Podcasts about bering land bridge

Guest Jennifer Raff is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Kansas.  She works with Indigenous communities and tribes across North America who wish to use DNA as a tool for investigating questions of recent and more distant histories. Her first book, “Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas,” is a New York Times bestseller and has won multiple awards, including the Phi Beta Kappa book award in science. In 2024 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship (General Nonfiction) to support work on her second book. Why This Episode Matters Professor Raff discusses how genetic evidence has changed our understanding of the peopling of the Americas. Rather than a simple crossing of the Bering Land Bridge 13,000 years ago, DNA research suggests a more complex story involving population isolation during the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000-20,000 years ago), followed by multiple migration waves. Recent discoveries, like footprints at White Sands dating to 25,000+ years ago, continue to challenge existing theories. Three Important Takeaways Genetic evidence shows the ancestors of indigenous Americans descended from an isolated East Asian population that experienced gene flow with ancient North Siberians around 25,000 years ago. Beringia wasn't just a narrow "land bridge" but a lost continent twice the size of Texas, with its southern coast relatively habitable during the Last Glacial Maximum. Research in this field requires a multidisciplinary approach that respectfully incorporates indigenous knowledge and perspectives alongside scientific methods. Referenced Origin: A Generic History of the Americas https://anthropology.ku.edu/people/jennifer-raff

Episode 16 Top Stories: Bering Land Bridge Discovery, Thermal Imager Crackdown, Western New York TrackwayInvestigators Mike Luci, Chuck Larson, Chris Cyrus, and Tobi Crum bring you up to speed on the latest developments in bigfoot research, reports, and news. Episode 16 breaks down a huge discovery scientists made in the former Bering Land Bridge that could challenge a long-held bigfoot theory. With Oregon's crackdown on hunters using thermal imaging technology, we're breaking down how squatchers in the state can continue doing field research, safely and legally. Plus we've got the full scoop on a mysterious trail camera photo making rounds, and recent trackway found in Western New York.

49N From Dream to Territory - Celebrating Nunavut's 25th Anniversary  In 1999, after decades of negotiations, Canada redrew its map for the first time in 50 years with the creation of Nunavut. From the migration across the Bering Land Bridge … Plus L'article From Dream to Territory – Celebrating Nunavut's 25th Anniversary est apparu en premier sur Rivercast Media.

Zoey decided to go big for their first episode of the new year, and they're covering The Bigfoot! It's about damn time, as Robin says. Bigfoot, or Sasquatch is a big, hairy, stinky man who has a foot that spans 24 inches. To put that into prospective, since Zoey did the math, Bigfoot would wear a men's size 50 to 56 shoe.In this episode, Zoey dives deep into what the Bigfoot is, how he came to be, and what are some sciencey reasons for Bigfoot to exist. To quote Robin, "We're trying to science so hard." That's right, Zoey does their best to deep dive into things like the Bering Land Bridge, evolution, and anthropology. Somehow, it actually makes sense.To round off the episode, Zoey then brings some stories from Southern Bigfoot Stories.First YouTube Video with the audio of Bigfeet calls: https://youtu.be/rvFvzaKmVkYSecond YouTube Video that showed the Bigfoot: https://youtu.be/xb9YcIlkl_c?si=Owq7z2p-HdzC-p4aBut first, Robin brings a Something Spooky where she gives Zoey a Tarot Card reading for the New Year!Sources: https://hauntedhospitality.wordpress.com/2024/01/09/ep-144-did-grandpa-make-the-bigfootVisit us on Social Media! Stay Spooky!

The 1st North Americans were not who we thought they were For decades, we thought the first humans to arrive in the Americas came across the Bering Land Bridge 13,000 years ago. New evidence is changing that picture. During the last ice age, humans ventured into two vast and completely unknown continents: North and South America. For nearly a century, researchers thought they knew how this wild journey occurred: The first people to cross the Bering Land Bridge, a massive swath of land that connected Asia with North America when sea levels were lower, were the Clovis, who made the... View Article

The 1st Americans were not who we thought they were For decades, we thought the first humans to arrive in the Americas came across the Bering Land Bridge 13,000 years ago. New evidence is changing that picture. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/the-1st-americans-were-not-who-we-thought-they-were New Evidence Puts Man In North America 50,000 Years Ago Radiocarbon tests of carbonized plant remains where artifacts were unearthed last May along the Savannah River in Allendale County by University of South Carolina archaeologist Dr. Albert Goodyear indicate that the sediments containing these artifacts are at least 50,000 years old, meaning that humans inhabited North American long before the last ice... View Article

New research suggests humans lived in South America at the same time as giant sloths, big animals that disappeared thousands of years ago. The findings support evidence that people arrived in the Americas thousands of years earlier than once thought. Scientists looked at small pendants made of bony material from the sloths. The pendants have round holes in them and look polished. The team of researchers said the pendants show signs that humans made them. The scientists published their findings in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. They reported that the material in which the pendants were found dates from 25,000 to 27,000 years ago.新的研究表明，人类与巨型树懒同时生活在南美洲，巨型树懒是数千年前消失的大型动物。 这些发现支持了人们到达美洲的时间比以前想象的要早数千年的证据。科学家们观察了由树懒骨骼材料制成的小吊坠。 吊坠上有圆孔，看起来很抛光。 研究小组表示，这些吊坠显示出人类制造它们的迹象。科学家们在《英国皇家学会学报 B》上发表了他们的发现。他们报告说，发现吊坠的材料可以追溯到 25,000 至 27,000 年前。“We now have good evidence — together with other sites from South and North America — that we have to rethink our ideas about the migration of humans to the Americas,” said Mirian Pacheco. She is a co-writer of the study and an archaeologist at the Federal University of Sao Carlos in Brazil. Some earlier theories had suggested the first people arrived in the Americas around 15,000 years ago. The pendants were found 30 years ago in the Santa Elina rock shelter in central Brazil. The new study is the first to carefully study them. The scientists ruled out the possibility that humans had found and made them thousands of years after the animals died. Instead, they say the pendants were made within days or a few years after the animal died.米里安·帕切科说：“我们现在有充分的证据——以及来自南美洲和北美的其他地点——表明我们必须重新思考我们关于人类向美洲移民的想法。” 她是该研究的合著者，也是巴西圣卡洛斯联邦大学的考古学家。一些早期的理论认为，第一批人类大约在 15,000 年前抵达美洲。这些吊坠是 30 年前在巴西中部圣埃琳娜岩石避难所发现的。 这项新研究首次对它们进行了仔细研究。 科学家们排除了人类在动物死亡数千年后发现并制造它们的可能性。 相反，他们说这些吊坠是在动物死后几天或几年内制作的。“We think they were personal objects, possibly for personal adornment,” said Thais Rabito Pansani, a co-writer and paleontologist at the Federal University of Sao Carlos in Brazil. Once among the largest animals in South America, giant ground sloths were three to four meters long and usually walked on all four legs. They weighed more than 450 kilograms. Other evidence from Mexico suggests humans may have been present in the Americas around 26,000 years ago. Discoveries from Uruguay suggest humans were living there 30,000 years ago.“我们认为它们是个人物品，可能是为了个人装饰，”巴西圣卡洛斯联邦大学的合著者兼古生物学家泰斯·拉比托·潘萨尼 (Thais Rabito Pansani) 说。巨型地懒曾经是南美洲最大的动物之一，身长三到四米，通常用四足行走。 他们的体重超过450公斤。来自墨西哥的其他证据表明，人类可能在大约 26,000 年前就已经出现在美洲。 乌拉圭的发现表明三万年前就有人类生活在那里。The evidence from more than one place means scientists have begun to rethink their ideas about human migration. This includes the idea that the first people in the Americas came over what is known as the Bering Land Bridge around 15,000 years ago. Briana Pobiner is another co-writer of the study. She is a paleoanthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington. While some early populations may have died out in the Americas, “it's very likely that multiple waves of people came to [the] Americas,” she said.来自多个地方的证据意味着科学家们已经开始重新思考他们关于人类迁徙的想法。 其中包括这样的观点：大约 15,000 年前，第一批美洲人通过白令陆桥来到这里。Briana Pobiner 是该研究的另一位合著者。 她是华盛顿史密森学会国家自然历史博物馆的古人类学家。虽然美洲的一些早期种群可能已经灭绝，但“很可能会有多波人来到美洲，”她说。

In this episode, the Seven Ages team leads off their final episode of 2022 with a discussion on a ground-breaking new report on the Cooper's Ferry archaeological site. Recent Carbon 14 dating suggests this site may pre-date Clovis occupation in North America by as much as 2,000 years. Next, the team discusses the recent geological report that indicates the Bering Land Bridge may have been a late addition to the end of the last Ice Age. The team is then joined by Nathan Odom, a park interpreter at Parkin Mounds Archaeological State Park in Arkansas.  The Parkin Mounds Archaeological State Park is a National Historic Landmark that preserves a 17-acre Mississippian Period American Indian village located on site from A.D. 1000 to 1550. Archeologists at this research station also uncovered evidence that Hernando de Soto visited this site in 1541. The site was the location of the 1920s-era Northern Ohio Lumber Cooperage Company, and the Northern Ohio School House still remains. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Odom shares his knowledge of the history of the location, and the fascinating discoveries made there during excavations over the years.  Twitter  Instagram  Facebook  Seven Ages Official Site   Seven Ages Patreon  Seven Ages YouTube  Chasing History  Parkin Archaeological State Park  Our Sponsor: The Smokey Mountain Relic Room 

Ada is now alone and learning to survive on Wrangel Island by herself. Meanwhile Steffanson tries to secure a new ship to come to the island, but mysteriously disappears. All while tensions are rising between the countries, as Russia claims the island as their own and threatens to capture the expedition team. We love our National Parks and we know you do too but when you're out there, remember to enjoy the view but watch your back. Please take a moment to rate and subscribe from wherever you're listening to NPAD! Become part of our Outsider family on Patreon to gain access to ad-free episodes, bonus content, and more. Follow our socials Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. To share a Trail Tale, suggest a story, access merch, and browse our book recommendations - head over to our website. Thank you so much to our partners, check them out! Uncommon Goods: Use our link and get 15% off your next gift. StoryWorth: Use our link and save $10 on your first purchase. Beam: Use our link and code NPAD to get 40% off at checkout. Gerber Life: Follow the link to get a free quote. 

Ada and the rest of the expedition team struggle to find food resources and they are all getting weak. Lorne develops a terrible case of scurvy and when the ship they are expecting doesn't show up, they become desperate for survival. We love our National Parks and we know you do too but when you're out there, remember to enjoy the view but watch your back. Please take a moment to rate and subscribe from wherever you're listening to NPAD! Become part of our Outsider family on Patreon to gain access to ad-free episodes, bonus content, and more. Follow our socials Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. To share a Trail Tale, suggest a story, access merch, and browse our book recommendations - head over to our website. Thank you so much to our partners, check them out! Reel: Use our link and code NPAD at checkout for 30% off your first order plus frere shipping. BetterHelp: National Park After Dark is sponsored by BetterHelp. Get 10% off your first month of online therapy by using our link. Apostrophe: Use our link and code NPAD to get for first visit for only $5. Skylight Frame: Get $15 off a Skylight Frame with promo code PARK.

In this 3 part series - we tell the story of an arctic expedition and the survival story of Ada Blackjack. Ada, an Inuit woman, joins a team of 4 men to the remote Wrangel Island to prove that it is survivable. As a polar bear nesting ground and known for tumultuous weather conditions, no human has successfully survived here for long. Join us for a LIVE show in Denver! Tickets HERE We love our National Parks and we know you do too but when you're out there, remember to enjoy the view but watch your back. Please take a moment to rate and subscribe from wherever you're listening to NPAD! Become part of our Outsider family on Patreon to gain access to ad-free episodes, bonus content, and more. Follow our socials Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. To share a Trail Tale, suggest a story, access merch, and browse our book recommendations - head over to our website. Thank you so much to our partners, check them out! Skylight Frame: Get $15 off a Skylight Frame with promo code PARK. MasterClass: Use our link and give one annual membership to get one free. Uncommon Goods: Use our link and get 15% off your next gift. Resources: Ada BlackJack A true Story of Survival in the Arctic by Jennifer Niven https://www.history.com/news/ada-blackjack-inuit-wrangel-island https://www.britannica.com/place/Wrangel-Island https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1023/ https://www.nps.gov/bela/index.htm

Award-winning Fairbanks author Dan O'Neill's 2004 Book The Last Giant of Beringia: The Mystery of the Bering Land Bridge not only tells the story of the historic land bridge that connected Siberia to Alaska, but also of the scientists, in particular geologist Dave Hopkins, who worked so hard to synthesize the evidence that has led to our current understanding. During periods of glaciation – otherwise known as Ice Ages -- our sea levels dropped by as much as 480 feet. The Bering sea is only about 160 feet deep. Therefore, during these periods of global cooling what today is the Bering Strait was dry land -- land that supported plant life and animals.

Lawmakers see the Russian oil ban as an opportunity for Alaska, but experts say it's not so simple. Also, a more contagious subvariant of omicron is gaining ground. And scientists study life during the ice age on the Bering Land Bridge.

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Liam goes over the history of what actually made America. The Bering Land Bridge. Ever heard of it? Didn't think so.

Ashleigh Hargrave  00:05Welcome to mosaic, your Novant Health podcast for diversity, inclusion and equity. You'll learn more about the mosaic of similarities and differences that make us stronger, and how health equity benefits us all. Piece by piece, we're telling the stories of the beautiful mosaic of Novant Health. Becky Knight  00:51Hello again, this is Becky Knight. On this episode we'll be sharing excerpts from the webinar our Native American BRG presented on Indigenous People's Day 2021. The BRGs mission is to educate, collaborate and communicate with people throughout Novant Health and surrounding communities, with a focus on understanding and improving the health of Native Americans, as well as bridging gaps of misconceptions and challenges among the Native American population. Rebecca Souza is the leader of this BRG, and her voice is the one you'll hear on this episode. We begin with a history lesson.   Rebecca Souza  01:31Before Columbus, there already were people here in America, all throughout the Americas, north and south. We know they were here at least 17,000 years ago, but actually, they probably were here as far back as you know, more than 40,000 years ago. They migrated to this continent from Asia via the Bering Land Bridge, which connects Mongolia to what is now Alaska. These early people were nomadic and they were hunter gatherers. They didn't live in one place, they moved around. Here in North Carolina and Wilson County we know that around 8000 BC, they started to develop more permanent sites where they would come in seasonally like for hunting. And then when winter came they might move to another site. And between 212 100 BC they started to develop more permanent locations. East of the Mississippi. This is mostly true for all tribes. Villages started to crop up and people might move from village to village depending on the season. But they were more permanent. And they were like still relied heavily on hunting, hunting, wild game and fishing and also gathering but they had started to develop agriculture. They were developing pottery and cultural traditions like mound building. And mound building is one of the only permanent types of structures that we have of Native American people in the past. Since most of what they use wood, animal hides, mud dobbing, that stuff doesn't last after people stop using it but the mounds, the mounds did last. And east of the Mississippi and all along the Mississippi River. There was many there were many mounds built and there are some actually still standing here in North Carolina in the town of Town Creek. You can go it is in a state park and you can go visit there. I'm actually going to visit there this month. Hopefully. The baseline of Native American agriculture was corn, squash, and beans. And those all start to be traded all around the continent and grown even here in North Carolina. It's important to recognize and appreciate that these people did create complex cultures and traditions. Becky Knight  03:59So how did Columbus State come to be recognized in the United States? Rebecca Souza  04:04Columbus Day was first recognized in 1892 by Italian Americans to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the voyage. Then in 1937, it was sort of established unofficially as the second Monday in October and then many decades later, it was set up as a national federal holiday. Because throughout the 19th and early 20th century, Roman Catholic Italian Americans were members of a stigmatized ethnic and religious group, as were many Southern Europeans and Eastern Europeans. They campaigned for Columbus Day in order to place Catholic Italians into American history where they weren't really allowed to be before. Christopher Columbus sailed under the Spanish flag, but he actually was Italian. You have to you would have to understand that white was not a fixed term throughout much of the history of America. And many Southern Europeans and Eastern Europeans were not considered white, by the dominant group of the time, they were all Northern Europeans, English, Scottish, German, French, you know that that's the background of the people that were considered white and so it changed. And at this time, Italian Americans did have a problem with discrimination and prejudice in this country. So they were trying to celebrate a famous Italian American history. Becky Knight  05:37That was a big aha moment for me. Learning that Columbus Day began as a way for one marginalized group to elevate their standing in America. But honoring their own struggle and resilience came at the cost of honoring someone who not only never stepped foot on American soil, he was instead in the Caribbean and Central and South America, but who directly and indirectly led to the enslavement and slaughter of millions of indigenous people. Rebecca Souza  06:01Part of the agreement of his voyages with the Spanish king and queen was that he would send gold and slaves to Spain. And he did. He didn't find a lot of gold, but he sent a lot of slaves. There's an estimated 5 million died within the first years of Columbus landing on one of the Caribbean islands. And that began the subjugation of the native people, the Americas that has continued for five centuries and so in many ways continues today. Millions have died from the disease or violence committed by European colonizers, and entire tribes and cultures were wiped out completely. As you can see, for many Native Americans, recognizing Columbus with this holiday, relives the trauma of violence and loss associated with European colonization of the American continent. They have continued to suffer great loss. Even today, Indian reservations are some of the poorest counties in the country. And treaties have been broken as late as the last 40 years, land has continued to be stolen for treaties. And even their children are being stolen still. When there are issues that require a child to be removed from the home of a native person. In many parts of this country, they will be put into the foster care system and then can be adopted out to white parents away from their native families. So they have continued to lose their cultural heritage. Becky Knight  07:38So now that we've learned more about the origins of Columbus Day, and the impact of colonization on indigenous people, what's the history on Indigenous People's Day? Let's hear again from Rebecca Souza. Rebecca Souza  07:51The first day of this type was celebrated in Berkeley, California in 1992. In recognition of the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus voyage, it was actually a counter to Columbus Day, they were recognizing the inherent problems with recognizing Columbus. In 1994, the United Nations declared an international day of the world's indigenous people. So that became the first holiday to recognize indigenous people. And let me back up a little bit and talk about the word indigenous. Some people believe that indigenous or Aboriginal are derogatory terms, synonymous with savage or barbaric, and that's not what it means at all. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, indigenous means relating to the earliest known inhabitants of a land, especially if that place was colonized by the now dominant group. So it's just recognizing that these people were here first.  Becky Knight  08:51So the word indigenous acknowledges that they were here first, is that what the day is meant to do? Rebecca Souza  08:58Well, it celebrates the history and contributions of Native Americans, as well as other indigenous people throughout the world. And it calls attention to the need to put diversity, inclusion and equity into history. To make sure our histories are inclusive of the facts, and all peoples. It reclaims the sense of culture and heritage for Native Americans and refutes the erasure of indigenous people. By recognizing a colonizer you have erased all the people that were there first. And we found this quote from a native person and it is “We are here, we are resilient. Our stories, people and land are important and worth preserving.” And that is truly what they what they feel, and what we feel is that this is something that needs to be preserved. Becky Knight  09:53In conclusion, Rebecca shared ways we can support Native American stories, people and land. Rebecca Souza  09:59You can shop native owned businesses. You can attend Native American cultural events to powwows.com, where you can find pow-wows throughout the country, including locally or you can go to any of the local tribes' websites if they have one, and they usually have a listing of any events they have going on. Research Native Americans of the past, educate yourself on pre contact and the history of the United States and native people. There's a lot we were not taught in school. There's a whole lot we were not taught in school. Educate yourself on the current trends and policies and initiatives that are important to Native American groups, such as the pipeline protests, water conservation, domestic violence, the missing and murdered indigenous women and girls. These are all ongoing issues and you can find out a lot of information about them. Becky Knight  10:56What I'm not able to include in this episode is the robust discussion that took place following the full length presentation. We all learned so much and are indebted to Rebecca and the Native American BRG for correcting our misconceptions, and inspiring us to better honor the contributions of America's indigenous people. Ashleigh Hargrave  11:18Thanks for listening to mosaic, your podcast for diversity, inclusion and equity and Novant Health. Stay tuned for our next exciting episode.

What do Sasquatch and sow bugs have in common? What would it take for a Sasquatch sighting to be considered a scientific discovery? How do curators identify creatures from a blurry photo?Find out on the newest episode of Intangible Alberta, the podcast where we explore Alberta's stories that can't be told from within a display case.In this episode, Mat chats with RAM Live Animals Supervisor (and unofficial Sasquatch expert), Pete Heule about unexpected isopods discovered in Rat's Nest Cave, and what they can tell us about cryptozoological efforts to prove the existence of Bigfoot. And what better day to dive into this lore than on the anniversary of the famous Patterson-Gimlin Sasquatch footage? (October 20, 1967)Listen on Apple Podcasts, Google Play, Spotify, Stitcher, or wherever you get your podcasts. Intangible Alberta is produced in partnership between the Royal Alberta Museum and Strathcona County Museum & Archives. Patterson-Gimlin Sasquatch image by Patterson–Gimlin film, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=434396 CORRECTION:  At 15:40 Pete mentions Loren Coleman and Paranthropus robustus being another large fossil ape. Paranthropus robustus was not a giant ape found in Southeast Asia, but a rather short South African human relative that was usually less than 45 kg. Because there are only giant molars and a lower jaw fragment fossils for Gigantopithecus blacki, Loren Coleman once told Pete that Paranthropus robustus was a better Sasquatch candidate as we have much more extensive skeletal evidence for them. How these apes could have made it from the Cradle of Humankind in Africa to the woods of North America is open to debate, while the 3 metre tall, 300 kg forest-dwelling Gigantopithecus blacki in China, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia could arguably have crossed from Asia into North America through existing forested corridors on the Bering Land Bridge. Southeast Asia was indeed home to a diversity of human relatives, including the Hobbit Homo floresiensis, Homo erectus and others.

In this episode we breakdown the period in history between 8462-6307 BCE. In this period we see great advances in agriculture and new bodies of water are forming at this time, including the Great Lakes of N America and the disappearing of the Bering Land Bridge. #cosmicconvos #pushitfwd #blackastrologers Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/cosmicconvos Follow us: Instagram https://www.instagram.com/cosmicconvo/ https://www.instagram.com/shekhem_ra/ https://www.instagram.com/pushitfwd/ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/cosmicconvopodcast/ Website: https://www.pushitfwd.com/cosmic-convos-podcast

Join Us! And please take your seats as the Professors Otero will be with you soon. Please have note taking materials handy and chewing gum, eating drinking are all 100% ENCOURAGED!!! Welcome nerds and nerdettes to the Much Ado About Nerding Intro to Biology! Where we will be dishing out factoids about our bodies and how amazing they actualy are. As always be prepared for tangents diving into theology, history, too much human waste and of course ANTHROPOLOGY. So sit back and enjoy a fun episode filled with fasinating and disgusting facts and a bonus story that proves the human body is an amazing resiliant biomechanical machine. Common terms Cunt Punt-Kicking a female directly in the crotch with intention to cause considerable pain without visual evidence of an altercation having occurred. If I ever meet Paris Hilton I will cuntpunt her so hard that she won't sit down for the rest of her life. by Walrus23 July 15, 2009 Biocultural Evolution-The mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution. (Jurmain et al. 2012: 7) From drinking a beer every three inutes for 6 hours to consuming 40 vodka tonics in a sitting find more about Andre The Giant's drinking prowess here - https://www.thrillist.com/culture/andre-the-giant-drinking-records-and-facts I was way off according to genetic findings modern humans crossed the Bering Land Bridge as early as 30,000 to 16,500 years ago  Sorces https://www.nps.gov/bela/learn/historyculture/other-migration-theories.htm https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/570937/facts-about-the-human-body https://www.mdlinx.com/article/10-weird-and-wacky-medical-facts/lfc-5134 https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/people/namesakes/roy-benavidez.html https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Cuntpunt Jurmain, R., Kilgore, L., Trevathan, W., & Ciochan, R.L. (2012). Introduction to Physical Anthropology, 13th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage. Thanks for stopping by please like subscribe and share with fellow nerds! Please hit us on the socials with your feedback, comments and concerns?  Email us at nerdnation2020@gmail.com or  slide into our DMs on Instagram much_ado_about_nerding_podcast TikTok at Muchadoaboutnerding and Twiter at @adonerding  Comment on a previous episode or give us ideas for future episodes, we look forward to hearing from you. Produced by Joe, Selena, Papa Tim and Gaston. Content written and edited by Joe and Selena Otero (with a ton of help from our friends) theme song created by Selena. Thanks for listening and until next time be rad and NERDY ON!  Patreons  Cam Emily  Amber  Gaston  Tim  Destiny  

Alaska is the 49th state of the United States, and a really interesting place. Did you know, for instance, that I was born there? You do now! Research/Links to Topics Discussed Native American Rights Fund: https://www.narf.org/ Partnership with Native Americans: http://www.nativepartnership.org/ Alaska Native Justice Center: http://www.anjc.org/ Native Land Map: https://native-land.ca/ National Park Service about the Bering Land Bridge: https://www.nps.gov/bela/learn/historyculture/the-bering-land-bridge-theory.htm Britannica’s History of Alaska: https://www.britannica.com/place/Alaska/History Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State on the Alaska Purchase: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase History Channel on the Klondike Gold Rush: https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/klondike-gold-rush City of Fairbanks on the Fairbanks Gold Rush: https://www.fairbanksalaska.us/mayor/page/local-history Alaska Humanities Forum on Alaskan Oil Discovery: http://www.akhistorycourse.org/modern-alaska/oil-discovery-and-development-in-alaska/ Alaska Humanities Forum on the Territory of Alaska: http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article_artID_135/ Alaska Humanities Forum on the statehood acts for Alaska: http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article_artID_223/ Alaska Humanities Forum on Alaska Celebrating Statehood: http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article_artID_401/ University of Alaska Fairbanks on Alaska Native Land Claims: https://www.uaf.edu/tribal/112/unit_2/alaskastatehoodandbuilduptoalaskanativelandclaims.php Target Earth: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Earth_(film) My Uncle Tom about “The Quirkiness Banner”: https://www.fairfieldcitizenonline.com/opinion/article/A-Father-s-Journal-The-quirkiness-banner-2682842.php Alaska Wild Berry Products Chocolate Waterfall: http://alaskawildberryproducts.com/about-us/worlds-largest-chocolate-falls.html Guiness World Records Chocolate Fountain: https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2019/5/worlds-tallest-chocolate-fountain-brings-willy-wonka-childhood-dream-to-life Eater on Food Network Magazine’s Best Breakfasts in Every State: https://www.eater.com/2010/6/23/6728775/food-network-magazine-names-best-breakfast-in-every-state Art The podcast art was created by Kreativjohn. Find his portfolio at https://dribbble.com/Kreadivjohn. You can contact him on Reddit at u/Kreadiv01, and email him at lakanchroma@gmail.com. Music Something Elated by Broke for Free Link: Something Elated by Broke for Free at the Free Music Archive License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/ Deep Relaxation Preview by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/5726-deep-relaxation-preview License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Podcast Links Twitter: @myownsoapboxpod Email: myownsoapboxpod@gmail.com

FIA adventures continue from the interim field with a wind sock... Currently we are in-between fields and caves on a fortnightly schedule which keeps the energy going, as #RebelZen hooks his mind up to Aero-Electricity and The Producer fishes for hedgehogs. Mentioned links in this episode: Our previous episode with theatre maker Graeme Rose: https://soundcloud.com/projectfia/ep-3 Fred Jeffs: The Sweetshop Murder podcast https://soundcloud.com/graerose David Choe on Joe Rogan's podcast: https://youtu.be/j7T6__UbhBI From Asia to America (via the Bering Land Bridge) https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/2/140227-native-americans-beringia-bering-strait-pit-stop/, https://www.livescience.com/64786-beringia-map-during-ice-age.html Ricky Gervais Charity parody https://youtu.be/5DgIRjecItw Kin: Fallen Star amzn.to/291kMbt, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4170810/ Send us your comments/questions: projectfia.rebelrated@gmail.com www.twitter.com/projectfia (@ProjectFIA) Youtube channel for the FULL COMEDY SERIES and extras! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkDgEUIBLOU9iLXo_h2Hr2A/ Special thanks to our sponsor, Hobo Bait! https://teespring.com/stores/hobobait

Whether it’s the people you meet, the wildlife you encounter or the wide open spaces you explore, the phrase, “Larger than Life '' applies to most everything in the Yukon. Even its history is B-I-G big. With its original people crossing the Bering Land Bridge in the last Ice Age and it playing host to the legendary Klondike Gold Rush, Yukon is a place for those with big imaginations, hungry hearts and unique character.

Let's find out how this profound drive to explore shaped our early ancestors. We discuss ancient history from prehistoric Asians crossing the Bering Land Bridge to populate the Americas, to the first seafaring African explorers. Thanks for watching.

Steven Rinella talks with David J. Meltzer and Janis Putelis. Subjects discussed: Understanding radio carbon dates; crossing the Bering Land Bridge; who were the first Americans?; the early human aversion to incest; ecotones, or where a bunch of good shit comes together; glyptodons and 3-ton ground sloths; a big extinction on one fine Tuesday; Rambo; the tidy appeal of the blitzkreig hypothesis; Clovis points; cross examining conventionalisms; snacking on bison tongue; and more.   Connect with Steve and MeatEater Steve on Instagram and Twitter MeatEater on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube Shop MeatEater Merch    

This week let’s learn about some animals that live in caves! The dipluran Haplocampa: Oilbirds and their big black eyes: A swiftlet: The angel cave fish that can walk on its fins like a salamander walks on its feet: Leptodirus, carrying around some air in its abdomen in case it needs some air: The cave robber spider and its teeny hooked feet: The devils hole pupfish: Show transcript: Welcome to Strange Animals Podcast. I’m your host, Kate Shaw. Way back in episode 27 we learned about some animals that live deep in caves. Cave dwelling animals are always interesting because of the way they’ve adapted to an unusual environment, so let’s learn about some of them! We’ll start with an invertebrate. Diplurans are common animals that are related to insects but aren’t insects. They live all over the world, with hundreds of species known to science, but most people have never seen one because of where they live. They like moist, dark areas like soil, dead leaves, and caves. They’re also small, usually only a few millimeters long, although a few species grow larger, up to two inches long, or five cm. Diplurans have long bodies with a number of segments, six legs, long antennae, and a pair of tail appendages called cerci. Depending on the species, the cerci may just be a pair of straight filaments like an extra pair of antennae, or they may look like pincers. Diplurans with pincer-like cerci use them to help capture prey, while ones with antennae-like cerci eat fungi and plant material. Diplurans also don’t have eyes. They don’t need eyes because they live underground where there’s little or no light. A lot of species are pale in color or lack pigment completely. Diplurans have been around for something like 350 million years, although we don’t have very many fossil diplurans. But recently, a new species of dipluran was discovered in North America that has raised some interesting questions. Vancouver Island is a large island on the west coast of Canada, near the city of Vancouver. It’s prone to earthquakes and contains a lot of caves, and last summer, in June of 2018, a party of cavers and scientists explored two of the caves and found a new dipluran, which has been named Haplocampa wagnelli. This dipluran is chunkier than most other known diplurans, with shorter antennae, which researchers think points to a more primitive body plan. Since the dipluran is so different from most other diplurans known, and because the caves where it was found were under a thick ice sheet until around 18,000 years ago, researchers are trying to figure out if it found its way into the caves after the ice sheet melted or if it survived in the caves while they were buried under ice. Haplocampa seems to be most closely related to a few diplurans found in Asia. Asia was connected to western North America during the Pleistocene when sea levels were much lower, since so much of the world’s water was frozen, so it’s possible the ancestors of Haplocampa migrated from Asia after the ice sheets started to melt but before the Bering Land Bridge was completely submerged. Possibly its eggs were accidentally transported by birds who foraged in leaf litter where its ancestor lived. A lot of animals that live in caves are only found in one particular cave system. This happens when a species of animal that lives near a cave moves into the cave, either full-time or part-time. As its descendants grow up, they become more and more adapted to cave life, until eventually they couldn’t live outside of the cave. Since there’s no way for them to travel from one cave system to another, they are confined to that single cave. And since caves are largely difficult for humans to explore, that means there are lots and lots and lots of animals unknown to science living out their quiet lives deep within caves where humans have never visited. Every so often a group of adventurous and brave scientists explore a ...

Recent and ongoing DNA tests reveal that the elongated-skull people of ancient Peru were not indigenous to South America and potentially migrated from the Black Sea and Crimea over 3000 years ago. This data shatters the belief that all pre-Columbian people came across the Bering Land Bridge some 12000 or so years ago before migrating southward. Also, medical examination of the skulls of the Paracas people shows that physical and genetic anomalies clearly indicate that they were not Homo sapiens. Additionally, DNA evidence shows that these people had red hair, light-colored skin, and likely green or blue eyes. Also, they were at least 6 inches taller than most Native Peruvians and had long thin necks. At the forefront of these scientific breakthroughs is author and researcher Brien Foerster, who will be leading us through the science of these mysterious ancient Peruvians. http://www.youtube.com/user/brienfoer... Please Share this Page and Subscribe and Join our TruthQuest! www.truthbetoldworldwide.com

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   Last time on the show... Beginnings - 600 BCE   The origin of humans and early human societies: Beginnings -  Gabe - Prehistory is the history before it was written. Finding bones and doing tests like potassium argon dating or other methods to find the age was one of the ways we could see find prehistory. The tools they used and how the newer ones were perfected is another. Ben- Anthropology is the study of ancient humans and their cultures. Everyone always talks about how old certain things are, but how is the information found? Radiocarbon dating is when you get a certain element called carbon 14 and and see how much of it has decayed back into nitrogen 14. So if half the carbon 14 has decayed, that means the item is 5730 years old. The radiocarbon method is a good indicator of how old something is. Audrey - Written records are a main tool in learning the history of the people before us. These are, in some ways, more detailed than other forms of records, including archaeological and biological remains. That being said, written records can’t be the only thing taken into consideration; they could be biased or could be stories passed down generation after generation, slowly being changed to fit the current worldviews. Emma - Many Paleolithic societies were communal. The members of a community, which were most often small, nomadic groups, worked together to perform various tasks. The women typically raised the children, gathered food, and cooked, whereas the men did the hunting, often in groups. However, in some communities, the work is thought to have been divided evenly between both women and men. Ella - Early paleolithic societies did not have agricultural systems like we do today. They relied on tools they made to hunt animals. These societies would use tools made out of rocks such as handaxes. They used these for both hunting and digging. The other half of their diet consisted of natural fruits and vegetables they found in their environment. Skylar - According to historians the first generations of “human” like people are called Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapiens were apart of a group called Hominids. Archaeologist and anthropologist believe that they were alive between 2.5 and 4 million years ago and lived in eastern and southern Africa. Ethan - The anatomic structure of the people of today has existed for about 200,000 years. Egyptian hieroglyphs have been around for close to 5,000 years but America couldn’t even comprehend the hieroglyphs until 1799 when America found the Rosetta Stone. Even then when America had the Rosetta Stone it took quite a while to decipher it. And even after we began to comprehend hieroglyphs, we still had to hope no one would “change the story” to make it more interesting. And people still had altering views so deciding which was true caused more investigation. Thus, the Scientific Process. Hunter- the study of human existence has been going on for multiple centries. The process has just evolved to even being able to find the year of when the creature and or early human existed and died.   600 BCE The Neolithic Revolution and the birth of agriculture: Beginnings - Emma - The word Neolithic is derived from neo, meaning new, and the Greek word lithos, which translates to stone. It is the latter part of the stone age in which tools began to have a more smooth and refined appearance. Unlike before, these tools had complex shapes and purposes, and began to resemble the instruments used in more advanced societies. Audrey - Since the birth of agriculture, Earth’s population has increased immensely. In the Paleolithic period, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers, and the population was roughly 10 million. Then 10 - 15 thousand years ago (13000 - 8000 B.C.) the Neolithic period came, and along with that, agriculture. Since plants and animals were now being domesticated, and more people could be fed, the population grew. By the time of the Roman Empire there were around 250 million people on Earth, and since then the population has grown to approximately 7 billion.  Gabe -  There was different types of agriculture there was pastoralism which was the branch of agriculture that bred animals goat, sheep, cattle, and in this branch they collected food from there goats and cattle and probably wool from the sheep and milk from the cows and probably the goats too     Ella - Most  early civilizations came together through religion, or beliefs and practices that associate with the meaning of the world. with  This was how people who were not familiar with one another created trustworthy and respectful relationships. Religion was commonly associated with politics. Religious leaders commonly worked as political leaders as well.   Ethan - Agriculture was created so that the survivability of the human race would increase. The end of the most recent glacial period was about the same time that agriculture emerged. The reasoning behind this is that the soil had thawed so food could be grown in abundance. Ben - There were a few different things being grown around the world. Stuff like barley, but also something less known called sorghum. Sorghum today is mostly used for animal food, but can also be used to create a kind of sweet syrup. Sorghum was being grown about the area sudan is at today and was probably being used as a normal grain in 9000-7000 BCE. There was also okra, black eyed peas, and yam around the west coast of africa. (Can talk about more different foods and where they’re from if needed) Skylar -City-States couldn’t have been became created without agriculture. Most people would not be alive if it wasn’t for agriculture. Since agriculture has been created the plants (veggies) and animals (meat and milk). Thanks to irrigation vegetation can now be grown almost anywhere. The availability of human consumable calories per square kilometer has increased rapidly. People started farming in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and went on to East Asia, mexico, and many more places. Hunter- Neolithic Age is also known as the New Stone Age. However, it is closely connected to civilization, animal domestication, inventions, and agriculture. Stability in life opened new doors for man, as he ventured into domesticating animals rather than merely hunting them as per his need. He also invented pottery in this era, making it a symbol of the Neolithic era. 600 BCEAncient Mesopotamia: Beginnings -  Gabe - I'm going to start by saying Mesopotamia means country between to rivers so most the cities were born on the rivers tigris euphrates (which is what Mesopotamia is in between) the yangtze or the nile. They were born on these cities because the rivers would fertilize their crops bring water and transportation later on      Ella - The Sumerians were a group of people that started in Southern Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE. They wrote some of the first written scripts that were made of clay tablets. These ideas spread to surrounding civilizations which resulted in more languages being written. These languages are what today's alphabet was developed from. Audrey - Mesopotamia was one of the first significant civilizations, and was located in what is now Iraq. The Sumerians are believed to be the first civilization to emerge in Mesopotamia (4000 B.C.). They are well known for the first development of the wheel (3500 B.C.), and for their architectural structures, like the ziggurats which were found in the center of many Sumerian and Mesopotamian cities. Emma - Around 3000 BC the Sumerians came in contact with the Akkadians, named after the city-state of Akkad. About 700 years later, Sargon of Akkad came into power and is thought to have started the first dynastic empire. Both the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers were ruled by the Akkadian Empire until it’s fall in 2154 BC. Ben - After the akkadian empire, a new empire began, and it was called the Babylonian empire. The Babylonians used to just be a small place in Akkadia (2300 BC), but grew into an empire. The leader of the Babylonian empire was Hammurabi. The Babylonians influenced the area in that they had a sort of law system that was based on religion. They spoke Akkadian. (1800-600 BC) from 1770- 1670 and from 612-320 BC babylon was estimated to be the largest city in population size in the world. Skylar - The Pharaoh King Menes was able to unify upper and lower Egypt with the Eqyptian civilization. Hammurabi was famous for making the code of Hammurabi. He codified a series of laws. Ethan - After the Sumerian and Akkadian empires formed, the Assyrian Empire formed about 1000 years later in northern Mesopotamia. Ashur was the capital of Assyria. Assyria was originally ruled by Sargon and his bloodline during the Akkadian Empire. After the end of the Akkadian empire Assyria became the major empire then. 8. Hunter- Mesopotamia was known in antiquity as a seat of learning, and it is believed that Thales of Miletus  (c. 585 BCE, known as the first philosopher) studied there. As the Babylonians believed that water was the ‘first principle’ from which all else followed, and as Thales is famous for that very claim, it seems probable that he studied there.   600 BCEAncient Egypt: Beginnings - 600 BCE  Gabe - Egypt started next to the nile which is because it helps with many things as we  talked about earlier there was the old egypt which was when the pyramids were built and this is the time we kind of think about when we think egypt but the pharaohs you think about were very far from the building of the pyramids and cleopatra actually lived 2500 years from the makings of the pyramids and 2037 from the making of the first iphone so she lived closer to the iphone   Ella - During the old kingdom period, Egypt was a single state. The country eventually became more complex and expanded their military. The kings of the time built formations such as Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza. These structures were used as tombs or monuments for the kings that built them. Emma - The Egyptian political system was based on the idea of divine kingship. They believed that the political ruler, or pharaoh, either held the favor of a god (or gods) or was in fact a living incarnation of the god themself. An example of this was Narmer who was thought to be Horus. This reinforced the authority of the current political figure in power. Audrey - The Egyptian civilization was originally divided into upper and lower Egypt. The official beginning of the civilization was somewhere around 3100-3150 B.C. when the two parts of Egypt were united under one king. Ben - As with most early civilizations, egypt was based around a river. When civilizations start around rivers it gives the people fresh water and a good source of water for agricultural purposes too. Even egypt’s seasons were based around the nile and how it affected crops and weather. The first season would be Akhet, which would now be around june-september and was based around the nile river flooding to provide water to crops. The second season was Peret, (Oct. - Feb.) where crops would be planted. The final season was called Shemu, (March - May) when everything would be harvested.                                                                                          Skylar - The Nile River starts in mid-eastern Africa and goes all the way down to the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is one of the great rivers. It makes the soil around it rich. Like ben said for growing plants. Most of the population in Egypt is around or close by the multipurpose river. They have a season of harvest and it’s when the soil is most fertile for growing crops. The annual rain is very important because it adds another layer of extremely nutrient-rich soil that’s needed for the Shemu season. Ethan - Wars had what seemed to be a major impact on the civil structure of Egypt. The costs include drought, famine, and disruption of Egyptian civilians. This kind of split Egypt into many different city-states. This allowed any city-state with the military power to take cities, as Kush conquered Lower and Upper Egypt. But soon the Kushites were kicked out of Egypt. Hunter- nothing left to write T^T this is sad all info was sucked dry so please dont blame me   Ancient art and artifacts: Beginnings -  Gabe - One of the artifacts that was found was the standard of ur and no one knows for sure what it actually was but it has 2 sides to it and on one side you have basically peace and prosperity where it shows animals being taken to trade or sacrifice or eat were not really sure and it shows the king and some other important people drinking in enjoyment there many things like that.(didnt want to take to much info someone want to connect to mine and explain what was on the other side) Ella - There were many materials used to make the standard of ur such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, Red stones from India, and shells from the gulf to the South of Iraq. These things are all reminders that the cities thrived because of the success in agriculture. There was a river valley between Tigris and Euphrates where they grew large amounts of food. Ben - One of the most important historical items in Egyptian history was the Rosetta Stone, the Rosetta Stone was an ancient stone tablet discovered in 1799, it had the same thing written in three different languages. First, hieroglyphs, then egyptian, then greek. This allowed historians to translate all the hieroglyphs that were seen in temples and pyramids. Emma - On the other side of the Standard of Ur, there are three scenes depicting a war. The lowest section shows chariots coming into battle and trampling their enemies. The second row has a clearly organized army marching into battle, fighting, and taking prisoners. The top again has the king, this time being presented with prisoners of war. Audrey - The Rosetta Stone is a very popular artifact found in the British Museum. It was brought there when Napoleon’s army was in Egypt. One of the many people who came with Napoleon came across the stone being used in the foundation of a fort. Originally it would have been in or near an Egyptian temple and was the bottom part of a much taller tablet. Napoleon took the stone back with him, but when the British defeated Napoleon they took it. Two years later, in 1801 or 1802, the Rosetta Stone was taken to the British Museum and it has been there ever since. Ethan - I guess I’ll explain the Rosetta Stone. It had 2 forms of Egyptian on it. Hieroglyphic and Demotic. Hieroglyphic, as many people know, uses symbols. Demotic is kind of like the print writing of English, but Egyptian. It also had Greek on the stone so it, even after many years, was decipherable. Skylar - The Rosetta Stone was carved in 196 B.C. We were not able to read the Rosetta Stone until mid 19th century. The Rosetta stone is called the Rosetta stone because of where it was found, Rosetta. It was written in three different scripts The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents. The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. Hunter- The Rosetta stone and the Standard of Ur are both important discoveries I can’t say anything more because like last season nothing left to say it’s all taken (and yes i went and looked at more than just the first page or google but I mean this is what I get for being busy all week i guess)   600 BCEAncient India: Beginnings -  Gabe - the harappan civilization or the indus valley civilization because it was near the indus river spread from northwest india to afghanistan and pakistan at the peak of the harappan civilization they may have had a population of 5 million people indus cities are noted for there urban planning which is where you build your cities in with the land to make your life easier basically they also made baked brick houses huge drainage systems water supply systems and basically metropolitan areas.    Ella - Around 2600 BCE, Harappan communities had become large urban areas. Overall about 1000 settlements were founded in the Indus river area. The Mohenjo-daro was one of the biggest cities in the area. It was also one of the more sophisticated cities with its advanced uses for engineering and urban planning. Ben - The Indus river civilization was one of the most advanced and one of the most mysterious ancient places. They were very good at building and their brick areas are impressive even to today’s standards because of how they survived hundreds of years of weather and damage. And jewelry from around that area has been seen in different countries, so trading was probably happening too. Emma - The people of the Indus River Valley Civilization region are known for their advancements in the technology of their time. Their accurate systems for measuring length and mass made their advanced sanitation system possible. This system was the first of its kind ever in history. Audrey - Sanskrit has many similarities to other languages like English and Latin. Words like matr, in English mother, and in Latin mater, show the resemblance. The Vedas mention a “god” named Dyaus Pitr which means “sky father”. In Greek there is Zeus Pater, and in Latin Jupiter, both of which, also meaning sky father. - Ethan - Some of the people in the Indus Valley are called Harappans. The reason that the Harappans succeeded in early technology was they had the most accurate ways to measure length and mass. They also invented bricks, one of the staples in building today. Skylar - The Harappa civilization was more than just Harappa. The largest cite they had was Mohenjo-Daro, it was n the Sihn region of Pakistan. They believe 40,000 lived in just Mohenjo-Daro. Some think that the Harappa civilization was happening around 7000 BCE, they believe they were just living in small villages, but they don’t have very much evidence. Nobody really knows how or why the Indus Valley civilization came to an end. Hunter- Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, tin, and lead. 600 BCEShang China: Beginnings -  Gabe - the earliest period in chinese history is the mythical period which supposedly was ruled by the xia empire and was overthrown by the Shang in 1766 bce but we are not sure if the Xia overthrow was true because we don’t have archaeological evidence of the Xia empire but we do have evidence of the Shang empire and they ruled from 1766 bce to 1046 bce Ella - The earliest form of Chinese writing was found as inscriptions carved into bones and shells.These animal remains were known as oracle bones. The writing on the bones was very complex, suggesting that the language had been around for a while. Scientists didn't have trouble reading it because it was very similar to modern chinese writing. Ben - The chinese craftsmen mastered the alloy bronze, which gave most of their soldiers an advantage. The Shang were excellent builders and engineers, they worked on many things including irrigation systems similar to how the indus river civilization did.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Emma - In the Shang Dynasty Civilization, the king was not a political figure. His main role was as a religious leader, the use of oracle bones making up a large part of their responsibilities. The government itself was run by chosen advisors and other officials. Audrey - Chinese writings from the Shang Dynasty can be found on oracle bones. An oracle bone is an ox’s scapula (shoulder blade) that people would write questions on; they would heat the bone over a flame until it cracked, and then they would interpret the cracks to get an answer to their question. Skylar - The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty that we have a lot of proof of. It lasted around 500 years. They had great irrigation systems for their day, and had also developed social classes. Both banks of the Yellow River had greats amounts of loess.with is a very nutrient-rich soil that is amazing for growing almost anything. The Shang dynasty was in and near the modern day city of Anyang. It’s known for their writing, a lot like modern day Chinese. Near the end of this dynasty they had chariots and people believe they were in contact with people out in the west. - Ethan - The Shang had some, to say the least, strange practices.  The Shang made offerings to dead relatives in attempt to communicate with them. These “Oracle Bones” people will have talked about by now, are made out of turtle shells, and they were used to predict the future. Hunter- the Shang dynasty craftspeople mastered bronze, an alloy of copper and tin; bronze weapons gave the foot soldiers a tactical advantage.   600 BCEAncient Americas: Beginnings - Gabe - Some of the first people in north america were the olmec who were some of the first mexicans they lived around the gulf of mexico around were veracruz and tabasco (like the sauce i guess) is a nahuatl word from the aztec language which means rubber people because they were the first we know to discover how to convert latex off trees into rubber we call them this because we do not know exactly what they called themselves Ella - None of the Olmecs beliefs or customs were recorded, but there were some artifacts found in the area that indicated long trade routes that spread throughout many regions. Some of the artifacts such as jade and obsidian were evidence that the Olmec people traded with civilizations outside the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Ben - There were a few different early north and south american tribes and cultures such as the mayans. The Mayans were the only ones in early america who had a fully developed writing system. They used hieroglyphs and lived in southeast mexico, they kind of owned southeast mexico. Emma - From 3500 to 1700 BC the Caral civilization existed in was is now northern Peru. It was a complex society in which specialized and interconnected roles existed, though people disagree on whether or not it can be classified as a civilization due to the lack of evidence concerning political, economical, and religious systems. Audrey - The first humans to come to the Americas came 15-16,000 years ago.They are believed to have come from north-eastern Asia across the Bering Strait during the last glaciation period when the sea level was low enough for the Bering Land Bridge. Skylar - the first people that came to north and south america somewhere between 15,000 and 16,000 years ago. They believe the first people were in Florida 14,500 years ago. The Mississippian culture was a north american culture. The mississippi river is named after them. Their famous city was Cahokia and it is around modern day St. Louis. - Ethan - There was a race of people called the Chavin and their culture was centered around a big temple in Chavin de Huantar. Their government system was most likely based off of a hierarchy, while sticking to religion. The Chavin was founded in the northern Andean highlands in Peru. Their civilization was founded in between 900 and 250 BC, which was about to the time period of 1000 years after the collapse of the Caral. The Chavin were located in the Mosna River Valley, in which the Mosna and Huachesa rivers meet. Hunter- cant find nothin!!!!!!! 600 BCE Human innovation and the environment  Gabe - We were nomadic people so we started to farm and start agriculture and build small villages probably making us have more food for more population and basically we started staying in one spot and we started to have tribes and the others started doing this. Ella - One thing that separates humans from animals is our ability to learn and teach efficiently and effectively. We are able to pass down the information and skills we learned to the next generation a lot better than other species can. This is because of our specific and strong communication techniques we've developed like language and writing. Skylar - Before the Neolithic era people had to hunt for food. They would walk short or long distances to find food if there was nothing oblivious to kill for food. Most people were what are called hunter gatherers. They did not consume as much calories as pastoral people. This was called Paleolithic era and the beginning of the mesolithic era. The main thing that happened in the Neolithic era was agriculture. Agriculture was a huge deal, most would say one of the best things that happened in human history. It changed people’s lifestyle and diet. They could now raise crops and/or animals. Move most anywhere they wanted. They then had time to figure out a way to write out the things they were learning. Ben - Over all this time and seeing these things it’s interesting to realize that these people were skilled and could create art and sculptures, writing and speech. One of the most helpful human skills is collective learning, where most information can be passed on to more people in such a way to make the potential knowledge of collective humanity nearly infinite. Emma - The development of written language had a huge impact on the development of human civilizations. Learning from the past, beyond what current generations could recall, began to change societies. For example, it allowed agriculture to develop because newer generations could learn what did and didn’t work in the past. Political records also influenced and changed developing political systems. Audrey - The Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal meaning from the beginning, would have controlled fires that would clear the forests to make the area more suitable for grassland. The grassland would provide an area for animals they could easily hunt and live off of. - Ethan - Innovation mainly began with stone tools that allowed humans to do simple tasks even easier. These tools that helped early humans hunt consisted mainly of spears and knives but very primitive. Like very poorly sharpened edges, but enough to get the job done. Farming tools would mainly consist of what today would be related to a hoe. Hunter- A type of farming used by the Aboriginal Australians was firestick farming, when they would conduct said farming they would start what are called ‘controlled burns’ they were not new to this and knew which seasons to do this in. Like in Spring or Autumn when there was a certain amount of moisture in the air to control the fires and this did more than just give the natives a better landscape but to also help prevent large scale fires and allow kangaroo to graze there for them to eat.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us out of the box that is learning

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   Last time on the show... Beginnings - 600 BCE   The origin of humans and early human societies: Beginnings -  Gabe - Prehistory is the history before it was written. Finding bones and doing tests like potassium argon dating or other methods to find the age was one of the ways we could see find prehistory. The tools they used and how the newer ones were perfected is another. Ben- Anthropology is the study of ancient humans and their cultures. Everyone always talks about how old certain things are, but how is the information found? Radiocarbon dating is when you get a certain element called carbon 14 and and see how much of it has decayed back into nitrogen 14. So if half the carbon 14 has decayed, that means the item is 5730 years old. The radiocarbon method is a good indicator of how old something is. Audrey - Written records are a main tool in learning the history of the people before us. These are, in some ways, more detailed than other forms of records, including archaeological and biological remains. That being said, written records can’t be the only thing taken into consideration; they could be biased or could be stories passed down generation after generation, slowly being changed to fit the current worldviews. Emma - Many Paleolithic societies were communal. The members of a community, which were most often small, nomadic groups, worked together to perform various tasks. The women typically raised the children, gathered food, and cooked, whereas the men did the hunting, often in groups. However, in some communities, the work is thought to have been divided evenly between both women and men. Ella - Early paleolithic societies did not have agricultural systems like we do today. They relied on tools they made to hunt animals. These societies would use tools made out of rocks such as handaxes. They used these for both hunting and digging. The other half of their diet consisted of natural fruits and vegetables they found in their environment. Skylar - According to historians the first generations of “human” like people are called Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapiens were apart of a group called Hominids. Archaeologist and anthropologist believe that they were alive between 2.5 and 4 million years ago and lived in eastern and southern Africa. Ethan - The anatomic structure of the people of today has existed for about 200,000 years. Egyptian hieroglyphs have been around for close to 5,000 years but America couldn’t even comprehend the hieroglyphs until 1799 when America found the Rosetta Stone. Even then when America had the Rosetta Stone it took quite a while to decipher it. And even after we began to comprehend hieroglyphs, we still had to hope no one would “change the story” to make it more interesting. And people still had altering views so deciding which was true caused more investigation. Thus, the Scientific Process. Hunter- the study of human existence has been going on for multiple centries. The process has just evolved to even being able to find the year of when the creature and or early human existed and died.   600 BCE The Neolithic Revolution and the birth of agriculture: Beginnings - Emma - The word Neolithic is derived from neo, meaning new, and the Greek word lithos, which translates to stone. It is the latter part of the stone age in which tools began to have a more smooth and refined appearance. Unlike before, these tools had complex shapes and purposes, and began to resemble the instruments used in more advanced societies. Audrey - Since the birth of agriculture, Earth’s population has increased immensely. In the Paleolithic period, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers, and the population was roughly 10 million. Then 10 - 15 thousand years ago (13000 - 8000 B.C.) the Neolithic period came, and along with that, agriculture. Since plants and animals were now being domesticated, and more people could be fed, the population grew. By the time of the Roman Empire there were around 250 million people on Earth, and since then the population has grown to approximately 7 billion.  Gabe -  There was different types of agriculture there was pastoralism which was the branch of agriculture that bred animals goat, sheep, cattle, and in this branch they collected food from there goats and cattle and probably wool from the sheep and milk from the cows and probably the goats too     Ella - Most  early civilizations came together through religion, or beliefs and practices that associate with the meaning of the world. with  This was how people who were not familiar with one another created trustworthy and respectful relationships. Religion was commonly associated with politics. Religious leaders commonly worked as political leaders as well.   Ethan - Agriculture was created so that the survivability of the human race would increase. The end of the most recent glacial period was about the same time that agriculture emerged. The reasoning behind this is that the soil had thawed so food could be grown in abundance. Ben - There were a few different things being grown around the world. Stuff like barley, but also something less known called sorghum. Sorghum today is mostly used for animal food, but can also be used to create a kind of sweet syrup. Sorghum was being grown about the area sudan is at today and was probably being used as a normal grain in 9000-7000 BCE. There was also okra, black eyed peas, and yam around the west coast of africa. (Can talk about more different foods and where they’re from if needed) Skylar -City-States couldn’t have been became created without agriculture. Most people would not be alive if it wasn’t for agriculture. Since agriculture has been created the plants (veggies) and animals (meat and milk). Thanks to irrigation vegetation can now be grown almost anywhere. The availability of human consumable calories per square kilometer has increased rapidly. People started farming in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and went on to East Asia, mexico, and many more places. Hunter- Neolithic Age is also known as the New Stone Age. However, it is closely connected to civilization, animal domestication, inventions, and agriculture. Stability in life opened new doors for man, as he ventured into domesticating animals rather than merely hunting them as per his need. He also invented pottery in this era, making it a symbol of the Neolithic era. 600 BCEAncient Mesopotamia: Beginnings -  Gabe - I'm going to start by saying Mesopotamia means country between to rivers so most the cities were born on the rivers tigris euphrates (which is what Mesopotamia is in between) the yangtze or the nile. They were born on these cities because the rivers would fertilize their crops bring water and transportation later on      Ella - The Sumerians were a group of people that started in Southern Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE. They wrote some of the first written scripts that were made of clay tablets. These ideas spread to surrounding civilizations which resulted in more languages being written. These languages are what today's alphabet was developed from. Audrey - Mesopotamia was one of the first significant civilizations, and was located in what is now Iraq. The Sumerians are believed to be the first civilization to emerge in Mesopotamia (4000 B.C.). They are well known for the first development of the wheel (3500 B.C.), and for their architectural structures, like the ziggurats which were found in the center of many Sumerian and Mesopotamian cities. Emma - Around 3000 BC the Sumerians came in contact with the Akkadians, named after the city-state of Akkad. About 700 years later, Sargon of Akkad came into power and is thought to have started the first dynastic empire. Both the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers were ruled by the Akkadian Empire until it’s fall in 2154 BC. Ben - After the akkadian empire, a new empire began, and it was called the Babylonian empire. The Babylonians used to just be a small place in Akkadia (2300 BC), but grew into an empire. The leader of the Babylonian empire was Hammurabi. The Babylonians influenced the area in that they had a sort of law system that was based on religion. They spoke Akkadian. (1800-600 BC) from 1770- 1670 and from 612-320 BC babylon was estimated to be the largest city in population size in the world. Skylar - The Pharaoh King Menes was able to unify upper and lower Egypt with the Eqyptian civilization. Hammurabi was famous for making the code of Hammurabi. He codified a series of laws. Ethan - After the Sumerian and Akkadian empires formed, the Assyrian Empire formed about 1000 years later in northern Mesopotamia. Ashur was the capital of Assyria. Assyria was originally ruled by Sargon and his bloodline during the Akkadian Empire. After the end of the Akkadian empire Assyria became the major empire then. 8. Hunter- Mesopotamia was known in antiquity as a seat of learning, and it is believed that Thales of Miletus  (c. 585 BCE, known as the first philosopher) studied there. As the Babylonians believed that water was the ‘first principle’ from which all else followed, and as Thales is famous for that very claim, it seems probable that he studied there.   600 BCEAncient Egypt: Beginnings - 600 BCE  Gabe - Egypt started next to the nile which is because it helps with many things as we  talked about earlier there was the old egypt which was when the pyramids were built and this is the time we kind of think about when we think egypt but the pharaohs you think about were very far from the building of the pyramids and cleopatra actually lived 2500 years from the makings of the pyramids and 2037 from the making of the first iphone so she lived closer to the iphone   Ella - During the old kingdom period, Egypt was a single state. The country eventually became more complex and expanded their military. The kings of the time built formations such as Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza. These structures were used as tombs or monuments for the kings that built them. Emma - The Egyptian political system was based on the idea of divine kingship. They believed that the political ruler, or pharaoh, either held the favor of a god (or gods) or was in fact a living incarnation of the god themself. An example of this was Narmer who was thought to be Horus. This reinforced the authority of the current political figure in power. Audrey - The Egyptian civilization was originally divided into upper and lower Egypt. The official beginning of the civilization was somewhere around 3100-3150 B.C. when the two parts of Egypt were united under one king. Ben - As with most early civilizations, egypt was based around a river. When civilizations start around rivers it gives the people fresh water and a good source of water for agricultural purposes too. Even egypt’s seasons were based around the nile and how it affected crops and weather. The first season would be Akhet, which would now be around june-september and was based around the nile river flooding to provide water to crops. The second season was Peret, (Oct. - Feb.) where crops would be planted. The final season was called Shemu, (March - May) when everything would be harvested.                                                                                          Skylar - The Nile River starts in mid-eastern Africa and goes all the way down to the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is one of the great rivers. It makes the soil around it rich. Like ben said for growing plants. Most of the population in Egypt is around or close by the multipurpose river. They have a season of harvest and it’s when the soil is most fertile for growing crops. The annual rain is very important because it adds another layer of extremely nutrient-rich soil that’s needed for the Shemu season. Ethan - Wars had what seemed to be a major impact on the civil structure of Egypt. The costs include drought, famine, and disruption of Egyptian civilians. This kind of split Egypt into many different city-states. This allowed any city-state with the military power to take cities, as Kush conquered Lower and Upper Egypt. But soon the Kushites were kicked out of Egypt. Hunter- nothing left to write T^T this is sad all info was sucked dry so please dont blame me   Ancient art and artifacts: Beginnings -  Gabe - One of the artifacts that was found was the standard of ur and no one knows for sure what it actually was but it has 2 sides to it and on one side you have basically peace and prosperity where it shows animals being taken to trade or sacrifice or eat were not really sure and it shows the king and some other important people drinking in enjoyment there many things like that.(didnt want to take to much info someone want to connect to mine and explain what was on the other side) Ella - There were many materials used to make the standard of ur such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, Red stones from India, and shells from the gulf to the South of Iraq. These things are all reminders that the cities thrived because of the success in agriculture. There was a river valley between Tigris and Euphrates where they grew large amounts of food. Ben - One of the most important historical items in Egyptian history was the Rosetta Stone, the Rosetta Stone was an ancient stone tablet discovered in 1799, it had the same thing written in three different languages. First, hieroglyphs, then egyptian, then greek. This allowed historians to translate all the hieroglyphs that were seen in temples and pyramids. Emma - On the other side of the Standard of Ur, there are three scenes depicting a war. The lowest section shows chariots coming into battle and trampling their enemies. The second row has a clearly organized army marching into battle, fighting, and taking prisoners. The top again has the king, this time being presented with prisoners of war. Audrey - The Rosetta Stone is a very popular artifact found in the British Museum. It was brought there when Napoleon’s army was in Egypt. One of the many people who came with Napoleon came across the stone being used in the foundation of a fort. Originally it would have been in or near an Egyptian temple and was the bottom part of a much taller tablet. Napoleon took the stone back with him, but when the British defeated Napoleon they took it. Two years later, in 1801 or 1802, the Rosetta Stone was taken to the British Museum and it has been there ever since. Ethan - I guess I’ll explain the Rosetta Stone. It had 2 forms of Egyptian on it. Hieroglyphic and Demotic. Hieroglyphic, as many people know, uses symbols. Demotic is kind of like the print writing of English, but Egyptian. It also had Greek on the stone so it, even after many years, was decipherable. Skylar - The Rosetta Stone was carved in 196 B.C. We were not able to read the Rosetta Stone until mid 19th century. The Rosetta stone is called the Rosetta stone because of where it was found, Rosetta. It was written in three different scripts The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents. The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. Hunter- The Rosetta stone and the Standard of Ur are both important discoveries I can’t say anything more because like last season nothing left to say it’s all taken (and yes i went and looked at more than just the first page or google but I mean this is what I get for being busy all week i guess)   600 BCEAncient India: Beginnings -  Gabe - the harappan civilization or the indus valley civilization because it was near the indus river spread from northwest india to afghanistan and pakistan at the peak of the harappan civilization they may have had a population of 5 million people indus cities are noted for there urban planning which is where you build your cities in with the land to make your life easier basically they also made baked brick houses huge drainage systems water supply systems and basically metropolitan areas.    Ella - Around 2600 BCE, Harappan communities had become large urban areas. Overall about 1000 settlements were founded in the Indus river area. The Mohenjo-daro was one of the biggest cities in the area. It was also one of the more sophisticated cities with its advanced uses for engineering and urban planning. Ben - The Indus river civilization was one of the most advanced and one of the most mysterious ancient places. They were very good at building and their brick areas are impressive even to today’s standards because of how they survived hundreds of years of weather and damage. And jewelry from around that area has been seen in different countries, so trading was probably happening too. Emma - The people of the Indus River Valley Civilization region are known for their advancements in the technology of their time. Their accurate systems for measuring length and mass made their advanced sanitation system possible. This system was the first of its kind ever in history. Audrey - Sanskrit has many similarities to other languages like English and Latin. Words like matr, in English mother, and in Latin mater, show the resemblance. The Vedas mention a “god” named Dyaus Pitr which means “sky father”. In Greek there is Zeus Pater, and in Latin Jupiter, both of which, also meaning sky father. - Ethan - Some of the people in the Indus Valley are called Harappans. The reason that the Harappans succeeded in early technology was they had the most accurate ways to measure length and mass. They also invented bricks, one of the staples in building today. Skylar - The Harappa civilization was more than just Harappa. The largest cite they had was Mohenjo-Daro, it was n the Sihn region of Pakistan. They believe 40,000 lived in just Mohenjo-Daro. Some think that the Harappa civilization was happening around 7000 BCE, they believe they were just living in small villages, but they don’t have very much evidence. Nobody really knows how or why the Indus Valley civilization came to an end. Hunter- Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, tin, and lead. 600 BCEShang China: Beginnings -  Gabe - the earliest period in chinese history is the mythical period which supposedly was ruled by the xia empire and was overthrown by the Shang in 1766 bce but we are not sure if the Xia overthrow was true because we don’t have archaeological evidence of the Xia empire but we do have evidence of the Shang empire and they ruled from 1766 bce to 1046 bce Ella - The earliest form of Chinese writing was found as inscriptions carved into bones and shells.These animal remains were known as oracle bones. The writing on the bones was very complex, suggesting that the language had been around for a while. Scientists didn't have trouble reading it because it was very similar to modern chinese writing. Ben - The chinese craftsmen mastered the alloy bronze, which gave most of their soldiers an advantage. The Shang were excellent builders and engineers, they worked on many things including irrigation systems similar to how the indus river civilization did.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Emma - In the Shang Dynasty Civilization, the king was not a political figure. His main role was as a religious leader, the use of oracle bones making up a large part of their responsibilities. The government itself was run by chosen advisors and other officials. Audrey - Chinese writings from the Shang Dynasty can be found on oracle bones. An oracle bone is an ox’s scapula (shoulder blade) that people would write questions on; they would heat the bone over a flame until it cracked, and then they would interpret the cracks to get an answer to their question. Skylar - The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty that we have a lot of proof of. It lasted around 500 years. They had great irrigation systems for their day, and had also developed social classes. Both banks of the Yellow River had greats amounts of loess.with is a very nutrient-rich soil that is amazing for growing almost anything. The Shang dynasty was in and near the modern day city of Anyang. It’s known for their writing, a lot like modern day Chinese. Near the end of this dynasty they had chariots and people believe they were in contact with people out in the west. - Ethan - The Shang had some, to say the least, strange practices.  The Shang made offerings to dead relatives in attempt to communicate with them. These “Oracle Bones” people will have talked about by now, are made out of turtle shells, and they were used to predict the future. Hunter- the Shang dynasty craftspeople mastered bronze, an alloy of copper and tin; bronze weapons gave the foot soldiers a tactical advantage.   600 BCEAncient Americas: Beginnings - Gabe - Some of the first people in north america were the olmec who were some of the first mexicans they lived around the gulf of mexico around were veracruz and tabasco (like the sauce i guess) is a nahuatl word from the aztec language which means rubber people because they were the first we know to discover how to convert latex off trees into rubber we call them this because we do not know exactly what they called themselves Ella - None of the Olmecs beliefs or customs were recorded, but there were some artifacts found in the area that indicated long trade routes that spread throughout many regions. Some of the artifacts such as jade and obsidian were evidence that the Olmec people traded with civilizations outside the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Ben - There were a few different early north and south american tribes and cultures such as the mayans. The Mayans were the only ones in early america who had a fully developed writing system. They used hieroglyphs and lived in southeast mexico, they kind of owned southeast mexico. Emma - From 3500 to 1700 BC the Caral civilization existed in was is now northern Peru. It was a complex society in which specialized and interconnected roles existed, though people disagree on whether or not it can be classified as a civilization due to the lack of evidence concerning political, economical, and religious systems. Audrey - The first humans to come to the Americas came 15-16,000 years ago.They are believed to have come from north-eastern Asia across the Bering Strait during the last glaciation period when the sea level was low enough for the Bering Land Bridge. Skylar - the first people that came to north and south america somewhere between 15,000 and 16,000 years ago. They believe the first people were in Florida 14,500 years ago. The Mississippian culture was a north american culture. The mississippi river is named after them. Their famous city was Cahokia and it is around modern day St. Louis. - Ethan - There was a race of people called the Chavin and their culture was centered around a big temple in Chavin de Huantar. Their government system was most likely based off of a hierarchy, while sticking to religion. The Chavin was founded in the northern Andean highlands in Peru. Their civilization was founded in between 900 and 250 BC, which was about to the time period of 1000 years after the collapse of the Caral. The Chavin were located in the Mosna River Valley, in which the Mosna and Huachesa rivers meet. Hunter- cant find nothin!!!!!!! 600 BCE Human innovation and the environment  Gabe - We were nomadic people so we started to farm and start agriculture and build small villages probably making us have more food for more population and basically we started staying in one spot and we started to have tribes and the others started doing this. Ella - One thing that separates humans from animals is our ability to learn and teach efficiently and effectively. We are able to pass down the information and skills we learned to the next generation a lot better than other species can. This is because of our specific and strong communication techniques we've developed like language and writing. Skylar - Before the Neolithic era people had to hunt for food. They would walk short or long distances to find food if there was nothing oblivious to kill for food. Most people were what are called hunter gatherers. They did not consume as much calories as pastoral people. This was called Paleolithic era and the beginning of the mesolithic era. The main thing that happened in the Neolithic era was agriculture. Agriculture was a huge deal, most would say one of the best things that happened in human history. It changed people’s lifestyle and diet. They could now raise crops and/or animals. Move most anywhere they wanted. They then had time to figure out a way to write out the things they were learning. Ben - Over all this time and seeing these things it’s interesting to realize that these people were skilled and could create art and sculptures, writing and speech. One of the most helpful human skills is collective learning, where most information can be passed on to more people in such a way to make the potential knowledge of collective humanity nearly infinite. Emma - The development of written language had a huge impact on the development of human civilizations. Learning from the past, beyond what current generations could recall, began to change societies. For example, it allowed agriculture to develop because newer generations could learn what did and didn’t work in the past. Political records also influenced and changed developing political systems. Audrey - The Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal meaning from the beginning, would have controlled fires that would clear the forests to make the area more suitable for grassland. The grassland would provide an area for animals they could easily hunt and live off of. - Ethan - Innovation mainly began with stone tools that allowed humans to do simple tasks even easier. These tools that helped early humans hunt consisted mainly of spears and knives but very primitive. Like very poorly sharpened edges, but enough to get the job done. Farming tools would mainly consist of what today would be related to a hoe. Hunter- A type of farming used by the Aboriginal Australians was firestick farming, when they would conduct said farming they would start what are called ‘controlled burns’ they were not new to this and knew which seasons to do this in. Like in Spring or Autumn when there was a certain amount of moisture in the air to control the fires and this did more than just give the natives a better landscape but to also help prevent large scale fires and allow kangaroo to graze there for them to eat.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us out of the box that is learning

The Colorado author scaled ice fields and ancient caves to follow the route early humans would’ve taken to cross the Bering Land Bridge into North America. Ryan Warner interviewed him live on stage at the Avalon Theatre in Grand Junction. Then, extreme drought has put Colorado farmers and ranchers in a tight corner.

Dan O’Neill has become a living legend in Alaska. He is the author of The Firecracker Boys: H-Bombs, Inupiat Eskimos, and the Roots of the Environmental Movement; A Land Gone Lonesome: An Inland Voyage along the Yukon River; The Last Giant of Beringia: The Mystery of the Bering Land Bridge; and recently Stubborn Gal: The True Story of an Undefeated Sled Dog Racer, a children’s book published by The University of Alaska Press. Dan came to Alaska in 1975 and has done a variety of thing including dog mushing, trapping, hunting, working in construction and on the pipeline. As research associate at the UAF’s Oral History Program, he produced radio and television documentaries for public broadcasting. And for several years he wrote a column of political opinion for the Fairbanks daily newspaper. Joining Dan O'Neill is UAA English Professor Jackie Cason who teaches courses in rhetoric, composition, nature and science writing.

Today we talk about the controversy around the Solutrean Hypothesis and the modern misconceptions around the Bering Land Bridge.

Today we talk about the controversy around the Solutrean Hypothesis and the modern misconceptions around the Bering Land Bridge. Links Discussions about Bruce Bradly's and Dennis Stanford's Solutrean-Clovis Hypothesis. Jennifer A. Raff and Deborah A. Bolnick's: (Clicking on the link downloads a PDF or opens it in your browser) Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Re-Evaluation.  Support the Show If you’d like to support the Podcast, condenser donating to us monthly on Patreon:  https://www.patreon.com/Archyfantasies or giving just a little on Ko-Fi : https://ko-fi.com/A8833HAS . Either option helps us out. Be sure to subscribe to the podcast and like and share us where ever you can. You can follow us on twitter @Archyfantsies or look us up on Facebook. Theme Music by ArcheoSoup Productions Contact us below or leave a comment. Edited by Chris Webster