Podcast appearances and mentions of david sobel

Hi friends, we're on hiatus for the fall. To tide you over, we're putting up some favorite episodes from our archives. Enjoy! ---- [originally aired May 25, 2022] When we think about ancient humans, we often imagine them doing certain kinds of things. Usually very serious things like hunting game and making tools, foraging for food and building fires, maybe performing the occasional intricate ritual. But there was definitely more to the deep past than all this adulting. There were children around, too—lots of them—no doubt running around and wreaking havoc, much as they do today. But what were the kids up to, exactly? What games were they playing? What toys did they have? What were their lives like? My guest today is Dr. Michelle Langley, an archaeologist at Griffith University in Queensland, Australia. Michelle grapples with questions about children, play, and childhood in the deep past. In recent work, she draws on ethnographic reports to assemble a picture of what children have in common all across the globe. She then uses that understanding to cast new light on the archaeological record, to make fresh inferences about what kids must have been doing, making, and leaving behind. In this conversation, Michelle and I talk about the kinds of basic activities that have long been a mainstay of childhood everywhere—activities like playing with dolls, keeping pets, collecting shells, and building forts. We discuss how archaeologists often assume that hard-to-interpret objects have ritual purpose, when, in fact, those objects could just as easily be toys. We talk about how children seek out and engineer “secret spaces”. We also touch on how a male-centric bias has distorted archaeological discussions; how the baby sling may have been the primordial container; and how otters stash their favorite tools in their armpits. This is a super fun one, folks. But first a tiny bit of housekeeping: in case you missed the news, we have new newsletter. Seriously, who wouldn't want a monthly dose of Many Minds right in their inbox? You can find a sign-up link in the show notes. Alright friends, on to my conversation with Dr. Michelle Langley. Enjoy!   A transcript of this episode is available here.   Notes and links 2:30 – A 15,000 year old horse figurine from Les Espélugues cave in France. 6:00 – A classic paper by Conkey & Spector that helped initiate a wave of feminist archaeology. 7:30 – Dr. Langley's first paper to examine children's leavings in the archaeological record. 8:30 – See here for discussion and examples of perforated batons or bâton percés. 9:30 – Dr. Langley's paper, co-authored with Mirani Litster, ‘Is it ritual? Or is it children?' 14:00 – An influential discussion of ethnographic analogies in archaeology. 18:30 – A paper on the interpretation of Dorset miniature harpoon heads. 23:30 – An article on the Neanderthal ornamental use of raptor feathers. 29:00 - Dr. Langley's paper on identifying children's secret spaces in the archaeological record. 30:30 – A book by David Sobel on children's special spaces. 34:00 – A website about the site of Étiolles. 40:00 – A figure showing the layout of the Bruniquel Cave, including the secondary structures. 41:00 ­– More information about the mammoth bone huts of Ukraine. 44:00 – A paper by Dr. Langley and Thomas Suddendorf on bags and other “mobile containers” in human evolution. 47:00 – A video showing a sea otter using their underarm “pocket” to store objects. 50:00 – The “carrier bag theory of evolution” was proposed by Elizabeth Fisher in Women's Creation. This later inspired Ursula Le Guin to propose the “carrier bag theory of fiction.” 51:30 – An experimental study by Dr. Langley and colleagues on children's emerging intuitions about the use of containers and bags. 55:30 – A paper by Dr. Langley and colleagues on early symbolic behavior in Indonesia. Dr. Langley recommends: Growing up in the Ice Age, by April Nowell You can read more about Dr. Langley's work at her website and follow her on Twitter.   Many Minds is a project of the Diverse Intelligences Summer Institute, which is made possible by a generous grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation to UCLA. It is hosted and produced by Kensy Cooperrider, with help from Assistant Producer Urte Laukaityte and with creative support from DISI Directors Erica Cartmill and Jacob Foster. Our artwork is by Ben Oldroyd. Our transcripts are created by Sarah Dopierala. Subscribe to Many Minds on Apple, Stitcher, Spotify, Pocket Casts, Google Play, or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can also now subscribe to the Many Minds newsletter here! We welcome your comments, questions, and suggestions. Feel free to email us at: manymindspodcast@gmail.com.  For updates about the show, visit our website or follow us on Twitter: @ManyMindsPod.

We could talk about how much we love nature for hours! Growing up, our parents were very intentional about pointing out the beauties in the world. All of us have taken that appreciation for nature and woven it into the fabric of our own families. Join us as we discuss why nature is so important and share some ideas for getting your kids outside. How do you bring the benefits of nature into your family? Come share with us on Instagram! @eyresisters   Notes:   Oregon episode     Last Child in the Woods by Richard Louv     How to Raise a Wild Child: The Art & Science of Falling in Love with Nature by Scott D. Sampson     The Nature Fix: Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier, and More Creative by Florence Williams     National Wildlife Federation - Health Benefits & Tips     Lost Connections: Why You're Really Depressed and How to Find Hope by Johann Hari     Huberman Lab - Light, sleep, and circadian rhythm     Stephen Moss quote      Amanda Morgan quote     David Sobel quote     Penny Whitehouse quote     Forcing a Good Memory blog post     Alfred Wainwright quote  

De la crise financière à la crise sanitaire : c'est le voyage entrepreneurial de Yann Rivoallan, co-fondateur avec Candice Delorme et David Sobel, de The Other Store, rebaptisée The OZ entre-temps. Créée en 2008, l'entreprise, qui accompagne les marques dans leur activité e-commerce et dans leurs ventes omnicanal, a été cédée en 2022 au Groupe Hopps pour un montant compris entre 10 et 20 millions d'euros.The Other Store est née avec l'explosion des réseaux sociaux et l'apparition des pages Facebook qui allaient complètement révolutionner la relation des consommateurs avec les marques et les revendeurs. Après des hauts et des bas, la plateforme a bénéficié des confinements du Covid pour croître fortement. Une période qui a aussi été révélatrice pour Yann Rivoallan : il veut faire autre chose. Toujours actionnaire, mais plus opérationnel. L'ex-DGl suivra d'un peu plus loin qu'imaginé la vente de l'entreprise. Avec ses avantages et ses inconvénients. Pour raconter cette histoire, Yann Rivoallan convoque le stoïcisme, mais pas que. Cet épisode prouve une fois de plus que l'émotion emporte parfois tout sur son passage, aussi pragmatique et détaché que tout entrepreneur puisse essayer d'être.Dans cet épisode, on cite Candice Delorme, David Sobel, Thibaut Sailly, Frédéric Biousse, Sandrine Lilienfeld, Bruno Médina, Isabelle de Baillenx, Frédéric Pons, Jean-Paul VillotPour ce flashback, Yann a choisi d'être accompagné par :You Can't Always Get What You Want - The Rolling StonesL'Odyssée de l'espace - Stanley KubrickFashion - Lady GagaNocturnes, Opus 9 - ChopinOrelsan - La quêteJump - Kris KrossÀ vos écouteurs

Beyond Ecophobia by David Sobel ICAN Webinar about Beyond Ecophobia Magazine Article Here is a pdf of a synopsis of the article Look! Don't Touch! Orion Magazine   Living Loose Parts Resources Connecting Children to Animals Podcast episode Worms, Glorious Worms Podcast episode Animal Homes Podcast episode Animal Architects Podcast episode Squirrel Appreciation Podcast episode Eggs & Nests Podcast episode Animals in Winter Podcast episode Animal Play Loose Parts Nature Play Kits Adding Plants to an Outdoor Classroom Podcast Episode   Book--Loose Parts Learning in K-3 Classrooms: https://www.gryphonhouse.com/books/details/loose-parts-learning-in-k-3-classrooms Loose Parts Play Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/LoosePartsPlay/ Loose Parts Play Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/LoosePartsPlay/   Inside Outside Michiana Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/InsideOutsideMichiana/   Loose Parts Nature Play Website: https://loosepartsnatureplay.org/    

De la crise financière à la crise sanitaire : c'est le voyage entrepreneurial de Yann Rivoallan, co-fondateur avec Candice Delorme et David Sobel, de The Other Store, rebaptisée The OZ entre-temps. Créée en 2008, l'entreprise, qui accompagne les marques dans leur activité e-commerce et dans leurs ventes omnicanal, a été cédée en 2022 au Groupe Hopps pour un montant compris entre 10 et 20 millions d'euros.The Other Store est née avec l'explosion des réseaux sociaux et l'apparition des pages Facebook qui allaient complètement révolutionner la relation des consommateurs avec les marques et les revendeurs. Après des hauts et des bas, la plateforme a bénéficié des confinements du Covid pour croître fortement. Une période qui a aussi été révélatrice pour Yann Rivoallan : il veut faire autre chose. Toujours actionnaire, mais plus opérationnel. L'ex-DGl suivra d'un peu plus loin qu'imaginé la vente de l'entreprise. Avec ses avantages et ses inconvénients. Pour raconter cette histoire, Yann Rivoallan convoque le stoïcisme, mais pas que. Cet épisode prouve une fois de plus que l'émotion emporte parfois tout sur son passage, aussi pragmatique et détaché que tout entrepreneur puisse essayer d'être.Dans cet épisode, on cite Candice Delorme, David Sobel, Thibaut Sailly, Frédéric Biousse, Sandrine Lilienfeld, Bruno Médina, Isabelle de Baillenx, Frédéric Pons, Jean-Paul VillotPour ce flashback, Yann a choisi d'être accompagné par :You Can't Always Get What You Want - The Rolling StonesL'Odyssée de l'espace - Stanley KubrickFashion - Lady GagaNocturnes, Opus 9 - ChopinOrelsan - La quêteJump - Kris KrossÀ vos écouteurs

TAKING CONTROL OF YOUR DIABETES® – THE PODCAST! ...With Expert Endocrinologists Living with T1D, Drs. Steven V. Edelman & Jeremy PettusSuccessful Behavior Changes – Featuring Preventative Medicine Doctor David SobelQuestions We'll Cover in This Episode:•  What is the Chronic Disease Self Management Program?•  What are the core skills people need to manage a chronic condition?•  What is a key component of behavior change when it comes to how we learn the information?•  What are the most important takeaways you've learned from your research in behavior change?•  How can my provider practice better empathy and individualize my care?•  How can I form a better relationship with my provider?•  How can I motivate myself to change my behavior?•  How can I create an effective behavior change plan?**Tune in for 2 new episodes each month! Like what you hear and want to help us grow? Please rate and review this podcast so we can reach more people living with diabetes!** ★ Support this podcast ★

To borrow Richard Louv's words in describing our guest today “David Sobel is one of the pioneering voices in the children and nature movement.” And you can easily see why, by simply looking at his contribution. David has made it his mission to educate and advocate for the preservation of children's nature connection by sharing his experience as a father of two, his countless keynotes, articles and seven books…including one of Lukas' all-time favourites, Wild Play. In this compassionate chat about children and parenting, Lukas and David talk about the importance of dream life, how to best support childhood and authentically connecting with our children. https://www.davidsobelauthor.com/about-david-sobel https://paulhoweshepard.wordpress.com/ https://www.booktopia.com.au/magical-child-joseph-chilton-pearce/book/9780452267893.html

Dave believes the natural world is one of our most powerful teachers and mentors. Dave co-founded Forest Play in 2011 with the goal of facilitating programs that connect people to nature, others and themselves.  Forest Play is grounded in the learning philosophies of Coyote Mentoring and Forest Schools and inspired by the understanding that stories, wilderness skills and sensory experiences in nature can help children and adults be more creative, resilient and emotionally intelligent. Dave also facilitates nature-based leadership programs for the Banff Centre and the Pacific Centre for Leadership and leads adult workshops for teachers and educators in Forest Play and nature - connection mentoring.  He has a Master's Degree in Recreation Management, is an accredited Master Interpretive Guide a Wilderness First Responder and proud father of two wonderful daughters (ages 11 & 13). Coyote's Guide: http://coyotesguide.com/ Child and Nature Alliance Canada/Forest School Canada: https://childnature.ca/ Wilderness Awareness School: https://www.wildernessawareness.org/ Wisdom of the Earth (Salt Spring) and the Pine Project (Toronto) (these are really Canada's versions of Wilderness Awareness School): https://www.wisdomoftheearth.ca/ https://pineproject.org/ David Sobel: https://www.davidsobelauthor.com/nature-preschools-and-forest-kindergartens Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode Judith Germain speaks to David Sobel about being a tech optimist. He talks about the need to analyse mistakes and being comfortable making predictions. Judith speaks about the bravery required to say 'no' to outlandish demands for exciting tech that's not really needed. Dave has been a serial entrepreneur and now helps organisations get the best out of technology. He talks about the need to show how the investment in technology can increase revenue in the business. Listen to the rest of the conversation to learn about technology in business. If you wish to listen to The Maverick Paradox @KLDR Online Leadership Development Radio as the episodes are broadcasted, then visit the KLDROnline website. Judith's websites:  The Maverick Paradox Magazine - themaverickparadox.com Company Website - maverickparadox.co.uk Judith's LinkedIn profile is here, her Twitter profile (MaverickMastery) is here, Facebook here and Instagram here.

When we think about ancient humans, we often imagine them doing certain kinds of things. Usually very serious things like hunting game and making tools, foraging for food and building fires, maybe performing the occasional intricate ritual. But there was definitely more to the deep past than all this adulting. There were children around, too—lots of them—no doubt running around and wreaking havoc, much as they do today. But what were the kids up to, exactly? What games were they playing? What toys did they have? What were their lives like? My guest today is Dr. Michelle Langley, an archaeologist at Griffith University in Queensland, Australia. Michelle grapples with questions about children, play, and childhood in the deep past. In recent work, she draws on ethnographic reports to assemble a picture of what children have in common all across the globe. She then uses that understanding to cast new light on the archaeological record, to make fresh inferences about what kids must have been doing, making, and leaving behind. In this conversation, Michelle and I talk about the kinds of basic activities that have long been a mainstay of childhood everywhere—activities like playing with dolls, keeping pets, collecting shells, and building forts. We discuss how archaeologists often assume that hard-to-interpret objects have ritual purpose, when, in fact, those objects could just as easily be toys. We talk about how children seek out and engineer “secret spaces”. We also touch on how a male-centric bias has distorted archaeological discussions; how the baby sling may have been the primordial container; and how otters stash their favorite tools in their armpits. This is a super fun one, folks. But first a tiny bit of housekeeping: in case you missed the news, we have new newsletter. Seriously, who wouldn't want a monthly dose of Many Minds right in their inbox? You can find a sign-up link in the show notes. Alright friends, on to my conversation with Dr. Michelle Langley. Enjoy!   A transcript of this episode will be available soon.   Notes and links 2:30 – A 15,000 year old horse figurine from Les Espélugues cave in France. 6:00 – A classic paper by Conkey & Spector that helped initiate a wave of feminist archaeology. 7:30 – Dr. Langley's first paper to examine children's leavings in the archaeological record. 8:30 – See here for discussion and examples of perforated batons or bâton percés. 9:30 – Dr. Langley's paper, co-authored with Mirani Litster, ‘Is it ritual? Or is it children?' 14:00 – An influential discussion of ethnographic analogies in archaeology. 18:30 – A paper on the interpretation of Dorset miniature harpoon heads. 23:30 – An article on the Neanderthal ornamental use of raptor feathers. 29:00 - Dr. Langley's paper on identifying children's secret spaces in the archaeological record. 30:30 – A book by David Sobel on children's special spaces. 34:00 – A website about the site of Étiolles. 40:00 – A figure showing the layout of the Bruniquel Cave, including the secondary structures. 41:00 ­– More information about the mammoth bone huts of Ukraine. 44:00 – A paper by Dr. Langley and Thomas Suddendorf on bags and other “mobile containers” in human evolution. 47:00 – A video showing a sea otter using their underarm “pocket” to store objects. 50:00 – The “carrier bag theory of evolution” was proposed by Elizabeth Fisher in Women's Creation. This later inspired Ursula Le Guin to propose the “carrier bag theory of fiction.” 51:30 – An experimental study by Dr. Langley and colleagues on children's emerging intuitions about the use of containers and bags. 55:30 – A paper by Dr. Langley and colleagues on early symbolic behavior in Indonesia. Dr. Langley recommends: Growing up in the Ice Age, by April Nowell You can read more about Dr. Langley's work at her website and follow her on Twitter.   Many Minds is a project of the Diverse Intelligences Summer Institute (DISI) (https://disi.org), which is made possible by a generous grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation to UCLA. It is hosted and produced by Kensy Cooperrider, with help from assistant producer Cecilia Padilla. Creative support is provided by DISI Directors Erica Cartmill and Jacob Foster. Our artwork is by Ben Oldroyd (https://www.mayhilldesigns.co.uk/). Our transcripts are created by Sarah Dopierala (https://sarahdopierala.wordpress.com/). You can subscribe to Many Minds on Apple, Stitcher, Spotify, Pocket Casts, Google Play, or wherever you like to listen to podcasts. **You can now subscribe to the Many Minds newsletter here!** We welcome your comments, questions, and suggestions. Feel free to email us at: manymindspodcast@gmail.com. For updates about the show, visit our website (https://disi.org/manyminds/), or follow us on Twitter: @ManyMindsPod.

On this episode of the Getting Smart Podcast Nate McClennen is joined by Jennifer Seydel and David Sobel, co-authors of the new book Trailblazers for Whole School Sustainability. Jenny is the Executive Director of the Green Schools National Network and has decades of experience in the classroom and building new green schools around the world.  David is an avid writer and speaker on outdoor education and play-based learning and is the Professor Emeritus in the Education Department at Antioch University New England. Let's listen in as they discuss schools that focus on sustainability as a core part of their mission.  Links:  David Sobel Green Schools Town Hall Green Schools National Network Boulder Valley Prairie Crossing Encinitas Union School District

Today we have two guests with us today to talk about how this past school year went, what did they learn, and what are the goals that we are looking forward to tackling next year.  Carly Eirikson is a VP at Ecole Herbert Spencer Elementary, In New Westminster, she has her Masters of Education in Special Education and spent 4 years of her career as an educational consultant for POPARD supporting students with autism all over British Columbia.  Twitter: @ceiriksonInstagram: all_of_us_outside What worked well? Seeing students' creativity go in unique directions when learning outdoors.  Carly also incorporated technology skills when learning in nature.    What are your goals next year?Focus on the connection to self, others and place. Story Workshop in connection with the ADST curriculum, especially the design aspect (e.g., Nature Design) What resources will you use to support those goals?Outdoor Learning Store (link here) has so many resources! Place-Based Education: Connecting Classrooms and Communities by David Sobel.  Natural Curiosity by Doug Anderson.  Engaging Imagination in Ecological Education by Gillian Judson. Adrienne Gear's Building a Sense of Connection to self, others, community, place through indigenous stories.  April Pikkarainen is a VP at Gilmore elementary in Richmond, she has a Masters of Education in Self-Regulated Learning.  Her passion is in early learning and nature immersion.Twitter: @april_pikkInstagram: aprilpikkarainen What worked well? Helping kids understand what they need in order to move their learning forward.  April uses the framework: what is my job, what are the steps to get my job done, what do I need to do next? She also noticed a deeper connection between learners and the land after visiting the same places repeatedly over the course of the year.   What are your goals next year?Nurturing and deepening the learners' connection to land and re-creating our narrative with our relationship to the land.  Professional goal is to focus on having a lens of diversity, equity and inclusion through outdoor learning.  What resources will you use to support those goals?Using Coyote's Guide to Connecting with Nature by Jon YoungLost Art of Reading Nature's Signs by Tristan Gooley One Story One Song by Richard WagameseThe Goodness of Rain by Ann Pelo

In this episode, we're talking with one of the grandfather's of Nature Play and Adventure Play, David Sobel, who gives us some great ideas on suggested outdoor activities for different developmental stages and also chats about some of his most recent research on the differences between children who attend indoor classrooms versus outdoor classrooms.

Ray Schwetz, Donyshia Boston-Hill and Michael Chung get business empowerment from David Sobel, the Executive Director of the Alzheimer's Association - Hudson Valley Chapter.

Episode Notes David Sobel's website Don't forget to email me a short voice memo letting me know what your favourite interview, big takeaway, your Aha! moment from the past year of interviews! I'd love to hear from you! Send to disconnectpodcast@protonmail.com The music you heard at the end of the episode is by the band Moonfield, whose guitarist is a colleague of mine! Please check them out if you enjoyed what you heard! Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/moonfieldwpg/ Insta: https://www.instagram.com/moonfieldwpg/ Email: wpg.moonfield@gmail.com Find out more at https://disconnect.pinecast.co

Today Mary is talking to Professor David Sobel as a contributor to the nature educators series within Nature Magic. David is a Professor in the Education Department at Antioch University New England. He consults and speaks widely on child development and place-based education with schools, environmental organisations and the National Park Service in the US. He has authored eight books and more than 70 articles focused on children and nature for educators, parents, environmentalists and school administrators in the last 30 years. His published books include Beyond Ecophobia and Place-based Education:: Design Principles for Educators and Wild Play, Parenting Adventures in the Great Outdoors,. His most recent book is Nature Preschools and Forest Kindergartens published by Redleaf Press. He was recognized as one of the Daring Dozen educational leaders in the United States in 2007. This interview investigates David’s deep connection with nature and how he believes we can foster the innate spiritual connection that children have with the natural world and how this benefits humanity and our planet. Recommended books The Last Beautiful Days of AutumnBy: John Nichols The Ecology of Imagination in ChildhoodBy: Edith CobbThe Magical ChildBy: Joseph Chilton PearceAn Indian Boyhood By: Charles A. EastmanThe Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game By: Paul ShepherdFind books by David Sobel here:https://www.davidsobelauthor.com/davidsobelbooksContact David: mailto:dsobel@antioch.eduContact Mary:mary@burrennaturesanctuary.iewww.burrennaturesanctuary.ie

Megan is the Early Childhood Program Coordinator for The Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois where she leads their nature-based early childhood program within 1700 acres of diverse habitat including forests, prairie, creeks, oak savannas, and lakes.  She has nine years of experience managing and teaching at nature-based preschools.  Megan is also the founder of Northern Illinois Nature Preschool Association (NINPA), the first association for nature-preschools in America, as well as a part of the Leadership Team with the Natural Start Alliance, part of NAAEE. She holds a Masters Degree in Education along with a Certificate in Nature-Based Early Childhood Education from Antioch University New England and she is a featured contributor in David Sobel's recent book: The Sky Above and the Mud Below: Lessons from Nature Preschools and Forest Kindergartens.   Little Trees Early Learning Program website: https://www.mortonarb.org/learn-experience/youth-and-family-programs/little-trees NINPA website: https://ninpa.org/ Contributing Author: https://www.redleafpress.org/Sky-Above-and-the-Mud-Below-Lessons-from-Nature-Preschools-and-Forest-Kindergartens-P2424.aspx Resources: Storypark website:   https://www.storypark.com/ --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/diona-williams/support

How do we maintain a positive dialogue with our kids when examples of adversity seem ever-present in daily life? Journalist and Parenting Editor at Fatherly, Patrick Coleman, joins Adam and Marc to discuss how a set of family values can provide a foundation for engaging in challenging conversations. And how complex, real-world examples, if framed the right way, can be valuable in helping our kids become resilient. Also, the guys each take a deep breath and leap into another installment of the fan-favorite segment, Confessions.  [This is part one of a two-part interview.]Episode 38 is Part 2 of a two-part episode featuring guest Patrick Coleman, a father of two and journalist who serves as the Parenting Editor for Fatherly.The episode opens with a comedy of errors as hosts Adam and Marc struggle to nail their timing. They briefly discuss some key takeaways from the first previous episode in which Patrick recounts watching (and discussing) the January 6th, 2021 insurrection at the US Capitol building with his family. Patrick offers some wonderful (and applicable) insight into how to approach conversations about tragedies such as the insurrection with young people, and encouraging questions and dialogue as they process what they are learning or seeing.Part 2 of the conversation takes a step back and looks at how we as parents can help our kids understand and process larger overarching problems such as racial injustice, terrorism, or climate change. Topics include:•  What is "Ecophobia?"•  Approaching and navigating tragic topics with your kids•  How to build a set of family values•  Passing our opinions and biases onto our kids•  Being comfortable with not having all the answers•  How to raise curious kids The episode wraps up with the hosts releasing some deep, dark dad Confessions. [Episode transcript] LINKS:FatherlyPatrick Coleman (Twitter)How To Watch A Coup Attempt With Your KidsPatrick Coleman’s articlesResearcher David Sobel on TragedyAsk The GoodfatherRed Vault AudioCaspar BabypantsSpencer Albee

Episode Notes On today's episode, we speak with Wynnston Denny, a kindergarten teacher from Austin, TX, who tells us about how he started with small activities and built up to a huge success in taking his class outside for school. We'll also look at a bit of research by David Sobel, from his book Childhood & Nature: Design Principles for Educators. Artwork for today's episode by Annie Spratt, from unsplash.com. Find out more at https://disconnect.pinecast.co

David Sobel (https://www.brown.edu/academics/cognitive-linguistic-psychological-sciences/people/faculty/dave-sobel), a developmental psychologist from Brown University, talks to us about the importance of play in learning. He has recently been collaborating with researchers around the country to investigate how children interact with exhibits in childrens' museums. One recent finding we discuss is that parent-child interaction styles can have a strong influence on what children learn. Research at the Causality and Mind Lab and further resources can be found here (https://www.brown.edu/research/labs/causality-and-mind/research-1).

Donate to The Permaculture Podcast Online: via PayPal Venmo: @permaculturepodcast In this episode, David Bilbrey sits down with Melissa Peet to talk about her work in learning to trust one's inherent knowledge. As the first of a two-part conversation, she provides the background to her research and establishing trust in our personal understanding; that which we already know and that which others might draw out of us through education or transformational experiences. Become a Patreon Supporter Visit our Affiliate Partners In the second half of this interview, out in Mid-May, David and Melissa discuss more of her process and the methods for discovering and embracing our embodied knowledge. Find an archive of David's podcasts and other work at ecothinkit.com. Melissa's ongoing research, exploration, and workshops with The Generative Knowledge Institute is at generativeknowledge.com. Though I can't speak directly to Melissa's research and methods, as I do not know them well enough, I am reminded of two points learned during my Permaculture Teacher Training, and while studying Environmental Education at the graduate level: The role of a teacher, and approaching education holistically. During both my teacher training and Environmental Ed studies delved into what a teacher does,  and that teachers do not impart knowledge—you don't just plug it into someone's head—but instead act to draw out a student's love, desire, and interests, so they can be self-directed, while the instructor provides the resources needed for the pupil to deepen their own understanding. Yes, there is a base amount of knowledge needed before we can self-direct, and my impression of this through reading the literature and working with children, is the elementary school years provide the core skills of reading, writing, maths, and communication, that students can then build on through guided rather than dictated activities. Once this core curriculum is understood, the role of the teacher moving forward is a guide on the side, rather than a sage on the stage. When it comes to a holistic approach to education, especially at the elementary and secondary levels, there are two authors whose work I continue to go back to from the Environmental Education field that influences my thoughts on what we need to do as parents, concerned citizens, and educators, to create meaningful, holistic programs. The first is David Sobel, who stresses the importance of play and exploration, particularly for younger children. The other, David Orr, who write about overall views on what education should be and how the kinds of reforms necessary to get us there. If you would like to get started with understanding more from these authors, I recommend two from David Sobel: Beyond Ecophobia and Place-Based Education. From David Orr, there is nothing better than Earth in Mind, though do look for the 10th-anniversary edition.  Though ostensibly about the natural world, once you begin to learn more about the entire environmental education field, you realize that the real focus is on holistic, life-changing experiences. These authors, combined with trusting our own interests and knowledge, hold the potential for lasting and systemic change that makes greater understanding and care for the world, our selves, and each other possible. If you have thoughts on this or follow-up questions for Melissa, call , email: The Permaculture Podcast or write: The Permaculture Podcast The Permaculture Podcast Until the next time, embody your knowledge while taking care of Earth, your self, and each other. Resources The Generative Knowledge Institute EcoThinkIt Wholeness and the Implicate Order - David Bohm Black Male Initiative at University of Central Oklahoma David Orr David Sobel 

Kinderforest   --Merry Lea Kinderforest: https://www.goshen.edu/merrylea/2018/05/kinderforest-in-review/   Nature Days in K-3 Classrooms https://naaee.org/eepro/learning/webinars/nature-days-k-3-classrooms   What to Say Instead of “Be Careful” by Backwoods Mama https://www.backwoodsmama.com/2018/02/stop-telling-kids-be-careful-and-what-to-say-instead.html    Quote: “If we want children to flourish, to become truly empowered, then let us allow them to love the earth before we ask them to save it. Perhaps this is what Thoreau had in mind when he said, “the more slowly trees grow at first, the sounder they are at the core, and I think the same is true of human beings.”                                    -David Sobel, Beyond Ecophobia   Books (aff links): A Forest Days Handbook by Eliza Minnucci https://amzn.to/2PmDyAl Nature Preschools and Forest Kindergartens: The Handbook for Outdoor Livingby David Sobel https://amzn.to/2XpDP8o   Loose Parts Play Facebook Page   Loose Parts Play Facebook Group   Inside Outside Michiana Facebook Page   Loose Parts Nature Play Website

  Blog Post: https://insideoutsidemichiana.blogspot.com/2018/10/nature-play-fun-creating-temporary-and.html    Quote:  “Every child should have mud pies, grasshoppers, water bugs, tadpoles, frogs, mud turtles, elderberries, wild strawberries, acorns, chestnuts, trees to climb. Brooks to wade, water lilies, woodchucks, bats, bees, butterflies, various animals to pet, hayfields, pinecones, rocks to roll, sand, snakes, huckleberries and hornets. And any child who has been deprived of these has been deprived of the best part of education.” — Luther Burbank (American horticulturalist and botanist, 1849 – 1926)   Additional Resources: Tinkergarten activities: https://tinkergarten.com/activities Interested in becoming a leader? See: http://bit.ly/LoosePartsTG Nature Play Poster: https://wilderchild.com/nature-play-poster/  Playwork Principles http://www.playscotland.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/Documents/playwork-principles.pdf Pop-Up Adventure Play https://popupadventureplaygrounds.wordpress.com/welcome/free-resources/ Children’s Books for Outdoor Loose Parts Play https://naturalstart.org/sites/default/files/journal/9._loose_parts_book_reviews.pdf 52 Things to Do Outside Before You Grow Up: www.52thingsoutside.org The Wisdom of Nature https://cdn-communityplaythings.azureedge.net/-/media/files/cpus/library/training-resources/booklets/wisdom-of-nature.pdf?d=20180819T175256Z    Books (aff links):  Balanced and Barefoot by Angela Hanscom https://amzn.to/2EcbTQI   Children’s Special Places by David Sobel https://amzn.to/2pIU8OW   Deep Nature Play by Joseph Bharat Cornell https://amzn.to/2ybxEL3   Go Wild!: 101 Things to Do Outdoors Before You Grow Up by Fiona Danks and Jo Schofield https://amzn.to/2pLyEBe   Learning is in Bloom: Cultivating Outdoor Explorations by Ruth Wilson https://amzn.to/2pKMUtX   Loose Parts Books by Lisa Daly and Miriam Beglosvky https://amzn.to/2yacWLA   Nature and Young Children: Encouraging Creative Play and Learning Natural Environments by Ruth Wilson https://amzn.to/2E87Epy   Playing It Up with Loose Parts, Playpods, and Adventure Playgrounds Joan Almon, Editor (You can find this as a pdf online if you look around.) https://amzn.to/2pKNKqB   Play the Forest School Way by Jane Worroll and Peter Houghton https://amzn.to/2pKOmMV   Seasons of Play: Natural Environments of Wonder by Rusty Keeler https://amzn.to/2pNDBsV   The Stick Book: Loads of things you can make or do with a stick by Fiona Danks and Jo Schofield https://amzn.to/2E9q1dF   Loose Parts Play Facebook Page   Loose Parts Play Facebook Group   Inside Outside Michiana Facebook Page   Loose Parts Nature Play Website

With the summer quickly winding to a close, we want to give you one more look back at the year's biggest sports television event: the FIFA World Cup. An event like the World Cup naturally generates an incredible amount of video assets. In today's episode of The SVG Podcast, you'll get a peek inside how Fox Sports leveraged The Cloud to more efficiently create, store, and transmit all of that content. Joining us on the program today from Fox Sports are Dustin Myers, SVP, Production Operations; Reed Kaufman, Executive Director, Post Production; David Sobel, Senior Director, Media Management. Also, from Fox NE&O, we have Adam Hall, Executive Director, Broadcast Data Network Infrastructure. The SVG Podcast is for the sports-video–production professional looking to keep up with the latest in sports-video–production operations and technology. The program features interviews with some of the biggest, most influential names in the sports-video business talking trends and topics that are making an impact on the industry.

Fabric as a Loose Part/Den Making   Blog post--fabric as a loose part:  http://insideoutsidemichiana.blogspot.com/2017/08/fabric-as-loose-part.html    Fort Making Kit: http://insideoutsidemichiana.blogspot.com/2014/02/indoor-fort-making.html   Den Day: https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/how-you-can-help/events-and-fundraising/den-day?_ga=2.142230896.394748200.1523813998-137447033.1523813998   Loose Parts Toolkit: https://www.inspiringscotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Loose-Parts-Play-web.pdf   Playworkers Guide to Dens and Forts: https://islingtonplay.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/den-booklet-web-version2.pdf   Article: European Early Childhood Education Research Journal Vol. 18, No. 4, December 2010, 555–566 The influence of the outdoor environment: den-making in three different contexts Natalie Canning*    Quote: "The den is the child's sense of self being born," says David Sobel, a developmental psychologist at Antioch New England graduate school. He has researched dens extensively since the 70s, in Devon, England, and the Caribbean. "In the middle childhood, ages seven to 11, a den is the child's chance to create a home away from home that is secret, and becomes a manifestation of who they are. The den," Sobel argues, "is the chrysalis out of which the butterfly is born." https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2006/apr/15/familyandrelationships.family3   Book: King Jack and the Dragon https://amzn.to/2EP1562   Loose Parts Play Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/LoosePartsPlay/ Loose Parts Play Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/LoosePartsPlay/ Inside Outside Michiana Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/InsideOutsideMichiana/ Loose Parts Nature Play Website: http://insideoutsidemichiana.blogspot.com

Connecting Children to Animals NSTA Position Statement on Responsible Use of Live Animals and Dissection in the Science Classroom: http://www.nsta.org/about/positions/animals.aspx CDC animals in schools: https://www.cdc.gov/features/animalsinschools/ NABT: https://nabt.org/Position-Statements-The-Use-of-Animals-in-Biology-Education Migratory Bird Treaty Act https://www.fws.gov/birds/policies-and-regulations/laws-legislations/migratory-bird-treaty-act.php Certified Wildlife Habitat (National Wildlife Federation): https://www.indianawildlife.org/habitat-programs/wildlife-friendly-certification-program/ https://www.nwf.org/sitecore/content/Home/Garden-for-Wildlife/Create/Schoolyards/Schoolyard-Sign Monarch Waystation: https://www.monarchwatch.org/waystations/certify.html   Animal Rehabbers in Indiana: https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/fw-RehabList.pdf Blogpost and Podcast—Loose Parts Nature Play Animal Play episode http://insideoutsidemichiana.blogspot.com/2015/03/16-ideas-for-animal-play.html  http://insideoutsidemichiana.blogspot.com/2015/02/beginning-bird-books-activities-and.html   •Apps—Merlin Bird ID •Facebook Groups—IN Nature, Birding in Indiana, ICAN Learn Outdoors, Indiana Wildlife Photography, Insect Identification, Hoosier Herpetological Society   David Sobel Article: http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/education-for-life/803   52 Things Outside: www.52ThingsOutside.org Growing Up Wild: http://www.projectwild.org/GrowingUpWILD.htm Purdue’s Nature of Teaching: https://ag.purdue.edu/extension/nature/Pages/lesson.aspx   Article: Scaly, Slimy Fun in Prekindergarten Eastburn, Mark; Ackerman, Andrea; Jones, Bevan. Science and Children; Washington Vol. 55, Iss. 2,  (Oct 2017): 48-55.   Quote: •Cultivating relationships with animals, both real and imagined, is one of the best ways to foster empathy during early childhood. Children want to run like deer, to slither along the ground like snakes, to be clever as a fox and quick like a bunny. There's no need for endangered species here – there are more than enough common, everyday species to fill the lives of children. And the environmentally correct notion of not anthropomorphizing animals can be thrown out the window.    David Sobel   Resource:   Kauffman Field to Nature of the Midwest (aff link): https://amzn.to/2GQWPVJ    Identiflier (aff link): https://amzn.to/2HfbNs2   Loose Parts Play Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/LoosePartsPlay/ Loose Parts Play Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/LoosePartsPlay/ Inside Outside Michiana Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/InsideOutsideMichiana/ Loose Parts Nature Play Website: http://insideoutsidemichiana.blogspot.com

Video Game Music/Nerdcore/Chiptune curated by David Sobel and Jordan Mynes. NOTICE: We try our best to be SFW, but sometimes stuff slips. If this will get you in trouble with your boss/spouse/whathaveyou, we accept no liability, etc...

Donate to The Permaculture PodcastOnline:via PayPal Venmo:@permaculturepodcast Like this podcast? Support it on Patreon. My guests for this episode are David Blumenkrantz and Jen Mendez. They share with us the idea of youth and community development through rites of passage. This is a conversation that encompasses education, teaching children permaculture, community development, what it means to grow up, and four of the major life experiences shared by most cultures. Those include birth, adolescence, marriage, and death. This is something that David has worked on for 50 years in various forms before coming to examine how rites of passage and initiatory experiences influence education and community, and how reintroducing these ideas paired with indigenous wisdom and ways of knowing and scientific understanding can create a new narrative. Jen has been adapting these ideas and applying them to education design through her work and how to use them to develop new models for raising children in a way that includes care for the earth, care for ourselves, and care for others. If you enjoy this episode or any others in the archives stretching back to 2010, I need your support to keep things going. I can't do this without the help of each and every listener, and that includes you. Take two minutes and go over to Patreon.com/permaculturepodcast and sign up to become an ongoing listener-patron. Depending on the level you select you can receive a number of unique benefits including early access to episodes, patron only podcasts, and a discounts to different vendors. The latest providing a discount is Chelsea Green press, who are offering 25% off your order. Should you prefer to make a one time contribution you can do so via the Donate button on the right hand side of this page. You can find more of David and his work at Rope.org, and Jen is at Permiekids.com. I also recommend checking out the recent video I posted that provides an overview of this work on rites of passage and what David and Jen are collaborating on. This is a great way to share this idea with people you know interested in children, education, and community building to help spread the word about their project to return rite of passage and initiatory experiences to education, living, and growing up in community. You can find more information about the course David and Jen are offering this fall from the link below. If I'm able to, with everything else going on, I am planning to participate in that course as I am able in order to examine and apply these ideas to secondary education. https://www.permiekids.com/oursharedstory/ With all that written, one of the things that really stood out to me is when David said that this work is “the confluence of the sacred and the profane” and the blending of traditional indigenous wisdom and ways of knowing with the scientific way in order to create a new narrative and educational system for children that come together to develop our communities. Part of that is because it touches on the need for informal, yet rigorous, education. To begin telling stories that weave together more than just the facts, that include the emotions and cultural touchstones of the things we and others around us connect with. I like this approach because it provides a big picture for a number of related though disparate parts I've been mulling over and working on the past few months when it comes to my own work of establishing a sense of place for myself and my children, and how that influences my understanding of self and my permaculture practices, teaching, and creating a community. One of the biggest influences on my perspective when it comes to permaculture and the other parts comes from the environmental education field and the writings of David Orr and David Sobel. Both work heavily around the idea of establishing a Sense of Place that roots each of us into a given biome. This is then used as both the classroom and as a teaching tool by connecting students with resources that further integrate them into the community by using examples that are close at hand to discuss various disciplines from math to science to history to language. Once a certain core proficiency is established, such as being able to read, write, and do basic math, students progress in a non-homogenized way through their further studies by integrating things such as the local biota, climate, and geology into history classes about biology or earth science. History includes conversations about how the place where one lives fits within the greater context of national or world events. An example of that might be how during WWII the Enola Yard, a local rail yard, was receiving shipments from all over the allied territories, including the USSR, because of the risk of transport via ships to Europe. We can use examples from sports played in the area to teach math and physics. Around here most children play soccer, baseball, or softball. It makes more sense to ask them, “If Monique runs at 30 feet per second, how long does it take her to round the bases of a baseball field, a total distance of 360 ft.?” Yes it is a word problem and what is being asked for is abstract, but it's something that can be seen. Then during recess or a gym class children can go run the bases and be timed, seeing if they can beat Monique's time, or find out that she runs fast. As adults this sense of place provides a community for us to get involved in. To be active in politics and be on planning commissions or various advisory boards. We can go and have our voices heard. We can work with business owners, people we can get to know, to bring permaculture into their lives, or contract with a landscape design firm if we are designers, or teach after school programs through local organizations such as the boy and girl scouts or a boys and girls club, or if one is so inclined through a church, mosque, or synagogue. Taking this back to what David and Jen shared here, this also allows us to begin to recreate those rites of passage and initatory experiences as a community that help children and the people they call their friends and neighbors to develop the connections needed to increase the yields of all kinds to create the world we want to live in. Together we can look beyond the immediacy of the now and the fear and separation that is fed to us every day and cast off that wrong story and have the space to create the right one. The beautiful this is that we don't have to do this alone. We can do this in community. Start with the virtual camp fires and those people near you. Get to know people who are your allies, wherever they are, and use what you learn through these processes to start applying it where you live. Create conversations and dialogs to change the narrative, provide space for others to self-empower and find productive rites of passage and initiatory experiences, including and especially for children. Throughout your journey if I can assist you in your efforts, let me know. Give me a call: or email: The Permaculture Podcast You can also follow in the conversations at facebook.com/thepermaculturepodcast, or see what I'm up to with short form updates via twitter where I am @permaculturecst. With all these shout-outs and ways to connect, I've begun moving the podcast to soundcloud as part of a move to a new website and server later this year. Soundcloud.com/permaculturepodcast. Next week is an interview with Victoria and Eric of Charm City Farms about their work establishing an urban food forest in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, and after that is Adam Brock talking about the role of a guest editor with Permaculture Design Magazine in case anyone listening here would like to assist John Wages by doing so in the future. Until the next time do something each day to create the world you want to live in by taking care of Earth, yourself, and each other.

Donate to The Permaculture Podcast Online: via PayPal Venmo: @permaculturepodcast Like this podcast? Support it on Patreon. My guests for this episode are Violet Brill and her father “Wildman” Steve Brill. Violet and Steve are foragers from New York. Violet assists her father on his plant tours, leading groups of people and teaching them about wild edibles. “Wildman” Steve, in addition to his tours and workshops, is the author of multiple books on foraging including Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants in Wild (and Not So Wild) Places, The Wild Vegan Cookbook, and Foraging with Kids. We use beginning foragers, including children, as the focus for this interview. We mostly discuss plants and mushrooms that are easy to identify and do not have any poisonous look-similars. We do include an example, which is wild carrot versus poison hemlock, to show that with care and a firm understanding of a plant you can identify and safely harvest edibles. We must pay attention however to do so. As this is part of the series on foraging and wild foods, once you've listened to this episode I recommend going back through the archives and listening to the other shows including those with Dan De Lion, Sam Thayer, and Arthur Haines. Together they will provide you with a well rounded perspective on how to come to a knowledge of plants in the wild. You can find out more about Violet and Steve at wildmanstevebrill.com. Also, if you have an iOS or Android smartphone, check out Wild Edibles and the Foraging Flashcard series. They are reasonably priced ways to begin learning more about wild plants wherever you are, and Wild Edibles is a go-anywhere field guide. This interview reminds me of the role that a teacher can play in building confidence for a student to explore further. It was a friend of mine who mentioned Steve during a conversation she and I were having about foraging plants to make wild teas, as she had taken a class from him. Going on a foraging trip like this can allow you to taste some of these wild foods in a safe way and begin to have an understanding of the plants, without just grabbing a field guide and just trying to go out to eat. You get that first experience and can then learn and research more before going out solo. So slow down, take a few classes, spend time with your field guides, and then get started on your own. I also like Steve's approach to not forcing Violet to share his diet, but allowing her to explore her options while ensuring that she eats good healthy foods along the way. I see this as also extending to the way we teach our children. Include them in your activities, but also include yourself in theirs and encourage and support them to pursue their own interests, or help them to find mentors and teachers who can. In this conversation Steve also provides solid simple encouragement to gradually begin eating this way. This reinforces slow and small solutions in all that we do, from dietary to landscape changes. Take a few bites of something, see whether you enjoy it or it causes a bit of upset, then decide whether more is right for you. Finally, there was Steve's story of Joe foraging for mushrooms and the importance of asking if we can harvest something. In the more specific sense, by contacting a landowner, but also by observing the plants around us and asking ourselves whether or not this is the right environment to harvest from. If there are only one or two plants, then perhaps we should leave them alone, or if they are rare encourage growth by dispersing seed and coming back in later years to see if there is enough to harvest. From a permaculture perspective one of the reasons I love foraging as an activity comes from my exploration of the environmental education writers such as David Orr or David Sobel. Both of them talk about establishing a sense of place, a connection to where we live. Rather than teaching children, or for that matter adults, about the plights of far off places, let us foster an understanding of our own bioregion and biome. Foraging is an active activity that gets us out into the world looking at what grows there. While trying to identify one plant, by slowly reading and integrating our field guides, we are likely to begin to recognize non-edible plants, as well as rare or interesting medicinals. We begin to know, understand, and then care for this space more fully by returning to nature and the wilder world, and in the process begin to rewild ourselves. From this conversation, next week is Peter Michael Bauer, of Rewild Portland, to discuss rewilding. We touch on that topic as the overarching theme, and also explore the impacts of civilization and how to prepare for the collapse we currently inhabit. It is a rather intense, but enjoyable, interview. If you haven't already you should join in the Traveling Permaculture Library Project by emailing your name and address to Matt Winters, who is the new librarian for the project. You can reach him at: librarian@thepermaculturepodcast.com By doing so you will receive a random book related to permacutlure, the natural world, and environment. All I ask is that once you receive a book and read it, to email Matt back and pass it along. Each book includes a sticker in the front cover with more information to make this process easier. If at any point along the way I can help you, get in touch. or Email: The Permaculture Podcast. I'm also continuing to look for opportunities to take the show on the road and to record more live in-person interviews. Use that phone number or email address to get in touch if you would like to host or have someone in mind to get in touch with. Finally, a few announcements before drawing this episode to a close. This show, as I mention in the introduction to each show, is completely listener supported. So I need your help to keep the show on the air. The best way to do that right now is through recurring contributions with Patreon. Because this show exists in a digital world, I've reworked the rewards and the goals to make them more reasonable and clear, including the goal of raising $2700 a month to make this show a full time endeavor. I'm want to reach that goal by June 1 of this year, and am currently at $68 a month. Please sign up if you are able as all support is now on a monthly rather than per episode basis and you can become a patron of the podcast for as little as $1. That entry level support allows allows you to receive episodes early and without commercials. You won't hear announcements like this in the Patreon episodes, or from sponsors should I take any on. You can find out more about that, as well as where I'm at and what my goals are, at Patreon.com/permaculturepodcast If you are not in a place to give, I completely understand. I'll keep on keeping on as long as I can, and you can always lend a hand by sharing links with your friends. Retweet or reply to tweets on twitter, where I am @permaculturecst, or join in the conversations on facebook. Facebook.com/thepermaculturepodcast. From here I have a class announcement for my friends and colleagues Wilson Alvarez and Ben Weiss. They're running a Permaculture Design Course in Harrisburg Pennsylvania beginning in April 25 and running on weekends through October. I'm also looking to go back through the archives and re-release some more “Best Of….” episodes with new introductions and endings to share some of the more popular guests in new ways. Let me know if there are any particular episodes that stand out to you that you would like to hear as part of that series. That about covers it for now. Until the next time, spend each day creating a better world, the world you want to live in, but taking care of earth, your self, and each other. Resources Wildman Steve Brill Wildman Steve Brill's Books Dan De Lion's Interview Sam Thayer's Interview Arthur Haines' Interview (1) Arthur Haines (2)

Join Stuart Crawford and David Sobel from Evolve Technologies as we discuss mixing the Windows/PC environments with the Apple MacIntosh environment. Evolve Technologies is a respected leader in the Fairfax, VA business community and works daily with the mixed PC and Mac environments.