Podcasts about halachic

In this episode Rabbi Shalom Rosner discusses the Halachot of Kosheir and Matir. Follow along using Tzurba Volume 21Tzurba is a revolutionary Halacha sefer guiding the learner through the Halachic process from the Talmudic source through modern day halachic application. Each volume contains clear and concise color-coded sections with a modern English translation alongside the original Hebrew text.The Tzurba Hilchot Shabbat Program is a 2 year cycle in which one can master all of Hilchot Shabbat by learning weekly with Tzurba's signature seforim and style.Tzurba seforim are all available on Amazon worldwide (for those in Israel you can purchase on our website)Have a question for Rabbi Rosner? Want to sponsor a shiur? Contact us at neil@tzurbaolami.com or WhatsAppFollow us on social media for more content:WhatsAppInstagramTwitterYouTubeLearn more about The Lax Family Tzurba M'Rabanan Series

The Mishna Berura (Rav Yisrael Meir Kagan of Radin, 1839-1933), in Siman 4, writes (citing the Seder Olam) that upon awakening in the morning, one should not touch his garments before washing Netilat Yadayim. One should immediately proceed to Netilat Yadayim after waking, before taking off his pajamas or getting his shirt, pants, or other garments. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995), in Isheh Yisrael (1:23), writes that an exception may be made regarding the Kippa. Many people wear their Kippa when they go to bed, and indeed the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) writes that this is a proper practice. Of course, by the time one wakes up his Kippa is no longer on his head, and Rav Shlomo Zalman noted that the prevalent custom is to allow putting one's Kippa on his head before Netilat Yadayim in the morning. The Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, Poland, 1635-1682) in any event wrote that from the Gemara it appears that one may touch his clothing before washing hands, and so although we generally do not follow this view, when it comes to the Kippa we may rely on the Magen Abraham and put it one before washing.

Maran writes in Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 4) that one must ensure not to touch a vat of beer in the morning before washing Netilat Yadayim, as doing so could cause one to lose the beer. The Mishna Berura (Rav Yisrael Meir Kagan, 1839-1933) explains that since there is Tum'a (impurity) on one's hands when he wakes up in the morning, touching food can cause it to become Tameh, which can have detrimental effects. One must therefore avoid touching food before washing his hands in the morning. The Halachic authorities write that if one did touch food before washing his hands in the morning, he should put it under water three times, and then it may be eaten. This applies even to vegetables that one normally peels, like cucumbers. Despite the fact that one touched only the peel, which in any event will be removed, the vegetable must be rinsed three times before it is eaten. Some writers raised the question of why this method of eliminating Tum'a does not work in the case of garlic that was left without its peel overnight. The garlic in this case should not be eaten, as it contracts Tum'a overnight, and the Poskim do not offer the solution of rinsing the garlic the three times. The work Arsot Haim explains that one cannot compare different forms of Tum'a and evil spirits. A method that is effective for eliminating one kind of Tum'a is not necessarily effective with regard to a different kind, and thus although a food that has been touched before Netilat Yadayim may be rinsed and eaten, this solution cannot be used in the case of garlic that had been left overnight without its peel. The Mishna Berura writes that one should also refrain from smelling tobacco snuff before washing Netilat Yadayim in the morning, for two reasons: 1) he causes the snuff to become Tameh by touching it; 2) smelling snuff involves touching the nostril, and it is forbidden to touch the openings of one's body before washing Netilat Yadayim. Summary: One should ensure not to touch any food or drink before washing his hands in the morning. If he did touch food before washing his hands, he should wash it three times and it may then be eaten.

In this episode, we explore the laws surrounding bodily functions in fields on Shabbat, focusing on concerns of inadvertently performing prohibited labor like leveling or fertilizing the ground. We also cover the permissibility of constructing makeshift seating for this purpose. Later, we examine the halachic nuances of moving and placing items like stoppers, bolts, and shutters on Shabbat—highlighting when such actions may or may not constitute building.

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This episode explores the halachic considerations of using various materials—such as stones, grass, and pottery handles—for personal hygiene on Shabbat. We delve into concerns like muktzeh, plucking, and smoothing, and how dignity, intention, and physical safety influence leniencies in these laws.

In this episode, we delve into the concept of indirect movement on Shabbat — when and how it's permissible to move otherwise prohibited items to access permitted ones. We explore practical examples like retrieving buried produce and shifting straw on beds, emphasizing the halachic nuances around intention, location, and method of movement.

It is customary to remain awake throughout the first night of Shabuot and study the special "Tikkun" text that appears in the book "Keri'eh Mo'ed." Most synagogues serve food and drinks, such as tea and coffee, during the night to help people remain awake and focused on their learning. The question arises as to whether or not one should recite a Beracha each time he drinks during Shabuot night. For example, if a person drinks a cup of coffee and then returns to his learning, and an hour and a half later he decides to have another drink, should he recite a new Beracha of "She'hakol"? Or, does the Beracha one recites when he drinks the first time cover all subsequent drinks that he has throughout the night? This issue is subject to a debate among the Halachic authorities. Hacham Ben Sion Abba Shaul (Israel, 1923-1998) maintained that each time one drinks on Shabuot night, he should have in mind for his Beracha to cover only the cup he drinks at that point. Thus, when he decides to drink again later, he must recite a new Beracha. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, however, disagrees. Based upon the ruling of the Maharash Alafandri, Hacham Ovadia writes that to the contrary, one should have in mind when he drinks the first time on Shabuot night that the Beracha he recites should cover all his drinks throughout the night. Then, he does not have to recite any other Berachot over drinks that night, even if there is a lengthy break between drinks. Once a person has in mind that his first Beracha should cover all his drinks throughout the night, then even if he drinks in long intervals of seventy-two minutes or more, he does not recite any Berachot. Our custom is to recite Birkat Ha'Torah on Shabuot morning, after Alot Ha'shahar (daybreak), even if one has not slept at all during the night. Some Ashkenazim have the practice not to recite Birkat Ha'Torah in a case where one had remained awake all night, but our practice follows the view that one recites Birkat Ha'Torah even in such a case. Regarding Netilat Yadayim, the Shulhan Aruch records a debate among the authorities as to whether one must wash his hands in the morning if he had not slept at all during the night, and our custom is therefore to wash Netilat Yadayim but without reciting a Beracha. Of course, one who uses the restroom recites the Beracha of "Asher Yasar" as usual. Summary: On Shabuot night, when we remain awake throughout the night, one should have in mind when he drinks for the first time that his Beracha should cover all his drinks throughout the night. He then does not recite a Beracha when he drinks later, even if there was a lengthy break in between drinks. Our custom is to recite Birkat Ha'Torah even if one did not sleep at all during the night, and to wash Netilat Yadayim without a Beracha.

The holiday of Shabuot is included among the three "Regalim" ("pilgrimage festivals"), when there is an obligation of Simha – to rejoice and be festive. The Gemara says that according to all views among the Sages, there is an obligation to enjoy oneself on Shabuot. Beyond the spiritual enjoyment that we experience by studying Torah, there is also a Halachic obligation to rejoice through physical enjoyment. The Sages teach that for men, this means indulging in meat and wine. Although there is a widespread custom to eat some dairy meals on Shabuot, one should make a point of eating meat on Shabuot, as well. One can fulfill this obligation with red meat, which resembles the meat of the sacrifices that were brought in the Bet Ha'mikdash on the holidays, or even with poultry, if that is what he enjoys, even though it does not technically qualify as "meat." If a person does not enjoy meat and wine, then he should eat whatever foods and drinks he enjoys. There is certainly no Misva on Yom Tob to eat foods that one does not enjoy. One is also obligated to make his children happy on Yom Tob. The Rambam (Rabbi Moshe Maimonides, Spain-Egypt, 1135-1204) writes that this is done by giving them treats, candies and the like. The Misva also requires making one's wife joyous, and the Rambam writes that one should purchase new clothing or jewelry for his wife before the festival. If one's wife does not need new clothing or jewelry, then he should buy her other gifts, even fine foods and the like. It is proper to immerse in a Mikveh on Ereb Shabuot to purify oneself in honor of the festival and in honor of the commemoration of Matan Torah.

Unsung HeroinesA businesswoman saves thousands from the Inquisition and rebuilds Jewish life across the Mediterranean, and a female Torah scholar shapes Halachic discourse while raising a family, feeding students, and caring for the sick—see the secret ways women shaped Jewish history.

This episode explores the permissibility of moving a deceased person on Shabbat, particularly when there's a risk of disrespect or danger, such as fire or extreme heat. We examine indirect methods of movement, rabbinic leniencies, and distinctions between moving within a domain versus between domains.

In this episode, we explore the laws of handling clothing and objects that contain muktzeh (items prohibited to move on Shabbat), including cases where money is left in pockets or drawers, and when these items are still permitted to move. We also delve into the principles governing mixed-use items like coal pans or trays that contain both permitted and prohibited contents.

In this episode, we delve deeper into the laws of muktzeh, focusing on when and how supporting objects become prohibited due to their association with muktzeh items. Topics include placing items under or over muktzeh, the principles of rendering a usable object unusable on Shabbat, and detailed cases like beds with money, purses, and pockets. We explore nuances in intent, designation, and practical implications for moving or using such items on Shabbat.

This episode delves into the laws of muktzah on Shabbat, focusing on items set aside due to their disgusting nature, like excrement or spoiled food. The discussion explores when such items can or cannot be moved, based on classic halachic sources and differing opinions of early rabbis. Practical cases—like smelly utensils, commercial produce, and food preparation—are analyzed through the lens of Shulchan Aruch and the Mishnah Berurah.

It is standard medical procedure for expectant mothers to undergo periodic ultrasound examinations, during which the physicians see the fetus so it can be carefully examined to ensure it is developing properly. During this examination, the doctor can easily identify the fetus' gender, and doctors generally pass on this information to the parents. The question arises whether it is proper, from a Torah perspective, for the parents to learn the fetus' gender during pregnancy. The Torah commands, "Tamim Tiheyeh Im Hashem Elokecha" ("You shall be innocent with Hashem your G-d" – Debarim 18:13), which is understood as an obligation not to concern ourselves with the future, to conduct ourselves the way we see fit, placing our trust in Hashem, without trying to access information about the future. Does finding out a fetus' gender violate this principle? We do not find any clear-cut basis in Halachic literature to forbid such a practice, and it would appear that learning a fetus' gender does not indicate a lack of faith in G-d or an inappropriate attempt to access information about the future. There is, however, one interesting passage in the Midrash which perhaps leads us to discourage this practice. The Midrash (Kohelet Rabba) lists several pieces of information which G-d withheld from human beings. For example, nobody knows when he will leave this world, and, quite obviously, G-d arranged this intentionally so that we will always conduct ourselves properly, rather than wait and repent shortly before we die. As we do not know when we will leave this world, we have no choice but to approach every day as potentially our last, and conduct ourselves accordingly. The Midrash also includes in this list the thoughts of other people. G-d does not empower us to read other people's minds, because if people could access each other's thoughts, the world would be overrun by animosity. The Midrash lists a fetus' gender as one of the pieces of information which G-d withholds from us. No reason is given, but we can reasonably assume that if the Midrash includes a fetus' gender in this list, there must be a valuable reason for this information to be denied to us. Perhaps, if the mother was hoping for one gender, then knowing that the infant is the other gender could cause her distress, which might be detrimental to the child. Or, perhaps to the contrary, knowing the gender during pregnancy diminishes from the excitement when the baby is born. In any event, the Midrash clearly indicates that it is for our benefit that G-d conceals from parents their child's gender during pregnancy. While this Midrash certainly does not suffice to establish a Halachic prohibition against finding out a fetus' gender, it would seem that this is something which should be discouraged, unless there is a particular reason to obtain this information. In some situations, the parents need to know ahead of time whether a Berit Mila must be arranged, and there might be circumstances where for purposes of Shalom Bayit (harmony between husband and wife) this information is valuable. When such a need arises, it is certainly acceptable to be told the gender, as this does not violate any Halachic prohibition. We should add that if the father is a Kohen, there might actually be value in the parents' finding out the fetus' gender. The Mishna Berura (Rav Yisrael Meir Kagan of Radin, 1839-1933) addresses the question of whether a woman who is married to a Kohen may come in contact with Tum'at Met (the impurity generated by a human corpse) during pregnancy, such as by visiting a cemetery or entering a home where a corpse is present. All male Kohanim, including infants, are included in the prohibition which forbids Kohanim from coming in contact with Tum'at Met, and the question thus arises as to whether a pregnant wife of a Kohen should avoid Tum'at Met, in case she gives birth. The Mishna Berura rules that this is permissible, because it is a situation of "Sefek Sefeka" – where two uncertainties are involved. First, it is uncertain whether the fetus is a boy, who is forbidden from coming in contact with Tum'at Met, or a girl, who is not forbidden. Second, it is possible that the infant will be stillborn, Heaven forbid, in which case, of course, there is no prohibition. On this basis, the Mishna Berura permits the pregnant wife of a Kohen to go to a place where there is a human corpse. However, in a situation where Halacha permits something because of a "Sefek Sefeka," if it becomes possible to resolve one of the uncertainties, there is an obligation to do. Therefore, in the case of a wife of a Kohen who is pregnant, there is value in determining the gender in order to resolve the first uncertainty. Then, if she is carrying a boy, she would be required to avoid exposure to Tum'at Met, and if it is a girl, this would not be necessary. It should be noted that the Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, 1633-1683) maintained that the pregnant woman in any event would be permitted to go to a place where there is Tum'at Met, because the prohibition does not apply in such a case. Therefore, in consideration of this opinion, we would not go so far as to require a Kohen's pregnant wife to determine the child's gender. (Parenthetically, we should note that a Kohen's wife is certainly allowed to go to a hospital to deliver the child, despite the high probability that there is a human corpse in the hospital, because this is a situation of Pikua'h Nefesh – a potentially life-threatening circumstance. Additionally, the spread of Tum'a from one room to another and one floor to another in the hospital likely occurs only Mi'de'rabbanan (on the level of Rabbinic enactment), such that there is greater room for leniency.) Summary: There is no Halachic prohibition against finding out a fetus' gender during pregnancy, though it is preferable not to, unless there is a particular need, or if not knowing could compromise Shalom Bayit. If the father is a Kohen, it might, according to some opinions, be preferable to find out the gender, so that the mother will avoid places of Tum'at Met if it's a boy, and will not have to avoid such places if it is a girl. If the couple does not know the gender, the woman is nevertheless allowed to visit places where there is Tum'at Met.

In this episode, we explore the nuanced laws of muktzeh on Shabbat—particularly moving muktzeh items indirectly, such as when carried by a child. We delve into scenarios involving emotional needs, public versus private domains, and practical rulings about items like stones in baskets or coins in children's hands.

Our Sages in several contexts emphasized the importance and value of the Misva of Hachnasat Orehim – welcoming guests. The Gemara comments that Hachnasat Orehim is even greater than "Kabbalat Peneh Shechina" (greeting the Shechina). Elsewhere, the Talmud teaches that a place where guests are not welcome will be destroyed, just as happened to the sinful city of Sedom, where hospitality was not allowed. Furthermore, the Mishna in Pe'a includes Hachnasat Orehim in its list of Misvot for which one is rewarded both in this world and the next. And other sources mention many Berachot that are earned through this Misva, including children, rain in its proper time, longevity, and others. Among the Halachic issues that arise when hosting guests is whether the hostess is permitted to pour wine or other alcoholic beverages for a male guest. We know that when a wife is a Nidda, she is not allowed to pour wine or other alcoholic beverages for her husband, unless she does so in an abnormal manner (such as by pouring with her left hand if she normally pours with her right). According to some Halachic authorities, this applies also to a married woman serving a man other than her husband, and thus a hostess should not pour for her male guests in the interest of modesty. By contrast, the work Ezer Mi'siyon writes that this restriction applies only to a married couple when the wife is a Nidda, and a hostess is permitted to pour alcoholic drinks for her guests. In practice, Rav Shayo, in his work Petah Ha'ohel (p. 87; listen to audio recording for precise citation), rules that generally a hostess should not pour wine for a male guest, and if she does, the guest should ensure not to look at her as she pours. However, if the hostess is hosting a large meal, with many guests around, then according to some Halachic authorities it is permissible for the hostess to pour for her guests. Summary: Generally speaking, a hostess should not pour wine or other alcoholic beverages for a male guest, unless she is serving a large meal and there are several other people at the table with them.

This episode concludes the in-depth exploration of muksa on Shabbos, focusing on complex cases such as garments containing forbidden mixtures, objects that induce prohibited changes, and the nuanced permissibility of moving various household and ritual items. Halachic principles surrounding intentionality, functionality, and object status are examined in detail.

Is it permissible according to Halacha for a man to shake a woman's hand? The Ben Ish Hai (Rabbi Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) addresses this question in his work Od Yosef Hai (Parashat Shofetim, 22; listen to audio for precise citation). He records there the practice that had become customary in Europe for guests to tightly grasp the hands of the host and hostess upon arriving in the home. The Ben Ish Hai writes that since a handshake serves to express mutual feelings of friendship and affection, it falls under the Halachic category of "Derech Hiba" – affectionate contact with a member of the opposite gender – and is forbidden. In this context the Ben Ish Hai cites a comment of Rabbi Yehuda Ha'Hasid (Germany, late 12th-early 13th century), in his Sefer Hasidim (1090), forbidding shaking hands with a gentile woman, even if the woman's hand is covered with a glove. The Ben Ish Hai explained that although the Sefer Hasidim speaks here specifically of gentile women, it did not intend to permit shaking hands with Jewish women. Rather, the Sefer Hasidim seeks to dispel the possible misconception that one would be allowed to shake a gentile woman's hand in order to avoid the ridicule that might result from refusing to shake her hand. The Sefer Hasidim thus emphasized that a man may not shake hands even with a gentile, but it goes without saying that shaking hands with a Jewish woman is forbidden. Thus, it is strictly forbidden for a man to shake a woman's hand, regardless of whether or not she is Jewish; this prohibition applies even in professional contexts, where the accepted protocol is to shake hands even with members of the opposite gender.

In this episode Rabbi Shalom Rosner discusses the Halachot of Tofeir and Korei'a. Follow along using Tzurba Volume 21Tzurba is a revolutionary Halacha sefer guiding the learner through the Halachic process from the Talmudic source through modern day halachic application. Each volume contains clear and concise color-coded sections with a modern English translation alongside the original Hebrew text.The Tzurba Hilchot Shabbat Program is a 2 year cycle in which one can master all of Hilchot Shabbat by learning weekly with Tzurba's signature seforim and style.Tzurba seforim are all available on Amazon worldwide (for those in Israel you can purchase on our website)Have a question for Rabbi Rosner? Want to sponsor a shiur? Contact us at neil@tzurbaolami.com or WhatsAppFollow us on social media for more content:WhatsAppInstagramTwitterYouTubeLearn more about The Lax Family Tzurba M'Rabanan Series

A situation recently arose concerning a family in Montreal who lost a relative, Heaven forbid, living in Miami. The family in Montreal did not to travel to join the other relatives at the funeral, which was held two days later, and they therefore faced the question of when to begin Aveilut (mourning). Does the period of Aveilut begin only after the funeral, in which they case they should call the relatives in Miami to find out when the funeral concluded and then begin Aveilut, or should they begin immediately? Although generally mourning observances begin only after the funeral, perhaps in this case, when the relatives are not attending the funeral, they should begin observing Aveilut immediately upon hearing of the unfortunate news. This issue is subject to a debate among the Halachic authorities. Many authorities, including the Sedei Chemed (Rabbi Chayim Chizkiya Halevi, Israel, 1832-1904) and Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Israel, 1910-1995), ruled stringently, and held that the period of Aveilut cannot begin until after the funeral. Others, however, including Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (Russia-New York, 1895-1986), in his Iggerot Moshe (Yoreh Dei'a, vol. 1, 253), held that relatives who do not travel to the funeral begin observing Aveilut immediately upon learning of the passing. This is the view taken by Rabbi Shemuel Wosner (contemporary, Israel), in his work Shevet Ha'levi. Rabbi Shemuel Pinchasi, in his work Chayim Va'chesed (3:13), cites both opinions. Chacham Ovadia Yosef (ibid) ruled that in situations where Yom Tov begins after the person's death but before the funeral, relatives who do not travel for the funeral may follow the lenient position and begin the Aveilut immediately. In such a case, following the stringent view would require delaying Aveilut until after Yom Tov, which might cause considerable difficulty. A person in this situation may therefore follow the lenient position and begin Aveilut immediately upon hearing of the relative's passing, such that the onset of Yom Tov will cancel the rest of Aveilut. In all other situations, however, Chacham Ovadia requires delaying Aveilut until after the funeral. As for the final Halacha, from my consultation with several leading Rabbis in our community it emerges that we follow the lenient view, and allow mourners who are in a different city and are staying there, to begin observing Aveilut immediately. This applies to all cases of a person who does not attend a relative's funeral when in a distant location. Summary: If a person loses a family member, Heaven forbid, in a distant location, and he does not travel to the funeral, some authorities maintain that he may begin Aveilut immediately, whereas others require that he delay Aveilut until after the funeral. The general practice in our community is to allow the individual to begin Aveilut immediately.

The Rebbe advises turning to a local observant rabbi for a Torah ruling on a legal matter tied to state law. He sees the question as Divine Providence and encourages the writer to strengthen their connection to Chassidus, Torah, and mitzvos, which bring Hashem's blessings. https://www.torahrecordings.com/rebbe/igroskodesh/015/008/5412

In this episode Rabbi Shalom Rosner discusses the Halachot of Tofeir and Korei'a. Follow along using Tzurba Volume 21Tzurba is a revolutionary Halacha sefer guiding the learner through the Halachic process from the Talmudic source through modern day halachic application. Each volume contains clear and concise color-coded sections with a modern English translation alongside the original Hebrew text.The Tzurba Hilchot Shabbat Program is a 2 year cycle in which one can master all of Hilchot Shabbat by learning weekly with Tzurba's signature seforim and style.Tzurba seforim are all available on Amazon worldwide (for those in Israel you can purchase on our website)Have a question for Rabbi Rosner? Want to sponsor a shiur? Contact us at neil@tzurbaolami.com or WhatsAppFollow us on social media for more content:WhatsAppInstagramTwitterYouTubeLearn more about The Lax Family Tzurba M'Rabanan Series

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** It is customary each night during the Omer period for the Chazan to recite the Beracha and count the Omer aloud, before the congregation recites the Beracha and counts. This practice developed due to the concern that people may mistakenly count the wrong number, in which case they would not fulfill the Mitzva and would recite a Beracha Le'vatala ("wasted" Beracha). As it was assumed that Chazanim would know the correct number for the counting, the custom developed that the Chazan would first count aloud before the congregation. This practice is mentioned already by the Rashba (Rabbi Shlomo Ben Aderet, Spain, 1235-1310), in one of his responsa (126), and is discussed as well by Rabbi Chayim Palachi (Turkey, 1788-1868) in his work Mo'ed Le'kol Chai (5:19). Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (the "Ba'al Ha'tanya," Russia, 1745-1813), in his code of Halacha (Shulchan Aruch Ha'Rav, 489:12; listen to audio for precise citation), notes an interesting Halachic dilemma that results from this custom. There is a debate among the authorities as to whether a person fulfills a Mitzva by performing the given action without intending to satisfy his Mitzva obligation ("Mitzvot Tzerichot Kavana" or "Mitzvot Einan Tzerichot Kavana"). According to one view, a person fulfills his obligation regardless of whether or not he has the Mitzva in mind while performing the given act. If so, Rabbi Shneur Zalman notes, once the Chazan publicly counts the Omer, everybody who hears his counting has fulfilled their obligation of Sefirat Ha'omer. Even though they did not intend to fulfill their obligation by listening to the Chazan's counting, and the Chazan did not have in mind for his counting to fulfill their obligation, they nevertheless fulfill the Mitzva by hearing his counting. Rabbi Sheur Zalman adds that with regard to Mitzvot De'Rabbanan (obligations ordained by the Rabbis, as opposed to Torah law), all authorities agree that intention is not indispensable for the fulfillment of the Mitzva. Therefore, since we generally follow the view that Sefirat Ha'omer nowadays is required on the level of Rabbinic obligation, according to all opinions one fulfills his obligation to count by hearing the Chazan's counting. Seemingly, then, it should be forbidden to count with a Beracha after one hears the Chazan count the Omer. Since one fulfills his obligation by listening to the Chazan, even if he did not intend to fulfill his obligation in this manner, he may no longer count with a Beracha. Chacham Ovadia Yosef addresses this issue in his work Chazon Ovadia (Laws of Yom Tov, p. 228). He writes that in order to avoid this dilemma, one should verbally declare each year towards the beginning of the Sefira period that throughout the period he does not intend to fulfill his obligation by listening to somebody else's counting. By making such a declaration, one establishes that he intends on fulfilling his obligation only by personally counting the Omer, and he may thus count with a Beracha even after listening to the Chazan's counting. Summary: It is customary for the Chazan to count the Omer aloud with the Beracha before the congregation counts. One should verbally declare at the beginning of the Sefira period that throughout the Omer he intends to fulfill his obligation to count only through his personal counting, and not by listening to the Chazan or other person's counting.

In this episode Rabbi Shalom Rosner discusses the Halachot of Melabein and Cleaning Fabrics on Shabbat. Follow along using Tzurba Volume 21Tzurba is a revolutionary Halacha sefer guiding the learner through the Halachic process from the Talmudic source through modern day halachic application. Each volume contains clear and concise color-coded sections with a modern English translation alongside the original Hebrew text.The Tzurba Hilchot Shabbat Program is a 2 year cycle in which one can master all of Hilchot Shabbat by learning weekly with Tzurba's signature seforim and style.Tzurba seforim are all available on Amazon worldwide (for those in Israel you can purchase on our website)Have a question for Rabbi Rosner? Want to sponsor a shiur? Contact us at neil@tzurbaolami.com or WhatsAppFollow us on social media for more content:WhatsAppInstagramTwitterYouTubeLearn more about The Lax Family Tzurba M'Rabanan Series

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** The Rishonim (Medieval Halachic authorities) debate the question of whether a person can fulfill his obligation of Sefirat Ha'omer by listening to the Hazan's counting. The famous Halachic principle of "Shome'a Ke'one" establishes that a person can fulfill his obligation to recite a certain text by listening to its recitation by somebody else. So long as both parties – the person reciting the text and the listener – have in mind that the listener fulfills his obligation by hearing the recitation, he indeed fulfills the requirement in this fashion. Seemingly, then, if the Hazan has in mind when he counts the Omer that his recitation should fulfill the obligation for those listening, those in the congregation who wish to fulfill the Misva by listening to the Hazan's counting should be able to do so. Some Rishonim, however, claimed that Sefirat Ha'omer marks an exception to the rule of "Shome'a Ke'one." The Torah presents the obligation to count the Omer with the expression, "U'sfartem Lachem" ("You shall count for yourselves" – Vayikra 23:15), which suggests that it refers to a personal obligation, like the Misva of Lulab on Sukkot. If so, then one would be required to count personally, just as one must take the Lulab personally. The word "Lachem" ("for yourselves") in this verse emphasizes that each individual must count for himself, rather than hear the counting from somebody else. Other Rishonim, however, counter that the word "Lachem" means something else entirely. One might have thought that the obligation of Sefirat Ha'omer is cast solely upon Bet Din, who should count the days until Shabuot on behalf of the rest of the nation. The word "Lachem" was therefore added to instruct that each individual bears this obligation. This is not to say, however, that the standard principle of "Shome'a Ke'one" does not apply. In light of this debate, it is proper for each individual to personally count the Omer, rather than simply listen to the Hazan's counting. It must be emphasized that the Hazan customarily counts aloud before the congregation not so that the congregation fulfills its obligation through his counting, but rather to inform everybody of which number day they must count that night. Interestingly enough, the custom in Egypt was, at one point, for the congregation to count before the Hazan, in order to avoid the misconception that one can fulfill his obligation through the Hazan's counting. The Egyptian communities changed their practice, however, because people frequently counted the wrong day. In any event, one must ensure to count the Omer himself, rather than rely on the Hazan's counting. Summary: One must count the Omer personally; the Hazan customarily counts the Omer aloud before the congregation only to inform them of which number day to count, and not for them to fulfill their obligation by listening to his counting.

In the Haggadah, the Pasuk V'nitz'ak el Hashem Elokei Avoteinu refers to the Jewish people crying out to Hashem in prayer, a moment that occurred following the death of the King of Egypt. Immediately after this, the Pasuk states, Vayishma Hashem Et Kolenu —"And Hashem heard their voices," leading to their redemption. What is the connection between the king's death and the Jewish people's cries to Hashem? The Rashbatz offers an explanation: for many years, the Jewish people had anticipated that the death of the harsh king would ease their suffering. However, when a new king arose and the oppression became even more severe, they recognized that their only hope lay in Hashem's salvation. It was at that moment of realizing that only Hashem could help them, that their prayers became earnest, and they were answered. This serves as a valuable lesson. Often, when people face challenges, they devise multiple plans in their minds to address the situation. Even as they pray, they may subconsciously rely on these plans, leading to less sincere prayers. It is crucial to recognize that no matter how many potential solutions seem available, without Hashem's intervention, none are truly meaningful. It's easy to beg Hashem for help when there are no other apparent options, but the true test comes when multiple avenues appear open to us. If, in such moments, we can pray with the same sincerity as though no alternatives exist, our prayers hold greater value. This reflects true emunah — the realization that Hashem alone controls our fate. The effort lies in the mind; we must internalize the belief that Hashem, and only Hashem, has ultimate authority over all things. A man named Jack shared an interesting story that illustrates this concept. Just before Rosh Hashanah, he received an unexpected request from his mother. She asked him to arrange for his father to be a sandak (the person who holds the baby during a Berit Milah) for a third time that year, as she had heard that performing certain actions in pairs could be a bad omen. (Note: although the Gemara suggests that performing actions in pairs might expose one to negative influences, contemporary halachic authorities no longer consider this a concern.) Jack found himself at a loss. Being chosen as a sandak is an extraordinary honor, one that is rarely given. Great Torah sages would travel great distances for the privilege of this mitzvah. Halachic authorities even rule that the sandak holds greater honor than the mohel or the father of the newborn, granting him precedence for an aliyah on the day of the Berit Milah. The Zohar HaKadosh compares the act of performing a Berit Milah to bringing a korban to Hashem, with the sandak's lap serving as the altar upon which the korban is offered. The Maharil draws a comparison between the sandak and the kohen offering the ketoret in the Beit HaMikdash, while the Migdal Oz advises striving to perform the mitzvah of being a sandak, even at great personal expense. Some even suggest that being a sandak can be a segulah for wealth. Understanding the rarity and importance of this honor, Jack realized that finding an opportunity for his father to serve as a sandak, especially on such short notice, would be incredibly difficult. After hanging up with his mother, Jack turned to Hashem in prayer, saying, "I don't know how to make this happen, but I know that only You can help me. Please grant me success." That evening, Jack attended a simcha where he was unexpectedly approached by an old acquaintance. This man asked Jack if he knew anyone who would be willing to serve as a sandak at a Berit Milah the next day for a Baal Teshuvah. Jack, astonished, immediately responded that his father would be honored to take the role. The next day, Jack drove his father to the Berit Milah, fulfilling his mother's request. This story illustrates the power of sincere prayer. While prayer is always effective, it is especially potent when we approach it with the understanding that only Hashem can grant our requests. Such prayer carries immense spiritual value. May we all strive to pray with full emunah, trusting completely in Hashem's control over our lives.

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** The Sha'ar Hakavanot (collection of Kabbalistic teachings) writes that after one counts the Omer – meaning, after reciting the Beracha and then counting that day's number – one should offer a prayer for the rebuilding of the Bet Hamikdash. The text of this prayer is, "Harahaman Hu Yahazir Abodat Bet Hamikdash Limkomah Bimhera Beyamenu Amen" ("The Merciful One shall restore the service of the Temple to its place, speedily and in our days, Amen"). The reason for this practice is that according to most Halachic authorities, the Misva of counting the Omer applies nowadays Mi'de'rabbanan – by force of Rabbinic enactment – as opposed to Torah law. The Torah obligation of Sefirat Ha'omer applied only in the times of the Bet Hamikdash, when we offered the special Omer sacrifice, whereas nowadays, in the absence of Bet Hamikdash, when we cannot bring this offering, our counting is only commemorative. Therefore, after we count the Omer each night, we pray to God to rebuild the Bet Hamikdash so we can offer the Korban Ha'omer, and then we will be able to count in fulfillment of the actual Misva. And even according to those authorities (such as the Rambam) who maintained that Sefirat Ha'omer is required by Torah law nowadays, we offer a prayer that the Temple will be rebuilt so we can offer the Korban Ha'omer. This also answers the question addressed by the Halachic authorities as to why we do not recite the Beracha of "Shehehiyanu" the first time we count the Omer each year. As we know, whenever we perform a Misva that presents itself on infrequent occasions, we recite the Beracha of "Shehehiyanu." Seemingly, this should apply to Sefirat Ha'omer, as well, yet Halacha does not require reciting this Beracha before the counting of the Omer. The reason is that when we count the Omer, we are mindful of the fact that we count only as a commemoration of the actual Misva, which we cannot fulfill in its true form due to the absence of the Bet Hamikdash. The counting of the Omer thus evokes a degree of sorrow, and does not warrant the recitation of the festive "Shehehiyanu" blessing. Summary: It is customary to recite immediately after Sefirat Ha'omer a brief prayer for the rebuilding of the Bet Hamikdash: "Harahaman Hu Yahazir Abodat Bet Hamikdash Limkomah Bimhera Beyamenu Amen."

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** If a person forgot to count the Omer at night, and also forgot during the following day, but remembered shortly after sundown, may he still count the Omer? Let us take the example of a person who forgot to count the 26th night of the Omer, and forgot also the following day, until a few minutes after sunset. It is obvious that he cannot count with a Beracha, since one does not recite the Beracha if he forgot to count at night and counts the following day. The question, however, is whether he can count the 26th day without a Beracha and then count the 27th day that night, after dark, with a Beracha, just as one would if he counted during the day before sundown. The 13.5-minute period immediately after sunset, which is called "Ben Ha'shemashot," is a time of "Safek" (uncertainty), which means that it is uncertain whether it is regarded as daytime or nighttime. The question thus becomes whether counting the Omer during this period fulfills the previous day's counting, or whether we must consider the possibility that the subsequent day has already begun, such that it is too late to count the previous day's counting. This issue is subject to a debate among the Halachic authorities. The Hid"a (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806), in his Birkeh Yosef, writes that in such a case one cannot continue counting with a Beracha. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, however, in his Hazon Ovadia – Hilchot Yom Tov (p. 238), disagrees, and claims that counting the Omer during "Ben Ha'shemashot" suffices to allow one to continue counting with a Beracha. He adds, however, that a person in this case must ensure throughout the remaining nights of the Omer to count after "Ben Ha'shemashot." Since he has established that he considers this period daytime, he can no longer do the nighttime counting during "Ben Ha'shemashot," as he would then be acting in a self-contradictory manner. Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer (Baghdad-Israel, 1870-1939), in his Kaf Ha'haim (#83), writes that a person in this case should ensure henceforth to hear the Beracha recited from somebody else, rather than actually recite the Beracha, in order to satisfy all views. One who wishes to follow this stringency may certainly do so, but according to the strict Halacha, an individual in this case may continue counting with a Beracha, provided that he ensures to count after "Ben Ha'shemashot," as discussed. Summary: If one forgot to count the Omer at night and also during the next day, but he counted during the 13.5-minute period after sundown, he may continue counting on subsequent nights with a Beracha. He must, however, ensure from that point on to count after this 13.5-minute period, since he has established that he treats this period as daytime. One who wishes to be stringent and satisfy all views should try to hear the Beracha from somebody else for the rest of the Omer period, rather than recite the Beracha himself.

In this episode, we explore the detailed laws of muktzeh on Shabbat, particularly focusing on items that have become broken or have unclear utility. We discuss when such items can or cannot be moved, based on their functional designation before Shabbat and whether they were discarded. The discussion covers practical cases like broken earthenware, stones, candle wicks, and detached doors, highlighting key principles from traditional sources.

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** A father bears the obligation to train his sons to perform the Misva of Sefirat Ha'omer once they reach the age of Hinuch (training in Misva observance), which is generally defined as approximately six or seven years of age. He should therefore recite the Beracha and count the Omer with his sons each night during Sefirat Ha'omer. Even if a child missed a day of counting, the father should nevertheless have him count on the remaining nights with a Beracha. Although an adult who misses a day of counting does not recite the Beracha when he counts on the subsequent nights, in the case of a child, he should nevertheless be taught to recite the Beracha as part of his training in the proper performance of this Misva. An interesting Halachic irony arises in the case of a boy who becomes Bar-Misva during the Omer period. We follow the position of the Behag ("Ba'al Halachot Gedolot"), that the forty-nine days of counting constitute a single Misva, such that one missed day undermines the fulfillment of the Misva even with respect to the other days. For this reason, as mentioned, a person who misses a day of counting no longer counts the Omer with a Beracha. By the same token, Hacham Ovadia Yosef rules that if a child becomes Bar-Misva during the Omer period, on the day he turns thirteen he must discontinue reciting a Beracha before counting. During the previous days of the Omer, he counted as a minor, who is not, strictly speaking, obligated in Misvot, and he has therefore not performed an official "counting" of the Omer until his thirteenth birthday, when he becomes obligated. Hence, he cannot perform the complete forty-nine-day counting – just like a person who missed a day or several days of counting. Therefore, ironically enough, even though he had been counting with a Beracha before his Bar-Misva, upon reaching the age of Bar-Misva he may no longer recite a Beracha before counting the Omer. Hacham Ben Sion Abba Shaul (Israel, 1924-1998) disagreed with this position, and held that a young man in this situation should continue counting the Omer with a Beracha. Nevertheless, in light of the fundamental rule of "Safek Berachot La'hakel" – we do not recite Berachot in situations of Halachic doubt – a boy in this situation should not recite the Beracha, in accordance with the ruling of Hacham Ovadia. Summary: A father must train his children to count the Omer each night with a Beracha once they have reached the age of Misva training. If a child missed a day of counting, he should still count with a Beracha on the subsequent nights of the Omer. If a child becomes Bar-Misva during the Omer period, he should count without a Beracha from the day he becomes Bar-Misva until the end of the Omer period.

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** The Afikoman must be eaten with Heseba – meaning, while leaning on the left side. The Sages forbade eating after the Afikoman so that the taste of the Afikoman will remain in one's mouth for the duration of the night. Therefore, after one finishes eating the Afikoman, he may not eat anything else, and should immediately recite Birkat Ha'mazon. Furthermore, one may not drink anything after eating the Afikoman besides the final two cups of wine. It is permissible, however, to drink water after the Afikoman, including carbonated water, and the Halachic authorities rule that one may also drink tea or coffee. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909), in Od Yosef Hai, writes that if one needs to add some sugar to the tea or coffee in order to be able to drink it, he may do so. Hacham Abraham Antebe (Aleppo, 1765-1858) was likewise lenient in this regard, and this was also the practice among the Jewish communities in Egypt, as documented in the work Nehar Misrayim. This ruling is mentioned by the Hid"a (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806), as well, and this is the position of Hacham Ovadia Yosef. Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Israel, 1923-1998) recommends drinking the tea or coffee without sugar, but he rules that one may add sugar if necessary. (This is also the Halacha regarding drinking before Shaharit in the morning; one may drink tea or coffee, and he may add sugar if he needs.) Other beverages, however, may not be drunk after eating the Afikoman. In the "Ha'rahaman" section of Birkat Ha'mazon, we add the special "Ha'rahaman" for Yom Tob ("Hu Yanhilenu Le'yom She'kulo Tob"). It should be noted that the custom in Halab (Aleppo), as documented in the work Derech Eretz, was not to add special "Ha'rahaman" prayers on Shabbat or Yom Tob, and to recite only the standard prayers that are included in the regular weekday Birkat Ha'mazon. Clearly, however, our community has since adopted the widespread custom to add the special "Ha'rahaman" prayers for Shabbat and Yom Tob. Immediately after Birkat Ha'mazon, one drinks the third cup of wine while leaning on his left side. One who drank without leaning must drink another cup of wine. After drinking the third cup, some have the custom to pour a special cup in honor of Eliyahu Ha'nabi and to leave it on the table throughout the remainder of the Seder. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles of Cracow, 1525-1572) cites a custom among Ashkenazim to then open the door as an expression of faith that Hashem will protect us on this special night, in the hope that Mashiah will come in the merit of our faith. As Eliyahu will come to herald our redemption, a special cup is poured in his honor. However, although this is the custom in many communities, the custom among Syrian Jews is to neither pour this cup for Eliyahu nor open the door. The Hallel is then recited, slowly and with festive song. The Shulhan Aruch writes that it is preferable to arrange for a Zimun (three or more men) to be present at the Seder so that the Hallel can be recited responsively, as it was in ancient times, when one person would recite "Hodu L'Hashem Ki Tob," and the others would respond, "Ki Le'olam Hasdo." Nevertheless, if a Zimun is not present, the Hallel may still be recited. The custom among Syrian Jews is to recite the regular full Hallel, followed by the chapter of Tehillim (136) "Hodu' Le'Hashem" ("Hallel Ha'gadol"), "Nishmat," "Yishtabah" (until just before the end), and then the Beracha of "Yehalelucha." The Tur (Rabbenu Yaakob Ben Asher, Germany-Spain, 12269-1343) ruled that "Yehalelucha" should be recited immediately after the standard chapters of Hallel, but our custom follows the view of the Bet Yosef (commentary to the Tur by Maran, author of the Shulhan Aruch) to recite "Yehalelucha" at the very end. After reciting the concluding Beracha of "Melech Mehulal Ba'tishbahot," we drink the fourth cup of wine, without first reciting "Boreh Peri Ha'gefen." One must drink a Rebi'it and then recite the Beracha Aharona. Some people do not drink the fourth cup until the very end of the Seder, after singing the traditional songs, but this is improper; the fourth cup should be drunk upon the conclusion of Hallel. The Shulhan Aruch writes that if one forgot to lean while drinking the fourth cup of wine, and he must therefore drink another cup, he recites a new Beracha of "Boreh Peri Ha'gefen," as this cup was not covered by the Beracha recited earlier. However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef (Hazon Ovadia – Teshubot, Siman 49) clarifies that this applies only if one realized his mistake after drinking the entire cup of wine. If some of the wine was left in the cup, then he adds some wine and drinks a new cup while leaning without first reciting a new Beracha.

* This week's Derasha is dedicated in memory of Avraham ben Gemilah* Toward the end of Maggid – the main section of the Haggadah, when we discuss Yesiat Misrayim in fulfillment of the obligation to speak about the miraculous Exodus from Egypt on this night – we cite a Halachic ruling of Rabban Gamliel regarding the obligation of the Seder. Rabban Gamliel stated that one must discuss at the Seder the meaning of the Korban Pesach (paschal sacrifice), the Masa, and the Marror, and if one does not, then he does not fulfill his obligation. At my Seder, when we reach this point, I make sure that everyone who had left the table – such as the women arranging the food in the kitchen – returns to the table, and that this passage is read in both in Hebrew and English, so that it will be clearly understood by all. One of the questions that arise regarding this section is its sequence. Rabban Gamliel lists the three Misvot which must be discussed in the order of Pesach, Masa and Marror. Seemingly, this order is incorrect; the Marror should be discussed first. After all, the Marror commemorates the bitterness of slavery, whereas the Korban Pesach commemorates the miraculous plague of the firstborn on the night of Yesiat Misrayim, and the Masa commemorates our ancestors' hasty, frantic departure from Egypt. Quite obviously, Beneh Yisrael first experienced the bitterness of slavery, and then the miracle of the plague of the firstborn. The correct order, therefore, should be Marror, Pesach, Masa. Why did Rabban Gamliel move the Marror to the end of the list? To answer this question, we need to revisit the meaning and significance of the Marror. The Gemara instructs that the best option for Marror is "Hasa," which we call Romaine lettuce. Although this lettuce is not particularly bitter, it is the preferred choice because of its name – "Hasa" which alludes to the fact that "Has Ha'Kadosh Baruch Hu Alenu" – Hashem had mercy and compassion upon us. This seems very strange. If the entire purpose of the Marror is to remind us of the "bitterness," the pain and suffering that our ancestors endured, then why would we associate the Marror with compassion? Hashem's compassion was shown at the time of Yesiat Misrayim, not during the years of bitterness. Why, then, do we want the name of the vegetable used for Marror to allude to Hashem's mercy? The answer is that, indeed, the "bitterness" of slavery was an expression of Hashem's mercy and compassion. To understand how, let us consider an analogy to mortgage payments. A person with a mortgage can choose different payment plans. One possibility is to pay small, relatively easy sums each month, for a lengthy period of time. But he could also choose to "tighten his belt,", cutting back on other expenses so he can afford to pay more of his debt each month. This way, he is able to get out of debt faster. For reasons we do not fully understand, Hashem had told Abraham Abinu that his descendants would endure a 400-year period of slavery. However, Hashem saw that Beneh Yisrael would not survive such a lengthy period of exile. Beneh Yisrael were submerged in the impurity of Egypt, and had they remained there for 400 years, they would have plummeted to the lowest depths, from which they could not recover. Hashem therefore decided to increase the "monthly payments," so-to-speak, by intensifying the workload, so they could leave 190 years early – after just 210 years of slavery. The suffering the people endured during those 210 years amounted to the suffering they were to have experienced over the course of 400 years of bondage. It turns out, then, that the "bitterness" was a crucial component of the redemption from Egypt. Beneh Yisrael were able to leave Egypt only because they suffered not only exile, but "bitterness," such that 400 years' worth of exile was condensed into 210 years. Had this not happened, they could never have been redeemed. This easily explains why we eat "Hasa" as our Marror – because the bitterness commemorated by the Marror was indeed a manifestation of Hashem's boundless kindness and compassion for His beloved nation. With this in mind, we can return to Rabban Gamliel's statement. He listed "Pesach, Masa, Marror" in this sequence because it was only after the "Pesach" and the "Masa" that Beneh Yisrael understood the nature of the "Marror." While they were suffering, everything appeared "bitter." But later, in retrospect, after they left Egypt, they understood that the bitterness of those 210 years allowed them to "pay" their "debt" more quickly, which was critical for their survival as a people. We therefore discuss first the Korban Pesach and Masa, the redemption from Egypt, and then we are in a position to properly understand the Marror, the indispensable role played by the "bitterness" of slavery in the process of redemption. This might also be the reason why we dip the Marror in the sweet Haroset – to symbolize the fact that the bitterness of slavery was actually "sweet," as it ensured our ancestors' survival and eventual redemption. This is something we must remember during our own "bitter" periods, when we face challenges and hardship. At the moment, we see nothing "sweet" or beneficial about the difficult situation that we are experiencing. But we must trust that this "Marror," as "bitter" as it feels, is actually to our benefit. As regarding our ancestors' bondage in Egypt, Hashem is acting kindly toward us even when we endure hardship. This belief helps us remain strong and confident even in life's more challenging moments, as we will trust that everything we are going through is, in truth, to our benefit.

The Mishna in Masechet Pesahim lists the various vegetables that may be used to fulfill the Misva of Marror on the night of the Seder. The Rabbis teach us that these vegetables are listed in descending order of preference, and thus the first vegetable mentioned – Hazeret – is the most preferred vegetable to use for Marror. The Gemara identifies Hazeret as "Hasa," which alludes to the fact that the Almighty had mercy ("Has") on the Jewish People on the night of the Exodus. "Hasa" is generally understood as referring to lettuce. Strictly speaking, even iceberg lettuce may be used for Marror, though it is customary to use Romaine lettuce (perhaps because it is generally cleaner). The Bet Yosef (commentary to the Tur by Maran, Rav Yosef Karo, author of Shulhan Aruch) writes that although iceberg lettuce does not have a bitter taste, it is nevertheless suitable for Marror because it becomes bitter when it is left in the ground. The vegetable used for Marror does not have to actually taste bitter, but rather must be a vegetable that in general has a bitter taste. Thus, although the iceberg lettuce that is generally eaten has been removed from the ground before turning bitter, it may be used for Marror, and, as mentioned, it is in fact the preferred vegetable. Some Ashkenazim have the custom to use horseradish ("Chraine" in Yiddish), which is the third vegetable mentioned by the Mishna – "Tamcha." It appears that lettuce was not available in Ashkenazic lands, and so they had to resort to horseradish, and this then became their custom. We follow the custom of the Arizal (Rav Yishak Luria of Safed, 1534-1572) to place "Ulshin" – endives – at the center of the Seder plate, and then place lettuce on the bottom. It should be noted that one does not have to eat the endives, neither for Marror not for Korech (when we eat Masa and Marror together), though some have the custom to add some endives for Korech. One may, if necessary, combine different vegetables to reach the required quantity of Ke'zayit. Thus, one may combine some lettuce and some endives to reach a Ke'zayit. Likewise, an Ashkenazi who uses horseradish but finds it difficult to eat a Ke'zayit may add some lettuce or endives. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles of Cracow, 1525-1572) writes that if one cannot obtain any of the vegetables mentioned by the Mishna, then he may use any vegetable that has a bitter taste. The final item listed by the Mishna is "Marror," which could be understood to mean that if none of the other items are available, one may use any bitter-tasting vegetable. The Halachic authorities write that in such a case, one should not recite the Beracha of "Al Achilat Marror." Of course, one who uses lettuce for Marror must ensure that the lettuce is clean and free of insects, as otherwise he would be violating a prohibition by eating the Marror, as opposed to fulfilling a Misva. Nowadays one can purchase lettuce grown hydroponically or through other means that avoid infestation, and Hacham Ovadia Yosef strongly encouraged the use of this lettuce. Summary: According to Sephardic custom, Romaine lettuce should be used for Marror. One must ensure that the lettuce is free of insects. Although it is customary to use Romaine lettuce, one may, strictly speaking, use iceberg lettuce, as well. Our custom is to place endives in the center of the Seder plate, and place the lettuce at the bottom. One does not have to eat the endives, though some people add some endives to the Korech. If necessary, one may comine different forms of Marror to reach the required quantity of "Ke'zayit." If one cannot obtain any of these vegetables, he may use for Marror any bitter-tasting vegetable, but the Beracha of "Al Achilat Marror" should not be recited in such a case.

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In this episode Rabbi Shalom Rosner discusses the Halachot of Melabein and Cleaning Fabrics on Shabbat. Follow along using Tzurba Volume 21Tzurba is a revolutionary Halacha sefer guiding the learner through the Halachic process from the Talmudic source through modern day halachic application. Each volume contains clear and concise color-coded sections with a modern English translation alongside the original Hebrew text.The Tzurba Hilchot Shabbat Program is a 2 year cycle in which one can master all of Hilchot Shabbat by learning weekly with Tzurba's signature seforim and style.Tzurba seforim are all available on Amazon worldwide (for those in Israel you can purchase on our website)Have a question for Rabbi Rosner? Want to sponsor a shiur? Contact us at neil@tzurbaolami.com or WhatsAppFollow us on social media for more content:WhatsAppInstagramTwitterYouTubeLearn more about The Lax Family Tzurba M'Rabanan Series

A Halachic walkthrough of the Seder, discussing minhagim, halachos, and shiurim.

Rabbis Jeffrey and Josh explore the current state of Conservative Judaism. Rabbi Matt is out this week but will be back for the next episode. Jeffrey and Josh are both Reform Jewish rabbis who took the leap into Conservative Jewish congregations.  The two of them discuss the simiilarities and differences between Reform and Conservative Judaism and reflect on the current state of the Conservative Jewish movement. Along the way they  reflect on the meaning of Jewish law and ritual and its significance in contemporary Jewish life and where things might be headed   *Note: The audio of Rabbi Josh's voice is terrible in the first part of the conversation. Our apologies! 

Torah Class - Passover/Pesach: Matzah without Charoset?The Halachic debate that reveals the true meaning of the seder night.

In this episode Rabbi Shalom Rosner discusses the Halachot of Constructing an Ohel. Follow along using Tzurba Volume 21Tzurba is a revolutionary Halacha sefer guiding the learner through the Halachic process from the Talmudic source through modern day halachic application. Each volume contains clear and concise color-coded sections with a modern English translation alongside the original Hebrew text.The Tzurba Hilchot Shabbat Program is a 2 year cycle in which one can master all of Hilchot Shabbat by learning weekly with Tzurba's signature seforim and style.Tzurba seforim are all available on Amazon worldwide (for those in Israel you can purchase on our website)Have a question for Rabbi Rosner? Want to sponsor a shiur? Contact us at neil@tzurbaolami.com or WhatsAppFollow us on social media for more content:WhatsAppInstagramTwitterYouTubeLearn more about The Lax Family Tzurba M'Rabanan Series

Episode dedicated in honor of Rav Breitowitz by anonymous

Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv (contemporary) records the practice of the "Medakdekim" (those who are especially meticulous in their Halachic observance) not to rely on any Kashrut certification of Masot, and instead eat on Pesah only Masot that they baked personally (listen to audio recording for precise citation). He ruled that it is therefore preferable for people to form groups that bake Masot and personally oversee the entire process, including cleaning the utensils, to make sure that the Masot were baked properly. The reason for this custom is that Masa is the product that can most easily become Hametz. Therefore, it is worthwhile for communities to form Haburot (groups) to bake Masa themselves, rather than rely on the industrial manufacturers, even those with valid Kashrut supervision, given the mistakes that could occur in the industrial manufacturing process. This would certainly be an advisable practice for synagogues, to go as a group to a Masa factory several months before Pesah to bake the Masot that they then eat on Pesah. The Mishna Berura (459:10) writes that those baking Masot must work especially rapidly when placing the Masot into the oven. The area right outside the oven is, of course, very hot, and the intense heat could cause the dough to ferment and become Hametz before the Masa has a chance to bake. It is therefore critical not to delay at all near the oven, and to place the Masa from the stick into the oven immediately. A question was once brought to Rav Elyashiv concerning a bakery where one Masa was held on the stick for several moments before being put down in the oven, while the baker searched for a suitable spot inside the oven. This Masa was later mixed with the other Masot in that batch, and the question arose whether perhaps the entire batch should be deemed unsuitable, given the possibility that the Masa in question had become Hametz due to the delay in placing it inside the oven. Rav Elyashiv ruled leniently, noting that we may rely on the possibility that the Masa had already begun to bake inside the oven, and thus did not have a chance to become Hametz. In any event, the fact that the question was raised demonstrates the importance of working rapidly during the process of placing the Masot into the oven. Rav Elyashiv ruled that when possible, each stick used for placing Masot into the oven should be used only once. The stick absorbs some of the dough, and that dough may become Hametz inside the wood of the stick and then affect the Masot that are placed upon it subsequently. This is a measure of stringency that may not be feasible in an industrial system, and this is yet another reason why it is preferable, for this who are able, to bake their own Masot, as they are able to maintain the highest standards, which are not always practical in large-scale production. The custom is to examine each Masa that comes out of the oven and discard any "Masa Kefula," meaning, a Masa that has folded over, and is not perfectly flat. The concern is that the dough in the folded area was not fully baked and thus became Hametz, and therefore any "Masa Kefula" is broken and then put to the side and considered Hametz. Rav Elyashiv ruled that if a "Masa Kefula" had been placed on top of another Masa, the Masa on the bottom is permissible for use on Pesah. We do not have to go so far as to suspect that the bottom Masa became Hametz from the top Masa. Summary: It is worthwhile, when possible, to bake one's own Masot for Pesah, rather than rely on the supervision of Masa factories. When one bakes Masa, he must ensure not to allow the Masot to stand still for even a moment right near the oven; they must be placed from the stick into the oven immediately, without any delay whatsoever. It is customary to discard Masot that doubled over during baking, and are not perfectly flat. The Masot that were underneath such a Masa are permissible for Pesah.

In this episode Rabbi Shalom Rosner discusses the Halachot of Constructing an Ohel. Follow along using Tzurba Volume 21Tzurba is a revolutionary Halacha sefer guiding the learner through the Halachic process from the Talmudic source through modern day halachic application. Each volume contains clear and concise color-coded sections with a modern English translation alongside the original Hebrew text.The Tzurba Hilchot Shabbat Program is a 2 year cycle in which one can master all of Hilchot Shabbat by learning weekly with Tzurba's signature seforim and style.Tzurba seforim are all available on Amazon worldwide (for those in Israel you can purchase on our website)Have a question for Rabbi Rosner? Want to sponsor a shiur? Contact us at neil@tzurbaolami.com or WhatsAppFollow us on social media for more content:WhatsAppInstagramTwitterYouTubeLearn more about The Lax Family Tzurba M'Rabanan Series

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** A number of different applications are available providing the entire text of the Siddur of one's smartphone. Is it permissible to pray using such an application? The Gemara in Masechet Berachot (23) establishes that while praying the Amida, it is forbidden to hold in one's hand certain objects – such as Tefillin, a Sefer Torah, money, and a knife. We find among the commentators two explanations for this Halacha. Rashi explains that the items mentioned by the Gemara are items which one worries about falling, either because they are sacred items, because they might hurt him if they fall, or because they are expensive items which could break or get ruined if they fall. When holding such an item, one's mind is preoccupied, ensuring not to drop it, making it very difficult to concentrate, and for this reason, Rashi explains, Halacha forbids holding such items while praying. The Nimukeh Yosef (Rav Yosef Habiba, Spain, early 15th century) explains differently. In his view, the Gemara chose these examples only because these are common items, and in truth, Halacha forbids holding anything in one's hand while praying the Amida. The Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 96) clearly follows Rashi's view, citing the Gemara's ruling and then explaining, "…because a person's mind is on them, so that they do not fall," and this will disrupt one's concentration during prayer. The Mishna Berura (Rav Yisrael Meir Ha'kohen of Radin, 1839-1933) clarifies that according to the Shulhan Aruch, only items which one is worried about protecting, or to ensure that they would not fall on his feet, are included in this Halacha. This would include a baby, who one quite obviously must ensure not to drop, as the Mishna Berura cites from the Hida (Rav Haim David Azulai, 1724-1806). The Mishna Berura then notes that some disagree with the Shulhan Aruch, and forbid holding any item during the Amida, referring, of course, to the Nimukeh Yosef's stringent opinion. The Taz (Rav David Segal, 1586-1667) follows the stringent view of the Nimukeh Yosef. It should be noted that the Shulhan Aruch Ha'Rav (Rav Schneur Zalman of Liadi, 1745-1813) maintained that even according to the Shulhan Aruch's view, there is a Misva Min Ha'mubhar (higher standard of Misva observance) not to hold anything at all during the Amida. At first glance, holding a phone which is worth hundreds of dollars, and which could break if it is dropped, would certainly be forbidden according to both opinions. However, the Shulhan Aruch writes in that same chapter that it is permissible while reciting the Amida to hold a Siddur from which one prays, despite the fact that sacred books are generally forbidden to be held during the Amida. Since the Siddur is held for the purpose of Tefila, it does not fall under the prohibition. Holding the Siddur serves to enhance one's ability to pray, rather than compromise his ability to pray, and therefore, this is permissible. This would apply to a smartphone, as well. If one uses the Siddur application on the device, then the device becomes no different from a Siddur, which may be held while reciting the Amida. (Of course, this does not satisfy the "Misva Min Ha'mubhar" not to hold anything during the Amida, as understood by the Shulhan Aruch Ha'Rav, but one who does not know the prayer text from memory must in any event hold a Siddur and thus cannot abide by this standard.) However, this applies on the condition that one first turns off all notifications, and silences the phone. Needless to say, if the phone rings, or if a notification appears on the screen, even for just a moment, this causes a distraction during prayer. Therefore, one must ensure before praying with a smartphone that he disables all functions which could potentially distract him during the Tefila, so that the smartphone at that time serves only as a Siddur. Additionally, although it is permissible to pray from a mobile phone, this should not be done unless it is necessary. Firstly, Rav Gamliel Rabinowitz (contemporary) cites a passage from the Sefer Hasidim warning that one's prayers are not answered if he prays from a Siddur which was published by a wicked person. Quite obviously, we do not know the people who produced any given mobile device. Although this is not a Halachic consideration which would lead us to forbid the use of a mobile device for praying, it suffices to make it preferable to use a standard Siddur. More importantly, using a mobile phone during prayer compromises the aura of sanctity in the synagogue. There is a certain ambiance of holiness and reverence which must characterize a house of prayer, and this ambiance is diminished, at least to some degree, by the sight of a person looking at his phone. Therefore, while it is Halachically permissible to use such a device for prayer, this should be done only when one has no alternative, when he finds himself in a place without a Siddur and he does not know the prayer text from memory. In conclusion, it is worth nothing the famous Halachic dictum, "En Kategor Na'asa Sanigor" – "a prosecutor cannot become a defender." This principle has certain applications for the service on the High Holidays, forbidding the use of certain things which are associated with sins which our nation has committed. But it might also be relevant to the question of using a smartphone for prayer. If one uses his phone for improper activities, such as wasting time, or worse, then it is a "prosecutor" against him, Heaven forbid, which cannot then be used as his "defender" in helping him pray to G-d and ask for His compassion and assistance. Summary: It is Halachically permissible to pray from a Siddur application on one's mobile phone, as long as one disables calls, notifications and all features which could disrupt his prayer. However, it is far preferable to use a Siddur, and a phone should be used only when a Siddur is not available.

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** One of the obligations that apply on the festival of Purim is Matanot La'evyonim – gifts to the poor. People are generally very vigilant with regard to the Mitzva of Mishlo'ach Manot on Purim, and most of the money spent on this festival goes towards the purchase of Mishlo'ach Manot. It should be noted, however, that Halacha requires that one prioritize Matanot La'evyonim; one should limit his spending on Mishlo'ach Manot and even the Purim meal in order to increase his spending on Matanot La'evyonim. Most of the people to whom we give Mishlo'ach Manot do not need our gifts and can celebrate Purim honorably without these packages. The poor, however, need our assistance to properly celebrate the holiday. This is the primary obligation of Purim, and one should therefore allocate more money to this cause than to the other Mitzvot of Purim. Strictly speaking, the obligation requires giving one Peruta – a minimal amount – to two people in need (one Peruta to each). However, the Rishonim (Medieval Rabbinic scholars) write that one should give an amount with which the recipient can purchase a modest meal, consisting of bread and a dip. For us, this would mean approximately $5. Thus, to fulfill this obligation, one must donate $10, so that two people in need receive an amount with which they can purchase a modest meal. Women, too, are included in this obligation, and thus a husband must give a minimum amount of $20, to fulfill his and his wife's obligation. Of course, it is laudable to give more than this amount. Since Matanot La'evyonim constitutes a Halachic obligation, the $10 that one donates for this Mitzva cannot go towards his Ma'aser, the tithing of his earnings. However, if one gives more than $10 for Matanot La'evyonim, the excess amount may, indeed, be counted towards his Ma'aser contributions to charity. The Mitzva requires giving Matanot La'evyonim on Purim day itself. Somebody who knows a needy family may go to that family and personally hand them the money, and thereby fulfill his obligation. Preferably, the donation should be given anonymously, such as by putting the money in an envelope and anonymously leaving the envelope by the recipient's door. In most communities there are people who collect Matanot La'evyonim donations before Purim and distribute the money to the needy on Purim, which is the preferred method for fulfilling this Mitzva. Summary: The obligation of Matanot La'evyonim requires that each person donate a minimum sum of $10 to help needy Jews on Purim, or $20 for a married couple. This obligation should receive budgeting priority over Mishlo'ach Manot and the Purim meal. The money must be given to the poor on Purim day itself; generally speaking, this is done by people who collect donations before Purim and distribute the funds to the poor on Purim.

On "Shabbat Zachor," the Shabbat before Purim, we take two Torah scrolls from the Heichal. After reading the regular Torah portion from the first Torah, we open the second scroll and read for the Maftir reading the final verses of Parashat Ki-Teitzei (Devarim 25:17-19) which command us to recount Amalek's attack on Benei Yisrael. According to many Halachic authorities, including the Shulchan Aruch, the annual reading of these verses constitutes a Torah obligation. The Zachor reading differs in this regard from the standard Torah reading, in that it is a Torah obligation. In light of the unique status of the Zachor reading, is it proper for the congregation to read along with the Ba'al Koreh (reader) from their Chumashim as he reads Zachor? Although some Rabbis indeed encouraged reading Zachor along with the Ba'al Koreh, Chacham Ovadia Yosef, in his work Chazon Ovadia (Laws of Purim, p. 4), rules that to the contrary, this practice is inappropriate. Firstly, he notes that the Torah introduces the obligation to recall Amalek's assault with the term "Zachor" (literally, "Remember") – the same term with which the Torah introduces the obligation of Kiddush on Shabbat (Shemot 20:8). The Sages understood the word "Zachor" as a reference to verbal recitation, thus requiring that one verbally declare the sanctity of Shabbat every Shabbat, and verbally recall the incident of Amalek once a year. As we know, one can fulfill his obligation of Kiddush by listening to its recitation from somebody else. The Halachic principle of "Shomei'a Ke'oneh" establishes that by carefully listening to somebody else's recitation, one is considered to have personally recited the given text. Therefore, one is not required to personally recite Kiddush on Shabbat, and it suffices for him to listen to its recitation by another person. Similarly, the obligation to read the Zachor section can be fulfilled by listening to the reader, and there is thus no need for the congregation to read the verses of Zachor along with the Ba'al Koreh, as they satisfy their obligation by carefully listening to his reading. Furthermore, Chacham Ovadia adds, the Zachor obligation requires reading this section from a proper Torah scroll. Therefore, the congregation can fulfill their obligation only by listening to the Ba'al Koreh's reading, whereby they are considered to have themselves read the Zachor section from a Torah scroll. If they read from their Chumashim, then they do not fulfill their obligation. It is therefore appropriate for the congregation to remain perfectly silent during the Zachor reading and carefully listen to each word read by the Ba'al Koreh. There is some discussion among the Halachic authorities as to whether or not women are included in the obligation to hear the Zachor reading, and therefore many women indeed make a point to come to the synagogue on Shabbat Zachor to hear this reading. Many communities conduct a special Zachor reading on the afternoon of Shabbat Zachor for women who are unable to attend synagogue services in the morning. Some Rabbis discouraged this practice, arguing that it is inappropriate to take the Torah scroll from the Heichal for this reading, since no Beracha is recited over this reading and it is unclear whether or not it is in fact required. Chacham Ovadia Yosef, however (In Chazon Ovadia – Laws of Purim, p. 10), encourages this practice, claiming that reading the Zachor section for women is indeed a worthy enough purpose to warrant removing the Torah from the Heichal. He draws proof to his position from the practice of Rabbi Moshe Greenwald (early 20th-century author of the "Arugat Ha'bosem") to remove the Torah from the Heichal each morning during the first twelve days of Nissan and read from the section of the "Nesi'im" in the Book of Bamidbar (7:1-8:4). Even though reading from the "Nesi'im" section during this period is not required by Halacha, and is merely a Minhag (custom), this practice is deemed worthwhile enough to allow removing the Torah from the Heichal. Certainly, then, it is proper to conduct a special Zachor reading for women in deference to the view among the authorities that the Zachor obligation applies to both men and women. Why is no Beracha recited over the Mitzva of reading Zachor? Many Mitzvot that we perform require the recitation of a Beracha. Seemingly, then, before the Zachor reading we should recite the Beracha "Asher Kideshanu Be'mitzvotav Ve'tzivanu Li'zkor Ma'aseh Amalek." Why did the Rabbis not require the recitation of a Beracha before the performance of this Mitzva? Chacham Ovadia (Chazon Ovadia – Laws of Purim, p. 11) cites those who answer this question on the basis of the Gemara's comment in Masechet Megila (10b) that the Almighty does not rejoice in the destruction of the wicked. Although the wicked people in the world must be eliminated, their death should not be a cause of joy and celebration. Thus, for example, when the ministering angels wished to sing a song of praise upon the drowning of the Egyptians in the sea, God exclaimed, "My creatures are drowning at sea – and you wish to sing a song of praise?!" Therefore, even though we must conduct a special reading to recall the obligation to destroy Amalek, the Sages chose not to require the recitation of a Beracha, which would express a feeling of joy and excitement over the destruction of the wicked. Summary: On the Shabbat before Purim we read for the Maftir reading the section of "Zachor" from a separate Torah scroll. The congregation should remain silent during the reading, rather than read along with the Ba'al Koreh (reader). Some authorities require women to hear this reading, as well. Many communities therefore conduct a special Zachor reading during the afternoon of Shabbat Zachor for women who cannot attend the morning services, and this is a proper practice.

Rabbi Eliezer Waldenberg (a contemporary Halachic authority in Israel), in his Tzitz Eliezer (16:29), addresses two interesting questions relevant to the practice that many people have to keep a charity box in their home and from time to time place money in the box. Firstly, he raises the question of whether a person bears responsibility in the event that the box is lost. Must he pay the lost amount to the institution to which he had been donating? Rabbi Waldenberg rules that the individual does not bear responsibility to replenish the lost funds. When a person is given a charity box to keep in his home, he does not assume responsibility for it. His status with respect to the box is not even that of a "Shomer Chinam" (somebody who guards another person's item without pay), the lowest level watchman, who is responsible to pay only in cases of loss or damage caused by his negligence. In our case, the individual does not assume any responsibility for the charity box, not even at the standard expected of a "Shomer Chinam," and thus he is not required to replenish the lost sum of money should the box be misplaced. Secondly, Rabbi Waldenberg deals with a case where the institution that gave the person the charity box neglected to come collect the money for an extended period of time. May the individual use the money he had placed in the box for a different charitable cause? Rabbi Waldenberg writes that a person in this situation must endeavor to contact the institution and have a representative come collect the money from the box. If this is not possible, then he may perform Hatarat Nedarim – a formal annulment of his "vow" in the presence of three men, whereby he declares that he wishes to use the donated funds for another charitable cause. This procedure effectively annuls his initial donation of the funds, allowing him to now designate them for a different cause. Summary: If a person loses a charity box that he had kept in his home, he is not responsible to replenish the lost funds. If the institution that gave him the box does not come to collect the donated money, he must try to contact the institution. If he cannot, then he may perform Hatarat Nedarim to annul his initial donation, and then donate the money to a different charitable cause.