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In this episode, the CardioNerds (Dr. Natalie Tapaskar, Dr. Jenna Skowronski, and Dr. Shazli Khan) discuss the process of heart transplantation from the initial donor selection to the time a patient is discharged with Dr. Dave Kaczorowski and Dr. Jason Katz. We dissect a case where we understand criteria for donor selection, the differences between DBD and DCD organ donors, the choice of vasoactive agents in the post-operative period, complications such as cardiac tamponade, and the choice of immunosuppression in the immediate post-operative period. Most importantly, we highlight the importance of multi-disciplinary teams in the care of transplant patients. Audio editing for this episode was performed by CardioNerds Intern, Dr. Julia Marques Fernandes. Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values. CardioNerds Heart Success Series PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Pearls When thinking about donor selection, you need to consider how much physiologic stress your recipient can tolerate, and this may guide your selection of “higher risk” or “lower risk” donors. The use of DCD donors has increased the potential donor pool and shortened waitlist times with very similar perioperative outcomes to DBD transplantation. Post-operative critical care management rests on a fundamental principle to apply as much inotropic/vasoactive therapy as needed to achieve some reasonable physiologic hemostasis, and then getting “the heck out of the way!” There are no standard regimens as practices vary across centers, but rest on providing adequate RV support, maintaining AV synchrony, and early resuscitation. The RV is fickle and doesn't take a joke too well. RV dysfunction post-transplant is important to watch for, and it can be transient or require aggressive support. Don't miss assessing for cardiac tamponade which can require surgical evacuation- “where there's space, that space can be filled with fluid.” Induction immunosuppression post-transplant varies across centers, but some considerations for use may include (1) high sensitization of the patient, (2) high risk immunologic donor-recipient matching, and (3) recipient renal dysfunction to provide a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) sparing regimen long term. Management of heart transplant patients is a multi-disciplinary effort that requires coordination amongst heart failure/transplant cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, anesthesiologists, pathology/immunologists and a slew of ancillary services. Without a dynamic and collaborative team, successful cardiac transplantation could not be possible. Notes Notes: Notes drafted by Dr. Natalie Tapaskar What are the basic components of donor heart selection? In practicality, it can be a very inexact science, but we use some basic selection criteria such as: (1) size matching (2) ischemic time (3) donor graft function (4) immunologic compatibility (5) age of the potential donor and recipient (6) severity of illness of the recipient (7) regional variation in donor availability When thinking about accepting older donors (>50 years old), we ideally would screen for donor coronary disease and try to keep ischemic times as short as possible. We may accept an older donor for a recipient who is highly sensitized, which leaves a smaller potential donor pool. There is no clear consensus on size matching, but the predicted heart mass is most used. We are generally more comfortable oversizing than under-sizing donor hearts. Serial echocardiography is important in potential donors as initially reduced ejection fractions can improve on repeat testing, and these organs should not be disregarded automatically. For recipients who are more surgically complex, (i.e. multiple prior sternotomies or complex anatomy), it's probably preferable to avoid older donors with some graft dysfunction and favor donors with shorter ischemic times. What is the difference between DBD and DCD? DBD is donation after brain death- these donors meet criteria for brain death. Uniform Determination of Death Act 1980: the death of an individual is The irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or The irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including those of the brain stem DCD is donation after circulatory death- donation of the heart after confirming that circulatory function has irreversibly ceased. Only donors in category 3 of the Maastricht Classification of DCD donors are considered for DCD donations: anticipated circulatory arrest (planned withdrawal of life-support treatment). DCD hearts can be procured via direct procurement or normothermic regional perfusion (NRP). The basic difference is the way the hearts are assessed, either on an external circuit or in the donor body. For the most complex recipient, DCD may not be utilized at some centers due to concern for higher rates of delayed graft function, but this is center specific and data is still evolving. What are some features surgeons consider when procuring the donor heart? Visual assessment of the donor heart is key in DBD or NRP cases. LV function may be hard to assess, but visually the RV can be inspected. Palpation of the coronary arteries is important to assess any calcifications or abnormalities. Ventricular arrhythmias at the time of procurement may be concerning. Key considerations in the procurement process: (1) Ensuring the heart remains decompressed at all times and doesn't become distended (2) adequate cardioplegia delivery (3) aorta is cross-clamped properly all the way across the vessel (4) avoiding injury to adjacent structures during procurement What hemodynamic parameters should we monitor and what vasoactive agents are used peri-heart transplant? There is no consensus regarding vasoactive agent use post-transplant and practice varies across institutions. Some commonly seen regimens may include: (1) AAI pacing around 110 bpm to support RV function and preserve AV synchrony (2) inotropic agents such as epinephrine and dobutamine to support RV function (3) pulmonary vasodilators such as inhaled nitric oxide to optimize RV afterload Early post-transplant patients tend to have low cardiac filling pressures and require preload monitoring and resuscitation initially. Slow weaning of inotropes as the patient shows signs of stable graft function and hemodynamics. RV dysfunction may manifest as elevated central venous pressure with low cardiac index or hypotension with reducing urine output. Optimize inotropic support, volume status, metabolic status (acidosis and hypoxia), afterload (pulmonary hypertension), and assess for cardiac tamponade. Tamponade requires urgent take-back to the operating room to evacuate material. Refractory RV failure requires mechanical circulatory support, with early consideration of VA-ECMO. Isolated RV MCS may be used in the right clinical context. Why do pericardial effusions/cardiac tamponade happen after transplant? They are not uncommon after transplant and can be due to: Inherent size differences between the donor and recipient (i.e. if the donor heart is much smaller than the recipient's original heart) Bleeding from suture lines and anastomoses, pacing wires, and cannulation sites Depending on the hemodynamic stability of the patient and the location of the effusion, these effusions may require urgent return to the OR for drainage/clot evacuation via reopening the sternotomy, mini thoracotomy, and possible pericardial windows. What are the basics of immunosuppression post-transplant? Induction immunosuppression is variably used and is center-specific. Considerations for using induction therapy may include: (1) high sensitization of the patient (2) younger patients or multiparous women with theoretically more robust immune systems (3) crossing of recipient antibodies with donor antigens (3) renal function to provide a CNI sparing regimen long term Some considerations for avoiding induction may include: (1) older age of the recipient (2) underlying comorbid conditions such as infections or frailty of the recipient What are expected activity restrictions post-transplant? Sternal precautions are important to maintain sternal wire integrity. Generally avoiding lifting >10 pounds in the first 4-12 weeks, no driving usually in the first 4 weeks, monitoring for signs and symptoms of wound infections, and optimizing nutrition and physical activity. Cardiac rehabilitation is incredibly important as soon as feasible. References Kharawala A , Nagraj S , Seo J , et al. Donation after circulatory death heart transplant: current state and future directions. Circ: Heart Failure. 2024;17(7). doi: 10.1161/circheartfailure.124.011678 Copeland H, Knezevic I, Baran DA, et al. Donor heart selection: Evidence-based guidelines for providers. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2023;42(1):7-29. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2022.08.030 Moayedifar R, Shudo Y, Kawabori M, et al. Recipient Outcomes With Extended Criteria Donors Using Advanced Heart Preservation: An Analysis of the GUARDIAN-Heart Registry. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2024;43(4):673-680. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2023.12.013 Kharawala A, Nagraj S, Seo J, et al. Donation After Circulatory Death Heart Transplant: Current State and Future Directions. Circ Heart Fail. 2024;17(7):e011678. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.011678 Copeland H, Hayanga JWA, Neyrinck A, et al. Donor heart and lung procurement: A consensus statement. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39(6):501-517.
Presentation, Evaluation, and Management of Premature Ventricular Contractions Guest: Alan M. Sugrue, M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O. Host: Anthony H. Kashou, M.D. In this episode, Dr. Anthony Kashou and Dr. Alan Sugrue cover a practical, evidence-based approach to premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), from incidental findings to high-burden, high-risk presentations. Listeners will gain tools to differentiate benign from pathologic PVCs, understand when to monitor versus refer, and recognize the role of catheter ablation in improving outcomes. Topics Discussed: PVCs show up on Holters and ECGs all the time — how do you decide when they matter? How often do PVCs cause cardiomyopathy, and when should we act? When should we consider ablation even if the patient is asymptomatic? What's the biggest misconception about PVC ablation today? Connect with Mayo Clinic's Cardiovascular Continuing Medical Education online at https://cveducation.mayo.edu or on Twitter @MayoClinicCV and @MayoCVservices. LinkedIn: Mayo Clinic Cardiovascular Services Cardiovascular Education App: The Mayo Clinic Cardiovascular CME App is an innovative educational platform that features cardiology-focused continuing medical education wherever and whenever you need it. Use this app to access other free content and browse upcoming courses. Download it for free in Apple or Google stores today! No CME credit offered for this episode. Podcast episode transcript found here.
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Long-Term Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Lead Dysfunction After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.
Read the article here: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/30494826251344846
Join host and Digital Education Committee Member Sandeep A Saha, MD, MS, FHRS for this lively discussion with his colleagues Charles A. Henrikson, MD, MPH, FHRS and Arun R. Mahankali Sridhar, MBBS, MPH, FACC. About this Article: In patients with symptomatic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) refractory to medical therapy, non-invasive low-level tragus stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve significantly reduced median PVC burden compared to sham stimulation (median reduction ~13.4% vs ~8.6%; P = 0.021). The findings suggest that autonomic neuromodulation via transcutaneous vagal stimulation may offer a novel adjunctive therapy for frequent PVCs, although further larger trials are needed to evaluate long-term outcomes. Learning Objectives Describe the rationale and mechanism by which transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) may modulate autonomic tone and reduce premature ventricular contractions. Summarize the design, methods, and key outcomes of the NoVa-PVC randomized crossover trial evaluating tVNS for symptomatic PVC reduction. Evaluate the clinical implications, limitations, and potential future applications of noninvasive neuromodulation as a therapeutic approach for ventricular arrhythmias. Article Authors Stefanos Zafeiropoulos MD, MBA, Kristie Coleman MPH, RN, Jonathan Kogan,Dimitrios Varrias MD, Jonas Leavitt BS, Alexandra Bekiaridou MD, Theodoros Zanos PhD, Stavros Zanos PhD, MD, Stavros Stavrakis PhD, MD, Stavros Mountantonakis MD, MBA Podcast Contributors Sandeep A Saha, MD, MS, FHRS Charles A. Henrikson, MD, MPH, FHRS Arun R. Mahankali Sridhar, MBBS, MPH, FACC All relevant financial relationships have been mitigated. Host Disclosure(s): S. Saha •Speaking/Teaching/Consulting: Medtronic Contributor Disclosure(s): C. Henrikson •Honoraria/Speaking/Teaching/Consulting: American College of Cardiology A. Sridhar •Nothing to disclose. Staff Disclosure(s) (note: HRS staff are NOT in control of educational content. Disclosures are provided solely for full transparency to the learner): S. Sailor: No relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose.
Dr. Francis Marchlinski, Deputy Editor of JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology, discusses Electrode Thermal Profile During Ventricular RF Ablation: A novel indication to potentially inform energy delivery.
Did you know that congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect nearly 40,000 babies born in the United States every year? On this episode, Pediatric Cardiologist Dr. Melissa Lefebvre and medical student Marina Hashim discuss the evaluation and management of common acyanotic congenital heart conditions. Specifically, they will: Review the classification of CHDs as cyanotic versus acyanotic. Discuss the pathophysiology of the three most common acyanotic CHDs – ASD, PDA, and VSD. Describe early clinical findings and use of diagnostic tools. Cover management options, ranging from spontaneous closure to surgical intervention. Explore prognosis and long-term outcomes on physical activity, neurodevelopment, and overall health. Special thanks to Dr. Rebecca Yang and Dr. Abeer Hamdy for peer reviewing this episode. CME available free with sign up: Link Coming Soon! References: Dimopoulos, K., Constantine, A., Clift, P., & Condliffe, R. (2023). Cardiovascular complications of down syndrome: Scoping review and expert consensus. Circulation, 147(5). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059706 Dugdale, D. C. (Ed.). (n.d.). Pediatric heart surgery - discharge. Mount Sinai. Retrieved April 26, 2024, from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/discharge-instructions/pediatric-heart-surgery-discharge Eckerström, F., Nyboe, C., Maagaard, M., Redington, A., & Hjortdal, V. (2023). Survival of patients with congenital ventricular septal defect. European Heart Journal, 44 (1,1), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac618 Heart MRI. (2022, July 24). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved April 19, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21961-heart-mri Leihao, S., Yajiao, L., Yunwu, Z., Yusha, T., Yucheng, C., & Lei, C. (2023). Heart-brain axis: Association of congenital heart abnormality and brain diseases. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1071820 Meyer, K. (Ed.). (2022, May 1). What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Cincinnati Children's. Retrieved March 12, 2024, from https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/vsd Minette, M. S., & Sahn, D. S. (2006). Ventricular septal defects. Circulation, 114(20). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.618124 Mussatto, K. A., Hoffmann, R. G., Hoffman, G. M., Tweddell, J. S., Bear, L., Cao, Y., & Brosig, C. (2014). Risk and prevalence of developmental delay in young children with congenital heart disease. Pediatrics, 133(3), e570–e577. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2309 Pruthi, S. (Ed.). (2022, October 21). Ventricular septal defect (VSD). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved April 9, 2024, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20353495 Right heart catheterization. (2022, July 24). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved April 19, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21045-right-heart-catheterization Shah, S., Mohanty, S., Karande, T., Maheshwari, S., Kulkarni, S., & Saxena, A. (2022). Guidelines for physical activity in children with heart disease. Annals of pediatric cardiology, 15(5-6), 467–488. https://doi.org/10.4103/apc.apc_73_22 Sigmon, E., Kellman, M., Susi, A., Nylund, C., & Oster, M. (2019). Congenital heart disease and Autism: A case-control study. Pediatrics, 144(5). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-4114 Thacker, D. (Ed.). (2022, January 1). Ventricular septal defect (VSD). Nemours Kids Health. Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vsd.html Tierney, S., & Seda, E. (2020). The benefit of exercise in children with congenital heart disease. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 32(5), 626-632. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000942 Ventricular septal defects (VSD). (2021, November 9). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved April 2, 2024,from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17615-ventricular-septal-defects-vsd Ventricular septal defect surgery for children. (n.d.). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved April 11,2024, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/ventricular-septal-defect-surgery-for-children#:~:text=During%20this%20surgery%2C%20a%20surgeon,the%20hole%20between%20the%20ventricles Wernovsky, G., & Licht, D. J. (2016). Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in children with congenital heart disease - what can we impact?. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 17(8 Suppl 1), S232–S242. https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000000800
In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Ventricular Septal Defects from the Cardiovascular section.Follow Medbullets on social media:Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbulletsInstagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficialTwitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets
Commentary by Dr. Pavel Martinez-Dominguez.
Q-BANK: https://patreon.com/highyieldfamilymedicineIntro (0:35),Sinus tachycardia (1:52),Sinus bradycardia (2:53),Focal atrial tachycardia (4:08),Multifocal atrial tachycardia (5:00),Atrial fibrillation (5:56),Atrial flutter (12:16),Supraventricular tachycardia (13:27)Wolff-Parkinson-White (16:18),AV blocks (17:31),Right bundle branch block (21:16), Left bundle branch block (22:18),Premature ventricular complexes (24:12),Ventricular tachycardia (25:07),Torsades de Pointes (26:06),Ventricular Fibrillation (26:49),Electrical interventions overview (29:06),Practice questions (30:20)
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: A Meta-Analysis.
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Noninvasive Estimation of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Using Right Ventricular Outflow Doppler Analysis.
Please join HRS Digital Education Committee Vice-Chair, Tina Baykaner, MD, MPH, of Stanford University, as she is joined by Heart Rhythm Society President Mina K. Chung, MD, FHRS, of the Cleveland Clinic, and Konstantinos C. Siontis, MD, FHRS of the May Clinic. The three met up in Altanta at HRX 2025 for this stimulating coversation. This study evaluated whether artificial intelligence applied to single-lead ambulatory ECGs could predict imminent sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Using deep learning models, the researchers demonstrated that AI could identify subtle ECG features preceding arrhythmic events, enabling accurate short-term risk prediction. The findings suggest a potential role for AI-enhanced ECG monitoring to improve early detection and prevention of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. To view bonus video recorded LIVE at HRX 2025 in Atlanta, view this episode on Heart Rhythm 365 or the HRX Innovation Hub! Article Authors Laurent Fiorina ∙ Tanner Carbonati∙ Kumar Narayanan ∙ Jia Li ∙ Christine Henry ∙ Jagmeet Singh ∙ Eloi Marijon Read the Article: https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(23)02195-1/fulltext Podcast Contributors and Disclosures Tina Baykaner, MD, MPH | Stanford University Mina K. Chung, MD, FHRS | Cleveland Clinic Konstantinos C. Siontis, MD, FHRS | Mayo Clinic All relevant financial relationships have been mitigated. T. Baykaner: •Honoraria/Speaking/Consulting: Volta Medical, Medtronic, Pacemate, Johnson and Johnson, Abbot Medical, Boston Scientific Research: NIH M. Chung: •Honoraria/Speaking/Consulting: University of Chicago, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, NIH, Baylor College of Medicine, Kansas City Heart Rhythm Symposium, American College of Cardiology, Geisinger Health Systems, ABIM, Academy for Continued Healthcare Learning, MediasphereMedical, Western AF Symposium, University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Canadian Heart Rhythm Society •Research: NIH, American Heart Association •Royalty Income: Elsevier, Wolters Kluver •Officer: American Heart Association K. Siontis: •Research: Anumana, Varian Medical Systems •Intellectual Property Right: Anumana •Speaking/Teaching/Consulting: EBAMedSA, AskBio
VEB red flags that signal urgent risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death Interpreting CloudHolter results on what VEB burden really means and when it matters The 10,000 and 20,000 thresholds: when to echo, when to refer, and when to reassure Why beta blockers may not be the answer Using CloudHolter and information sheets to streamline reassurance and reduce anxiety Host: Dr David Lim | Total Time: 27 mins Expert: Prof Rukshen Weerasooriya, Sub-specialist Cardiac Electrophysiologist Register for our fortnightly FREE WEBCASTSEvery second Tuesday | 7:00pm-9:00pm AEST Click here to register for the next oneSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
CardioNerds guest host Dr. Colin Blumenthal joins Dr. Juma Bin Firos and Dr. Aishwarya Verma from the Trinity Health Livonia Hospital to discuss a fascinating case involving malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Expert commentary is provided by Dr. Mohammed Ali-Jazayeri. Audio editing for this episode was performed by CardioNerds Intern, Julia Marques Fernandes. This case explores the puzzling presentation of exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia in a young, otherwise healthy male who suffered recurrent out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. With no traditional risk factors and an unremarkable ischemic workup, the challenge lay in uncovering the underlying cause of his malignant arrhythmias. Electrophysiology studies and advanced imaging played a pivotal role in systematically narrowing the differentials, revealing an unexpected arrhythmogenic substrate. This episode delves into the diagnostic dilemma, the role of EP testing, and the critical decision-making surrounding ICD placement in a patient with a concealed but life-threatening condition. US Cardiology Review is now the official journal of CardioNerds! Submit your manuscript here. CardioNerds Case Reports PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Pearls- Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias This case highlights the challenges and importance of diagnosing and managing ventricular arrhythmias in young, seemingly healthy individuals. Here are five key takeaways from the episode: Electrophysiology (EP) studies play a crucial role in identifying arrhythmogenic substrates in patients with exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT) without obvious structural heart disease. In this case, substrate mapping revealed late abnormal ventricular afterdepolarizations in the basal inferior left ventricle, providing valuable insights into the underlying mechanism. Cardiac MRI can be a powerful tool for detecting subtle myocardial abnormalities. The subepicardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in the lateral and inferior LV walls suggested an underlying myocardial process, even when other imaging modalities appeared normal. The VT morphology can provide clues about the underlying mechanism. In this case, the right bundle branch block pattern with a northwest axis and shifting exit sites pointed towards a scar-mediated mechanism rather than a channelopathy or idiopathic VT. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement is crucial for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias, even in young individuals. The patient's initial deferral of ICD implantation highlights the importance of shared decision-making and patient education in these complex cases. "Scar-mediated VT introduces the risk of new arrhythmogenic substrates over time, reinforcing the need for ICD therapy even when catheter ablation is considered." This pearl emphasizes the dynamic nature of the arrhythmogenic substrate and the importance of long-term risk mitigation strategies. Notes - Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias Notes were drafted by Juma Bin Firos. 1. What underlying pathologies cause ventricular arrhythmias in young patients without overt structural heart disease? Myocardial fibrosis: Detected via late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac MRI Present in 38% of nonischemic cardiomyopathy cases Increases sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk 5-fold Often localized to subepicardial regions, particularly in the inferolateral left ventricle (LV) May precede overt systolic dysfunction by years Subclinical cardiomyopathy: 67% of young VT patients show subtle cardiac dysfunction Suggests VT may be the first manifestation of cardiomyopathy
LISTENER DISCRETION IS ADVISED. References: Buxton. Sustained Monomorphic VT: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Evaluation. Up-to-Date. Farré J, Rubio JM, Sternick EB. Confounding factors leading to misdiagnosing ventricular tachycardia as supraventricular in the emergency room. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2023;23(1):1-13. doi:10.1016/j.ipej.2022.11.002 Kashou AH, Evenson CM, Noseworthy PA, et al. Differentiating wide complex tachycardias: A historical perspective. Indian Heart J. 2021;73(1):7-13. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2020.09.006 Salim Rezaie, "SVT With Aberrancy Versus VT", REBEL EM blog, November 22, 2013. Available at: https://rebelem.com/svt-aberrancy-versus-vt/. Steinman RT, Herrera C, Schuger CD, Lehmann MH. Wide QRS tachycardia in the conscious adult. Ventricular tachycardia is the most frequent cause. JAMA. 1989 Feb 17;261(7):1013-6. PMID: 2915409. Vereckei A. Current algorithms for the diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardias. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2014 Aug;10(3):262-76. doi: 10.2174/1573403x10666140514103309. PMID: 24827795; PMCID: PMC4040878.
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Prognostic Value of the Right Ventricular-to-Left Ventricular Volume Ratio in Tricuspid Regurgitation.
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Predictors of Length-of-Stay Among Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Patients Using a Supervised Machine Learning Algorithm.
September 2025 Journal Club Podcast Title: Ventricular Entry During Glioblastoma Resection is Associated With Reduced Survival and Increased Risk of Distant Recurrence To read journal article: https://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/fulltext/2025/09000/ventricular_entry_during_glioblastoma_resection_is.10.aspx Author: Neslihan Gecici and Pascal Zinn Guest Faculty: Bryan Choi Moderator: Alexander Himstead Committee Co-Chair: Kimberly Hoang
Commentary by Dr. Jian'an Wang.
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Artificial Intelligence for Detection of Prognostically Significant Left Ventricular Dysfunction From Echocardiography.
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Bifid-E Wave: A Novel Doppler Marker of Advanced Mitral Prolapse and Disproportionate Left Ventricular Enlargement.
The Elective Rotation: A Critical Care Hospital Pharmacy Podcast
Show notes at pharmacyjoe.com/episode1041. In this episode, I'll discuss which overdose patients with prolonged QTc are most likely to experience ventricular dysrhythmia. The post Episode 1041: Predicting Which Overdose Patients With Prolonged QTc Will Have Ventricular Dysrhythmia appeared first on Pharmacy Joe.
Dr. Emile Daoud, Deputy Editor of JACC Clinical Electrophysiology discusses the impact of prior exercise practice on disease characteristics in Desmoplakin-related arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy.
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Continuation vs Withdrawal of Beta-Blockers and Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction With Preserved Left Ventricular Function.
With Frank Flachskampf, Uppsala University, Uppsala - Sweden, and James Thomas, Northwestern University, Chicago - USA. Link to editorial Link to paper
Dr. Emile Daoud, Deputy Editor of JACC Clinical Electrophysiology discusses Premature Ventricular Complexes after Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation and Recurrent Atrial Arrhythmias: admIRE Subanalysis.
In this episode, we review the high-yield topic Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) from the Cardiovascular section at Medbullets.comFollow Medbullets on social media:Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbulletsInstagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficialTwitter: www.twitter.com/medbulletsLinkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/medbullets
In this episode, we review the high-yield topic Ventricular Arrhythmia from the Cardiovascular section at Medbullets.comFollow Medbullets on social media:Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbulletsInstagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficialTwitter: www.twitter.com/medbulletsLinkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/medbullets
Welcome to the emDOCs.net podcast! Join us as we review our high-yield posts from our website emDOCs.net.Today on the emDOCs cast with Rachel Bridwell, MD, and Brit Long, MD (@long_brit), we cover left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, or LVOTO. To continue to make this a worthwhile podcast for you to listen to, we appreciate any feedback and comments you may have for us. Please let us know!Subscribe to the podcast on one of the many platforms below:Apple iTunesSpotifyGoogle Play
Contributor: Ricky Dhaliwal, MD Educational Pearls: What factors are considered in a COVID-19 infection? The viral load: Understood as the impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles infecting host cell tissue itself (utilizing ACE-2 receptors). Pro-Inflammatory Response: Post-infection, the body's downstream systemic cytokine release (can be both normal or hyperactive, aka “cytokine storm”). What cardiac impacts have been observed with COVID-19? Arrhythmias: The mechanism of COVID-19 infection and arrhythmias is believed to be multifactorial. However, evidence suggests T-cell-mediated toxicity and cytokine storm may contribute to cardiac myocyte damage, precipitating proarrhythmias instead of direct viral entry. Bradycardia: Increased prevalence in patients with severe COVID-19 infection, but not associated with increased adverse outcomes. Atrial Fibrillation: Most common cardiac complication and risk factor for worsened outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Biggest associated risk is strokes, and may require heightened monitoring and anticoagulation therapy to mitigate stroke risk. Fibrosis of Cardiac Tissue: Similar to arrhythmias, believed to be inflammation-mediated in COVID-19. Fibrosis of cardiac tissue increases the risk that any arrhythmias that develop during infection may persist after the infection has resolved. Ventricular damage: Also inflammation mediated by an active infection and contributes to myocarditis. No evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccination contributes to myocarditis. Sinus node dysfunction induced by inflammation that may lead to or be similar to Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). Big takeaway? Patients who have had or currently have COVID-19 are at an increased risk of developing arrhythmias and sustaining them post-infection. However, a majority of patients will recover. Due to atrial fibrillation being the most prevalent arrhythmia associated with COVID-19 infection, increased monitoring and potential anticoagulation therapy are required. References Gopinathannair R, Olshansky B, Chung MK, Gordon S, Joglar JA, Marcus GM, et al. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Autonomic Dysfunction Associated With COVID-19: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Nov 19;150(21):e449–65. Khan Z, Pabani UK, Gul A, Muhammad SA, Yousif Y, Abumedian M, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis: A Systemic Review and Literature Search. Cureus. 14(7):e27408. Summarized by Dan Orbidan, OMS1 | Edited by Dan Orbidan & Jorge Chalit, OMS3 Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/
In this episode of Nurse Converse, Shenell Thompkins is joined by Tiffany Cannon, who shares her powerful story of living with a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD). At just 28, Tiffany experienced heart failure during pregnancy, leading to an emergency C-section and the life-changing decision to receive an LVAD. She opens up about the emotional toll, her return to nursing, and how her dual perspective as both a patient and nurse fuels her passion for advocacy, empathy, and patient empowerment. Tiffany's journey is one of resilience and hope, proving that heart disease is not the end—but a new beginning. >>One Nurse's Journey with LVAD (Left Ventricular Assistive Device)Jump Ahead to Listen: [02:17] Tiffany's journey to heart failure.[05:53] Heart failure diagnosis after childbirth.[09:23] Divine intervention in medical decisions.[13:25] Gratitude through life changes.[21:00] Bridging patient-nurse connection.[22:49] Advocacy and patient awareness.[26:18] Heart disease is not a death sentence.[29:09] Supporting nurses in their careers.Connect with Shenell on social media:Instagram: allonenurse_shenell TikTok: all_one_nurseFor more information, full transcript and videos visit Nurse.org/podcastJoin our newsletter at nurse.org/joinInstagram: @nurse_orgTikTok: @nurse.orgFacebook: @nurse.orgYouTube: Nurse.org
Commentary by Dr. Katie Ruddy.
Commentary by Dr. Jian'an Wang.
Los artículos que se tratan en el episodio de hoy están listados aquí:Stalter, E. J., Verhofste, S. L., Dagle, J. M., Steinbach, E. J., Ten Eyck, P., Wendt, L., Segar, J. L., & Harshman, L. A. (2025). Somatic growth outcomes in response to an individualized neonatal sodium supplementation protocol. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 45(3), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-024-02141-9Oikonomopoulou, N., Rodriguez-Castaño, M. J., Corredera, A., Cortés-Ledesma, C., Vierge, E., Martinez-Orgado, J., & Arruza, L. (2025). Extremely preterm infants with adverse neurological outcome present more frequently impaired right ventricular performance. Pediatric research, 10.1038/s41390-025-03959-5. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03959-5Jeanne, Emilya; Alvaro, Rubenb; Shalish, Wissamc. Reimagining apnea monitoring in the neonatal ICU. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 37(2):p 173-181, April 2025. | DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001432 Faix RG, Laptook AR, Shankaran S, et al. Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy in Preterm Infants 33 to 35 Weeks' Gestation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. Published online February 24, 2025. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.6613 Bienvenidos a La Incubadora: una conversación sobre neonatología y medicina basada en evidencia. Nuestros episodios ofrecen la dosis ideal (en mg/kg) de los más recientes avances para el neonato y para las increíbles personas que forman parte de la medicina neonatal. Soy tu host, Maria Flores Cordova, MD. Este podcast está presentado por los médicos neonatólogos Dani de Luis Rosell, Elena Itriago, Carolina Michel y Juliana Castellanos. No dudes en enviarnos preguntas, comentarios o sugerencias a nuestro correo electrónico: nicupodcast@gmail.comSíguenos en nuestras redes:Twitter: @incubadorapodInstagram: @laincubadorapodcast Creado originalmente por Ben Courchia MD y Daphna Yasova Barbeau MD http://www.the-incubator.org
This episode covers: Cardiology This Week: A concise summary of recent studies Relevance and management of ventricular ectopic beats Lp(a) in cardiovascular risk management Mythbusters: A vegetarian diet lowers cardiovascular risk Host: Susanna Price Guests: Carlos Aguiar, Thomas Deneke, Kausik Ray Want to watch that episode? Go to: https://esc365.escardio.org/event/1802 Disclaimer: ESC TV Today is supported by Bristol Myers Squibb and Novartis. This scientific content and opinions expressed in the programme have not been influenced in any way by its sponsor. This programme is intended for health care professionals only and is to be used for educational purposes. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) does not aim to promote medicinal products nor devices. Any views or opinions expressed are the presenters' own and do not reflect the views of the ESC. Declarations of interests: Stephan Achenbach, Thomas Deneke, Nicolle Kraenkel and Susanna Price have declared to have no potential conflicts of interest to report. Carlos Aguiar has declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: personal fees for consultancy and/or speaker fees from Abbott, AbbVie, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BiAL, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ferrer, Gilead, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, Tecnimede. Davide Capodanno has declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi Aventis, Novo Nordisk, Terumo. Steffen Petersen has declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: consultancy for Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Kausik Ray declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: research grants from Amarin, Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi, consultant for Abbott, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biologix, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cargene Therapeutics, CRISPR, CSL Behring, Eli Lilly and Company, Esperion, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, NewAmsterdam Pharma, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Regeneron, Resverlogix, Sanofi, Scribe Therapeutics, Silence Therapeutics, Vaxxinity, and Viatris, honoraria for lectures from Novartis, BI, AZ, Novo Nordisk, Viatris, Amarin, Biologix Pharma, Sanofi, Amgen, Esperion, Daiichi Sankyo, Macleod and stock options New Amsterdam Pharma, Pemi 31, SCRIBE Therapeutics. Emma Svennberg has declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers, Squibb-Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson.
Host: Susanna Price Guest: Thomas Deneke Want to watch that extended interview? Go to: https://esc365.escardio.org/event/1802?resource=interview Disclaimer: ESC TV Today is supported by Bristol Myers Squibb and Novartis. This scientific content and opinions expressed in the programme have not been influenced in any way by its sponsor. This programme is intended for health care professionals only and is to be used for educational purposes. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) does not aim to promote medicinal products nor devices. Any views or opinions expressed are the presenters' own and do not reflect the views of the ESC. Declarations of interests: Stephan Achenbach, Thomas Deneke, Nicolle Kraenkel and Susanna Price have declared to have no potential conflicts of interest to report. Carlos Aguiar has declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: personal fees for consultancy and/or speaker fees from Abbott, AbbVie, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BiAL, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ferrer, Gilead, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, Tecnimede. Davide Capodanno has declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi Aventis, Novo Nordisk, Terumo. Steffen Petersen has declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: consultancy for Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Emma Svennberg has declared to have potential conflicts of interest to report: Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers, Squibb-Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson.
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Effect of Sacubitril/Valsartan or Enalapril on Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies Treated With Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Podcast Editor of JACC: Advances, discusses a recently published original research paper on Understanding the Effects of Mitral Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair on Left Ventricular Function Using Pressure-Volume Loops
Nesse episódio a Dra. Ana Paula Beppler fala conosco sobre o manejo da taquicardia ventricular no departamento de emergência. A Dra. Ana Paula Beppler médica cardiologista preceptora do internato do estágio de pronto socorro do curso de medicina da Faculdade Israelita de Ciencias da Saude Albert Einstein. Se você gosta do nosso podcast, por favor compartilhe o nosso conteúdo em redes sociais e nos avalie no iTunes. Isso é importante para que mais pessoas conheçam o nosso trabalho. Mande feedback para 15minutos.emergencia@gmail.com. Siga-nos nas redes sociais. Vocês podem entrar em contato com a dra. Ana Paula em Ana.lino arroba einstein ponto br Dr. Julio Marchini está no Instagram em @emergency_drops #15minutosememergencia
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Quick background info Cardiac arrest is when the heart stops pumping blood for any reason. This is different from a heart attack in which the heart is still working but the muscle itself is starting to die. One cause of cardiac arrest is when the electrical signals are very disrupted in the heart and start following chaotic patterns such as Ventricular tachycardia (VTach) and Ventricular fibrillation (VFib) One of the only ways to save a person whose heart is in VFib or VTach is to jolt the heart with electricity and terminate the dangerous arrhythmia. A recent study in the Netherlands looked at how important the time delay is from when cardiac arrest is first identified to when a defibrillation shock from an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is actually given. Their main take-away: each minute defibrillation is delayed drops the survival rate by 6%! These findings reinforce the importance of rapid AED deployment and early defibrillation strategies in prehospital cardiac arrest response. References Stieglis, R., Verkaik, B. J., Tan, H. L., Koster, R. W., van Schuppen, H., & van der Werf, C. (2025). Association Between Delay to First Shock and Successful First-Shock Ventricular Fibrillation Termination in Patients With Witnessed Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation, 151(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069834 Summarized by Jeffrey Olson, MS3 | Edited by Meg Joyce, MS1 & Jorge Chalit, OMS3 Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/
This special issue of JACC is dedicated to the essential role of cardiovascular surgery in advancing modern cardiology.
In this episode, Deputy Editor Dr. Zamaneh Kassiri (University of Alberta) interviews authors Dr. Oliver H. Wearing (University of British Columbia), Dr. Naomi C. Chesler (University of California Irvine), Dr. Mitchel J. Colebank (University of South Carolina), Dr. Timothy A. Hacker (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Dr. John N. Lorenz (University of Cincinnati), and Dr. Christopher R. West (University of British Columbia) about their new Guidelines in Cardiovascular Research article. This must-read Guidelines article provides a thorough overview of ventricular pressure-volume (PV) measurements in the mouse heart. PV measurements are an invasive method for assessment of heart function, and if done correctly, can provide researchers with valuable information about heart hemodynamics and the relationship between changes in ventricular pressure and volume during a cardiac cycle. The authors discuss PV measurements as the gold standard for assessing cardiac in vivo function. How do PV measurements differ from, and provide a complement to, echocardiography measurements? Listen and find out more. Oliver H. Wearing, Naomi C. Chesler, Mitchel J. Colebank, Timothy A. Hacker, John N. Lorenz, Jeremy A. Simpson, and Christopher R. West Guidelines for assessing ventricular pressure-volume relationships in rodents Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, published January 2, 2025. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00434.2024
Imagine working as a nurse, but you must stay attached to battery packs to stay alive. That's the reality for Tiffany Davis Cannon, RN—full-time nurse, mother, and LVAD patient. After being diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy, she had to adapt to life with an LVAD—but it's been anything but easy.In this episode, Tiffany candidly shares the emotional and physical challenges of living with an LVAD, how her experience changed her approach to nursing, and what she wants other nurses to know about caring for LVAD patients. Tune in to hear how she's embraced her new normal and turned her experience into an opportunity to advocate for patients!Topics discussed in this episode:Early signs of peripartum cardiomyopathyTiffany's birth story and descent into heart failureMaking the decision to get an LVADHow the LVAD works and the implantation processThe reality of living life with an LVADChallenges of working as a nurse with an LVADHow her experience changed her approach to patient careCommon LVAD emergenciesTips for treating LVAD patientsHear more from Tiffany:FB: https://www.facebook.com/tiffany.cannon.397/IG: https://www.instagram.com/tiffany_cannon90/Email: Tiffany.cannonjourney@gmail.comPurchase her book, A Journey Through Supernatural Healing!https://a.co/d/av53sriMentioned in this episode:CONNECT
Nesse episódio o Dr. Lucas Oliveira também traz um caso clínico. Vamos discutir como definir a fibrilação ventricular refratária, e o que existe de evidência para manejo. O Dr. Lucas Oliveira é residente de terceiro ano do programa de medicina de emergência do HC-FMUSP. Se você gosta do nosso podcast, por favor compartilhe o nosso conteúdo em redes sociais e nos avalie no iTunes. Isso é importante para que mais pessoas conheçam o nosso trabalho. Mande feedback para 15minutos.emergencia@gmail.com. Link para a coreografia da dupla desfibrilação: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2207304#:~:text=Choreography%20of%20Defibrillation%20Used%20during%20the%20Trial. Siga-nos nas redes sociais. Vocês podem encontrar o Dr. Lucas Oliveira no instagram em @lucaslro Dr. Julio Marchini está no Instagram em @emergency_drops #15minutosememergencia
Our guest today is Evelyn Gamble. Evelyn is a dedicated healthcare worker and passionate heart disease advocate. With a deep commitment to improving health outcomes, Evelyn uses her personal and professional experiences to raise awareness about heart health, particularly for young adults. As a strong voice for change, she aims to inspire others to take proactive steps in managing their heart health and to advocate for better care and resources for those affected by heart disease. Definition: A heart arrhythmia, also known as a cardiac arrhythmia, is an abnormal rhythm of the heart. It occurs when the electrical impulses that control the heart's contractions do not function properly. Causes: Heart arrhythmias can be caused by a wide range of factors, including: Heart disease (e.g., coronary artery disease, heart failure) Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., low potassium or magnesium) Certain medications (e.g., stimulants, caffeine) Thyroid disorders Damage to the Vagus Nerve Stress Genetics Types: There are many different types of heart arrhythmias, which can be classified based on the rate and rhythm of the heart: Tachycardia: A rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per minute) Bradycardia: A slow heart rate (under 60 beats per minute) Atrial fibrillation: A quivering or irregular rhythm of the upper chambers of the heart (atria) Ventricular fibrillation: A life-threatening rhythm where the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) contract irregularly and chaotically Premature beats: Extra heartbeats that occur early in the rhythm Symptoms: Some people with heart arrhythmias may not experience any symptoms. Others may have symptoms such as: Palpitations (feeling like the heart is racing or fluttering), Chest pain or discomfort, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Fainting, and Shortness of breath. Diagnosis and Treatment: To diagnose a heart arrhythmia, your doctor will likely perform a physical exam, ask about your medical history, and take an electrocardiogram (ECG). Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the arrhythmia and may include: Medications (e.g., beta-blockers, antiarrhythmics) Lifestyle changes (e.g., exercise, stress management) Surgery (e.g., ablation procedure) Implantable devices (e.g., pacemakers, defibrillators) Outlook: The outlook for people with heart arrhythmias varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
In this episode of the SMFM Podcast Series, Dr. Melissa Spiel is joined by Dr. Jason Vaught, a maternal-fetal medicine specialist and surgical critical care physician at Johns Hopkins Hospital, to discuss SMFM Consult: Diagnosis and Management of Right and Left Ventricular Heart Failure During Pregnancy and Postpartum. Dr. Vaught shares insights on the frequency of cardiomyopathy as an underlying cause of maternal mortality, the importance of screening and early detection, and key considerations for managing heart failure in pregnant patients. The discussion covers counseling strategies, self-monitoring techniques, delivery planning, postpartum care, and addressing healthcare disparities in cardiovascular disease. Tune in to hear expert perspectives on optimizing care for patients with heart failure during pregnancy and beyond. Additional Resources: SMFM Educational Website
This episode covers questions ventricular septal defects.Written notes can be found at https://zerotofinals.com/paediatrics/cardiology/vsd/Questions can be found at https://members.zerotofinals.com/Books can be found at https://zerotofinals.com/books/The audio in the episode was expertly edited by Harry Watchman.a
This episode covers ventricular septal defects.Written notes can be found at https://zerotofinals.com/paediatrics/cardiology/vsd/Questions can be found at https://members.zerotofinals.com/Books can be found at https://zerotofinals.com/books/The audio in the episode was expertly edited by Harry Watchman.
In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Amy Kaplan, CVMA, DACVECC, MRCVS discusses the important question, does rapamycin halt progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in feline HCM? Listen to find out!
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