nuevos tesoros de sus vecinos?¿Y tanto mejor cuando esos vecinos que solían ser demasiado fuertes para atacar y ahora estaban en declive y poco defendidos?Fue una tormenta perfecta. El surgimiento de los ejércitos Musulmanes a principios del 7º siglo, brotando del horno que los forjó, llegó justo en el momento en que el antes imparable poder del Imperio Romano era finalmente una reliquia de una época pasada. Constantinopla fue capaz de mantener alejados a los invasores durante otros 700 años, pero el Islam se extendió rápidamente sobre otras tierras del antes gran Imperio; en el Medio Oriente, en el Norte de África, e incluso fue capaz de conseguir un punto de apoyo en Europa cuando saltaron el Estrecho de Gibraltar y desembarcaron en España. En el Oriente, los Musulmanes tomaron a la antigua némesis de Roma, Persia, y rápidamente la sometieron bajo su control.Todo comenzó con el nacimiento de un árabe llamado Mahoma en el año 570.Dado que este es un podcast sobre la Historia del Cristianismo en lugar del Islam, seré breve en esta examinación de la nueva religión que sacó a los árabes de su península durante el 7º siglo.El Islam marca su comienzo en la Hegira, el traslado de Mahoma de su ciudad natal de Meca a la ciudad de Medina en el año 622. Esto comenzó la fase exitosa de su predicación. Muhammad construyó una teología que incluía elementos del Judaísmo, el Cristianismo y el Politeísmo Árabe.Si bien hoy se habla mucho del lugar del Islam con el Judaísmo y el Cristianismo como religión monoteísta, una pequeña investigación revela que Mahoma realmente sólo elevó a uno de los dioses árabes sobre todos los demás, es decir, Il-Alá, o como se conoce hoy en día, a Alá. Alá era el dios de la luna y la deidad patrona de la tribu Quraish de Mahoma. La prueba perdurable de esto es el símbolo de la luna creciente que adorna la parte superior de cada mezquita musulmana y minarete y es el símbolo universal del Islam.La nueva religión de Mahoma incluía elementos tanto del Judaísmo como del Cristianismo porque esperaba incluir a ambos grupos en su nuevo movimiento. Los Judíos rechazaron sus esfuerzos mientras varios Cristianos se unieron al nuevo movimiento. Es comprensible por qué. La iglesia con la que Mahoma estaba familiarizado era una que había sido infiltrada por la superstición árabe. Apenas se parecía al Cristianismo Bíblico. Era campo abierto para esa fe emergente. Cuando el Islam más tarde se topó con comunidades Cristianas más ortodoxas, rechazaron la nueva fe. Mahoma estaba indignado por el rechazo de los Judíos y Cristianos a unirse, por lo que se convirtieron en el objeto de su ira.Parte del genio de Mahoma fue que santificó la inclinación árabe por la guerra uniendo a las tribus y enviándolas con la misión de llevar el Islam al resto del mundo a través del poder de la espada. El botín y tesoros entonces se vio como un bono religioso, evidencia de favor divino.La rápida propagación del Islam por Asia Occidental y el Norte de África fue facilitada por el vacío dejado por las guerras crónicas entre Roma y Persia. Justo antes de las conquistas Árabes, los viejos combatientes habían concluido otra ronda en su larga competencia y estaban agotaron.En la segunda década del 7º siglo, los Persas conquistaron Siria y Palestina de los Romanos, tomaron Antioquía, saquearon Jerusalén y luego conquistaron Alejandría en Egipto. Eso significa que los Persas gobernaron lo que habían sido las ciudades más pobladas del Imperio Romano en el 2º y 3º siglo. Conquistaron la mayor parte de Asia Menor y establecieron un campamento justo al otro lado del Bósforo de Constantinopla.Luego, en una de las grandes reversiones de la historia, el Emperador Heraclio reunió al Imperio Oriental y lanzó una Guerra Santa para reclamar las tierras perdidas por los Persas. Retomaron Siria, Palestina, Egipto e invadieron profundamente en Persia. Pueden imaginar lo que toda esta guerra hizo política, ambiental y económicamente a la región. Los dejó agotados. Como un cuerpo cuyas defensas han caído, el Imperio Oriental estaba listo para una nueva invasión. Y mira; Oh que bueno à Aquí vienen los Arabes balanceando sus cimitarras. El avance Árabe fue nada menos que espectacular.Mahoma murió en el año 632 y fue seguido por una serie de asociados conocidos como califas. En el año 635 los Árabes tomaron Damasco, en el año 638 capturaron Jerusalén. Alejandría cayó en el año 642. Entonces los ejércitos musulmanes se dirigieron hacia el Norte y se hundieron en la desmoralizada región de Persia. En el año 650 terminaron de tomar el control, al igual que partes de Asia Menor y una gran parte del Norte de África.Los Musulmanes se dieron cuenta de que conquistar el Mediterráneo requeriría que se convirtieran en una potencia naval. Lo hicieron, y comenzaron a tomar islas estratégicas en el mar oriental y central. En la década del 670 con su nueva armada, comenzaron a atacar a Constantinopla, pero fueron perseguidos por un nuevo invento: el Fuego Griego.Conquistaron Cartago en el año 697, el centro del poder Bizantino en el Norte de África. Luego, en el año 715, saltaron el Estrecho de Gibraltar y desembarcaron en España, poniendo fin al dominio Visigodo allí. Luego cruzaron los Pirineos y reclamaron el suroeste de Galia. No fue hasta la Batalla de Tours en el año 732 que los Francos bajo Carlos Martel fueron capaces de poner fin al avance Musulmán. Eso también marca el comienzo del siempre lento retroceso de la dominación musulmana en la Península Ibérica.Pero el territorio que el islam perdió en el extremo Occidental de sus posesiones fue compensado por sus avances en el Este. Durante el 8º siglo, llegaron al Punjab en la India y profundamente en Asia Central.Las principales islas del Mediterráneo se convirtieron en monedas que pasaron de Bizantino a musulmán, y luego de nuevo. Los musulmanes incluso lograron establecer un par de colonias en la costa de Italia. Asaltaron Roma.Estas conquistas se calmaron a medida que regreso la vieja tendencia a la animosidad entre las tribus Árabes. Lo que los había unido, el Islam, se convirtió en una cosa más por la que luchar. El principal punto de contención fue sobre quién debía liderar la Umma– la comunidad Musulmana. El Islam se fracturó en diferentes grupos que volvieron sus cimitarras los unos en contra de los otros, y el resto del mundo respiró un suspiro colectivo de alivio.La Iglesia en las tierras que ahora yacía bajo la Medialuna sufrió. Se suponía que el Islam tenía cierto respeto por lo que llamaban "El Pueblo del Libro", es decir, Cristianos y Judíos. Moisés y Jesús fueron considerados grandes profetas en el Islam. Mientras que los paganos tenían que convertirse al Islam, a los Cristianos y Judíos se les permitió continuar en su fe, siempre y cuando pagaran un impuesto sancionado. El tratamiento de los cristianos variaba ampliamente a través de las tierras musulmanas. Su destino estaba determinado por la intensidad de la fe y la adhesión de los gobernantes al Islam. Esto se debió en gran parte a las instrucciones contradictorias que se encontraban en el Corán sobre cómo tratar a personas de otras religiones.En el Islam, la revelación posterior reemplaza los pronunciamientos anteriores. Al principio de la carrera de Mahoma, el esperaba ganar a los Cristianos mediante la persuasión a su causa, por lo que pidió un trato amable de ellos. Más tarde, cuando tuvo algo de poder y los cristianos resultaron intratables, habló con más fuerza e se enfoco en su cumplimiento forzado. La conversión del Islam a cualquier otra religión iba a ser castigada con la ejecución. Pero el Corán no esta establecido en una secuencia cronológica y los lectores no siempre saben cuál era una revelación anterior y cuál era una revelación posterior. Algunos gobernantes musulmanes fueron severos y leyeron los pasajes duros como la regla. Persiguieron a los cristianos y trataron de erradicar la Iglesia. Otros creían que el llamado a una relación más misericordiosa con los cristianos era una moralidad más elevada y siguieron eso. A las iglesias se les permitió reunirse bajo esos gobernantes, pero las manifestaciones públicas de fe fueron prohibidas y no se permitió ningún edificio nuevo para las iglesias.Curiosamente, hubo un florecimiento de la cultura Árabe que tuvo lugar debido al gobierno de los musulmanes benevolentes. Debido a que se permitió la enseñanza Cristiana, los clásicos de la civilización Griega y Romana que fueron traducidos al Árabe por el clero cristiano y académicos. Fue esto lo que llevó al surgimiento de la Edad de Oro Árabe que les encanta a los historiadores modernos. Rara vez se menciona que tal Edad de Oro fue provocada y habilitada por eruditos Cristianos que dieron a los Musulmanes acceso a las obras de la antigüedad clásica.Los severos límites puestos a la Fe por parte incluso de gobernantes musulmanes indulgentes, combinados con el duro trato de la Iglesia en otros lugares llevaron a pérdidas generalizadas por parte de la Iglesia en términos de población e influencia. Los Cristianos Católicos que vivían en el Norte de África huyeron al Norte de Europa, donde fueron recibidos por aquellos de fe similar. Pero la comunidad de los Monofisitas Jacobitas se quedó atrás empezó a decaer, y la vibrante cultura de la iglesia que una vez había dominado la región casi se perdió. El resurgimiento del Islam radical de la Hermandad Musulmana en Egipto está poniendo los últimos clavos en el ataúd de la Iglesia Copta, los herederos espirituales de esa historia que alguna vez fue vibrante.Casi por todas partes en el cual Islam se extendió, fue acompañado por deserciones masivas de Cristianos marginales a la nueva fe. Después de todo, el pragmatismo no es una filosofía tan moderna. Muchos cristianos nominales asumieron que el Dios único del Islam era el mismo que el único Dios del cristianismo y debia favorecer a los musulmanes – quiero decir > mira lo exitosos que son en la difusión de su religión. La fuerza hace que sea lo correcto – ¿Verdad? Bueno, tal vez no . . . ¡Shhh!  No tan fuerte, los Mulás podrían oír y sus Cimitaras son afiladas.Como muchos se habían convertido al Cristianismo recién emergente bajo los auspicios de Constantino a principios del siglo 4º siglos, ahora muchos se convirtieron al Islam bajo los califatos en el 7º siglo.Junto con las restricciones impuestas a aquellos cristianos que se negaron a convertir al Islam se añadió una práctica que los musulmanes recogieron de los gobernantes Zoroastristas de Persia. Exigieron a los cristianos que llevaran una insignia distintiva y les prohibieron servir en el ejército. Eso fue probablemente lo mejor ya que el ejército fue utilizado específicamente para difundir la fe por la espada - la práctica musulmana de la yihad. Pero ser prohibidos de las fuerzas armadas, significaba que se les prohibía el uso de armas, y obligados a usar ropa distintiva significaba una fácil identificación para aquellos elementos hostiles que veían la presencia de los cristianos como contraria a la voluntad de Dios. Los cristianos se convirtieron en blanco de la vergüenza pública y, a menudo, de la violencia. Dado que las conversiones del Islam fueron castigadas con la muerte, mientras que la conversión al Islam fue recompensada, incluso en los reinos más indulgentes bajo la bandera de La Luna creciente, la iglesia experimentó un declive constante.A medida que el Islam se asentaba y se convertía en la fuerza cultural dominante en todos sus dominios, la mayoría de las comunidades cristianas que permanecían se convirtieron en una tradición. Reaccionaron enérgicamente contra cualquier innovación, temiendo que fueran peligrosas desviaciones de la Fe que habían mantenido tan tenazmente a pesar de la persecución. Otra razón por la que rechazaron el cambio fue por temor a que pudiera conducir al éxito y la iglesia crecería. El crecimiento significaba que las autoridades musulmanas prestaban más atención, y eso era algo que querían evitar a toda costa. Por esa razón, hasta el día de hoy la Iglesia en tierras musulmanas tiende a ser arcaica y ligada a tradiciones practicadas durante cientos de años.

The History of the Christian Church

This week's episode is titled – “Challenge.”We've tracked the development and growth of the Church in the East over a few episodes. To be clear, we're talking about the Church which made its headquarters in the city of Seleucia, twin city to the Persian capital of Ctesiphon, in the region known as Mesopotamia. What today historians refer to as The Church in the East called itself the Assyrian Church. But it was known by the Catholic Church in the West with its twin centers at Rome and Constantinople, by the disparaging title of the Nestorian Church because it continued on in the theological tradition of Bishop Nestorius, declared heretical by the Councils of Ephesus in 431 and Chalcedon 20 years later. As we've seen, it's doubtful what Nestorius taught about the nature of Christ was truly errant. But Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, more for political reasons than from a concern for theological purity, convinced his peers Nestorius was a heretic and had him and his followers banished. They moved East and formed the core of the Church in the East.While that branch of the Church thrived during the European Middle Ages, the Western Catholic Church coalesced around 2 centers; Rome and Constantinople. Though they'd reached agreement over the doctrinal issues regarding the nature of Christ and expelled both the Nestorians to the East and the Monophysite Jacobites to their enclaves in Syria and Egypt, the Western and Eastern halves of the Roman Church drifted apart.The Council of Constantinople in 692 marked one of several turning points in the eventual rift between Rome and Constantinople. Called by the Emperor, the Council was attended only by Eastern Bishops. It dealt with no real doctrinal matters but set down rules for how the Church was to be organized and worship conducted. The problem is that several of the decisions went contrary to the long-held practice in Rome and the churches in Western Europe that looked to it. The Pope rejected the Council. à And the gulf between Rome and Constantinople widened.This gap between the Eastern and Western halves of the Church mirrored what was happening in the Empire at large. As we've seen, Justinian I tried to revive the gory of the Roman Empire in the 6th C, but after his death, the Empire quickly reverted to its path toward disintegration. What helped this dissolution was the emergence of Islam from the southeast corner of the Empire.Historically, the Arabs were a people of multiple tribes who shared both a common culture and distrust of one another which fueled endless conflict. But the early 7th C saw them united by a new and militant religion. The endless struggles that had kept them at each other's throats, were merged into a shared mission of setting them at everyone else's. Why steal from each other in generations of just transferring the same loot back and forth when they could unite and grab new plunder from their neighbors?And so much the better when those neighbors who used to be too strong to attack, were now in decline and under-defended?It was a Perfect Storm. The emergence of the Muslim armies in the early 7th C, bursting forth from the furnace that forged them, came right at the time when the once unstoppable might of the Roman Empire was finally a relic of a bygone age. Constantinople was able to hold the invaders at bay for another 700 years, but Islam spread quickly over other lands of the once great Empire; into the Middle East, North Africa, and was even able to get a foothold in Europe when they jumped the Straits of Gibraltar and landed in Spain. In the East, the Muslims swept up into Rome's ancient nemesis, Persia, and quickly subdued it as well.It all began with the birth of an Arab named Muhammad in 570.Since this is a podcast on the history of Christianity rather than Islam, I'll be brief in this review of the new religion that moved the Arabs out of their peninsula during the 7th C.Islam marks its beginning to the Hegira, Muhammad's move from his hometown of Mecca to the city of Medina in AD 622.  This began the successful phase of his preaching. Muhammad built a theology that included elements of Judaism, Christianity, and Arabian polytheism.While there's much talk today about Islam's place with Judaism and Christianity as a monotheistic religion, a little research reveals Muhammad really only elevated one of the Arab's gods over the others – that is Il-Allah, or as it is known today – Allah. Allah was the moon god and patron deity of Muhammad's Quraysh tribe. The enduring proof of this is the symbol of the crescent moon that adorns the top of every Muslim mosque and minaret and is the universal symbol of Islam.Muhammad's new religion included elements of both Judaism and Christianity because he hoped to include both groups in his new movement.  The Jews refused his efforts while several Christians joined the new movement. It's understandable why. The church Muhammad was familiar with was one that had been co-opted by Arab superstition. It hardly resembled Biblical Christianity. It was ripe pickings for the emergent faith. When Islam later ran into more orthodox Christian communities, they refused the new faith. Muhammad was incensed at the Jews and Christians refusal to join, so they became the object of his wrath.Part of Muhammad's genius was that he sanctified the Arabic penchant for war by uniting the tribes and sending them on the mission of taking Islam to the rest of the world thru the power of the sword. Loot was made over as a religious bonus, evidence of divine favor.Islam's rapid spread across Western Asia and North Africa was facilitated by the vacuum left from the chronic wars between Rome and Persia. Just prior to the Arab conquests, the old combatants had concluded yet another round in their long contest and were exhausted!In the 2nd decade of the 7th C, the Persians conquered Syria and Palestine from the Romans, took Antioch, pillaged Jerusalem, then conquered Alexandria in Egypt. That means the Persians ruled what had been the 2nd and 3rd most populous cities of the Roman Empire. They conquered most of Asia Minor and set-up camp just across the Bosporus from Constantinople.Then, in one of the great reversals of history, Emperor Heraclius rallied the Eastern Empire and launched a Holy War to reclaim the lands lost to the Persians.  They retook Syria, Palestine, Egypt and invaded deep into Persia. You can well imagine what all this war did politically, environmentally and economically to the region. It left it exhausted. Like a body whose defenses are down, the Eastern Empire was ripe for a new invasion. And look; Oh goodie à Here come the Arabs swinging their scimitars. The Arab advance was nothing less than spectacular.Muhammad died in 632 and was followed by a series of associates known as caliphs. In 635 the Arabs took Damascus, in 638 they captured Jerusalem. Alexandria fell in 642. Then the Muslim armies turned north and swept up into the demoralized region of Persia. By 650 it was theirs, as were parts of Asia Minor and a large part of North Africa.The Muslims realized conquering the Mediterranean would require they become a naval power. They did and began taking strategic islands in the Eastern and Central sea. In the 670s with their new navy, they began taking shots at Constantinople but were chased off by a new invention – Greek Fire.They conquered Carthage in 697, the center of Byzantine might in North Africa. Then in 715, they hopped the Straits of Gibraltar and landed in Spain, bringing the Visigothic rule there to an end. They then crossed the Pyrenees and laid claim to Southwestern Gaul. It wasn't ill the Battle of Tours in 732 that the Franks under Charles Martel were able to put a halt to the Muslim advance. That also marks the beginning of the ever so slow roll-back of Muslim domination in the Iberian Peninsula.But what territory Islam lost in the far western reach of their holdings was made up for by their advances in the East. During the 8th C, they reached into Punjab in India and deep into Central Asia.The major islands of the Mediterranean became coins that flipped from Byzantine to Muslim, then back again. The Muslims even managed to settle a couple of colonies on the coast of Italy. They raided Rome.These conquests tapered off as the old tendency toward animosity between the Arabic tribes returned. The thing that had united them, Islam, became one more thing to fight over. The main point of contention was over who was supposed to lead the Umma – the Muslim community. Islam fractured into different camps who turned their scimitars on each other, and the rest of the world breathed a collective sigh of relief.The Church in those lands that now lay under the Crescent moon suffered. Islam was supposed to hold a certain respect for what they called “The People of the Book” - meaning Christians and Jews. Moses and Jesus were considered great prophets in Islam.  While pagans had to convert to Islam, Christians and Jews were allowed to continue in their faith, as long as they paid a penalty tax. The treatment of Christians varied widely across Muslims lands. Their fate was determined by the intensity of the rulers' faith and adherence to Islam.  This was largely due to the conflicting instructions found in the Koran about how to treat people of other faiths.In Islam, later revelation supersedes earlier pronouncements. Early in Muhammad's career, he hoped to win Christians by persuasion to his cause so he called for kindly treatment of them. Later, when he had some power and Christians proved intractable, he spoke more stridently and urged their forced compliance. Conversion FROM Islam to any other religion was to be punished by execution. But the Koran isn't set down in a chronological sequence and readers don't always know which was an earlier and which a later revelation. Some Muslims rulers were stern and read the harsh passages as being the rule. They persecuted Christian and tried to eradicate the Church. Others believed the call to a more merciful relationship with Christians was a higher morality and followed that. Churches were allowed to meet under such rulers, but public demonstrations of faith were banned and no new church building was permitted.Interestingly, there was a flowering of Arabic culture that took place due to rule by benevolent Muslims. Because Christian scholarship was allowed, the Classics of Greek and Roman civilization were translated into Arabic BY CHRISTIAN CLERGY and SCHOLARS. It was this that led to the emergence of the Arabic Golden Age modern historians make so much of. That such a Golden Age was sparked and enabled by Christian scholars giving Muslims access to the works of classical antiquity is rarely mentioned.The severe limits placed on the Faith by even lenient Muslim rulers, combined with the harsh treatment of the Church in other places led to widespread loses by the Church in terms of population and influence. Catholic Christians living in North Africa fled north to Europe where they were welcomed by those of similar faith. But the Jacobite Monophysite community was left behind to languish, and the vibrant church culture that had once dominated the region was nearly lost. The resurgent radical Islam of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt is now putting the final nails in the coffin of the Coptic Church, the spiritual heirs to that once vibrant history.Nearly everywhere Islam spread, it was accompanied by mass defections of marginal Christians to the new faith. Pragmatism isn't such a modern philosophy after all. Many nominal Christians assumed the single God of Islam was the same as the one God of Christianity and He must favor the Muslims – I mean > look at how successful they are in spreading their religion. Might makes right – Right? // Well, maybe it doesn't . . . Shhh! Not so loud, the mullahs might hear and their scimitars are sharp.As many had converted to the newly emergent Christianity under the auspices of Constantine in the early 4th Century, now many converted to Islam under the caliphates in the 7th.Along with the restrictions placed on those Christians who refused to convert to Islam was added a practice the Muslims picked up from the Zoroastrian rulers of Persia.  They required Christians to wear a distinctive badge and prohibited them from serving in the army. That was probably for the best since the army was used specifically to spread the Faith by the sword – the Muslim practice of jihad. But being banned from the military meant they were prohibited the use of arms, and forced to wear distinctive clothing meant easy identification for those hostile elements who saw the presence of Christians as contrary to the will of Allah. Christians became targets of public shame and often, violence. Since conversions FROM Islam were punishable by death, while conversion TO Islam was rewarded, even in the most lenient realms under the banner of Crescent Moon, the church experienced a steady decline.As Islam settled in and became the dominant cultural force throughout its domains, most of the Christian communities that remained became tradition-bound. They reacted strongly against any innovations, fearing they were dangerous deviations from the Faith they'd held to so tenaciously in spite of persecution. Another reason they rejected change was for fear it might lead to success and the church would grow. Growth meant the Muslim authorities paying closer attention, and that was something they wanted to avoid at all costs. For that reason, to this day the Church in Muslim lands tends to be archaic and bound to traditions practiced for hundreds of years.

Mystery Of Cloomber, The by DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan
Chapter 01: The Hegira of the Wests from Edinburgh

Mystery Of Cloomber, The by DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 1, 1970 7:10


Mystery Of Cloomber, The by DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan
Chapter 01: The Hegira of the Wests from Edinburgh

Mystery Of Cloomber, The by DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 31, 1969 7:10