Emancipation Podcast Station

Hey guys before we start, I'm Tatum and I'll be filling in for Kaden here and there throughout the semester, now Welcome back to the Emancipation Podcast Station…your place where history is researched and retold through the eyes of middle school and high school students. Today we are diving back into the early 19th century of politics How about we start at the war of 1812The War of 1812 Jax-Let me tell you about the War of 1812. It was like a showdown between the United States and the UK, with their indigenous allies thrown into the mix. And Spain decided to join in on the fun, but only in Florida, like they were playing a small role or something. This whole military drama started because the United States declared war on June 18, 1812, and it dragged on for years until they finally signed the peace treaty known as the Treaty of Ghent on December 24 1814. But even though they agreed on peace terms, the war still went on until the United States Congress got around to ratifying the treaty on February 17 1815. This war was a big deal in American history, showing off the drama between the US and its former colonial overlord.Avery- right and This war was mainly fought due to issues like maritime rights which is who gets to sail where, trade restrictions, and British backing of Native American tribes against American expansion. A standout moment of the War of 1812 was when the British started a BBQ on the Washington lawn in 1814, toasting the White House and the Capitol….Despite facing some initial setbacks, the United States managed to secure triumphs throughout the war, with the Battle of New Orleans being a particularly decisive victory led by General Andrew Jackson. Naomi- yes so something that stood out to me was during the war of 1812  the british were trying really hard to regulate American trade. They even passed the orders in the counsel which required american ships to basically dock in Britain and to pay tax before ever trading with other European nations. Hunter- And some other reasons the war was fought because there was some issues with plague relations between the U.S and Great Britain after the revolutionary war. Which were impressment of American sailors and trade restrictions on American shipping.

Hey guys before we start, I'm Tatum and I'll be filling in for Kaden here and there throughout the semester, now Welcome back to the Emancipation Podcast Station…your place where history is researched and retold through the eyes of middle school and high school students. Today we are diving back into the early 19th-century of politics How about we start with the war of 1812The War of 1812 Jax-Let me tell you about the War of 1812. It was like a showdown between the United States and the UK, with their indigenous allies thrown into the mix. And Spain decided to join in on the fun, but only in Florida, like they were playing a small role or something. This whole military drama started because the United States declared war on June 18, 1812, and it dragged on for years until they finally signed the peace treaty known as the Treaty of Ghent on December 24 1814. But even though they agreed on peace terms, the war still went on until the United States Congress got around to ratifying the treaty on February 17 1815. This war was a big deal in American history, showing off the drama between the US and its former colonial overlord.Avery- right and This war was mainly fought due to issues like maritime rights which is who gets to sail where, trade restrictions, and British backing of Native American tribes against American expansion. A standout moment of the War of 1812 was when the British started a BBQ on the Washington lawn in 1814, toasting the White House and the Capitol….Despite facing some initial setbacks, the United States managed to secure triumphs throughout the war, with the Battle of New Orleans being a particularly decisive victory led by General Andrew Jackson. Naomi- yes so something that stood out to me was during the war of 1812  the british were trying really hard to regulate American trade. They even passed the orders in the counsel which required american ships to basically dock in Britain and to pay tax before ever trading with other European nations. Hunter- And some other reasons the war was fought because there was some issues with plague relations between the U.S and Great Britain after the revolutionary war. Which were impressment of American sailors and trade restrictions on American shipping.

Caydan: Welcome back to the Emancipation Podcast Station…your place where history is researched and retold through the eyes of middle school and high school students. Last time we talked about what governing a nation now looks like without England  …today we discuss the changes to our nation in its infancy.Consequences of RevolutionThe American Revolution was a revolution of ideas and rights for the American people to distinguish between their new government and the old one they left behind  Jaxlenn- Right! Which previously had limited the franchise to wealthier white men. After the revolution, most of the white men had the right to vote, and voting rights would continue to expand until all white men had the right to vote by around the 1830s. And maybe you didn't know but some state constitutions, like New Jersey's, didn't specify who could vote, as long as they met the new lower property requirements. So between the revolution and 1807 property-owning women and free people of color could vote!Paisley- Yes so, the American Revolution started getting curious and having ideas about equal rights and power, proceeding to having to better the rights to vote, slavery and women's standing. It Developed a way bigger democracy, intituatid about the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved people around the world.Avery- Right!  And Abigail Adams, who was the wife of John Adams, wrote to him while he was in Philadelphia working on the draft of The Declaration of Independence with Thomas Jefferson and others and in one of the letters Abigail Adams wrote to her husband it said in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors, If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies we are determined to foment rebellion and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation  Hunter- After the Revolution each state wrote a new Constitution and each one of them instituted a new Government. Almost every single one of their Constitutions reduced property requirements for voting.Naomi joy- yes hunter that's good, so to add on to Avery's the revolution didn't result in a huge change for status for white women, and none for enslaved women which is so sad. So there was a spring up that basically provoked a social change down the road. And that just tells you the idea of motherhood and how much work mothers do.Ashleigh- Above all, the revolution popularized certain radical ideas, including a commitment to liberty, equality, government of people, and rule of law. The revolution also set into motion larger changes in American life. It inspired them to try to reconstruct their society in line with republican principles.

Causes of the RevolutionAvery: Welcome back to the Emancipation Podcast Station…your place where history is researched and retold through the eyes of middle school and high school studentThanks for hanging in after that long break. We last talked about the colonies and what they were sort of known for, so this week we are sort of fast-forwarding into the super-established colonies and Britain was really beginning to act like the mom of an adult kid who still wants to tell the kid what to do. Seven Years War pt1Seven Years War pt 2 Jolene- The 7-year war was the first global war and one of the bloodiest conflicts of the 18th century   Hunter- And this war consisted of Europe, South America, the coast of Africa, India, the Philippines, and North America. Naomi- Yeah!! The English did not declare war on the French until 1756, even though the fighting started earlier in North America.Avery– yea and because of the seven year war, Canada became a British country,the French colonists also known as the Cajuns moved to Louisiana,and last but definitely not least England became the world's leading empire.Jaxlenn- When England and France arrived with their trade goods, the American Indians thought of England, France, and Spain as opportunities to get one up on their older enemies. So when an English trader would sell a gun to a Huron he would more likely go after a Iroquoi (eerocoy) than a French trader.Paisley- The 7 years war was incredibly influential on the completion of the world ,thanks to the 7 years war Canada became a British country not a French which makes it easier to become the United states.   KYLIE- The British and the French were eager to claim land by putting up forts and showing possession of the land. Taxes and SmugglingHunter-The first oppressive tax was the Sugar act of 1764. It extended the Molasses act by changing the tax on the imports from the Caribbean from 6 cents a gallon to 3 cents a gallon.  Jolene- In September 1774 a group of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies georgia met in philadelphia to coordinate the resistance to the intolerable acts Naomi- yes! So it was the first continental congress which set up the continental association to boycott the police and encourage manufacturing.  Jaxlenn- Many colonist again responded with a boycott, and women got in the act this time, with daughters of liberty, encouraging homespun clothes instead of british ones, but not all the states were on board, like artisans loved the boycotts since they received more money but merchants from cities like philadelphia and new york weren't so happy because they made their living by importing and selling the very goods that were now being boycotted.Avery- The british government had to borrow one hundred fifty million pounds which is One hundred eighty-two million four hundred thirty-nine thousand seven hundred fifty in U.S dollars and the interest payment on that money ate up half the national budget and that caused the British to raise taxes which angered the colonist once more.Paisley-The American Revolution and American war for Independence are not the same thing, because the colonies won political independence when they began their own forms of government… So the war was really about their lack of r

Nineteenth Amendment - Who, what, when, Why  Ben -  During the midterm elections of 1918, Woodrow Wilson had to address the issue of women’s suffrage sufficiently, for fear of public outcry if he didn’t. One figure that can be cited as being a powerful force throughout this movement was Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1900-1904 and 1915-1920. The organization and its members pressured Congress to change laws that discriminated against women and minorities.  Jonathan- The 19th Amendment was passed on May 21st 1919 by James R. Mann, This amendment ensured females could vote equally as men could. A right known as women's suffrage was ratified in 1920 Which just ensured that women can vote in local or national elections.  Audrey - So the 15th amendment allowed black males to vote and the 19th amendment is exactly the same thing just instead of race this time it’s about gender. Before the 19th amendment women’s suffrage was actually kind of a state to state thing so like women could vote in some states starting with New Jersey which never restricted women’s rights to vote. Then after the civil war there were a bunch of new states like Utah, Washington and Wyoming, whose state constitutions allowed women to vote. A big reason behind that was to encourage women to move to the west but it also got more states to want to let women vote state to state until it got to a more national level.  Illy- The women’s suffrage movement was founded in the mid-19th century by women who had become politically active through their work in the abolitionist and temperance movements. In July 1848, 240 woman suffragists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, met in Seneca Falls, New York, to assert the right of women to vote.    President Hoover has a reputation for dithering in the face of the Great Depression, but what are some policies he enacted to counteract the economic crisis?  Ben - President Hebert Hoover was tasked with managing America in one of its most vulnerable times. The Great Depression was caused by a number of factors, things like the farming crisis, income inequality, and a dangerously thriving stock market, all of which nearly destroyed the economy. This wasn’t an inevitable thing either, economists warned Hoover and Coolidge, (the president before him), that if they didn’t change things drastically, the economy would crash like never before. Maybe he did deserve the reputation of hesitation around the Great Depression. But I mean, what would you have done? (just saying it was a hard situation don’t actually answer that)  Audrey - A lot of Hoover’s policies didn’t go very well and he kind of got blamed for a lot of the problems the US was having, which presidents often do. He didn’t want the government to get too involved because he was afraid of socialism and he also didn’t really do anything to help unemployment.   Illy-  he took office in 1929 the same year that us economy plummeted so yes like ben and audrey said he did get blamed for a lot of things that happened to the US because he didnt realize the severity of the event going on in his own country something i also found out that may have been a contributing factor in the way he managed this country was this quote from his inauguration “I have no fears for the future of our country”    What is the 18th amendment to the Constitution? When was it ratified? Why did we need it?  Ben - The 18th amendment is the only amendment in the constitution to ever be repealed. Ratified in most states in 1919, this amendment put in place a country-wide ban on alcoholic beverages. ( except 2 states ) Things like religious consumption of wine were still allowed, but any possession or redistribution of alcohol was illegal.   Audrey - So it might sound a little extreme to make alcohol illegal but it was causing real problems. Not only were people drinking 3 times as much as they do today but the alcohol was much more potent. And with the war going on it was kinda like if you wanna defeat the Germans you better stop drinking.  Illy- ok so who likes being told what to do ik i dont but basically we made the 18th amendment and all it did was make sneaky ppl and they were known as bootleggers and these bootleggers would make alcohol and then sell it to people      What is “The Lost Generation”  Ben - Back in the 20’s this term used to mean veteren, or generally anyone involved in, or affected by, the great war. Nowadays we define “The Lost Generation” as anyone born from 1883-1900. The Lost Generation experienced a lot of things that we can only imagine, the popularization of the telephone and typewriter, and a drastic rise in production of cars. By 1929, half of all American families owned a car. It must be confusing to see cars as a luxury, then go to war, come back, and now everyone has one.  Audrey - When all the luxuries like cars, radios and washing machines, started getting popular, many Americans were going deep into debt to have them. That meant that if the economy struggled, which it obviously did, a lot of people were gonna be in trouble.  Illy- people who came back from the vietnam war were also referred to as the lost generation as well      What is the Anti Imperialist League?  The Anti Imperialist League was formed in 1898 to combat America’s takeover of the Philippines. They believed that by being Imperial, America was going against everything it stood for, the values that people like George Washington and Abraham Lincoln tried to bestow upon this country. These values are things like non-intervention, self governing, and consent of the people.  Audrey - There were a lot of members of the anti-imperialist league who didn’t really  have anything in common. Obviously they all thought imperialism was bad but they all had different reasons. Some examples are Andrew Carnegie, who was a big businessman and one of the richest people in the US, Jane Addams, who kinda created the job of social worker, and then there’s also Mark Twain who, I think we all know, is a famous author. So the league was made up of all kinds of very different people with one common belief.  Illy-  so basically these guys motto was “consent of the governed” and they basically thought that america didnt revolve around this and they got mad and formed this group out of spite     The Meat Inspection Act   Ben - When I read the contents of the Federal Meat Inspection Act, I thought it was crazy that something like this wasn’t already in place. This law, put in place in 1906, specifically makes it so that if you sell any meat, you have to disclose what the meat is. Before this you could get away with not telling anybody or putting on a wrong label and nobody could press charges against you.   Audrey - Before the meat inspection act packing plants were developing assembly lines to more efficiently process and pack the meat but they weren’t restricted much by the government and because of that they were unclean and were producing meat unfit for human consumption. The packing plants did have inspectors but they would specifically pick inspectors so nothing would ever be inspected well. For example they would take dead rats and pieces of old meat off of the floor and call it sausage.  Illy- basically dont put the wrong label on the meat and then this wont happen like what did they expect to happen when people continually would wrongly label and taking things that werent usually made into meat product This law implemented 4 additional clauses, first and second is inspection of livestock before and after slaughter, third is higher sanitary requirements for slaughter houses, fourth is authorizing the entire U.S. department of Agriculture to monitor the entire process. So from the time the cow is born to the time it gets put in a store, they get to see it all and make sure nothing dishonest is going on.   Pure Food and Drug Act  Ben - The Pure Food and Drug Act, similar to the Meat Inspection Act, is pretty self explanatory. Signed on the same exact day as the Meat Inspection Act, meat packing companies got hit pretty hard. Food isn’t the only thing these laws affected, however.  Audrey - Another problem with the drugs is they were being labeled incorrectly or dishonestly, similar to the problem with the meat. That was obviously very dangerous because people didn’t know what they were actually taking. The worst case was in 1937 when elixir sulfanilamide contained a poison and killed 107 people, many of them being children. That made it clear how important food and drug safety was and encouraged the pure food and drug act.  Illy-  basically the problem people  are dishonest little turds and they cant jus help people out by doing what they are supposed to Certain drugs were deemed addictive, or dangerous. Morphine, Opium, Alcohol, and Cannabis were all deemed addictive or dangerous. These laws also led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.  

  Westward Expansion - (bring up Economic, social, and cultural development) Gabriel - I want to talk a little bit about manifest destiny so manifest destiny was the idea that the united states was destined by God which lets be honest if your expanding and taking territory you better believe your destined by god like nah dude im just evil love expanding through violence or not  Caydan - The louisiana purchase took place in 1803 was a event where thomas jefferson wanted to buy the land around the mississippi river so that he could transport goods easily across it he bought the land from france for 10 million dollars after previously rejected overs of a lower sum  france agreed  because they needed cash for the war they were gonna fight with britain they also added a ton of other land between the mississippi river and the rocky mountains which sounds great but in reality they really did not own the land because native americans still inhabited the land  Illy- so the westward expansion started after the louisiana purchase which was like around 1803 i think and people took this opportunity to explore this new territory, so the native americans lived very differently than the settlers moving in the westward expansion and because of this the colonist called them savages and tried to change their way of life, when the settlers started moving to the west they needed land to live on so what did they do? the only thing they knew how i guess because the didnt even think of any other way to get land other than kicking all of the indians out and said hey you can either become a citizen and start living like us or you can leave and we’ll take your land for ourselves anyways   Audrey - In 1820 the US was a young nation with just 22 states. 11 were free states and 11 were slave states. But then Missouri, which was acquired through the Louisiana Purchase, wanted to be admitted into the Union as a slave state. This threw off the balance in congress because now there would be 12 slave states and only 11 free states. So as a kind of compromise, in exchange for Missouri becoming a slave state, Maine would be a free state. That evened out the power in congress giving equal representation while still letting Missouri be a slave state. This was called the Missouri compromise.    Jonathan-There was much population grown in the eastern states so the westward expansion began however that wasn't the only reason for the westward expansion.There was a lot of available cheap and fertile land for farming, also there an economic opportunity that was seen by many people and this opportunity was known as the california gold rush, along with this open land runaway slaves could settle without having to worry about having to hiding and just being able to live the rest of their lives free. Ben - Shortly after the Louisiana purchase Thomas Jefferson tasked two men to explore and map the entire area. In 1804, Meriweather Lewis and William Clark began an 8,000 mile journey joined by 43 others they had trained prior to the expedition. They encountered around 50 different Native American tribes during their travels, and there were no violent instances of first contact. Lewis and Clark actually had a very robust plan for interacting with the native people, they packed an assortment of trading materials and also carried coins with Thomas Jefferson’s face as well as the inscription “Peace and Friendship” which carries a different weight after what colonists did to the Native Americans.   The Gold Rush  Gabe - The gold rush started in 1848 when in california James W. Marshall who was building a mill for Johann sutter FOUND GOLD. news got out by 1849 we’ve got tons of people going to california for the gold sense it was 1849 the people were dubbed the name forty niner’s and this brought in around 300,000 people  Caydan- gold rush influenced the making of california with more people coming there and settling there. It also made industrial and agricultural develop significantly and led to the settling of the west coast states significantly   Illy-  well while the discovery of gold did influence people to move west and go to california the glory really didn last that long starting from 1848 and ended in 1855 which yes was prolly really like successful time frame for those people that made it there and found gold but what a lot of people don't know is that even after this rush ended people still kept coming to the west in search of gold and then were disappointed when they couldn't find anything  Jonathan- The gold rush attracted immigrants from around the entire world and by 1850 more than 25% of california's population was not born in the united states and when the amounts of gold began to drop miners started getting frustrated that they were not finding anything so they blamed the immigrants, California’s legislature then passed a foreign miners tax which brought a monthly fee of 20$ on non citizens which was equivalent to 500 dollars a month in today's money  Ben - The economic effects of the California Gold Rush can not be understated. There were countless technological advances industrially and in agriculture because of just how much people wanted to find gold. It brought countless profits to thousands of Americans and gave the economy a much needed boost. There were a lot of side effects, however. They needed water for the mining, which redirected a lot of it away from farms, drying up a lot of land. This left a large portion of California near destroyed.  Audrey - When people panned for gold that was called placer mining and when mining for gold was becoming more industrialized they started hydraulic mining which was where they would use pressurized water to blast rocks. It kind of left a mess and was destroying the environment but it was very effective. By the end of the 1850s mining for gold was mostly just a corporate thing.     The Dawes Act  Ebag - The Dawes Act in 1887 allowed the allotment of lands to individual indians not tribes and to extend the united states laws and protections and give indians territories I don't really know how to feel about this one i cant say its bad because technically we were giving indians citizen ship so they could get land just like us  Jonathan- So this act is named after senator henry laurens dawes.So this act actually completely reversed the long standing american policy which basically allowed indian tribes to have control over their land and practice their economic uses on their land, instead this act gave power to the president to divide the indians land. This act game men with families 160 acres, single adult men were given 80 acres and, boys were given 40 acres, while women got no land. Illy- So i mean i'm a little bit biased about this topic, but nobody ever really looks at it from the side of the native americans ,this topic also goes along with what i was talking about in the beginning and there are lots of native americans who didn appreciate this act because of the fact that they were here first so they didn think they should have to become a citizen just to keep the land and things they already owned for generations before then ,so while it may seem like it was a good idea and fair to the native americans it really wasn't i mean we pretty much said ok hey we are gonna let you have this land but not for your whole tribe or anything just for you individually and oh yea we’ll let you become  citizen in our country that we basically took from you guys!      Ben - From an honest perspective, without trying to assume that our ancestors had good intentions for everyone, this act seems to try and split and expand entire tribes to make their land easier to take. The plan that I can see, whether or not this was actually what they had in mind, was that it’d be easier to take a big piece of land from 1 person, instead of trying to take a big piece of land from a lot of people. The whole citizen gesture might’ve been more of a curse than a blessing too, because now if they wanted to keep any land, they had to follow any and all laws put in place at the time.   Caydan- i think that the dawes act was the people of the age trying to more civilize the indians by giving them land instead of them living in tribes trying to make them move like the men of that age  Audrey - All of the tribal lands were split into individual plots and only the native Americans who accepted these plots of land were allowed to become US citizens. That sounds like a pretty good deal but it went completely against how native Americans didn't feel like they should “own” land that they should just live on it and take care of it. And then in the end any of the land that was left was sold off to white settlers. So they took all their land, gave some of it back (with conditions), and then sold the rest.   Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion (Opens a modal)  Leirbag - Chinese immigrants in the 1820s was very few with a little 650 living in the us but by the end of 1852 over 25,000 chinese immigrants were attracted by quick fortunes of the gold by 1880 there were over 300,000 chinese  most in california many found employment in the transcontinental railroad alot of them actually got here using a credit ticket in which there ticket was paid in advance by an american businessmen who they were then indebted too for a period of work Few chinese planned to stay permanently but alot didnt have the funds to return home. Illy- so im gonna talk about mexican americans so in 1848 there was a treaty called the Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the mexican- american war and it promised the almost 75,000 mexicans already living in what had just become the american south west land and citizenship now only about 90 percent of them actually stayed and became citizens, but of course shortly after they became citizens and got land and everything else they began to loose it just as fast as they got it and i mean honestly i'm seeing a pattern here this has basically happened to anyone who has any kind of skin color other than white it seems so they tried to fight for their rights as american citizens but people of authority just looked the other way as more and more people lost their land  Ben - Greaser Laws, Sunday Laws, and the Chinese Exclusion Act made it very clear just how racist these political figures were. I think it’s been long enough now (over 100 years) that we don’t have to absolutely give them the benefit of the doubt. I still think it’s crazy how many blatantly exclusionary laws were passed back then, like everyone was just okay with it. I guess it makes sense considering how long it took us to figure out slavery is bad.  Audrey - Las Gorras Blancas (the white caps) were a group of rebel Mexican-Americans who fought back against the white settlers taking their land. They tried to intimidate the settlers by burning their farms, homes and crops in order to reclaim their land. The raiding never had any substantial success and several white caps ended up getting captured and beat so many others eventually gave up.   Jonathan-Prohibited by law in 1790 from getting US citizenship through naturalization. Chinese immigrants were faced with discrimination beatdowns from american settelers in the west. Chinese immigrants were looking for a better life and would participate in the gold rush, however they had to pay to get in just because of them being immigrants, the chinese community ended up coming together to make cultural centers in cities like san francisco. White Americans began to make anti coolie clubs which were clubs to discriminate against anyone from the asian descent. These clubs resulted in violence against chinese immigrants and teardowns of cultural centers.   Little Big Horn  Ben - June 25-26, 1876. This was the day of the Battle of Little Bighorn, this battle has really made me think. The Native Americans weren’t the helpless savages that the early colonists paint them to be, and this battle just proves that more and more every day. The significant forces of the native people goes to show just how hard the U.S. worked to take their land. It wasn’t just a “Well this is here so, lets take it” thing it was definitely a fight. There was never any question in their mind what they wanted from, and for, the Native Americans. Illy-  the battle of little bighorn was known to the lakota and other plain indians as the battle of greasy grass, ok honestly this is probably the shortest battle i've ever heard of in my whole life it was only 24 hours, something i just found was that Custer who was the major General at this battle was killed and along with 5 companies of the 7th calvary so for y’all that don't know a company can have two dozen or up to 200 soldiers in this case Custer had a total of 221 men fighting alongside with him   Jonathan - at midday custers 600 men entered the valley of little bighorn word spread pretty quickly that an attack was soon to come. Custer's soldiers panicked and spread out when they had seen as many as 3000 natives charging towards him and his 200 men that were still together he and all his soldiers were then all killed in under an hour.  Audrey - The battle of Little Bighorn is also known as Custer's Last Stand. Colonel George Armstrong Custer led his battalion in an attack on the main Sioux camp in Little Bighorn. Custer was incredibly outnumbered by the Indians who ended up defeating them in the battle and killing Custer. Even though the battle was a huge success for the Sioux, they ended up abandoning their camp at Little Bighorn and fled, scared the US army would send more enforcement. This battle kind of marked the beginning of the end of the Indian wars. Wounded Knee  Illy- so this battle took place in 1890 was in other words a giant massacre that killed almost 300 lakota (aka sioux) indians, these indians practiced a dance called the Ghost Dance and believed that if you practice the ghost dance then you would get to see the new world when the gods cleansed it and got rid of all non-believers including non-indians, on december 15, 1890 the reservation police tried to arrest Sitting Bull who was a famous sioux chief, who the officers believed was a Ghost Dancer ,and in this point in time was not a good thing to be, they ended up killing Sitting Bull in the process of arresting him and that just rose the tension that was building up to this battle   Ben - 1890 was 14 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn, which emphasizes just how long they were fighting the entire Native American race. There was a three day blizzard after the massacre, and after it had ended they hired civilians to gather the dead and place them in a mass grave. The reaction of the American settlers was generally… positive. Many at that time were still not used to treating everyone like people, and there is an abundance of quotes calling natives “untamable creatures.”  Audrey - While trying to disarm the Sioux, a shot was fired and the US army opened fire on the Indians killing hundreds of men, women, and children. The few Sioux who survived fled. After the massacre, an official army inquiry not only exonerated the 7th Calvary but awarded medals of honor to 20 soldiers.   Jonathan- the troubles of wounded knee were not over yet, a virtual civil war broke out when two indian factions had a disagreement this fight left over 100 indians dead, Then 2 FBI agents were killed and the agency raided the area of the battle and arrested AIM  leader and held him responsible for the 2 deaths and he had life in prison.

     Emancipation Podcast Station Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Episode #1 - Introduction to Government   We are a govt -  tell us about how America came to have a government Ben - Pilgrim code of law was put into place in 1636.  Annual elections, a General Court, and seven council assistants was how they divided most power. There were oaths and jurys and everything you might expect from a basic democratic government. However, in other aspects like currency, they were very behind. An official currency separate from the british types of money wasn’t issued until 1775, a single year before the Declaration of independence was signed. (This currency was named “continentals”) caydan-The  constitution and the fight for it to be ratified-the constitution  is the basic groundwork for the whole united states the three main points being  inherent rights,      general rights of being a human rights  government ruled by the people  the people pick those in power  the separation of powers     checks and balances making no one person hold to much power                                                                                    audrey - The pilgrims didn’t have lasting economic success so after the early 1630s some of the original people including Brewster, Winslow, and Standish left to start their own communities. Because of the cost of king Phillip’s war colonies were struggling even more. After about a decade the king appointed a colonial governor to New England and soon Plymouth just became part of massachusetts. Illy- articles of confederation (1777-1781) the continental congress pretty much decided that the new states needed some kinda government after the split from the british and so they created this honestly terrible weak one and called it the articles of confederation but like i said it was terrible and weak so they ended up havin to throw it out because they left most of the power to the states and that went south really fast because they all had different ideas of how to govern themselves so it of course led to chaos and then they later came up with the declaration of independence which is what we still use today. Jonathan - The Constitution of the United States established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Ella - The U.S government took a lot of inspiration from their British heritage. They used ideas and traditions from their past. The events that happened at the time also had an impact on how the government was formed.   Juan- The United States is a constitutional democracy, a type of government characterized by limitations on government power spelled out in a written constitution. Written in 1787, the U.S. Constitution is both the oldest and shortest written constitution in the world. It serves as the supreme law of the United States.   The Bill of Rights - What are they and what is included?  Caydan - 1 Freedom of religion and speech  2Right to a militia and right to bear arms  3You can not be forced to house a soldier in time of war or otherwise  4Can not search a house without probable cause   g5no person can be convicted of crime unless there are good facts innocent until proven guilty  6Right to a trial with a lawyer and for the trial to not be delayed and to know the nature of the crime you are being convicted of 7 in civil law the right to sue people if money is more than 20 bucks in federal court               8 no cruel or unusual punishment 9 natural rights cannot be taken away  10 everything that doesn't fall under these is controlled by the states  Caydan- There was a ton of debate whether these rights were to be added or not between the federalist and anti federalists  The federalist did not think the bill of rights was necessary and that the constitution  Was enough the antifederalist demanded the rights be written down  Where the federalists thought people would think they have no rights if they were not written down   Ben - The bill of rights was approved and put into effect in 1791, and despite how much it seems to change the government, really didn’t affect the lives of citizens as much as it may imply since it was more about how the government treats citizens, and less about citizens inherent rights. Later amendments had a large impact, though.  audrey - When the Bill of Rights was being written they were concerned they would be limiting their rights by writing them down so to make sure they didn’t lose any rights the 9th and 10th amendments were written. The 9th amendment “Non-enumerated rights are obtained by the people” basically is saying that the bill of rights isn’t a complete list of all the rights. The 10th amendment “Rights not delegated to the federal government reserved to the states or the people” which means if a right of the federal government is not specifically said by the constitution then it is up to the states and people to decide. Illy- pretty much without the bill of rights everybody would jus think they could do whatever they please which is not true, the bill of rights outlines our basic rights to the stuff we ARE allowed to do   Gabe - All of these things are true id just like to throw in really that they clarify the rights we already had they make sure that us as citizens CANNOT under any circumstances lose our basic and most fundamental rights   Jonathan- The bill of rights just covers our rights as citizens in the United states and enforcing that those rights are not violated in any way or manner. Juan- These amendments in the Bill of Rights guarantee essential rights and civil liberties, such as the right to free speech and the right to bear arms, as well as reserving rights to the people and the states. Ella - The U.S. version of the Bill of Rights was written by James Madison. He wrote them in response to the states wanting better and more secure individual rights.  Amendment 11 - When and why was this amendment added? gaincaydan- this one i find interesting it was put into place after alexander chisholm tried to sue  georgia over him giving them supplies during the revolutionary war the 11th amendment nullified this later making  sovereign immunity valid a Ben - The eleventh amendment was passed to stop biased court cases, but the wording makes it confusing, as there are now several different interpretations in modern day. I don’t know if it’s right to have an opinion on this, but I’m not going to law school so I guess it doesn’t matter. I just think its simplest if it means the U.S. courts have a limited amount of power when it comes to suing foreign countries and foreign citizens, to prevent a considerable amount of bias and mainly to simplify contradictory laws. Gabe - I will start by saying what the amendments are so the amendments were rules almost or privileges for the american people and they gave us the right to have things no matter what some dag nabit government says. Amendment 11 is a protection for united states citizens to protect them from a states laws so imagine you can do something in one state but not in the other you cannot be persecuted by one state in another to protect citizens from the exact problem.  Illy- so basically i can not go and sue my a state bc of this amendment which is a good thing bc if this didnt exist then EVERYBODY would sue the state over meaningless things like taxes or something yk or bad vacations lol  Audrey - For example, if an individual has a case against the state he lives in he has to bring the lawsuit in the District Court of that state and there’s some exceptions but very few.   Ella -The 11th amendment was created to overrule the supreme court. While a state cannot be sued, but federal court can force state officials to follow the law.   Jonathan-So this amendment seems like it applies more to the country/state for lawsuits such as getting a divorce in a different state from the one which you were married.   Juan- The Eleventh Amendment's text prohibits the federal courts from hearing certain lawsuits against states. The Amendment has also been interpreted to mean that state courts do not have to hear certain suits against the state, if those suits are based on federal law.   Amendment 12  -When and why was this amendment added?  Ben - The 12th Amendment is enforcing the security of the electoral college and its votes. It says they must cast both their votes, presidential and vice presidential. Because sometimes not voting is more powerful than voting, especially in such a complex political environment. audrey - The reason the 12th amendment was put into place was because in 1796 and 1800 there was a problem with the electoral college. The way it worked was instead of some people running for president and some people running for vice president everyone just ran in the presidential election and each elector would vote for 2 people and whichever candidate came in 1st was president and whoever came in 2nd was vice president. So obviously the federalists would vote the 2 federalists and the democratic republicans would vote the democratic republicans. But somebody has to throw away their vote so there’s not a tie so like one of the federalists would vote for who they all want as president and then one of the other candidates that way the person they want as vice president comes in 2nd. But it wasn’t always clear who was going to throw away their vote so in 1796 they ended up with John Adams in 1st and Thomas Jefferson in 2nd. And then in 1800 it was Adams vs Jefferson and nobody threw away their vote so they tied.  Gabe - Ray vs Blair(1952) is an example of the 12th amendment where ray the alabama executive committee chairman who was in charge of certifying electoral candidates had declined Blair because he refused to pledge to protect the nominees. Now this isn't required but ray still had the authority to who he could certify this led to a lawsuit where blair declared a writ of mandamus which is an order from the court that directs an inferior government official (ray) to fulfill his duties and fix the abuse of freedoms they used the 12th amendment saying that ray making blair pledge restricted electors freedoms voting in state primary ray then applied for writ of certiorari which makes a lower court give all the records of a specific court because the alabama court referred to the constitution which was a federal document they granted certiorari and proceeded to hear the case they used alabama's supreme court decision the court said that a state has the right to exclude potential electors if they don't pledge to support for a nominee the court also decided that the 12 amendment did not protect individuals from requiring elector candidates to pledge their support for a nominee nor does such a requirement deny individuals of their equal protection rights under the 14th amendment.  Caydan - The 12th amendment came into play on feb 9th 1825 were andrew jackson and john adams neither received the majority of the electoral votes then the three candidates that received the popular votes where to be put in the white house so representative henry clay used his influence to support john adams Illy- so while i was researching this amendment i found something that was actually pretty recent with the case Chiafalo v.s. Washington back a few years ago in 2016. So these dudes Peter Chiafalo, Levi Guerra, and Esther John decided to all violate their pledges and support the same candidate which in this case was the (oh so great) Hilary Clinton (whoop dee doo) pretty much they got a slap on the wrist and a $1000 fine and the courts made a big announcement abt it all and was like the next time this happens there will be more severe punishments for the people who do it (now ur taking a view illy)(?? Jonathan- so basically what this amendment seems to be is that there needs to be a vote for vice president as well as the president. The 12th amendment was passed because the tie vote between Jefferson and Burr in 1801 and the Electoral College were pointing out many problems with the electoral system.  In 1804, the passage of the 12th Amendment corrected these problems by making separate votes for President and Vice President needed/ necessary. Ella - The presidential election in 1824 since the amendment was added that resulted in the house deciding because no candidate got majority vote.   Juan- The 12th Amendment provided for separate Electoral College votes for President and Vice President, correcting weaknesses in the earlier electoral system which were responsible for the controversial Presidential Election of 1800. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Intro Episode Welcome to the Emancipation Podcast Station where history is researched and retold through the eyes of high school students Who are you, and what grade are you in? 1 Ben - 10th 2 Jonathan, 9th 3 audrey, 11th 4 illy 11th 5caydan- im 9th 6Gabe - im 11th Juan Ella If you’ve participated in the past, what are you most looking forward to in this year? If you have not participated in the podcast, what made you choose this over your regular curriculum? 1 Ben - I’m most looking forward to working on new topics with the confidence that I can educate listeners and lead a project that is not only fun for those involved, but also entertaining for those who view it. 2 Jonathan-I'm looking forward to being able to learn new things and be able to work based on my own points and research rather than being told what to do and having random facts crammed in my head that I will probably never even need to know. I chose to do a podcast over my regular curriculum  because I thought it would be a good idea to try out new things and be able to show my work and how I think. 3 audrey - I used to hate history because I just got bored but it’s my favorite subject now because I can really get into the stories of people so I guess I’m most excited about learning about people from the past. 4 illy- learning interesting new facts about major events that a lot of people don’t usually know about and actually bein able to understand events that shape the world we live in today! 5     i  found it more  interesting to research my own topics than have them hand fed to me i feel it gives me more freedom to learn about the points i want to learn about and keeps me from only learning about what others think is important cause i may find different things important  6Gabe - improv  Juan Ella That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Countries   Skylar - United States - The United States was making very dramatic changes in the 1920’s. For the first time in forever people were actually living in bigger Cities rather than living on farms in the middle of nowhere. The united states worth doubled. A lot of people were kind of confused at first on what was happening, but it ended up being a pretty cool time for the united states. Gabe - Russia - in the early 1920s russia had a civil war which put the bolshevik party into leadership and they made the chaka which then changed names a couple times and turned into the KGB and then soon the bolshevik was renamed to the russian communist party and right after the USSR was created   Ella - In the soviet union in 1920 The Soviet Union was formed and Joseph Stalin became the commander in 1922. Also in the 20s, 15 republics in Asia were united. That’s about all. Hunter- Europe- during this time in Europe it was known as the “Golden Twenties” reason being was because of the rapid growth of the European economy due to WW1 and the fact that the Germans had lot of money so repay the rest of the world.   Ben - The League of Legends was a group of countries formed after WW1 in order to keep the peace between nations for as long as possible. The League tried to upkeep peace but despite the sheer amount of countries dedicated to the cause, they couldn’t get the bigger countries like the U.S. and Russia to recognize their authority. America and Russia then continued doing what they wanted cause the League of Nations thought if they tried to stop something that was happening, they would get ignored because they weren’t well known, or even worse, get attacked by the nations they were trying to stop. Ultimately though, WW2 complicated things and thats why they ended up disbanding. They might’ve been able to accomplish more if the war didn’t happen.   Audrey - In the 1920s Germany was dealing with the consequences of ww1. The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay 132 gold marks (US $33 billion) in reparations to cover the damage caused in the war. Even though the war had been over since 1918 there was still a threat of war so another thing in the Treaty of Versailles was the disarmament of the German army. Germany also lost many important portions of its territory to Belgium, France, Poland and Czechoslovakia. 7..   Politics   Skylar - Women’s Suffrage - the women’s suffrage was basically women fighting for the right to vote. This wasn’t all they wanted though. Women literally just wanted to be treated the same as men, and have the same rights that they have, which I think is completely fair. These women worked so very hard to get the rights that we, women have today.  Gabe - in the 20s there were 3 republican presidents elected consecutively   Starting with Harding who died after 3 years of presidency in 1923 he was one of the most popular presidents all the way up until after his death where the teapot dome scandal was revealed where the interior secretary albert fall leased naval oil reserves.    Ella - In 1920 on Wall Street, one of the busiest streets, there was a huge explosive, being carried in a horse drawn carriage. 38 people lost their lives and hundreds were injured. At the time it was called the worst terror attack to ever occur in America History.     Hunter- during this time sadly there was a lot of political issues…. Causing the rise of major political movements like communism and fascism, and which now adays we are trying to fight both of those movement   Ben - “Silent Cal” Coolidge was elected on August 3rd, 1923, sworn into office by his own father following the sudden death of the former president in the middle of the night, forcing them to use a lamp to conduct the oath. Coolidge’s presidency was somewhat dedicated to correcting the former president, Warden Harding’s corruption which rooted itself into the government through companies like the Harding administration.   Music/The arts   Skylar - Jazz music was known as the first contribution to music. Jazz music was known as “a combination of nervousness, lawlessness, primitive and savage animalism and lasciviousness.” It was a pretty chill type of music, in my opinion. Jazz music was kind of controversial topic, sometimes it was known as a “race record”.  Gabe - Along with the jazz broadways (woo woo!) prime years were in 1920s they actually had 50 musicals opening in one season people were paying $3.50 a seat crazy and the art people started digging that surrealist look i find them kinda creepy but hey its that was it back then Ella - Surrealism and Art Deco were two art movements in the 1920s. Surrealism was an art style with a more deep, weird, bizarre and “dreamlike” vibe. A lot of it was based on being unconscious.  Art Deco was a style or architecture made with modern and geometric design.    Hunter- another type of art during this time was the creation of short films!!! Like Mickey Mouse in……. Steamboat Willie by Walt Disney in 1928 which lead to what we know now as Disney Movies, Disney Pixar, and Walt Disney Pictures.   Ben - Photography started being accepted as a valid form of art in the 20’s and new photographers paved the way for many styles that we might see modern photography. As well as more photojournalism in the culture, it also strengthened the power of some movements now that they could be documented more accurately and empathetically.    Audrey - The prohibition of alcohol in 1920 led to an underground market of alcohol and the creation of places like speakeasies. They started small but as the Roaring Twenties came to its prime Speakeasies expanded to clubs that featured musicians and dancers. Even though they were illegal speakeasies were very popular. There were other places to go like private clubs, dance clubs, and jazz clubs. People would go to clubs to listen to new music and, since dancing was a huge part of the culture, they would dance the latest dances like the Charlston.  7.   Culture   Skylar - I’m going to talk about flappers. Flappers were women who were basically outlaws, they didn’t go by the rules for society. They did what they wanted. Usually these women would cut their hair short, either wore dresses or skirts, wore lots of makeup, and really flaunted what they had. They actually drove cars, which a lot of women didn’t do, especially in the 20’s.  Gabe - like skylar said this was about the time we went from you cant even see girls ankles you creep to little bit less dressy clothing all this fashion actually came from france they were the first to start dressing differently and then that just carried over to europe and america Ella - cars, radios and other products were being produced faster and at a better price so there were available to almost everyone. This was becoming known as the “machine era”. Also even more Americans were moving from the country to the city.    Hunter- another part of this time that i personally like…. Was the first Sports car race on May 26th, 1923. Aka the 24 hours of Le Mans. originally it was supposed to be a three year race in order to declare someone the champion. Little more context was that it was an annual race and every three races one winner would be declared.   Ben - As a culture of change arises in America’s roaring twenties, it made a lot more items commonplace, such as the car, or even things like the refrigerator. Much of this culture influenced how America now works today, and the baseline car only cost $260 ($3,300 today) causing more auto-mobile business to flourish. Things like gas stations and motels made travel easier, providing a fun economy as a sort of calm before the storm situation preceding the market crash.   Audrey - After the prohibition there was the rise of a culture of criminal celebrities. Bootleggers and gangster bosses would dominate entire cities with their illegal booze, gambling and other things. 7.   Technology   Skylar - cinema - the 1920’s were the big BOOM for hollywood films. Tons of new movies were being put out. In the early 20’s they were just silent films, but by 1927 they were finally putting sound in most every movie. Southern California was the most popular place for film production.  Gabe - electric was getting big the assembly line was one of the big push forwards in technology it allowed us to increase the time stuff was finished and I believe it was used to make the first cars  Ella - Radios!!!!!! Radios made stuff cool. They were said to have  “knitted the nation together,” They broadcast everything, news, music, politics and even comedy. Radios also helped people advertise.    Hunter- The Automatic Watch was an amazing invention that was created by John Harwood, it was the first self-winding watch mechanism. Which lead to what we now know as the wrist watch something that surprisingly is going away due to smart watches. -_-  NO    Ben - The telephone is getting normalized and the inventors are trying to figure out how to design it. The “candlestick telephone” was the first with a bell shaped speaker to hold up to the ear and a microphone attached to a pole to speak into. By 1927, the Model 102 had reached America after already being popular in Europe. It has a more recognisable curved two-in-one phone that would stay the same over the next few decades, although the base of the machine was constantly changing.     7.   Inventions/new things/etc.   Skylar - Medicine - Alexander Flemming was a scottish physician who was the creator of penicillin, which was a substance that could kill different types of bacteria. A lot of people ignored him at first, but people finally opened their eyes and seen what a wonderful thing it was.  Gabe - let me just name a few of the inventions that came out in 20s like Washing Machine, Radio, Vacuum cleaner, refrigerator, electric Dishwasher, Sunglasses i use all of these things Ella - In 1924, Gustaf Sahlin a sweedish inventor introduced america to a vacuum cleaner, specifically the Electrolux tank vacuum cleaner. The dirt removing efficiency was improved and brooms were forgotten. jK they still had brooms.    Hunter- One invention that made a major contribution was the Ford Model T. One reason is because of the fact that the Ford Model T was made specifically for the middle class to allow transportation for a more affordable price   Ben - The traffic light was invented after a police officer coming from detroit witnessed multiple car crashes on a day to day basis, his name was William Potts and he created it based off of railroad signals. He then sold it for a whopping $40,000 dollars, which might not sound like much for such an invention but inflation calculates that it would be over $500,000 dollars today.   Audrey - The first drive-in restaurant was opened in 1921. It started with a chain of restaurants in texas called the Pig Stand. The first one was on a highway between Dallas and Fort Worth. People would drive up to the restaurant, stay in their car and be greeted by a carhop and they would serve the people burger and fries on a tray that clipped onto the cars window. Later this turned into the drive thru.

B b Write a paragraph about each of the underlined topics.   If possible, try to use some of the topics from your lists.   European Front   skskskskskskskskskSkylar - the invasion of Italy started on September 3rd, 1943. This happened during the early stages of the Italian campaign of World War II. General Sir Harold Alexander was the one who “called” this invasion. His hopes were to take out Italy completely to reduce the shipping capacity that was needed to help the allied forces.  *if the next person wants to talk about what actually happened*   umbrElla - The invasion took place on mainland Italy. The main “invasion force” happened around Salerno on September 9 on the west coast, while two other operations took place in Calabria and Taranto   Emma - After Germany had started invading all the surrounding countries, France was one of the first countries to declare war on Germany. By 1940, they were invaded by the Nazis and quickly fell. After this, they were divided when Germany created what was called Vichy France (because of the city of Vichy which was made capital). They took over the southeastern section of France and installed their own people and military to rule it. The northern and western sections remained free for a couple of years, but later in 1942 were taken by Germany as well.   Gabe - from 1943 to 1945 a number of 60,000 allies were killed and 38,000 - 150,000 Germans were killed just in Italy the number of allied casualties were over 320,000 while the german casualties were over 330,000 Italy suffered 200,000    Illyana-The Allied invasion of Italy took place, during World War II (1939-1945). Having driven German and Italian troops from North Africa and Sicily, the Allies decided to invade Italy in September 1943. Landing in Calabria and south of Salerno, British and American forces pushed inland.   Audrey - Egypt had no part of the war but the Suez Canal (which is in Egypt) did. It’s a passage between the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It made it where you wouldn’t have to go all the way around Africa to get from Europe to the Indian Ocean. The British had control of it and obviously wanted to protect it so it would stay theirs but the Axis (Germany, Italy, Japan) would have loved to have it. So in Oct. 1942, the British are able to defeat the Axis and push them back all the way to Tunisia.   Pacific Front   Ella - The battle of Midway took place in the pacific, in June 1942. It was a naval battle that took place six months after the attack on pearl harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The united states navy defeated a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy. A  Military historian named  John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare"   Emma - Another major battle within the pacific front of the war was the battle of Okinawa. On April 1st of 1945, the allies invaded the Japanese island. For this battle, the United States created the tenth army, which was unlike any others because it had its own Air Force and naval forces. This battle was remembered for the intense level of fighting and was referred to as the “typhoon of steel”. The battle lasted 82 days and didn’t end until June 22.   Illyana- The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War and  was the center of World War II that was fought in the Pacific ocean and Asia also Okinawa became the bloodiest battle of the Pacific   Audrey - In 1944 the US was taking control of islands close to the Japanese mainland. They used the islands for their B-29 bombers to land and take off because they were way too heavy to land on a carrier. They could land on the island, refuel or get supplies and then take off again. With this, the US could get bombing attacks directly on Japan so they could get closer to the end of the war.   Skylar - the Doolittle raid, also known as the Tokyo raid, was named after Colonel Doolittle, who started this raid. What Colonel Doolittle wanted to happen was for the united states to attack japan, and bomb the mainland. Their plan was to send a carrier that could drop the bomb about 1000 miles away from the coast. After that they planned to send 16 B-25 bombers to the mainland of Japan- they actually followed through with their plan, but it didn’t quite go as planned, 14 of the 80 crewmen went MIA or died, but the united states still took this as a win.   Gabe - The Pacific Front was the allies against the Japanese and the Japanese wouldn't stop fighting man woman child and its because the generals convinced the people that Americans were evil and we were cannibals going to eat them “talk about fake news” finally after 2 atomic bombs Japanese surrendered and if you have ever read Japanese culture its not in there nature to surrender they actually would have there generals suicide rather than surrender but i heard a story about the Japanese and how when they surrendered to the allies the Americans didn't humiliate them they just treated them as equals and the person telling the story says that even if they were having someone surrender to them they would have humiliated the surrendering country which i think is something amazing about Americans as a whole because weren't there to win we were there to end the conflict   Mediterranean Front and Africa Gabe - North Africa didn't go so well for the Britain Italy started deploying motorized divisions along with Germany's Afrika Korps they pushed the British 100 mi east basically into Egypt and after that, the Siege of Tobruk began and they advanced into egypt    Illyana- one major resistance was the North African campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco and Algeria, as well as Tunisia   Skylar - the Battle of the Mediterranean was the name for the naval campaign that was fought in the Mediterranean Sea. this lasted from the 10th of June 1940 to May 2nd, 1945. This battle was mostly fought between the Italian and the British. They were mainly supported by Poland, Greece, the Netherlands, and Australia. American naval and air units joined in 1942. Audrey -    The Holocaust   Ella - The holocaust was a time between 1941 and 1945 where around six million European Jews lost their life due to Nazi Germany. Most of them lost their lives from having to do extreme labor or dying in gas chambers, lol brutal     Illyana- during the Holocaust all Jews were made to wear a yellow star of David on all of their clothes and if Nazis saw you without it you were brutally beaten most of the time to death. Most of the Jews went into hiding during those four years like Anne Frank who is famous for hiding out in the walls which was made a bunker for her and her family above her father’s bank(also my family has a swastika patch which is cool but at the same time disturbing because we are Christians)   Gabe - The german Wehrmacht which was there military became like police but with more power and they participated in the holocaust this consisted of searching homes to find jews or anyone they just didnt like would work take them as prisoners and most likely kill them they also killed pow’s and they allowed scientists to do horrible things to these people   Skylar - im going to talk a little bit more about Anne Frank. Anne Frank is one of the most talked-about people during the holocaust. She kept a diary that was published. She talked about her struggles and how scared she was. The diary was written for two years from 1942 to 1944. It has movies and plays to kind of try to show the way she lived. Audrey - During the Holocaust around 6 million Jews were killed. This was ⅔ of the Jews in Europe and 1.5 million of them were children. It wasn’t just the Jews being killed though. Over 10 million civilians were killed, 3 million prisoners of war, and hundreds of thousands of both gypsies and people with disabilities were also killed. Leaders Illyana- The Allied powers were led by Winston Churchill (United Kingdom); Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union); Charles de Gaulle (France); and Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (United States). The Axis powers were led by Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Hideki Tojo (Japan)   Ella - Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party as well as a German politician. His dictatorship lasted from 1933 -1945. He was not nice. He invaded Poland on September 1st 1939 initiating the war and he played a big role in the holocaust. He died by shooting himself in the head.   Gabe - Joseph Stalin he was a leader of the soviet union or Russia today he was, in fact, a dictator which means basically whatever he says goes and he says communism is cool so it kinda sucked especially when he decides that he wants to do a great purge and imprison and kill about 700,000 people   Skylar - Harry Truman was the president of the United States, he served as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. In the two months that he was apart of World War II he dropped two atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima and the second one on Nagasaki, both during warfare to end the war.  Aftermath  Ella - after World War II ended, millions of people were homeless. Europe's economy had collapsed and most of its industrial infrastructure had been destroyed. This caused the US Secretary of State George Marshall to come up a plan he called “European Recovery Program” later to be known as the “Marshall Plan”. Because of the plan, the US gave $13 billion, ($146 billion in 2018)  for the reconstruction of Western Europe.    Gabe - there was a lot of people who wanted to execute all germans affiliated with war and America was like nuh-uh we are going to give them a fair trial and there was a lot of them that were killed still but there was quite a few who just got life sentences i mean its better than death   Skylar - When World War 2 ended it was the start of a new era. This started the rise of the united states, as well as the soviet union. Other places, like the united kingdom, were struggling through. Their economy had almost completely went to crap. The united states did help them by doing the lend-lease in 1941.    Illyana- Europe and Russia were hit the worst in the aftermath of WWII which actually help out us Americans build up our economy without the Europeans butting in. without WWII our world would be completely different 

Welcome back to the emancipation podcast station, the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of high school students. This week...   Write your name, grade, favorite *event* in history, and ONE item you’d bring on a desert island   Emma - 12th, the moon landing, my phone   Illyana ~ 10th, Woodstock, An uber Audrey - 10th, the invention of AC, Dora (she has everything in her backpack) im Dora lollllolol  Gabriel-10th, my birth, electric guitar    Hunter- 9th, a trident,   Ella - 10th, the invention of the internet, a cruise ship   Skylar - 10th, the hippie movement , i would bring a whole chick fil a restaurant

The Emancipation Proclamation Station Welcome back to the Emancipation podcast station the place to hear about history, researched and retold through the eyes of Middle and High school students   Beginning of World War I: Ella - One of the known causes of world war 1 turning into a world war was the alliance system.  In 1839, the treaty of London was signed which was where Britain was going to protect the neutrality of Belgium. In 1879 the dual alliance treaty was signed between Germany and Austria-Hungary to protect each other from Russia. Many other alliances were also forming at the time. Ethan - Germany’s navy was starting to get threatening to Britain’s navy. Britain took necessary precautions and signed a document with France called the Entente Cordial, tipping the odds of any war in in their favor. This made Germany realize they were a threat and thought they were being pushed back down, so in turn they became more aggressive and ready for war. Hunter- something that happened about three months before the war was the assassination of: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, on June 28 1914, in Sarajevo, resulting in the July Crisis. How Austria-Hungary responded to this assassination was by issuing an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia’s reply to the ultimatum didn’t satisfy the Austrians, afterword the two moved to a war footing. Emma - The power that the nations of Germany and Italy possessed at the beginning of the first world war was impressive as it was, but we have to take into account how quickly they had acquired it. Both of these countries, though they had deep cultural roots, were very new as official nations. Both had formed during the Franco-Prussian war barely more than forty years previous but now held power over regions stretching from Africa to east Asia. Audrey - Starting in 1892 there was an alliance between France and Russia and this was the Franco Russian Military Convention. Then in the early 1900s there were a series of agreements between Great Britain France and Russia so that they were in good terms with each other. The alliance between Great Britain France and Russia was the Triple Entente (which means agreements). Skylar - World war I or sometimes known as the Great War started on July 28th, 1914, the war started in Europe. The war was in Africa, the middle east, Pacific islands, indian ocean, China, north and south atlantic oceans, and like i said Europe. They think that this war killed about 16 million people died from direct cause of this war. Gabe - The war started basically because russia wanted to protect serbia and germany wanted to protect austria so when austria went to fight serbia russia went to fight germany Ben - America only began to fight in World War 1 in 1917 ( April 6th to be specific ) with their allies. They had alliances with Russia, Britain, and France at the time, making them a strong force at the time. Led by major General John J. Pershing, 2 million American soldiers fought despite many American citizens wanting the country to stay neutral.   Other fronts of World War I: 1.Hunter- One of the many different fronts of the war was the Italian front,  the italians were apart of the Triple Alliance during this time, but italy stayed out of the war in 1914 because it claimed that Austria had not been attacked so therefor italy didn’t have to support Austria. In all reality the Italians had a secret agreement with the allies, the allies said that they would give the italians some Austrian territory if they attacked Austria-Hungary. EthanOL - As soon as the war started Japan decided they wanted what the Germans had. Japan was already allied Britain so that they could attack Germany without Britain growing apart from them. They attacked Tsingtao which was a German base in China. This was the first naval/aerial assault ever. They didn’t use exactly aircraft carriers but they did carry their aircrafts. This was called the Siege of Tsingtao which took place in 1914. Ella - Serbia was a very small country with approximately 4.5 million people and an army of around 400,000 soldiers. Almost everyone who could be in the army at the time was in it but it still ended up being destroyed with 60% of the army getting killed, which decreased Serbia's population by 16%. Emma - Italy’s agreements with the Triple Alliance and the Allies were only two of a long series of strategic alliances and deals the nation made on the road to the first world war. Their entry into the Triple Alliance was the first move, which was actually a surprising one, due to the fact that Italy and the Austro-Hungarian empire (another member of the triple alliance) had been enemies previously. Twenty years later, which still under this pact, they made a secret alliance with France. Twelve years after that, the Austro-Hungarian empire entered the war. Only one year later, they entered the treaty of London, an agreement with the Triple entente (england, russia, and france) to fight against their original allies, exit the triple alliance, and declare war on the Austro-Hungarian empire. 5.Skylar - Italy took part in the triple alliance in 1882 when they agreed to be apart of it, they were one of the first countries to take part in it. The whole reason that it was called the triple alliance was because there were three countries in it Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany. This was kind of a weird mix because they didn’t really like each other but still said they would protect each other if worse comes to worst. Italy was making deals with other places like france in 1902. It was kind of just a lot of back stabbing.  Gabe - The Italians helped the allies by attacking austria hungary which is in the triple alliance so basically they made an alliance and were like let's help each other i mean we all don't like each other and would love to see each other destroyed so why not make an alliance really smart and then they dont even help each other its completely useless   Ben - Japan played a big part in the fight for the West Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most of the reason Japan fought was because they wanted influence in China, but even with the help of Sun Yat-sen, they didn’t have many successes. 8. Western and Eastern fronts of World War I: 1.Hunter- during this time in the war the Germans were fighting two countries, one of which during the western front was France, the Germans had thought if they were to defeat the French (Russia’s ally) in four weeks then they could have an advantage against the Russians in the Eastern front. Ethan- The Germans realized that after the Franco-Prussian War, they were going to be due for another war with France. Germany unified in advance to make sure France had a disadvantage. The humiliation was huge and Germany took Alsace and Lorraine, which were mineral rich and valuable to anyone who controlled it. Germany realized this might hurt them later because France was allied with Russia so if there was war that it’d be on 2 fronts. Ella - The western front in world war 1  was much smaller that the eastern front, but the western front could uses trenches as a defence system since they had less land to defend. The eastern front however, could not use this method due to the land being so wide and them not having enough people to dig them. Even if they were able to dig some, they wouldn't have enough and the western people could easily go around. Emma - In February of the year 1916, the battle of Verdun took place when the Germans launched an attack on the French military at the border between Germany and France. Unlike a lot of the other offensive acts in the war, this battle was not intended to result in the gain of territory for the Germans. The point of this attack was to cause the French to send so many troops, and to cause so many casualties that the French would deplete all their resources and be forced to withdraw from the war. Audrey - In WW1 the Germans were using poison gas as a weapon. Some of the poison gases are chlorine gas, which would immediately cause you to choke to death, phosgene gas, which wouldn’t cause choking and this allowed the gas to get into to lungs and there was a delayed effect, and mustard gas, another that wouldn’t cause choking but it would cause severe blistering which would take you out of the war. Ben - Germany eventually gained peace with Russia on May 3rd, 1918. Russia accomplished this by giving Germany a significant amount of land. This was done under the Bolshevik Government of Russia, which was founded in 1917 after a revolution overthrew the provisional government. Skylar- After the battle of Verdun the british and the French decide to go against a different part of the front, this time close to the Somme river in july of 1916. This battle was the first time they used tanks, it was an extremely bloody battle. 8.   Blockades and American entry: Hunter- On May 7, 1915, a German submarine sunk the British ocean liner called Lusitania, ending in the deaths of nearly 1,200 people and that includes 128 Americans. The event strained diplomatic relations between Washington and Berlin, and turned public opinion on Germany. Skylar -   the united states had maintained being neutral in the war up until this point, Wilson had just won presidency again because he had kept the US out of the war. Germany was getting pretty desperate so they were going to go back to their idea of unrestricted submarine warfare but they knew if they did that the US would side with their allies.  In january of 1917 the Zimmerman Telegram was created by Arthur Zimmerman sent a encoded telegram to mexico, it was encoded because it had to pass through lines that the US controlled. He told them that he knows a way to slow them down. (if someone wants to go off of this that would b awesome) 3.Ethan - In April 1917 the administration had thought about it and Germany had took it too far, with their submarine warfare. President Wilson decided that war on Germany was inevitable and sent a famous message to Congress for why it needs to go to war with Germany. On April 4th Congress decided to allow war on Germany, and war pursued quickly. Now, many people were deciding for themselves why we were at war. Many public opinion were stated, some saying it was inevitable, some saying we should stay out of war. Ella - So the United States entered world war 1 for multiple reasons including them having financial ties, trade ties, and cultural ties with the British. Another reason being the British using a lot of successful propaganda. Gabe - im a take a step back to skylar so the encoded telegram was intercepted by the british and then shared with america and it said that they would help mexico take texas arizona and new mexico back from the united states if they helped the germans in the war Audrey - In November of 1914 the British declared the entire North Sea a war zone so if a ship came they would probably be destroyed. The ships especially couldn’t carry any contraband, and food was considered a contraband. So the Germans and the Austrians had to start rationing food to the point of eating only 1k calories a day. This was making the central powers weaker not only because they couldn’t get what they needed for war but people were dying and there were about 400k deaths due to starvation. Emma - In 1917, Senator George Norris issued a speech in opposition to the entry of the United States of America into the World War. In his speech he acknowledged that both England and Germany were wrong in the actions of war they had chosen to take; declaring certain areas war zones, but he did not support the entry into the war and listed several alternative actions that could have been taken. Ben - Most of the American soldiers starting arriving and began fighting on the battlefields of france on the twenty sixth of June. Britain and France also sent additional officers to help train the newly drafted American soldiers.   World War I shapes the Middle East: 1.Hunter- The first world war truly shaped the middle east, but the aftermath of the war made the largest change in the region as we know it. One of the events that had changed the middle east was when Russia had staked a claim on Istanbul and waterways linking the Black seas to the Mediterranean seas, and the French claimed Syria and Cilicia in modern day Turkey. Skylar - the British wanted the help of the Arab’s because they wanted them to fight the Ottoman’s on the Palestine and Sinai fronts. So they told Hussein bin ali if he helped them that they would give him free territory, for an independent arab state and he agrees. After that he names himself king of the Hejaz in 1916. Ethan -  Britain had a presence in the Middle East at the time of the end of the war. Egypt was under the protection of Britain, and when they didn’t get freedom until 1922 there was a sort of revolt. In the end the Egyptians won this slight war and obtained their freedom. At this time Britain was also protecting Kuwait and they have since the 1800s. They still did not get their freedom handed to them until 1961. Ella - In 1915, 6,500 people from the British army were sieged in Kut, after retreating from Ctesiphon by the ottoman Empire for 147 days till they were forced to surrender.  Gabe - The Ibn Saud ruled the basically the other side of saudi arabia right next to Hussein bin ali and he actually goes and takes the Hejaz empire and declares himself king of the sauds in the hejaz in 1926 and this is how you get saudi arabia Emma - The British troops (made up of all the various countries that were part of the British empire, such as India and New Zealand) started their Middle Eastern campaign at the southern end of Mesopotamia, near the Persian gulf. They moved northward along the Tigris river, capturing land until they held control over the majority of what is now Iraq. Meanwhile on the other side of the land mass in Egypt, they were on the defensive side of the war for quite a while while the Ottomans attempted, and failed, to take capture Suez canal from British control. 7.Ben - After the Middle East changed, a lot of its boundaries and borders did too. They looked a lot closer to what they look like today. This happens a lot with very large wars because tons of land gets conquered, traded, or destroyed. 8.   Aftermath of World War I Skylar - Woodrow Wilson gave a speech on January 8th, 1918 that is called Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points. The fourteen points were statements that Wilson gave to try to make peace with everyone and end the war. During his speech he talked about why he thought the war started and what they could do to end it with peace instead of hatred. He talked about free trade, how all conversations should be open for everyone to see, freedom of navigation, and many more things. 2.Hunter- the aftermath of this war truly was amazing, this war had changed so much of the world that we know now, for instance: WW1 had brought about the temporary political disruption of four venerable dynasties-- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Turkey. This war also brought up a massive social disruption, as millions of women entered the workforce to support men who had went to war, and to replace those who never came back. Ella - World War one ended at the end of 1918, so in 1919 they started discussing the terms of peace so they held the Paris Peace conference. Now during the peace conference the winners decide the “terms of peace” but they all had different outlooks about it (someone plz build off of me if you can if not cool tho Gabe - One of the “Terms of peace” that came out of the Paris Peace conference is the Treaty of Versailles which probably was the treaty to germany it said that germany was gonna pay for all of the allies losses they had to pay something like 60 billion in today's money and that's not including the resources they payed they also were only allowed to have 100,000 men in there army there weren't allowed to have any u boats battleships tanks basically nothing mechanized and we took lots of their territory and split and was given to the allies 5..Emma - The Treaty of Versailles had a huge effect on the German economy and government at the time. Another term of the treaty was that they were not allowed to make an alliance with Austria, due to the cultural and linguistic ties between the two. They were also occupied by the allies in the Saar region of Germany, near the French border. This area was a large coal mining area and for fifteen years, all the coal mined there got shipped to France. That still left a large portion of reparations to be paid back in currency so the government basically printed a ton of money, and tried to convert it into other currencies which resulted in serious inflation all the way into the twenties. So when that happened and they could no longer pay in money, France occupied the Ruhr region and began shipping steel and coal out of there. Ethan - WWI left many families without a parent or without a child to come home to. Many soldier died in battle and from starvation, so in turn this was one of the most bloody battles in history. The U.S. lost approximately 116,708 soldiers in war. Not to mention the prisoners of war that died from many causes like starvation and disease. For those whose remains were never found we have the Tomb of The Unknown Soldier. This is a tradition that has been kept up since 1931 and have never not been guarded since then Ben - Strangely enough, World War 1 kind of helped Japan’s economy. The demand for japanese products became very large and the economy flourished for a time. This also happened similarly in America, because the American economy in the 1920’s was doing very nice. Audrey - There were approximately 16 million deaths due to WWI 8-10 million being military. About 60% of the soldiers deaths were the Entente and 40% were the Central Powers. But 6-7 million that died were civilians and out of that over a million of the civilian deaths were due to direct military action were the rest was caused by starvation and disease.

1750 - 1900 Revolution and Enlightenment American Revolution:   Skylar - The war that has a bunch of names is commonly known as the Seven Years war. This was is also known as the French and Indian war, the war of the Conquest, the Pomeranian war, the Third Silesian war, and the Third Carnatic war. The Seven Years war actually lasted longer than seven years, it actually lasted nine, from 1754 to 1763. The reason that this war is known as a bunch of different names is because it was fought in a bunch of different places, since it was the first  global war after all. Ella - At the time England, France, and Spain were claiming land but each country was looking for different things. England was looking for territory especially on the east coast where they were going to send people and be able to expand. The french were wanting to be able to trade with Native Americans for things like fur and Spain wanted access to their sugar islands and metals. (The heck?)   Audrey - With the dates it started and ended the seven years war did last nine years but the reason it’s called the seven years war instead of the nine years war is the english actually didn’t declare war on the French until 1756. Ethan - This revolution was started because the 13 colonies wanted to be independent from British rule. One of the reasons behind seceding from British control was because Britain was becoming more and more nosy in America’s affairs. This was exemplified with “salutary neglect” which was where the internal affairs of America were fine with Britain unless they became unruly.   Emma - One of the largest aspects of the Seven Years war was the power struggle between the French and English Kingdoms. Politics and governmental trends were beginning to change around the world, showing signs of systems we are +   now familiar with. However, the idea of strong monarchs still held influence over many systems. This war determined which line of monarchs would hold world dominance to this day. 6.Hunter- So today looks like I’m the strategy guy. For a bit of the eighteenth century the French kept sort of the same strategy by letting the colonies fend for themselves or giving minimal help(like sending little amounts of troops or inexperienced ones) Now for the British strategy. The British tried to use as little troops as possible(by inclination and practical reasons) they looked to offset the disadvantage of this by of this in Europe by allying themselves with other continental powers who had similar goals to theirs. Now for the Russians and Austrians strategy. The Russians and Austrians were determined to take back land and power from a German state called Prussia (in which at the time was a new threat to them) Austria needed to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia in the War of The Austrian Succession. Ben - The seven year war end with the signing of the treaty of paris and the treaty of hubertusberg. England ends up in debt because of how much money they poured into the war, as everyone trades land around to eventually find a compromise. Gabe - im going to add on to what ethan said the american revolution were becoming the 13 colonies and this is when the declaration of independence and articles of confederation the us constitution so these very important documents were being written   French Revolution:              Ella - In 1789 before the French Revolution France was poor. If you were to meet some of the families living in France at the time you wouldn't believe they were poor because of the nice clothing they wore and luxurious lifestyles they lived but there government itself was very in debt.   Audrey - With the financial state France was in at that time most people were starving because they couldn’t produce enough grain and what little money they had they had to use to pay taxes. On the other hand royalty got to live in a palace wear fancy clothes and eat whatever they wanted and so did the nobility which were these people with a fancy title who inherited money and land they lived in pretty much a small version of the palace and they didn’t have to pay any taxes. Ethan - Many things happened during the French Revolution including the Thermidorian Reaction. This was when the French people started thinking that Maximilien Robespierre was dubbed a tyrant for which he was outcast. This made an entirely new party, the Directory, show up and ‘fix’ things. In this process they removed any elections and made the financial state even worse that what it was before.   Skylar - When the french revolution started in 1789 the king of France Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette lived a very lavish lifestyle. They lived in the palace of Versailles. France was in debt because of the two major battles they just fought in, one was the american revolution and the other was the seven years war.   5.Hunter- In the Brunswick Manifesto the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French if it were to continue to resist  their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy. This along with other reasons made it look like Louis was conspiring with them. Emma - During the French Revolution, in October of 1789, a group of peasant women led a March to the estate of King Louis XVI. They had heard all the rumors about the King and his wife hoarding grain while they starved. They demanded that the monarchs move from their current residence to Paris so that their actions would be visible to all the citizens. This demand was filled. Ben - The French revolution ended in 1799. During this time the “Reign of Terror” happened also. Fifteen-thousand people including the previous king of France, King Louis XVI, were executed for treason as the French revolution started to end. Then Napoleon became the leader, turning France into a more military country then it was before. Gabe - in 1795 the french revolution was ending and french now had peace with spain and prussia and there constitution was ratified making this a victory for france   Napoleon Bonaparte: 1. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon took power of France and in 1800 he decides to try to take back Italy from the Austrians. He does defeats Austria and makes a treaty with Lunaville marking the end of the second Coalition. Ethan - Bonaparte was an extremely important part of the French congress and revolution. He led many of the successful campaigns. In the end, he was emperor of France for a decade and slight amount more during the Hundred Days. The Hundred Days was just the marking of when Bonaparte returned from Elba during exile. Skylar - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15th, 1769 in Ajaccio, france. Napoleon was a french statesman as well as a military leader. He lead the french to many successful battles during the french revolution. He was also the emperor of france from 1804 to 1814, and then again in 1815 during the “Hundred Days”. He died May 5th, 1821. 4.Hunter- Napoleon served as an artillery officer in the French army around the time that the French Revolution started happening in 1789. He quickly rose in the ranks of the military taking what chances he had during the Revolution and was a general at the age of 24. Emma - Napoleon took power in the year 1799 under the title of Consul. He rose to power with two other Consuls, forming a three pronged leadership system, similar to the triumvirates of Ancient Rome. However, after rising to power, he very quickly declared himself the First Consul, which put him above the other two in authority and power. Audrey - Napoleon had lost a lot of soldiers after trying to retreat Russia where he had 450,000 soldiers he was down to about 10,000. Then great britain was already against him but Russia and Prussia joined forces and he knew they had the advantage so as persuasive as he seemed to be he managed to get about 130,000 troops and even later he made it up to 400,000 again. Ben - Napoleon died after being exiled in 1851 to Saint Helena, an island near the coast of Africa. Most historians believe his cause of death was stomach cancer. Gabe - Napoleon was sent to Saint Helena by the English who he surrendered himself to because he didn’t want the prussians to get him and kill him or torchure him   France's many revoluts and republics: Ethan - France has had 5 republics and 4 revolutions, making this time in history very interesting. I’ll just talk about the first republic. It was founded on the 21st of September in 1792. This was 3 years after the French Revolution. This republic was founded over the Ancien Regime getting overthrown, thus began the first republic.   Ella - In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte came to power. He ended the First Republic in 1804 when he declared himself emperor. In 1815 Napoleon was faced with a waterloo.  He got banished off to Elba but was able to comeback. After that he spent 111 days in power again and then was SOMEONE DELETED MY STUF Skylar - After that Louis the 18th dies, without children in the year 1824, so his younger brother charles the 10th comes to power. In 1830 there is the July revolution but it is not successful. After that Charles the 10th cousin comes in who is the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe the first.   4.Hunter- The February Revolution in 1848 was only one of a wave of revolutions in 1848. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy and led to the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France for a period of time. Audrey - When Louis the 16th dies his younger brother came to power and he was called Louis the 18th. There was no Louis the 17th because he was louis 16th son who died in prison when he was ten. Ben - The most influential individual in the government during that time was named Jean Maximillion Lamarque, he was one of the very few people in the French government that cared about the common folk. Once he died, his funeral urged on a revolt from the people, but the revolution was unsuccessful. Emma - The event known as the June Rebellion of 1832 was another attempted revolt of the people against the current monarch. However it was an unsuccessful rebellion, or attempt at a revolution. This event was actually witnessed by Victor Hugo which served as inspiration for his story. Haitian Revolution: Ethan - This revolution took place in 1791-1804 when the Haitian slaves revolted against the colonists. The Haitians found freedom from their French slaveholders. The startup of this revolution was because of racist societies along with the French Revolution happening at the time since the would have trouble with sending reinforcements.   Ella -  Vincent Oge was a very wealthy, mixed race businessman. He was one-fourth African American and three-fourths French. He was in Paris during the French revolution for business purposes. This man owned many slaves and lots of land in what is now Haiti but he didn't have the same rights and as some of the other men around him because of his race so when he heard they were gonna rewrite the constitution he started lobbying for equal rights and was successful in gaining the right to vote   3.Hunter- This revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial rebellion by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation Haiti. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British people--- with ex-slave Toussaint L’Ouverture rising as Haiti’s most appealing hero.    Audrey - Saint-Domingue now known as Haiti is a French colony in the caribbean. It’s the western half of an island and that island was the island that Columbus first found when he discovered the new world. Ben - In order to try and get everyone on their side after seeing the Haiti revolts, France signed a document in April 1792 that gave free people of color full citizenship. Some people think this was stirred on by Vincent Oge. Skylar - The Haitian revolution started on August 21st, 1791 and lasted almost twelve & a half years. The Haitians won but it resulted in the Massacre of the French. Gabe - when the french went to put slavery this dude named Leclerc came with 40,000 To fight the haitians and the yellow fever and 32,000 people were lost leaving only 8,000 people in lectercs army who also died so its now rochambeau who liked to bury slaves with insects and boil them in molasses so this was not a good dude and napoleon kind of just leaves them because he's got bigger problems in france and so dessieres is able to defeat rochambeau declaring  Saint Dominigue independance. Even after the slaves were already declared free in Haiti (though without their knowledge) a plan was made to actually remove the freedoms they had been given and to reinstate slavery once the time was right. Latin American independence: Ethan - After much time(300 years) of colonial rule, many Spanish colonies gained independence. This included Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were originally Iberian countries/states(I’m bad at Geography). This happened during 1808-1826. This happened so quickly it triggered a lot of things like government reforms. Ella - Around 1750 while America was divided between european countries Spain controlled most of the Americas all the way down south to where chile is now and all the way North to modern day Texas and California. The Portuguese also owned a great majority of the land in South America around modern day brazil. 3.Hunter- After the Royal court returned to Lisbon, the Prince Regent, Pedro, stayed in Brazil and successfully declared himself Emperor of newly independent Brazil. However Cuban independence was fought against spain in two years (Ten years and barely any war). But Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish Rule until the Spanish-American War in 1898.     Audrey - Many revolutions in Latin-America were led by Simon Bolivar who was a creole and the word creole has had many meanings but this time it meant a person who descended mostly from spain but was born in the new world. Ben -  A very important document, well, series of documents, relating to the enlightenment was made in France during this time period. It was called “The Encyclopedia” and it documented all French political science and climate. A popular quote from this document is “The goal of an encyclopedia is to assemble all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth, to demonstrate the general system to the people with whom we live, & to transmit it to the people who will come after us, so that the works of centuries past is not useless to the centuries which follow, that our descendants, by becoming more learned, may become more virtuous & happier, & that we do not die without having merited being part of the human race.” ( May or may not read the quote depending on how much time is needed to fill. ) Skylar - Toussaint Louverture was able to set up his own nation basically because all the other countries were too busy fighting against each other. This is the only time something like this has ever happened from a slave revolt. Gabe - Simón Bolívar helped Mexico Venezuela Peru Colombia Ecuador Bolivia which was named for him Paraguay Uruguay Brazil Argentina gain independence from spain Emma - The Independence movements of Latin America were influenced by two main factors. Like many others at the time, they were inspired by the enlightenment, but the fact that France was undergoing its own revolution also served as an influence. Imperialism Ethan - Imperialism is basically the process of gaining land through demonstrating economic or political power. Normally it uses military force to prove this. They also distribute propaganda to get people to see it their way. They also down on their opponents teachings or laws to make it seem better. 2.Hunter- However Imperialism is different from New Imperialism, because the term Imperialism is usually used to the colonisation of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries, as against to the expansion of Western Powers and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.    Audrey - A very important part of imperialism is industrialization. Industrialization is the use of technology to be more productive and efficient. An example would be the steam engine which allowed us to use energy we made to run machines and it made factories significantly more productive. Ben -  There are a few reasons that countries were so motivated to industrialize. One of the most obvious ones is money, being an advanced country attracts people that you can tax and factories help make things faster and cheaper. Another reason is land, the more land you have the more powerful you are. Skylar -The definition of imperialism is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The british and the europeans wanted what the chinese had, which was porcelain and silk, but the chinese weren’t interested in trading, finally the europeans find something that the chinese want and that was Opium, opium is the thing that gets you addicted to Heroin and Morphine. Ella - The first Opium war took place in 1839 to 1842 and from 1856 to 1860 the second Opium war went on. During this time the very addictive drug Opium became legal. Because of this the Qing dynasty lost confidence and Opium in general was very destructive to this society. Gabe - this is also around the time the japanese opened trade with america because commodore came with some pretty big ships and then came again with more to ask to open trade and the japanese were like don't want to have a war like the chinese did with the british so they opened trade to americans 8. Emma - All throughout history we cases of nations switching to imperialism from their current political system. This often leads to conflict due to the strong, controlling government powers, which can result in civil war and revolutions.

Renaissance and Reformation               Spanish and Portuguese Empires: get out of my ocean   Gabe The Spanish and Portuguese are kind of the start to a lot of global trade but more so the Portuguese empire because they were more interested in trade then acquiring land and so what they would do is set up these things called factories which were a lot like warehouses for trading outposts and they set these up along there trade route which went from portugal all the way to the bottom of africa and back up to japan which was the route vasco da gama created and they found that the chinese wanted silver to reinforce there paper money and they saw this as a great trade opportunity and they would go and trade china's goods of basically anything for silver from japan to china   Ben - During the Spanish golden age, are and literature flourished. This was also during the Italian Renaissance, around the year 1492. The same year that Christopher Columbus discovered America. A famous European artist of this time was Diego Velázquez. He made various works for the royals of Spain that showcased his immense skill in talent.   Ella - In America, people often worked on plantations and in mines. The work they did was really harsh and difficult that sometimes people would die doing it.  But it resulted in a large increase in production. And with that came the need for more labor so they began to use enslaved africans which brought West Africa into these trading networks and relationships with the spanish and portuguese.   Audrey -  In 1598 a fleet of Dutch ships left the Netherlands to trade. A sailor aboard one of these ships was an Englishman named William Adams. The fleet sailed down the coast of Africa and made a stop off the coast of West Africa to trade, and this was very common for the European ships at the time. When they left there they sailed around South America ending up off the coast of Peru. At this point William Adams began keeping a journal and it says “It was agreed that we should leave the coast of Peru and direct our course for Japan. Having understood that cloth was good merchandise there and also how upon that coast of Peru the king’s ships were out seeking us.” The king that Adams was referring to was the king of Spain and this worried the fleet because Peru was a Spanish colony at the time and Spain and the Netherlands were at war. This just shows how interconnected the economy was at the time with how they new where a place was how to get there and what items would be beneficial to trade there. (Sorry its so long) Emma - Prior to the beginning of the African slave trade, certain areas in Africa already held an important role in the Renaissance era global economy. West Africa in particular, played a part in the Spanish and Portuguese trade of items such as gold and ivory, as well as some spices. All of these items were highly desired by people of many cultures and were seen as symbols of wealth and luxury.   Skylar - William Adams sailed from West Africa to Peru, to Japan. When they arrived in Japan the Emperor put Adams in prison. These Portuguese Priests were in Japan and were trying to get the emperor to agree to let William Adams out of prison. Finally the Emperor agreed and said he would trade with him, but he had to help his army build ships.   Ethan- In Brazil their economic power comes from their sugar plantations towards the north. This changed when they struck gold in 1693. This was found inward on Brazil in the region of Minas Gerais.  Them finding gold triggered the Americans desire to find gold in America. This struck down Brazil’s financial status for most of the 18th century. Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Gabe - The Scientific Revolution started around the early 1500s when copernicus says hey what if we aren't the center of attention what if the sun and we are revolving around it and not it around us which questions everything they believed and this kind of ended around the late 1600s when newton publishes the principia which describes our universe and around this time people began to question old beliefs that had been around since forever which began the Age of Enlightenment Ben - The Age of Enlightenment was also called the Age of Reason. Historians from France usually place this period at around 1715, but other historians from around the world think it happened in around 1620. Corresponding with the scientific revolution. Ella - The reasons the Enlightenment started was not only because we had new tools of thinking but that it was almost a responsibility of the society now that they had scientific information that they could apply to there current information. Audrey - The Age of Enlightenment was a very philosophical time when people really started questioning their rights and their obligations especially considering their social status, like why this person had the right to rule why others had to be slaves and why the upper class could own them.   Emma - During this new philosophical era, many “modern” philosophers began to emerge. One of these was John Locke, the writer of the Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government. This document expressed his beliefs on how people should treat one anGovernmentother. For example, one passage said this; “...when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he, as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind, and may not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away, or impair the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another.” This kind of thinking was growing larger in popularity during this time.   Ethan- The Scientific Revolution with things like the heliocentric theory that we use today. This was the first theory that said the universe revolved around something other than the Earth. The barometer was also invented during this time. The bifocal lens was also a great invention because it let people have the ability to see both far and near.7. Skylar - im going to talk about Thomas Hobbes. Thomas was a english writer, who was inspired by experimental attitude toward nature and decided to apply it to politics.  In 1651 he wrote Leviathan, a title he chose after the sea monster from the Book of Job. Thomas thought that humans in their original state of nature were unhappy. He supported an absolute monarch government, but didn’t support the Divine Right theory government. He didn’t support that kind of government because he believed that you need protection from yourself.   Mughal rule in India:   Gabe - The Mughal Rule Starts in Samarkand around early 1500s which babur who is Timur's great grandsons grandson tries taking and fails and he tries to take Fergana and fails and he does this a couple times before he goes to Kabul and conquers it in the early 1600s which after taking Kabul he starts focusing on more India then he does Asia and he even later on defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi taking control over northern india.    Ella - One of the rulers Humayun had trouble retaining power because of multiple family rivalries. Eventually the Pashtun Suri dynasty dethrones him. He was able to regain control for a while with the help from the safavids but unfortunately tripped on a staircase and died.   Audrey - Shah Jahan was the son of Jahangir therefor Akbar’s grandson and he lived from 1592-1666 AD. Where both Akbar and Jahangir were said to be very tolerant rulers Shah Jahan was known to be considerably less tolerant. His rule was known as the golden age of Mughal architecture one of his greatest structures being the Taj Mahal. It was built in the 1630’s in Agra which at some point was the capitol. Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a home for the body of his wife who had died just before.   Emma - The Mughal Empire was an example of an Indo-Persian culture, a combination of both the Indian and Persian cultures of the surrounding areas. Examples of this can be seen in art and architecture of the time period which showed influences from both of these distinct cultures.   Ethan- The Mughal Empire was the 3rd largest empire on the Indian subcontinent to ever exist, alongside the British Indian Empire and the Maurya Empire. This empire expanded 4 million square kilometers.  The largest expansion of this empire was when Aurangzeb ruled, with over 150 million subjects.   Skylar - In 1483 Babur is born, who becomes the leader of Fergana at age 12. He tries to take over multiple different places, and never won. Finally in the early 16th century he is able to take control over Kabul. When akbar became the leader he was able to add quite a bit more territory to the Mughal empire.   Sikhism:  Gabe - Sikhism starts in punjab around the time that the Mughals are coming into power with a man named guru Nanak and his followers are called sikhs which is from the sanskrit word sikh which means to learn Ella - Eventually The Sikhs have a large increase in following from Hindus and Muslims. Jahangir becomes threatened by them so he decides to imprison and torture Guru Arjan in an attempt to make him convert to Islam. Despite being boiled and tortured he would not consent and he eventually died.kicking in the basement guess who Audrey - Guru Arjan played an important part in Sikhism with the making of the Adi Granth which is a compilation of the sayings and hymns from previous gurus including his own so essentially the holy book of Sikhism. Guru Arjan also built the Harmandir Sahib in Ramdaspur a place later known as Amritsar which was intended as a place of worship for people of all religions and they had the tradition of Langar where they would feed anyone from any faith. The Harmandir Sahib would later be known as the Golden Temple after Raja had it plated with gold and it is now the largest free kitchen in the world. Skylar - The Sikhism is started in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. Guru was born into a merchant class Hindu family, he was precocious especially when talking about spirituality, meaning he was extremely religious. Emma - The Bhakti Movement of the Mughal Empire was a major influence of the development of Sikhism. The Bhakti Movement was a theistic that originated from Hinduism in Medieval times. However, it was not a direct branch from the movement. Ethan- All Sikh believe that faith and meditation are essentials in their lives. They also believe in divine unity and equality of humankind. Now there are close to 25 million Sikhs worldwide and many of them have stayed in Punjab. The last guru was Guru Gobind Singh and named the Sikhs scripture Guru Granth Sahib. 7. The Protestant Reformation: Ella -  Pope Leo X wanted to rebuild Saint Peter's Basilica which given to Peter from Christ himself. The cost to rebuild it was very high because it was one of the greatest architectural structures of the time. They planned to afford it by selling indulgences or pieces of paper that supposedly helped you get into heaven faster.  Gabe - The Protestant Reformation is when the church went from just the Roman Catholic church too methodist, baptist, lutheran, congregationalist, and presbyterian churches these were some of the churches that came out of the Protestant Reformation Audrey - Martin Luther, who was a German monk and a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, was tired of people saying since they bought indulgences, which were pieces of paper that could supposedly get you to Heaven quicker, they were freed of all their sins. As a monk Martin Luther did not like the idea of people trying to take the easy way out by buying their way to Heaven so he wrote a series of arguments on the issues of selling indulgences better known as the 95 Theses and it is said that he nailed it to the doors of the castle church in Wittenberg. Skylar - The protestant reformation started in 1517. The reformation started by Martin Luther. Then later on other leaders were Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin. The Protestant Reformation lasted until the end of the Thirty Years war, which ended in 1648. Emma - The reformation was a distinct change from the practices and beliefs of the  Catholic Church. They very much believed that your actions impacted if and when you got to Heaven. This was what martin Luther was addressing with his writings, saying that the sinful nature was unavoidable and that faith alone can save us. Ethan- The Reformation ended around the time of the end of the 30 years war. The war ended in 1648. By this time the society of Western Christianity had split into many different “churches” like Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican, just to name a few. 7.   The Russian Empire - Ella - Modern day Sweden was once the home of the Vikings. They would travel around Western Europe by sea and attack and steal from towns on the coast. The Vikings were also known for their trading. There were many water routes from Sweden to common trading countries such as Baghdad and Constantinople. Large amounts of viking jewelry was found along these rivers. Gabe - The Russian empire began with the varangians which were vikings being pushed back to Sweden but there was chaos in the northern slav area and it is said that they went to the varangians and asked them to rule over them because there is no order and so 3 people were pick Rurik being the oldest settles in Novograd and calls the land Rus which many people believe is where the word Russia comes from and on his death Rurik appoints Oleg as his successor and Oleg settles in Kiev expanding Rus to Kiev Rus Skylar - The Russian Empire was officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I, (the first, skylar do NOT say 1)following the Treaty of Nystad, which was in 1721. The Russian Empire was strong and alive well before that though, 1478 is when most believe in was truly established. The Russian Empire is the third largest in the world. It contains three different continents. Sometimes the Russian Empire is also known as Imperial Russia. Audrey - The word Rus is thought by most historians to be the origin of the word Russia. But where did the word Rus come from? Historians have come up with many answers for this question. Some believe that the word Rus came from the name of Sweden at the time since that’s where Rus was, and some think the the Rus were a group of vikings. Emma - The inhabitants of the Land of Rus are said to have come from two groups of people that resided in what is now Russia. These two groups were the Eastern Slavs and the Varangians. However, there were many other groups of Slavs that made up the other nations that now exist in the area. Ethan- The Russian Empire lasted from 1721-1917. The Empire took up 14 million square miles and was ruled autocratically. It had over 170 million people and 100 different backgrounds. The capital of the Russian Empire is St Petersburg. Most of the population consisted of serfs until 1861 when Alexander II set them free. This Emancipation did not change the conditions for the peasant populus.

No show notes today. The students were asked to find two things in history that happened around the same time and tell an interesting fact or make a connection. 

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Byzantine Empire: 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions   European Middle Ages: feudalism and serfdom: Audrey - The Middle Ages lasted from the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which was a little before 500 AD, to 1500 AD. There are three major sections of the Middle Ages, the Early Middle Ages, lasting from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to 1000 ad, was the first, the High Middle Ages, from 1000 ad to 13 ad, which was a high point for the Middle Ages, and last, the late Middle Ages, this lasted from 1300 to 1500 ad and it wasn't a very pleasant time to live in Europe. Gabe - feudalism is where if your poor you live on some land that you don't own a really rich guy called a baron or duke owns it and you still don't have money so you share a plow with your neighbor and you combine your ox together just to plow the ground so you can make a little money and you cant even leave with permission from your landlord you're a serf in a serfdom which is a state of being a feudal laborer so your like a slave who gets paid enough to survive   Ella - A Roman Emperor by the name of Charlemagne  conquered Northern Italy, around modern day France, and many other places including Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Charlemagne was able to unify most of Western Europe and was considered a defining figure of the early middle ages. Emma - The word feudal comes from the medieval latin word feudum which means “landed estate”. It is a really broad term that refers to many types of landowner-tenant living situations that took place during the middle ages in Europe. In the seventeenth century, historians and lawyers studying the middle ages wanted to give a name to these types of lifestyles in this era, thus naming it feudalism. Modern day historians don’t necessarily agree that they should all be lumped under one name. Ben - And at that time around 1100 AD Rome was losing land to the Muslims that conquered some of the Byzantine area, So they sent some crusaders in 1096 to take the land back, (especially the holy land) and when they did, they decided instead of adding the land back into the byzantine empire they would just make some crusader kingdoms, so they made separate kingdoms that only advanced the divide between the east and west empires. Skylar - Peasant revolting was also called popular uprisings. The peasants revolted in England in 1831. The revolted because they felt that they were not getting treated equally as everyone else, ex. they were working harder than everyone else and barely surviving. Other reasons for popular uprisings/peasant revolting is the government taxing certain people more, cultural issues, and religious issues. 7.Ethan- The Byzantine Iconoclasm was the destroying of religious stuff. This brought up much controversy that lasted about a century. This also further differed the East and the West. The Western Church used religious images often and the Iconoclasm didn’t affect them as much.   Origins of Islam: Audrey - The closest translation of the word Islam to English is surrender, and in the context of the Islamic faith it would be the surrender to the will of God. A Muslim is someone who practices Islam, and submits to the will of God. The central text of Islam is the Quran, which is believed by Muslims that it is the word of God revealed by the messenger Muhammad. Especially in older texts Islam might be referred to as Muhammadism, like Christianity, but this is incorrect because the Muslims didn’t view Muhammad as a divine figure but as someone God spoke through. Ella - Muslims and Christians biggest difference is that muslims do not believe in the crucifixion or the resurrection. They also don’t believe that Jesus is the son of god. They belief he was only and early prophet. Muslims also believe in a system of 5 pillars. These pillars are made up of faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Emma - Islam is similar to Christianity in many ways. For example, they believe that Moses, Abraham, and Jesus were all doing God’s work. They also believe that parts of the Bible are indeed God’s word though they also believe that Muhammad is another of God’s messengers and that they word he conveyed is also divinely inspired. Ben - The biggest figure in Islam is Muhammad, Muhammad was born in 570 BC, sadly his mother died in 576 BC and his grandfather died in 578 BC. He got married in 595 BC. After he saw revelations and visions from god he went down to the big cube and told everyone “hey your gods are fake” but as expected, everyone got mad at him so he had to move to a place with a Christian king. He went to where is now Ethiopia and preached his teachings. Gabe - he started preaching in mecca and the Quraysh tribe did not like that so he moved to Medina or Yathrib and here he kind of became a spiritual ruler over the city And they actually fight the quraysh tribe 3 to 1 because there's only about 300 of them and there's 900 quraysh and they win this battle and quraysh fight them again in the battle of uhud and now there’s 750 so they are building in numbers but there’s 3300 And the quraysh win  and then they have another war which is the  battle of the trench and they actually dug a trench around the city and they fought 3000 to 10000 so three to one again and the muslims won and this is all by account of the muslims though because they are the only record we have of that time 6.Ethan- Muslims consider Muhammad as the last person in the line of disciples. These disciples include, Moses, Abraham, and Jesus. Also, as soon as Muhammad was born most of the Middle East abandoned polytheism. Skylar - the early part of Islamic faiths are center around revelations of the prophet, Muhammad. A lot of the revelations with Muhammad are about surrendering to god. Muslims believe that the Quran is the final testament. Sunni and Shia Islam:  Ella - After the death of Muhammed, these two divisions known as Sunni and Shia came into play. 90% of the world's 1.6 billion muslims are Sunni and 10% are Shia. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah which is referring to Muhammad. The word Shia comes from Shi'atu ‘Ali which means followers of Ali. Audrey - The general division, between the Sunnis and the Shias, is who should succeed Muhammad, after his death, as leader of the Muslim community. The Shias believe that members of Muhammad’s family, especially his descendants, should become leader. The Sunnis disagree, and believe that it doesn’t really matter who succeeds Muhammad. Ben - As the divide gets more and more intense it causes the “Battle of the Camel” named after Aisha’s camel in 656 BC, then after that the “Battle of Siffin” happens merely a year after in 657 BC.  Gabe - the shias believe even more so that ali should be his successor after a speech saying he is mawla and ali is also mawla and when muhammad died his very close friend abu bakr takes his place and then umar and then uthman who is assassinated and ali finally takes his place      Emma - Ali became caliph in the year 656 AD, after the assassination of Uthman. At this time, Muawiya was the governor of Damascus and he felt that Ali was not putting in a full effort to punish the people who commited the crime. Because of this, he refuses to pledge his allegience to Ali. This started the Fist Fitna, or first Muslim civil war. Skylar - Muhammad was born in the year 570. He starts having revelations to god in the year 610, the Muslim calendar doesn’t start until 622 though. Muhammad married Khadijah and had several kids with her, one being named, Fatimah. Fatimah then married Ali, the son of Abu Talib. That’s where the word shi’atu ali comes from. 7.Ethan- The Shia are mainly based in places like Iraq and Iran, but are spread throughout the world itself. As you can probably guess, the Sunni are in many different places, since 9/10 Muslim are Sunni. Much blood was spilled through these 2 denominations throughout time..   Age of Islam: Ella - The Islamic Empire Grew as it obtained information from other civilizations such as the Byzantine and Persian empires. The collected knowledge and cultural ideas from surrounding empires and people they would meet around their area such as the Indians and the Chinese.          Audrey - They collected and obtained this information all throughout the Umayyad dynasty but most of it happened during the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid Caliphate built Baghdad and moved the of the empire there. Ben - In 786 Al-Ma’mun was born, but later in his life (813 BC) he created the Baghdad house of wisdom. The baghdad house of wisdom contained almost all advanced human knowledge from at the time, from mathematics to astronomy, the house of wisdom contained all great wisdoms, even those that were fictional such as poetry. Gabe - they built baghdad right on the route between europe and asia making it the place a prime spot to trade in allowing the abbasids very wealthy because they imported all sorts of good like silk glass tile paper ivory soap honey diamonds Emma - During this time, something called the translation movement took place. Some of the caliphs like al-Rashid and al-Ma’mun wanted to make popular Greek texts accessible to the Arab world, so they encouraged scholars to translate Greek works into Arabic. They were trying to preserve the thoughts of great scholars such as Aristotle. 6.Ethan- The Abbasid Dynasty built Baghdad which is the capital of Iraq. While this was not always so, Damascus was the original capital city. At the time, this was the perfect place for the capital, for it was by the Tigris and Euphrates river. Thus made is ideal for crop production which allowed larger population. Skylar - Al-Kwarizmi was a persian mathematician who studied at the house of wisdom. Al-Kwarizmi is the inventor of algebra. The word algebra comes from the Arabic word al-jabr. He also created the Hindu numerals. The Great Schism: Audrey - Emperor Nero had these purges of Christians like the Roman fire or fire of rome in 64 ad. Nero blamed the Christians for the fire and was lighting them alive for punishment. Many historians believe that the apostles Peter and Paul were killed in these purges. Ben - Around the early 4th century a new emperor comes along and we’ve talked about him previously, Constantine. But today I’m going to go more in depth into Constantine’s life. He was born in 280 AD. His father was the previous western emperor before him, being made emperor in 305 AD. At Constantine’s thirties he was fighting for power within the western region, becoming victorious and being crowned emperor in 312 AD, and later became emperor of not just western rome but all of it in 324. He instilled multiple laws protecting christian people and converted to christianity/was baptised on his deathbed. He died in 337 AD. Gabe - after constantine there was theodosius who made christianity the main religion of rome and persecuted other religions he was also the last to rule both sides of rome when he died the germanic tribes took the west side of rome leaving justinian to the east side who conquered modern day italy back from the germanic tribes leaving the germanic tribes with modern day france and modern day germany and modern day france is owned by the franks the tribe of france which is why you have french and german but they were actually just german to begin with      Ella -  The Christians of the time were missionaries, going around and spreading their beliefs to other Roman Civilizations. In some cases families were split apart when half of the family decided to abandon Roman practices. Emma - Under the rule of Justinian, there was a power struggle in the Roman Empire. There were many people who possessed large amounts of power with different titles. There was obviously the Emperor, but then there was also the Bishop of Rome, now known as the Pope, who considers himself to somewhat the head of Christianity. There were also several other patriarchs across the Empire who held power and influence over the people. Skylar - Christianity started from the Roman Empire, it started from a jewish sect in Judea and Galilee, from early ministries. Going into the third century christianity was becoming pretty big. There were more purges. In 312 Constantine wins the battle at Milvian Bridge, and shortly after christianity becomes legal, and the christians are no longer persecuted for doing something they believe in. Ethan- The Holy Roman Empire was called this by Voltaire, “It is neither holy, nor an empire”. This Voltaire was a french Enlightenment writer/speaker. Otto der Grosse or Otto the Great was a Roman emperor who originated in Germany. He unified the Empire around the 10th century. It started to split around the 11th century. The Crusades:  Gabe - it was called the crusades because it was a war but from the pope so the pope wanted some land and he convinced a mighty Lord to go fight for him and his land so he goes and dies of starvation there and nevers sees his land again Audrey - Crusades were wars but they were considered just warfare. A war could be considered just if it had a just cause legitimate authority and the right intention. Ella - Eventually after losing a lot of territory, the Byzantine Empire was able to take back some of the Anatolian Peninsula from a muslim group called the Seljuk Turks. Supposedly, the crusades were made for the Byzantine Empire to get back the territory they lost, but the crusades usually took the land for themselves. Skylar -The Byzantine empire was losing the holy land, as the Arabians started to overrun it. Crusades were wars declared by the pope. Pope Urban II told all the christians they need to fight against the muslims to get the holy land back, and whoever fights will be forgiven of their sins. Emma - The crusades made a big impact on the expansion of European kingdoms and territories. In the north and est, crusading helped to expand parts of the Kingdoms of Sweden and Denmark. It also influenced the establishment of new political systems like Prussia. Ben - The one they hired to lead the charge against the Muslims that were taking over Jerusalem was Pope Urban II. This took place in 1095. His famous speech hat launched the crusades was, “Under Jesus Christ, our Leader, may you struggle for your Jerusalem, in Christian battle line, [that] most invincible line, even more successfully than did the sons of Jacob of old—struggle, that you may assail and drive out the Turks, more execrable than the Jebusites, who are in this land, and may you deem it a beautiful thing to die for Christ in that city in which he died for us. But if it befall you to die this side of it, be sure that to have died on the way is of equal value, if Christ shall find you in his army” 7.Ethan- The First Crusade was Jerusalem’s first military order. These military orders were more of taking on things like communal poverty, chastity, and obedience. But also violence… lots of violence… for the Christian faith of course. Examples consist of the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Teutonic Knights. 8.   Medieval Japan:   Gabe - medieval japan becomes a militaristic japan and it gets kind of fragmented and doesn't get reunited till around the modern period every wonder why japanese and chinese is a lot alike because the japanese borrowed many ideas from the chinese because there so close together china was like your older sibling influencing you     Skylar - The Heian period was a golden age for Japan. The Heians were very powerful. The Heian period was known for architecture, culture, arts, and philosophy. They had amazing cultural advancement for their time, around the year 1000. The women had a say in thing, like emperial arts. Lady Murasaki is known as the first novelist. A Shogun is a military dictator, the first Shogun was Minamoto Yuritomo. Audrey - China had a huge influence on Japan even though China never conquered Japan because of how close they are Japan borrowed many ideas from China in the Classical period. Japanese rulers sent delegations to China in the 7th century to better understand what the Chinese do to run their government. Ella - In the time he ruled, Oda Nobunaga took advantage of guns. He was able to use them to put most of the other lords into submission. He also worked towards unifying Japan. The next two rulers Tokugawa Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyoshi continued working towards unify Japan. Ben - (Y’all better be ready for me to correct your pronunciation since I’m learning Japanese. Nah Jk) The capital of Japan during the heian period was Heian-kyo (today’s Kyoto). Also another little fact about the golden age of Japan was that woman that were in the family of very important political figures had a significant amount of power themselves, unlike other civilizations like Rome. Japan in its early state was famous for taking things and ideas from other people and making their own version. This is how they became one of the first truly industrialized countries.   Emma - The structure of Medieval Japan under the Bakufu system, or shogunate, was actually very similar to a lot of the European systems, and was even called a feudal system by some. In this time, the position of Emperor still existed, but all the power belonged to the Shogun who was a sort of military leader. Under the shogun there were several daimyo, which could be compared to lords. Beneath them was the warrior class of samurai, which are very similar to the knights of europe.   Ethan- The Edo period is named for the castle Edo. This castle was ruled by the Tokuwaga shogunate which is still going. The shogun is at the top of the chain which how the bakufu system normally works. This system is considered the reason Japan began to be unified. Maya, Aztec, and Inca   Skylar - The Aztec Empire starts to form when Azcapotzalca gets in a civil war, Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan for a triple alliance and conquer Azcapotzalca. The Aztec empire was very small at the time with only three city-states. The Inca empire called themselves the Tawantinsuyu, they called their ruler Inca.   Gabe - after a while in the Aztec empire Tenochtitlan which was once the weaker city state before in entered the aztec empire actually became the capital of the Aztec empire and the Aztec empire is actually around for another hundred years   When hernando cortes comes and conquered it in 1521        Audrey - The Aztec civilization and the Aztec empire are different from each other because the Aztec civilization was made up of broad groups of people over hundreds of years where the Aztec empire was a very specific entity that was formed in the hundred years before the Spanish colonization. Ella - Hernando Cortes was able to convince several hundreds of conquistadors to conquer empires for him. He collected people from neighboring city states who were having problems with the Mexico or Aztec Empires. He eventually took over the city of Tenochtitlan and it became a very advanced civilization. Ben - One of the biggest ways the English were able to conquer ancient Mexico was with the bringing of smallpox which the native Americans never really had before. Even before they started calling themselves the Inca, they already had a sort of advanced civilization. They taxed their citizens, but not in a traditional way, since they didn’t use a coin or currency system, citizens had to dedicate some of their working time to the government. Emma - The advancements of Inca Empire are on their own monumental, but to put it into perspective, from the historical evidence we currently have, there is no proof that the Incas had a written language. They did have a system of knots that they used, but that was the extent of and record keeping. Ethan- The Mayans were well known for their astronomics, mathematics, and their calendar. Their civilization was based in southeastern Mexico and Guatemala. There was also El Salvador, Belize, and Honduras.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us outside of the box that is learning.

600 BCE - 600 CE Early Americas: Skylar - The Mayan Civilization is one of the longest lasting civilizations in world history. It is believed that the Mayan Civilization began as early as 2000 BCE . The first city-states started as soon as 750 BCE. These city-states not only had a political leader but also a spiritual leader. In the north there was the Yucatan Peninsula and to the south  the Sierra Madre Mountain range. The Mayan civilization was where modern-day southeast Mexico is. The calendar the Mayans came up with was actually more accurate than the calendar Julius Caesar came up with. Ella - Around 250 in the common era, there was a time known as the classical period. Around this period a lot of big cities came into place like Tikal and Calakmul. We believe that these cities had around 50,000 to 100,000 people at their best. Supposedly they were not one empire, but it was more separate like the greek city states, but still the bigger cities might have influenced some of the smaller states decisions.  Gabe - Back to the calendar so the Mayan calendar actually said the earth started on August 11, 3114 bc and ended on december 22, 2012 and since we are now in 2018 it obviously didn't end and it didn't end because it was like a odometer so it rolls over from 000000 to 999999 and then back to 000000 so most people thought the world was going to end december 22, 2012 because that's when the Mayan calendar ended but it didn't end on August 11, 3114 bc the calendar was set at 000000 and on december 22, 2012 it changed back to 000000 so instead of ending it just reset Emma - Between 300 and 600 AD a huge and extremely complex city called Teotihuacan existed northeast of what is now Mexico City. The name Teotihuacan was given to it by the Aztecs when the discovered it long after its fall. We actually have to written records or art from the city itself though through other archeological methods historians were able to determine that it likely was inhabited by around 200,000 people. People believe that it held direct power over the surrounding 10,000 square miles and used armies to colonize as far as 600 miles away. 5.Hunter- The Maya, group of people who lived in Mesoamerica after the Olmec, lived in what is now southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador. Large Mayan cities started to rise throughout these areas, the local lords struggled for power and access to trade routes and goods. Audrey - Something that is different about the America’s from other civilizations is that in western South America now where Peru is wasn’t based around a river. Instead they had the humble current and the water had a bunch of nutrients so there were lots of fish for the people to eat and they could grow food. Ben - The Nazca civilization was also a very interesting part of western america, around southwest peru. The nazca are famous for drawing things in the ground around a third of a kilometer in size (or over nine hundred fifty feet), these things were named the “Nazca Lines”. This was around 200 BCE. Ethan - The early Andes were based around modern day Peru and Bolivia. Their society faced problems including that the mountain-based structure of the Andes was.   600 BCE - 600 CE Empires in India: 1.Ella - The Maurya Empire was one of the greatest empires of world history. It emerged because a man by the name of Chandragupta Maurya conquered the nanda empire, many territories formerly conquered by Alexander the Great, and a large amount of land from the Greeks. Chandragupta eventually left his empire in the hands of his son bindusara.     2.Skylar - I’m going to talk about the Gupta dynasty. The gupta dynasty was started by Sri Gupta around 240. But didn’t become i guess you could say popular until about 320 when Chandragupta the first took over. Chandragupta was given some of the Gupta dynasty to control because he married princess Kumaradevi. (if someone has anything more to add on please do, didn’t want to take all the info) Gabe - I'm going to continue on the Maurya Empire bindusara ruled from 297 bc to 272 bc when he died this led to war bindusara's sons both wanted to be king Ashoka one of bindusara's sons won taking the empire and later on becoming the most successful and powerful ruler of the Maurya dynasty       Emma - The Mauryans had a huge army consisting of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 Calvary, and 9,000 war elephants. This was the largest and strongest military force in the world in its time. This army was a great recourse for the Mauryan Empire And was a big factor in their ability to expand their territory and defend themselves from those who tried to attack. Audrey - Unlike many other empires the Gupta Empire’s big thing wasn’t that they conquered a bunch of land it was because they could conquer and obtain that territory they had the power to sponsor a culture with art. This was called the Golden Age of India. Ben - A few different important historical figures of the Maurya empire are Kalidasa and Aryabhata. I’ll start with Kalidasa, he was a incredibly skilled writer of the time and was mostly known for being the best writer that ever used Sanskrit. (the language they used) And Aryabhata was one of the first scientists that was able to calculate 5 digits of pi. He also knew that the earth rotated on an axis based on how he saw the sky move every day. He predicted how the moon reflected light from the sun. Hunter- The large army was made possible slightly through the intricate web of administration. One of Chandragupta’s advisors instituted some detailed procedures which Ashoka inherited. Ashoka started a capital at the walled city of Pataliputra, which served as a centralized hub for the empire. Officials made decisions about how to collect taxes for the central treasury, which funded the military and other government jobs      600 BCE - 600 CE Early Hinduism: Gabe - Hinduism was a polytheistic belief which is where they believed in more than one god a few hindu gods were agni indra shiva brahma vishnu and ganesha which these are regarded as the most important gods shiva is seen as the god of destruction and vishnu the god who creates stuff from shiva's destruction Emma - Historically speaking, Hinduism is different from many other religions because there is no clear origin or originator of the practice of the religion. We do know that it started kooas a tradition in the upper class of the Aryan empire, which made it difficulta to access for the lower classes. However it was made more accessible and popular over time. Ella - there was a civilization called the Indus Valley Civilization and it eventually collapsed for an unknown reason. It may have been a change in the weather that they couldn’t handle, or drying up of there water source that they relied on. Other possibilities are natural disasters or influence from surrounding civilizations. Audrey - Hinduism is one of the oldest religions beginning about 5000 years ago. It shows some of the elements practice in the Indus Valley civilization and is still a practiced religion today. 5.Hunter- During the Gupta empire from about 320 to 550 CE emperors used hinduism as a linking religion to link the nations together, in which also helped popularise it by creating hindu educational systems; they also gave land to the brahmins. The Gupta emperors helped make Hinduism one of the most popular religions in the indian subcontinent.   Ben - There are a lot of connections between languages that formed english and sanskrit. A lot of english words can be traced back to the ancient sanskrit language.   600 BCE - 600 CE Early Buddhism:  Gabe - Siddhartha Gautama the founder of buddhism was born 563 bce into a wealthy family he rejected his life of riches and embraced a lifestyle of asceticism, or extreme self discipline after 49 days of consecutive meditation he became the enlightened one which is the buddha he made this announcement in public got some people to train as buddha monks and taught his teachings throughout the world    Emma - Buddhism was based around a group of guiding principles called the four noble truths. They were as follows; “there is suffering in life”, “the cause of suffering is desire”, “ending desire means ending suffering”, and “following a  controlled and moderate lifestyle will end desire”. A strong component of this religion was that everyone was responsible for their own happiness. Audrey - Buddhism and Hinduism were founded it on similar things. One of the things Buddhism was founded on was something that Siddhartha (or Buddha) said, and that was to pretty much stay in the middle ground to not go with either extreme of so much physical self-pleasure or mistreating yourself. Ella - Buddha, or Siddhartha Gautama, was born in Ludini. His aunt took care of him because his mother died not long after he was born. His father was a chieftain and he was able to give Gautama a good protected childhood away from all the bad things of the world like sickness and poverty. He eventually got married and had a kid. 5.Hunter-Buddhism also also gained support from the state. In 260 BCE, king Ashoka adopted Buddhism after war against the feudal of Kalinga. He wanted to renounce violence and publicity so he turned to Buddhism to achieve this. He may have also turned to Buddhism as a unitive religion. Ben - At the age of 29 Siddhartha was actually allowed to leave the land of the wealthy and once he left he saw sickness and poverty that he’d never seen before at any point in his life. So he leaves and goes into the woods for six years, leaving everything he had behind him. He eventually travels to Gaya and meditates under a sacred fig tree for seven whole days before he eventually reaches enlightenment. He then disappeared for 49 days, and later went to spread his knowledge with the world   600 BCE - 600 CE Syncretism:  Gabe - Syncretism is where so the merchants travel and trade goods but they also trade beliefs and religions and faiths so as you catch word of christianity and buddhism and both kind of morph together in a town you get syncretism which is why there is a christian grave in central asia with a chinese zodiac on it Audrey - There were these “great thinkers” of the Hindu ascetic tradition, that Alexander the Great actually brought philosophers to meet with, called Gymnosophists. The word Gymnosophists means “the naked thinkers”, and they were called this because they were so devoted to the study of philosophy that they fasted and wore little to no clothing because they felt it got in the way on their pursuit to knowledge and wisdom. Ella - The Christians at the time took advantage of the trade routes that were being made. Preachers and missionaries could spread these messages beyond the mediterranean region they lived in. They were successful because in the eleventh century one third of the worlds christians lived in Asia. Ben - The Nestorian Stele was a big tablet of rock and stone that was buried at an estimated year of 845 (but it was thought to be made in 781).  It had written on it a kind of early depiction of christianity in china. It was discovered in 1623. 5.Hunter- Early christians managed to turn the roman infrastructure to their advantage: missionaries used the vast land and roads to preach the good news of god further outside of the mediterranean region. By the eleventh century CE, fully one-third of the world’s christians lived in Asia. Emma - The open practice of Christianity was not actually legal in Rome until the fourth century. At this time the current emperor, Constantine the first, said that he had a religious vision and made it legal. Near the end of the century, the emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Imperial Rome.   600 BCE - 600 CE Women and families:  Gabe - in the classical era of 600 bc to 600 ce many systems and institutions were hard of Women and families Women didn't have all the rights men did this was true but there freedoms varied on the empire   Audrey - During the civil war in Rome, that occured after the Ides of March when Julius Caesar was assassinated, the triumvirs decided to tax 1400 of the wealthiest women to fund the war. One of these women, Hortensia, wrote a speech on how unfair this was and she pretty much said, why should the women pay taxes when they don’t get a share in things like the government. Ella - In most societies, woman raised kids and managed households. How the woman carried out these things depended on the woman's kinship, or a word for family relationships, religion, and marriage. For example, in Han China a woman's power was based off her relationship with her husband.   Ben - Life for women varied depending on what religion the area was most dedicated to. For example, Confucianism had women in a place of submissiveness and didn’t allow them to do nearly anything outside their home. On the other hand Daoism the gentleness and humbleness of women was respected and seen as a positive thing. In Daoism, women could even be a teacher or a priest. 5.Hunter- In many societies, women’s lives was mainly about motherhood and managing a household. While women in different places and different times had this in common, there were significant differences on how women performed these roles depending on kinship relationships. skip me i realize i didn’t read right Emma - In Han China, kinship was a part of a girl or woman’s life from the beginning. When she was young, her status and role were dependant on that of her father’s. At the time she got married, it was dependant on her husband. After her husband’s death, it was dependant on her oldest son.   600 BCE - 600 CE The Silk Road:  Gabe - the Silk Road was a trade route connecting eurasia and north africa but is was called the Silk Road because Silk was transported a lot through this route Audrey - For trading you obviously have to give something in return so, some of the items China would get for their silk were horses, which were good not only for transport, being human or goods, but also for wars. They would get gold from Europe, cotton from India, and the list goes on. Ella -  Trade routes would carrie things like food, materials, beliefs and customs but also diseases.  Two of the most significant diseases were measles and smallpox. Both of these were believed to have come from asia and the middle east. Ben - But as people were moving from place to place, culture was also “traded” as christianity and buddhism spread very quickly. They did this through missionaries and trading. Later on in the first century CE silk had become a problem, it was becoming thinner and wearing out, eventually becoming so thin and transparent that in 14 CE they banned people from wearing it. 5.Hunter-One cause of expandable trade was because of the growth in imperial power. Near the end of the second century BCE, Emperor Wu of Han mounted multiple campaigns against the nomadic Xiongnu people, because of Xiongnu horse riders raided chinese settlements along the northern border for many years.   Emma - Silk was not the only item that was traded, at least in the minds of those people, too much. Ferghana horses, or heavenly horses as they were known, were strongly desired in China. They imported so many of them that the Dayuan people who owned the Ferghana valley refused to sell any more of them. This caused the War of the Heavenly Horses which lasted three years. That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us outside of the box that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   600 BCE - 600 CE Second-Wave Civilizations   Ancient Persia: 600 BCE -  Gabe - Ancient persia or the achaemenid persia which was called this because the ruler cyrus’s great great grandfather's name was achaemenid and he started as a small independant city under the medes for protection and then cyrus got in an argument with his grandfather Astyages and won taking over persia he then established a system by capturing and relocating and adding a power over every city by accomplishing this he claimed the name Cyrus the great Audrey - The Persians didn’t actually use the name “Persian”, instead they called themselves Aryans. They called where they lived Aran (there are other variations of the name) which make the modern version of the name, Iran, probably more accurate. This is similar to how the Greeks referred to their homeland as Hellas, while the name Greece was a Latin idea. Ben - Cyrus, the ruler of Persia then proceeded to conquer various empires such as the Median empire, the Lydian empire in around 540 BCE, and he eventually got his hands on the neo-babylonian empire in 539 BCE. But while Cyrus’s son Cambyses II is out trying to take hold of egypt and libya, another person comes along claiming to be bardiya, Cyrus’s second son. So Cambyses has to rush back to Persia to make sure the throne is not taken from him but dies on the way there. No one really knows how Cambyses or Cyrus died specifically though. (BTW note for other people, shahanshah is pronounced shaw-on-shaw) Ella - Cyrus was a military commander but he realized that he needed the regions he conquered to stay in good economic order if he wanted them to provide him with economic tribute revenues. To achieve his goals he left rulers in the areas that he conquered after he conquered them. Skylar - Persia was one of the greatest empire and civilization in the world. The Achaemenid empire at its peak had about 50 million people. Thats half of the people that were in the world at that time, according to historians. The Achaemenid Dynasty/empire ends when Greece unifies under Philip of Macedon in early to mid century bce. Alexander the Great wanted to mix their cultures but he dies so they split again. Emma - In ancient Mesopotamia when they conquered a nation they would break up their political and cultural systems so that they wouldn’t be a threat. Though when Cyrus came into power he switched it, allowing those he conquered to keep their separate societies in a tributary state. While it seemed like he was being kind, he most likely was trying to keep their loyalty. - Ethan - As Cambyses died in 522 BCE, he was succeeded by a general titled “Darius”. Darius claimed that he was slightly related to Cambyses II but many other people challenged Darius’s throneship. This resulted, in some places, rebellion against the Achaemenids. Darius soon made himself to be the clear ruler Persia and re established rule of the rebels. He also reorganized the empire into satrapies, and for each satrapy there would be a satrap. 600 CE Classical Greece:  Gabe - If you didnt know its called Classical Greece and Ancient Persia because Persia was in the Ancient Era and Greece is in the Classical era so Classical Greece cities were built between mountains in valleys and on coastal plain so by the sea there was a time somewhere around 1200 bce they were in this war called the trojan war there's a story of a huge horse called the trojan horse it was in these wars so in this war this guy named homer he said that people came from the sea while they were having the trojan war and they were attacking them and driving them off the coast so they built these city states called polis which were like fortified cities so the people could have protection Audrey - The Greek Peninsula has been settled by humans for thousands of years, but an important part of Greek history starts when the Mycenaean Empire falls and the Greek Dark Ages begin. It is called the “Dark Ages” because there really aren’t many historical records from that point in time, and that was around 1100-800 BC. The major events happened in the exiting of the Greek Dark Ages, and this is when things that Ancient Greece is really known for began, like the Oracle at Delphi and the Olympic Games. (if someone wants to explain these) Ben - The difference between sparta and athens was that in sparta social status wasn’t decided based on how much money you had or how smart you were, it was about your military ranking. The spartans political system was unique in that it had two kings that were from different families that ruled. But on the lower side of the political rankings was the helots. Helots were like slaves but had more freedom, helots still had families but they had to work for the state and couldn’t really do anything else. Helots were still considered owned but they were owned by the state. Helots were collected from the villages sparta pillaged. Emma - Greece’s structure was was pretty different from other societies at the time. While the desperate colonies(?) all recognized the “mother” city-state, they were all independent for the majority of the time. Their shared religion and culture was what gave them all a sense of unity. Ella - Ancient Greece was made up of many independent city states because of Greeces complicated geography. All of these communities were separated by mountains, hills, and water. Greece wasn't a unified nation, instead it was a bunch of connected communities that shared religion and beliefs. - Ethan - The kings of Sparta were priests of Zeus and they were included in a gerousia, or council of elders, which was the highest court of Sparta. Also, there was an executive committee consisting of 5 ephors which were chosen by the people, of the people. Skylar - The name Greece is not what people that live in Greece call it. They call it Hellas. Nowadays they don’t call it Greece and back in the “Ancient Greece” days they didn’t say Greece they said Hellas. The word Hellas comes from Hellen, viewed as the progenitor. The Hellastic people are the people that live in Greece. In late 6th century BCE Athens was the dominant economic power. Athens was full of wealth as silver was just founded in the mountains around the area. Athens had an amazing trading system with other Greek city-states. Trading with other city-states was super  important to Athens because it didn’t have the agricultural conditions to supply enough grain for its population. A series of laws were written and put in place by a statesman named Draco around 621 BCE. They didn’t stay too long because they were super harsh. Another man named Solon was called to change the laws, he created a series of laws that equalized political power. Hunter- Ancient Greece consisted of over hundreds of different independent city-states, somewhat due to the geography of Greece. Greece communities were separated by mountains, hills, and water. Rather than one large nation, Ancient Greece was more like a system of communities with a shared language and religion that sometimes led to a common sense of belonging.    600 BCE - 600 CE The rise and fall of empires:  Gabe - I'm going to start by saying an empire is a small city or state that claims a large amount of land which is usually broke up into provinces  empires rise and fall for different reasons they usually expand through military conquest which is how the romans the persians and the Maurya empire in india expanded but they progressed in different ways the Maurya empire political sabotage and religious conversion so the people turn against their own country Audrey - An empire forms when a ruler, that already controls some territory, gains control of more territory for whatever reason, and that could be from military tactics, a weak neighboring area or really anything like that. Once the ruler has that territory under their control, they gain land and people. With the power they now have, this ruler could tax the people for their own wealth and/or use them for a better army. The empire could then keep expanding in this way until it collapsed. Ben - After the fall of the Qin dynasty the Han empire began to rise because of all the power that was up for grabs. The Han dynasty began in 206 BCE. They revived the way of Confucianism to unite the people and give them more reasons to fight and become a larger empire. Han china started to fall in 2nd century CE and eventually reached its demise in 220 CE, it mainly fell because of a religious divide between the people and the natural disasters that caused food shortages which snowballed into a bad economy. Ella - Empires all grow for different reasons whether its strong military, political sabotage, or religious conversation, but the Romans were not out to conquer territory. They did get involved in several wars but after they defeated their enemies they would offer their victims a small amount of citizenship in return for loyalty to the Roman empire.    Emma - There are also several different factors that can lead to the fall of an empire. Each of these factors will usually reflect those that led to the rise of the empire. Things such as a economic collapse, the weakening of military forces, or the death/assassination of a leader are common causes of a fall. - Ethan - A common example of an empire falling is Persia. The Achaemenid empire had internal issues already but had structure still. In 334 BCE Alexander attacked and in 4 years general Darius the Third lied dead. He was actually killed by one of his own generals and when the throne lied empty Alexander took the reins. Skylar - The rise of empires is great everyone’s all happy, then usually right when everything gets normal, the empire falls for different reasons. Rather it’s they have no more money, they get taken over by another empire, or another reason. The Roman empire took hundreds of years to create. They had weak neighbors so it was easy for them to take over that area. Hunter-The fall of an empire can be because of an outbreak of war and rebellion, when an empire falls so does its military for a few months to years in which leaves them wide open for follow up attacks. Normally however when an empire is defeated it is overrun by the kingdom/empire that attacked. 600 BCE - 600 CE Empire of Alexander the Great:  Gabe - Alexander the great was kind of an i want everything kind of guy no but wherever he went he conquered very good at military strategy lets skip a little real quick after he died his successors made a coin with him on it with horns which were marking him as a deity which means he was a huge role model you could say a symbol of power he was the man people looked up to he was actually only 5 to round 5’8 but that was normal for them because they didn't eat as much meat as other empires. Audrey - Alexander III, better known as Alexander the Great, was 20 years old when his extremely short reign began, lasting only 12 years. For how short his reign was, Alexander was very successful, especially when it came to conquering. Just like his reign, Alexander’s life was very short, ending in 323 BC when he was only 32 years old. Some people say he died from alcohol poisoning, some say it was from direct poisoning, but it is likely that he could have died because of a disease. Ella - A man known as Philip of Macedon came to power in 359 BC. His father had previously been the king of Macedon. Both of his older brother died which left him to be a regent for his infant nephew. He eventually possessed full power and ended up taking over a large majority of Greek city-states. He went on to almost unify all of them. Ben - Philip is later killed at his daughter’s wedding, by his royal bodyguard Pausanias in 336 BCE at the capital of macedonia, Aegae. This caused his son alexander to take control of the large kingdom that philip left behind. The one who assassinated tried to run away to his associates outside but tripped on a vine and got killed by philips. bodyguards Emma - Shortly after his father’s death, Alexander was crowned king and he eliminated any potential threats to his rule. The Greek city-states were now under his control. He then began his conquest of the Persian Empire which his father Philip had been planning before his untimely demise. Skylar - in 5th century BCE Greece started with the Persian invasion and ended with Peloponnesian war. Alexander the Great was one of the most powerful conquers in human history. Alexander the Great started off by taking control over his father’s empire after his death. Alexander wanted to do what his father wanted to do before he died, which was conquer the persian empire. So he put one of his generals, Antipater in charger of Greece. Alexander leads his troops on the greatest adventures of all time. Alexander won the battle at Granicus river, then Issus, Darius the third tries to negotiate but Alexander kept saying no, he wants to be the king of Asia. Eventually darius and alexander meet at Guagamela and alexander wins again. Darius’ empire was falling and what making the falling more official is when alexander takes his troops to Achaemenid, which is the capital of Persepolis and alexander defeats them once again. - Ethan - After Alexander’s father’s death, Alexander started focusing on India. He won some battles before he made it to the Ganges River. He planned to cross the Ganges to get to the rest of India. His tired troops decided that it was to much work and that they were already tired so they refused to go. In the end they turned home, and in 323 BCE, Alexander died to, what was most likely, disease.  Hunter- In the Kingdom of Thrace, during the reign of Lysimachus- a successor of Alexander the Great who lived from 361 BCE to 323 BCE, a coin was issued. The coin had Alexander’s face with ram horns on each side of his crown, the ram horns were a symbol of an Egyption God known as Amun or Zeus, who is often combined with Amun- from whom Alexander claimed descent. Flanked with these horns, Alexander had the reputation of a Deity.     600 BCE - 600 CE Rise of Rome: 600 BCE -  Gabe - the Rome empire came to power when  a group of noblemen were like ok the king sucks he's out and so they kicked him out and made the two consuls which were two people which were pretty close to a king except one could veto the others actions this was so one person could not be oh so powerful They also split the people into plebeians and patricians which were plebeians being common folk and patricians being people of noble blood This was the roman republic    Audrey - Legend has it, Rome was named after Romulus, one of twin brothers that are abandoned and raised by a “she-wolf”. Eventually, Romulus kills Remus (his twin brother) and becomes the first king of Rome. Other historians now think that it was the other way around, that the city of rome needed a founding story, and the whole thing was just that, a story. Ben - Rome was founded in 753 BCE (even though it’s mostly a myth and most believe in was founded a little later). Rome then founds the Rome Republic, a state in central rome, making them a little more influential in 509 BCE. Then much later than that the Punic wars happened between Rome and Carthage and consisted of three wars. The first war took place from 264-241 BCE, the second from 218-201 BCE, and the third from 149-146 BCE. in total it lasted from 264 to 146. Rome ended up winning and destroying and conquering Carthage. Ella - The Romans did not plan to build an empire but it came upon them as they ran into conflict with the surrounding city-states, kingdoms, and empires. They had to find a way to use the territories they conquered.  Most of the places the Romans conquered were allowed to keep the political and cultural ways they had, the only requirement was that they provide soldiers for the Roman Empire. Emma - The politics of Rome reflected the structure of their society; it too was divided into the two social classes, patricians and plebeians. Those in the upper class were allowed to hold political office, and then become a senator, but those of the lower class were not. However, the plebeians were able gain more political influence over time. - Ethan - The political system of Rome was mainly based on military rank/power. The “Comitia Centuriata” which was named for the century, was pretty much a group of 100 soldiers. Although, this 100 person unit was the base amount of people, it was not always exact in real situations. Skylar - I’m going to talk about the Punic wars that went on between Rome and Carthage. The Punic wars consist of three major battles, The first one lasted 23 years, from 264 BCE-241 BCE. It was at Agrigentum it was over the island of Sicily. Rome wins most smaller battles. Then Carthage leaves. Rome wanted Carthage to pay them for the damages. Rome built a stronger navy. 240 to 248 BCE there was a Mercenary war. The second Punic war was between 218-201 BCE. The third and final war was between 149-146 BCE where Rome basically destroys Carthage, ending a 700 year long war. 8.Hunter- Rome went from a city in the middle of the italy peninsula to one of the strongest empires in history. 600 CE From Roman Republic to Roman Empire:  Gabe - in 27 bce a guy named augustus caesar came and was like nope im the ruler “emperor” so basically the king and he started an autocratic government which is where he was the guy who called all the shots he didn't expand rome much in his time but he did do some things that changed the political and economic structure of rome      Audrey - Gaius Julius Caesar’s life really marked the transition between the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, even though, in his lifetime, Rome was still a republic and never actually considered an empire. The reason I say this is the unofficial time that the transition occurred is, that at the time of Julius Caesar, the Roman Republic’s structure very much resembled the structure of an empire, so it kind of seems like it already switched. Ben - Julius Caesar then illegally crosses the rubicon and most of rome’s senators choose to move over to greece. This causes a sort of civil war between rome and greece. After Julius crosses the rubicon the senators send a popular general Pompey to go fight with his soldiers but they decide to retreat because they thought julius’s army was unbeatable. Then the other senators also retreat, giving julius control of rome again. But it would be only a matter of time before the senators return to try and retake rome. Ella - Julius Caesar was assassinated, and in his will he stated that his nephew Octavian would be his adopted son. Too other men Antony and Lepidus were big supporters of Caesars and they got together with Octavian to form a triumvirate, which was known as the second triumvirate. Unlike the first triumvirate which was between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, this triumvirate had legal backing. These three men gained lots of power over the Roman republic. Emma -  The power he gained was not limited to the prolonged time in which he held office. A major part of it was that he now had complete control over the military, unlike before when the elected consuls served as commanders. He was also now the high priest, or Pontifex Maximus, and in charge of the census for taxation. He kept these powers by acting like they were still separate offices that could be held by someone else.  - Ethan - Roman money/currency wasn’t exactly economy based but politically based as well. Julius Caesar was the first emperor to put his face on currency and since then emperors of Rome have done this. Before Caesar, only deceased Romans and Roman gods were on currency. This strengthened the connection of the emperor and the economy while popularizing the current emperor. These emperors used this systems to popularize the next candidate they favored. Skylar - The Roman Empire began in 27 BCE when Augustus became the main ruler. Augustus is Julius Caesar’s adopted son. He never took the name king or emperor preferred to call himself princeps, first citizen, or primus inter pares. Augustus never expanded the territory because it was already as big as it could possibly get. 8.Hunter- The Roman Republic was a small city in Italy, after a large military growth and a gaining of power over many neighboring countries the Roman Republic quickly grew to the Roman Empire. 600 BCE - 600 CE The Roman Empire: Audrey - Pax Romana is a name that a two hundred year long time period is often referred to as, and it means “Roman Peace”. This name came from the time when Octavian was emperor, which was from 27 BCE to 180 CE. It was a relatively good time for the Roman Empire, even though there was still quite a bit of conflict it was really a pretty peaceful time hence the name. Gabe - it was a good time for the roman empire augustus caesar or Octavian had complete control over the military which was one of the ways he became the emperor But the romans liked the belief of having military governments temporary which is why He took control as a stand in governor of one of the provinces where the majority of roman legions were stationed giving him control over the military while still looking like he’s doing a favor for the people        Ella - Nero was a really bad guy. He was known for the fire in 64AD that a large amount of Romans died in. People think Nero started the fire to make room for a palace. Aside of that, he killed a lot of people including his own mom. He was also known for persecuting christians. Sometimes he would dip them in oil and set them on fire for a source of light in his garden.   Ben - After a few different anti-christian ruler come along, a new emperor decides to embrace christianity and his name was constantine. He was the first christian emperor and he even got baptised. Constantine also moves the capital more east and renames it to Constantinople. - Ethan - Augustus was followed by Tiberius who was Augustus’s step-son. Both had relatively long careers as emperors. Augustus had a career lasting close to 40 years while Tiberius had a 24 year long career. Caligula, one of Augustus’s great nephews, was viewed as a sadist. While he was emperor for a while he was quickly assassinated, he had a lot of people killed during his term of about 4 years.  Emma - After the Julio Claudian Dynasty of Rome came the Flavian Dynasty. This dynasty began in 69 AD when Vespasian was made emperor by the senate after the defeat of Vitellius. He ruled for ten years until 79 AD when he died. He was then succeeded by his oldest son, Titus. This marked the first emperor of Rome to be followed by his own son. He ruled for only two years, until 81 AD when he died from an illness. His rule was then followed by his brother Domitian who held the position from 81 to 96 AD. This dynasty was known for building the colosseum and the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem. Skylar - One of the most important pieces from Augustan, Rome is the Ara Pacis, Ara Pacis means altar of peace. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome. The Ara Pacis was basically rebuilt from the fragments they found, some from the 17th century, but most were from the 20th century. The altar was used for sacrifices. This Altar has a political and spiritual meaning. 8.Hunter- The Roman Empire was an extremely powerful empire capturing Jerusalem, Cannan, and i believe nearly one hundred other provinces. 600 BCE - 600 CE Ancient and Imperial China: Audrey - The Shang Dynasty ended in 1046 BCE, when the Zhou (pronounced jo) Dynasty defeated the last Shang emperor, Di Xin, in the Battle of Muye. Historical records show that Di Xin had become a corrupt ruler, and the Zhous said they could only overthrow him because of the Mandate of Heaven which is an idea that if a ruler became incapable or corrupt the a guiding force in the universe would throw them out and replace them. Gabe - Zhou empire did not last long though because the provinces were giving their support to the governor basically of their providence instead of the zhou emperor so slowly the states became more powerful than the emperor himself hence the warring states period      3.Ella - The Zhou Dynasty collapsed at a slow pace over hundreds of years. As this happened, rulers of the surrounding areas gained more power than the king. This was the beginning of a period that was known as the Warring State period, which lasted from about 475 BC to 221 BC. Nearby, Qin, a western state, conquered its surrounding states and established their own dynasty. Ben - The Qin dynasty began to rise to it’s empire state in 221 BCE. The founder was Qin Shi Huang, a legalist (legalist is when law is enforced very strictly) that hated freedom of expression and freedom in general. A historian quoted him once about how he hates historians and wants all non-state historians that wrote history before Qin dynasty to be burned. “[Historians] hold it a mark of fame to defy the ruler, regard it as lofty to take a dissenting stance, and they lead the lesser officials in fabricating slander. If behavior such as this is not prohibited, then in upper circles the authority of the ruler will be compromised, and in lower ones, cliques will form. Therefore it should be prohibited. I therefore request that all records of the historians other than those of the state of Qin be burned.” - Ethan - Many differing beliefs are made vocal during this time period. 3 of which are Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Confucianism, created by Confucius, was based on reform of the status, class, and hierarchy systems. Legalism is more based off of strict laws and harsh punishments. Daoism is more of lawless following what they believe is right at the time. Emma - Confucius, or Kongzi which means Master Kong. His teachings were almost entirely based around morality and having a personal sense of right and wrong. He wasn’t really teaching specific rules of what was good or bad, rather teaching people be conscious of the intent behind their actions. Skylar - During the Warring States period in China from 475-221 BCE China was divided into seven competing nations. The fiefs were gaining more importance as the Zhou dynasty was ending and were becoming states. One of the 7 states were Qin. the other 6 states were Chu, Zhou, Wei, Han, Yan, and Qi. The first leader of Qin was King Zheng, later on he became Qin Shi Huangdi, he would also go on to be the first leader of the Qin dynasty. People say that the Qin dynasty ended the warring states period but it was really when Qin conquested the other states. 8. 600 BCE - 600 CE Early Judaism: Audrey - Judaism stands out to historians because the Jews were monotheists, meaning they believed and worshiped only one God. This made the Jews unique to most other societies which were polytheistic and worshiped multiple Gods. Gabe - The jews lived in the kingdoms of israel and judah the assyrians conquered these two empires and then the babylonians which was called the babylonian exile which sent allot of the jews out of these kingdoms 3 . Ella - In the Hebrew bible, It talks about Abraham moving from the city of Ur to Canaan with his family. It is Questionable whether  the Ur they are talking about was the Sumatran city in lower Mesopotamia or a Ur in Upper Mesopotamia. Ben - One of the most important jewish prophets was Moses. Moses was born at a time where the emperor was killing off every boy that is born because of his fear that if they grew too strong they would overtake him. To hide Moses from the emperor’s forces his mother put him in a basket and let him float down the river. The emperor/pharaoh’s daughter finds moses and raises him into the royal family, moses one day is enraged by a slaver beating a jewish slave and kills the slavemaster and retreats out of the city in fear of punishment. He goes to Mount Sinai but the Lord tells him to go back and free every Jewish slave. So he goes back and frees them and splits the red sea to escape. He brings the people back to the mountain where he receives the ten commandments. They then travel for 40 years and he reestablishes the jewish people in Canaan. - Ethan - Jews lived under Roman rulers while still being allowed their own traditions. There was some Jewish revolting but mainly they were crushed every time. Soon after the Romans renamed Judea into Syria Palaestina. This destroyed the connection of the Jews to the land. Skylar - Abraham is one of the significant patriarchs, the other two are Jacob and Isaac. Abraham’s first son is called Ishmael. He had Ishmael with his wife sarah’s servant because they didn’t think they could have kids. Ishmael is viewed as the progenitor, the patriarch for the arab people. According to biblical accounts Isaac was born when Sarah was in her 90s and Abraham was around 100 years old. Emma - Abraham’s son Isaac was the second significant patriarch. He was the first one of the three to inherit the covenant that his father Abraham had received. Later in his life he married Rebekah who gave birth to their twin sons Jacob and Esau, Jacob being the last of the three patriarchs.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us outside of the box that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   Last time on the show... Beginnings - 600 BCE   The origin of humans and early human societies: Beginnings -  Gabe - Prehistory is the history before it was written. Finding bones and doing tests like potassium argon dating or other methods to find the age was one of the ways we could see find prehistory. The tools they used and how the newer ones were perfected is another. Ben- Anthropology is the study of ancient humans and their cultures. Everyone always talks about how old certain things are, but how is the information found? Radiocarbon dating is when you get a certain element called carbon 14 and and see how much of it has decayed back into nitrogen 14. So if half the carbon 14 has decayed, that means the item is 5730 years old. The radiocarbon method is a good indicator of how old something is. Audrey - Written records are a main tool in learning the history of the people before us. These are, in some ways, more detailed than other forms of records, including archaeological and biological remains. That being said, written records can’t be the only thing taken into consideration; they could be biased or could be stories passed down generation after generation, slowly being changed to fit the current worldviews. Emma - Many Paleolithic societies were communal. The members of a community, which were most often small, nomadic groups, worked together to perform various tasks. The women typically raised the children, gathered food, and cooked, whereas the men did the hunting, often in groups. However, in some communities, the work is thought to have been divided evenly between both women and men. Ella - Early paleolithic societies did not have agricultural systems like we do today. They relied on tools they made to hunt animals. These societies would use tools made out of rocks such as handaxes. They used these for both hunting and digging. The other half of their diet consisted of natural fruits and vegetables they found in their environment. Skylar - According to historians the first generations of “human” like people are called Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapiens were apart of a group called Hominids. Archaeologist and anthropologist believe that they were alive between 2.5 and 4 million years ago and lived in eastern and southern Africa. Ethan - The anatomic structure of the people of today has existed for about 200,000 years. Egyptian hieroglyphs have been around for close to 5,000 years but America couldn’t even comprehend the hieroglyphs until 1799 when America found the Rosetta Stone. Even then when America had the Rosetta Stone it took quite a while to decipher it. And even after we began to comprehend hieroglyphs, we still had to hope no one would “change the story” to make it more interesting. And people still had altering views so deciding which was true caused more investigation. Thus, the Scientific Process. Hunter- the study of human existence has been going on for multiple centries. The process has just evolved to even being able to find the year of when the creature and or early human existed and died.   600 BCE The Neolithic Revolution and the birth of agriculture: Beginnings - Emma - The word Neolithic is derived from neo, meaning new, and the Greek word lithos, which translates to stone. It is the latter part of the stone age in which tools began to have a more smooth and refined appearance. Unlike before, these tools had complex shapes and purposes, and began to resemble the instruments used in more advanced societies. Audrey - Since the birth of agriculture, Earth’s population has increased immensely. In the Paleolithic period, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers, and the population was roughly 10 million. Then 10 - 15 thousand years ago (13000 - 8000 B.C.) the Neolithic period came, and along with that, agriculture. Since plants and animals were now being domesticated, and more people could be fed, the population grew. By the time of the Roman Empire there were around 250 million people on Earth, and since then the population has grown to approximately 7 billion.  Gabe -  There was different types of agriculture there was pastoralism which was the branch of agriculture that bred animals goat, sheep, cattle, and in this branch they collected food from there goats and cattle and probably wool from the sheep and milk from the cows and probably the goats too     Ella - Most  early civilizations came together through religion, or beliefs and practices that associate with the meaning of the world. with  This was how people who were not familiar with one another created trustworthy and respectful relationships. Religion was commonly associated with politics. Religious leaders commonly worked as political leaders as well.   Ethan - Agriculture was created so that the survivability of the human race would increase. The end of the most recent glacial period was about the same time that agriculture emerged. The reasoning behind this is that the soil had thawed so food could be grown in abundance. Ben - There were a few different things being grown around the world. Stuff like barley, but also something less known called sorghum. Sorghum today is mostly used for animal food, but can also be used to create a kind of sweet syrup. Sorghum was being grown about the area sudan is at today and was probably being used as a normal grain in 9000-7000 BCE. There was also okra, black eyed peas, and yam around the west coast of africa. (Can talk about more different foods and where they’re from if needed) Skylar -City-States couldn’t have been became created without agriculture. Most people would not be alive if it wasn’t for agriculture. Since agriculture has been created the plants (veggies) and animals (meat and milk). Thanks to irrigation vegetation can now be grown almost anywhere. The availability of human consumable calories per square kilometer has increased rapidly. People started farming in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and went on to East Asia, mexico, and many more places. Hunter- Neolithic Age is also known as the New Stone Age. However, it is closely connected to civilization, animal domestication, inventions, and agriculture. Stability in life opened new doors for man, as he ventured into domesticating animals rather than merely hunting them as per his need. He also invented pottery in this era, making it a symbol of the Neolithic era. 600 BCEAncient Mesopotamia: Beginnings -  Gabe - I'm going to start by saying Mesopotamia means country between to rivers so most the cities were born on the rivers tigris euphrates (which is what Mesopotamia is in between) the yangtze or the nile. They were born on these cities because the rivers would fertilize their crops bring water and transportation later on      Ella - The Sumerians were a group of people that started in Southern Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE. They wrote some of the first written scripts that were made of clay tablets. These ideas spread to surrounding civilizations which resulted in more languages being written. These languages are what today's alphabet was developed from. Audrey - Mesopotamia was one of the first significant civilizations, and was located in what is now Iraq. The Sumerians are believed to be the first civilization to emerge in Mesopotamia (4000 B.C.). They are well known for the first development of the wheel (3500 B.C.), and for their architectural structures, like the ziggurats which were found in the center of many Sumerian and Mesopotamian cities. Emma - Around 3000 BC the Sumerians came in contact with the Akkadians, named after the city-state of Akkad. About 700 years later, Sargon of Akkad came into power and is thought to have started the first dynastic empire. Both the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers were ruled by the Akkadian Empire until it’s fall in 2154 BC. Ben - After the akkadian empire, a new empire began, and it was called the Babylonian empire. The Babylonians used to just be a small place in Akkadia (2300 BC), but grew into an empire. The leader of the Babylonian empire was Hammurabi. The Babylonians influenced the area in that they had a sort of law system that was based on religion. They spoke Akkadian. (1800-600 BC) from 1770- 1670 and from 612-320 BC babylon was estimated to be the largest city in population size in the world. Skylar - The Pharaoh King Menes was able to unify upper and lower Egypt with the Eqyptian civilization. Hammurabi was famous for making the code of Hammurabi. He codified a series of laws. Ethan - After the Sumerian and Akkadian empires formed, the Assyrian Empire formed about 1000 years later in northern Mesopotamia. Ashur was the capital of Assyria. Assyria was originally ruled by Sargon and his bloodline during the Akkadian Empire. After the end of the Akkadian empire Assyria became the major empire then. 8. Hunter- Mesopotamia was known in antiquity as a seat of learning, and it is believed that Thales of Miletus  (c. 585 BCE, known as the first philosopher) studied there. As the Babylonians believed that water was the ‘first principle’ from which all else followed, and as Thales is famous for that very claim, it seems probable that he studied there.   600 BCEAncient Egypt: Beginnings - 600 BCE  Gabe - Egypt started next to the nile which is because it helps with many things as we  talked about earlier there was the old egypt which was when the pyramids were built and this is the time we kind of think about when we think egypt but the pharaohs you think about were very far from the building of the pyramids and cleopatra actually lived 2500 years from the makings of the pyramids and 2037 from the making of the first iphone so she lived closer to the iphone   Ella - During the old kingdom period, Egypt was a single state. The country eventually became more complex and expanded their military. The kings of the time built formations such as Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza. These structures were used as tombs or monuments for the kings that built them. Emma - The Egyptian political system was based on the idea of divine kingship. They believed that the political ruler, or pharaoh, either held the favor of a god (or gods) or was in fact a living incarnation of the god themself. An example of this was Narmer who was thought to be Horus. This reinforced the authority of the current political figure in power. Audrey - The Egyptian civilization was originally divided into upper and lower Egypt. The official beginning of the civilization was somewhere around 3100-3150 B.C. when the two parts of Egypt were united under one king. Ben - As with most early civilizations, egypt was based around a river. When civilizations start around rivers it gives the people fresh water and a good source of water for agricultural purposes too. Even egypt’s seasons were based around the nile and how it affected crops and weather. The first season would be Akhet, which would now be around june-september and was based around the nile river flooding to provide water to crops. The second season was Peret, (Oct. - Feb.) where crops would be planted. The final season was called Shemu, (March - May) when everything would be harvested.                                                                                          Skylar - The Nile River starts in mid-eastern Africa and goes all the way down to the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is one of the great rivers. It makes the soil around it rich. Like ben said for growing plants. Most of the population in Egypt is around or close by the multipurpose river. They have a season of harvest and it’s when the soil is most fertile for growing crops. The annual rain is very important because it adds another layer of extremely nutrient-rich soil that’s needed for the Shemu season. Ethan - Wars had what seemed to be a major impact on the civil structure of Egypt. The costs include drought, famine, and disruption of Egyptian civilians. This kind of split Egypt into many different city-states. This allowed any city-state with the military power to take cities, as Kush conquered Lower and Upper Egypt. But soon the Kushites were kicked out of Egypt. Hunter- nothing left to write T^T this is sad all info was sucked dry so please dont blame me   Ancient art and artifacts: Beginnings -  Gabe - One of the artifacts that was found was the standard of ur and no one knows for sure what it actually was but it has 2 sides to it and on one side you have basically peace and prosperity where it shows animals being taken to trade or sacrifice or eat were not really sure and it shows the king and some other important people drinking in enjoyment there many things like that.(didnt want to take to much info someone want to connect to mine and explain what was on the other side) Ella - There were many materials used to make the standard of ur such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, Red stones from India, and shells from the gulf to the South of Iraq. These things are all reminders that the cities thrived because of the success in agriculture. There was a river valley between Tigris and Euphrates where they grew large amounts of food. Ben - One of the most important historical items in Egyptian history was the Rosetta Stone, the Rosetta Stone was an ancient stone tablet discovered in 1799, it had the same thing written in three different languages. First, hieroglyphs, then egyptian, then greek. This allowed historians to translate all the hieroglyphs that were seen in temples and pyramids. Emma - On the other side of the Standard of Ur, there are three scenes depicting a war. The lowest section shows chariots coming into battle and trampling their enemies. The second row has a clearly organized army marching into battle, fighting, and taking prisoners. The top again has the king, this time being presented with prisoners of war. Audrey - The Rosetta Stone is a very popular artifact found in the British Museum. It was brought there when Napoleon’s army was in Egypt. One of the many people who came with Napoleon came across the stone being used in the foundation of a fort. Originally it would have been in or near an Egyptian temple and was the bottom part of a much taller tablet. Napoleon took the stone back with him, but when the British defeated Napoleon they took it. Two years later, in 1801 or 1802, the Rosetta Stone was taken to the British Museum and it has been there ever since. Ethan - I guess I’ll explain the Rosetta Stone. It had 2 forms of Egyptian on it. Hieroglyphic and Demotic. Hieroglyphic, as many people know, uses symbols. Demotic is kind of like the print writing of English, but Egyptian. It also had Greek on the stone so it, even after many years, was decipherable. Skylar - The Rosetta Stone was carved in 196 B.C. We were not able to read the Rosetta Stone until mid 19th century. The Rosetta stone is called the Rosetta stone because of where it was found, Rosetta. It was written in three different scripts The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents. The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. Hunter- The Rosetta stone and the Standard of Ur are both important discoveries I can’t say anything more because like last season nothing left to say it’s all taken (and yes i went and looked at more than just the first page or google but I mean this is what I get for being busy all week i guess)   600 BCEAncient India: Beginnings -  Gabe - the harappan civilization or the indus valley civilization because it was near the indus river spread from northwest india to afghanistan and pakistan at the peak of the harappan civilization they may have had a population of 5 million people indus cities are noted for there urban planning which is where you build your cities in with the land to make your life easier basically they also made baked brick houses huge drainage systems water supply systems and basically metropolitan areas.    Ella - Around 2600 BCE, Harappan communities had become large urban areas. Overall about 1000 settlements were founded in the Indus river area. The Mohenjo-daro was one of the biggest cities in the area. It was also one of the more sophisticated cities with its advanced uses for engineering and urban planning. Ben - The Indus river civilization was one of the most advanced and one of the most mysterious ancient places. They were very good at building and their brick areas are impressive even to today’s standards because of how they survived hundreds of years of weather and damage. And jewelry from around that area has been seen in different countries, so trading was probably happening too. Emma - The people of the Indus River Valley Civilization region are known for their advancements in the technology of their time. Their accurate systems for measuring length and mass made their advanced sanitation system possible. This system was the first of its kind ever in history. Audrey - Sanskrit has many similarities to other languages like English and Latin. Words like matr, in English mother, and in Latin mater, show the resemblance. The Vedas mention a “god” named Dyaus Pitr which means “sky father”. In Greek there is Zeus Pater, and in Latin Jupiter, both of which, also meaning sky father. - Ethan - Some of the people in the Indus Valley are called Harappans. The reason that the Harappans succeeded in early technology was they had the most accurate ways to measure length and mass. They also invented bricks, one of the staples in building today. Skylar - The Harappa civilization was more than just Harappa. The largest cite they had was Mohenjo-Daro, it was n the Sihn region of Pakistan. They believe 40,000 lived in just Mohenjo-Daro. Some think that the Harappa civilization was happening around 7000 BCE, they believe they were just living in small villages, but they don’t have very much evidence. Nobody really knows how or why the Indus Valley civilization came to an end. Hunter- Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, tin, and lead. 600 BCEShang China: Beginnings -  Gabe - the earliest period in chinese history is the mythical period which supposedly was ruled by the xia empire and was overthrown by the Shang in 1766 bce but we are not sure if the Xia overthrow was true because we don’t have archaeological evidence of the Xia empire but we do have evidence of the Shang empire and they ruled from 1766 bce to 1046 bce Ella - The earliest form of Chinese writing was found as inscriptions carved into bones and shells.These animal remains were known as oracle bones. The writing on the bones was very complex, suggesting that the language had been around for a while. Scientists didn't have trouble reading it because it was very similar to modern chinese writing. Ben - The chinese craftsmen mastered the alloy bronze, which gave most of their soldiers an advantage. The Shang were excellent builders and engineers, they worked on many things including irrigation systems similar to how the indus river civilization did.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Emma - In the Shang Dynasty Civilization, the king was not a political figure. His main role was as a religious leader, the use of oracle bones making up a large part of their responsibilities. The government itself was run by chosen advisors and other officials. Audrey - Chinese writings from the Shang Dynasty can be found on oracle bones. An oracle bone is an ox’s scapula (shoulder blade) that people would write questions on; they would heat the bone over a flame until it cracked, and then they would interpret the cracks to get an answer to their question. Skylar - The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty that we have a lot of proof of. It lasted around 500 years. They had great irrigation systems for their day, and had also developed social classes. Both banks of the Yellow River had greats amounts of loess.with is a very nutrient-rich soil that is amazing for growing almost anything. The Shang dynasty was in and near the modern day city of Anyang. It’s known for their writing, a lot like modern day Chinese. Near the end of this dynasty they had chariots and people believe they were in contact with people out in the west. - Ethan - The Shang had some, to say the least, strange practices.  The Shang made offerings to dead relatives in attempt to communicate with them. These “Oracle Bones” people will have talked about by now, are made out of turtle shells, and they were used to predict the future. Hunter- the Shang dynasty craftspeople mastered bronze, an alloy of copper and tin; bronze weapons gave the foot soldiers a tactical advantage.   600 BCEAncient Americas: Beginnings - Gabe - Some of the first people in north america were the olmec who were some of the first mexicans they lived around the gulf of mexico around were veracruz and tabasco (like the sauce i guess) is a nahuatl word from the aztec language which means rubber people because they were the first we know to discover how to convert latex off trees into rubber we call them this because we do not know exactly what they called themselves Ella - None of the Olmecs beliefs or customs were recorded, but there were some artifacts found in the area that indicated long trade routes that spread throughout many regions. Some of the artifacts such as jade and obsidian were evidence that the Olmec people traded with civilizations outside the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Ben - There were a few different early north and south american tribes and cultures such as the mayans. The Mayans were the only ones in early america who had a fully developed writing system. They used hieroglyphs and lived in southeast mexico, they kind of owned southeast mexico. Emma - From 3500 to 1700 BC the Caral civilization existed in was is now northern Peru. It was a complex society in which specialized and interconnected roles existed, though people disagree on whether or not it can be classified as a civilization due to the lack of evidence concerning political, economical, and religious systems. Audrey - The first humans to come to the Americas came 15-16,000 years ago.They are believed to have come from north-eastern Asia across the Bering Strait during the last glaciation period when the sea level was low enough for the Bering Land Bridge. Skylar - the first people that came to north and south america somewhere between 15,000 and 16,000 years ago. They believe the first people were in Florida 14,500 years ago. The Mississippian culture was a north american culture. The mississippi river is named after them. Their famous city was Cahokia and it is around modern day St. Louis. - Ethan - There was a race of people called the Chavin and their culture was centered around a big temple in Chavin de Huantar. Their government system was most likely based off of a hierarchy, while sticking to religion. The Chavin was founded in the northern Andean highlands in Peru. Their civilization was founded in between 900 and 250 BC, which was about to the time period of 1000 years after the collapse of the Caral. The Chavin were located in the Mosna River Valley, in which the Mosna and Huachesa rivers meet. Hunter- cant find nothin!!!!!!! 600 BCE Human innovation and the environment  Gabe - We were nomadic people so we started to farm and start agriculture and build small villages probably making us have more food for more population and basically we started staying in one spot and we started to have tribes and the others started doing this. Ella - One thing that separates humans from animals is our ability to learn and teach efficiently and effectively. We are able to pass down the information and skills we learned to the next generation a lot better than other species can. This is because of our specific and strong communication techniques we've developed like language and writing. Skylar - Before the Neolithic era people had to hunt for food. They would walk short or long distances to find food if there was nothing oblivious to kill for food. Most people were what are called hunter gatherers. They did not consume as much calories as pastoral people. This was called Paleolithic era and the beginning of the mesolithic era. The main thing that happened in the Neolithic era was agriculture. Agriculture was a huge deal, most would say one of the best things that happened in human history. It changed people’s lifestyle and diet. They could now raise crops and/or animals. Move most anywhere they wanted. They then had time to figure out a way to write out the things they were learning. Ben - Over all this time and seeing these things it’s interesting to realize that these people were skilled and could create art and sculptures, writing and speech. One of the most helpful human skills is collective learning, where most information can be passed on to more people in such a way to make the potential knowledge of collective humanity nearly infinite. Emma - The development of written language had a huge impact on the development of human civilizations. Learning from the past, beyond what current generations could recall, began to change societies. For example, it allowed agriculture to develop because newer generations could learn what did and didn’t work in the past. Political records also influenced and changed developing political systems. Audrey - The Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal meaning from the beginning, would have controlled fires that would clear the forests to make the area more suitable for grassland. The grassland would provide an area for animals they could easily hunt and live off of. - Ethan - Innovation mainly began with stone tools that allowed humans to do simple tasks even easier. These tools that helped early humans hunt consisted mainly of spears and knives but very primitive. Like very poorly sharpened edges, but enough to get the job done. Farming tools would mainly consist of what today would be related to a hoe. Hunter- A type of farming used by the Aboriginal Australians was firestick farming, when they would conduct said farming they would start what are called ‘controlled burns’ they were not new to this and knew which seasons to do this in. Like in Spring or Autumn when there was a certain amount of moisture in the air to control the fires and this did more than just give the natives a better landscape but to also help prevent large scale fires and allow kangaroo to graze there for them to eat.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us out of the box that is learning

Introductions   Name, grade level, Fav point in History you are looking forward to speaking about.   Ella, 9th, 1942 - 1945 (World War II) Emma, 11th, Medieval Times Audrey, 9th, Modern History (around the 1950’s) Ethan, 10th, 1955 Civil Rights Movement Skylar, 9th, 19th amendment (1920) Hunter, 8th, The 2nd amendment, and American ministry Gabe, 8th, The Hellenistic Period Ben, 8th. Ancient Rome/Greece

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss The United States in World War I. Let’s dive in.   The presidency of Woodrow Wilson  - And Presidential podcast Gabe - Woodrow Wilson was the first southern president since James Polk He was in the KKK he segregated the federal government and in his 1st term the KKK had a revival he went for the democratic side and and went by the slogan he kept you out of the war which is ironic because we went into world war one in his second term.(g(h 2.-Ethan- He was the 28th president of the US. Wilson made the Federal Reserve System. Which allowed the government control over currency so that we didn’t experience a second great depression. He also tried to lower tariffs and improve worker protection. - Blake - Although Woodrow Wilson was very racist he shared a lot of the same views as Theodore Roosevelt in which he wanted to go after the big business’. 4.Ricky-As everyone here can agree, Woodrow Wilson was a racist. Skylar - Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Virginia on December 28th, 1856. His family was extremely religious. President Woodrow Wilson was a progressive democrat. He served two terms in office from 1913 to 1921. Woodrow wanted to expose corruption, regulate economy, eliminate unethical business practice, and improve the conditions of society. Wilson campaigned for “new freedom”. He promised banking, tariff, and business reform. Elijah- President Woodrow Wilson was serving in office from 1913 to 1921. As a young boy he experienced the civil war and his mother treated the wounded Confederate soldiers. When he started to grow up he attended Princeton. As Blake said Woodrow Wilson and Teddy Roosevelt shared views on big business but Teddy Roosevelt believed that some monopolies are good and Woodrow Wilson did not think this, he thought all monopolies are bad for a economy. Ben- Corrupt businessmen exist and eventually there would be a president that’s a bit fishy. But in his second term he went against child labor and liked the idea of establishing a minimum possible wage. His slogan was, “He kept us out of war.” even though world war 1 started during his presidency. Blockades, u-boats and sinking of the Lusitania Gabe - The germans had these things called u boats which were the submarines of that day. Germans also had  unrestricted submarine warfare starting with the sinking of the Lusitania which had many americans on board and started us joining the war mexicans trying to take land and a few others.(hunter) 2.-Ethan- The Lusitania was also known as the RMS or Royal Mail Ship since it carried some mail. It was set to sail from New York to Great Britain. This kind of allowed Germany to take the advantage and say that they were going into active war territory. This meant that Germany would attack this ship and everyone on it. - Blake - At this early point in the war the Germans had blood on their hands, innocent blood. This made the U.S. angry of course which is how we got into the war. 4.Ricky-they sunk the Lusitania in under 18mins, which I find insane. The Titanic sunk in 2hours and 40mins.` Skylar - The British declared the entire north sea a war zone in November of 1914. They said any ship that comes in here may or may not get blown up, sunk, shot up, ect. You could not bring any contraband and if you did you would for sure get blown up, contraband included food. This was basically started the Germany and Austria-Hungary. Elijah- The submarines of the time were U boats and the german people used these U boats. The main thing that brought us into WWI was germany using unrestricted submarine warfare sinking Lusitania and the Zimmerman telegram. Ben- The Lusitania was the biggest ship in the world at the time, until being passed up by the Mauretania, then the Mauretania got passed up by the Olympic. Technology was advancing fast, and they used it for good and bad. Zimmermann Telegram Gabe -  mexicans sent the zimmerman Telegram asking the germans to help them straight after the germans started sinking our boats reclaim texas new mexico and arizona which was short lived when we entered the war Woodrow(hunter) - Blake - The Zimmermann Telegram was like Gabe said a telegram sent by the Germans asking Mexico for support in return for their lost territories. The telegram was intercepted and make public to the American people to make them angry and want war. 3.-Ethan- Mexico didn’t really think they could back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, so this deal didn’t seem so sweet to them. All it really did was make America angry. The Zimmerman telegram was kind of what brought the US into the war along with the “unrestricted submarine warfare” and the Lusitania sinking. 4.Ricky-this was basically Germany asking support from Mexico, and when America got wind of it it boosted support to go to war with germany. Elijah-The Zimmerman Telegram was a telegram from the Germans asking Mexico to help them in the war and to take down the United States and if they do so they can reclaim all the territory that they lost. Skylar - Germany was getting desperate for help. Arthur Zimmerman is the man who sent the telegraph to the Mexicans in January of 1917. This was a cry for help. Germany needed the mexicans to help slow down the US from staying out of the war, obviously because the US had a strong army and the Germans knew they were going down. 7.Ben - The telegraph was encrypted, so that any postal services in america or england, but then it was caught and decoded, then sent to america, then published for all of america to see. I think America was scared of losing their land.   United States enters World War I The United States in World War I - Blake - Woodrow Wilson had originally planned to keep the U.S. out of the world war but unfortunately this changed with the Zimmermann Telegram and the use of “Unrestricted submarine warfare” was not taken lightly.  Gabe - once the germans started shooting down our ships starting with the Lusitania And the mexicans wanted to fight us with the germans we had to join cause we didn't want to get destroyed by everybody 3.-Ethan- When entering the war, Wilson tried to keep from the war as much as he could, but with Germany’s increasing aggression, he had no choice but to get involved. The US officially went to war on April 6th, 1917. 1.3 million men and 20 thousand women joined up. 4.Ricky-this is going to be fun since we can finally talk about GUNS. Like the Gewehr 98 which now that I think about it was a german weapon, and the Colt ACP.45 M119 pistol, Basically this was a time where as weapons changed war. As they usually say “war never changes” but experimental weapons like the first kind of handheld machine guns were used. This war was the first and the last to world war to include chemical weapons like Ammonia and chlorine, and mustard gas, there was a reason chemical weapons were banned. And what was so weird about WW1 was all the world leaders were connected by family or friendship. After Merica’ broke diplomatic relations with Germany, they immediately, using a U-Boat, sunk the American liner Housatonic. 5.Elijah- As tensions were building with Unrestricted submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram The United States had no choice but to join in the war. Wilson planned to keep the United States out of the war but these factors caused the US to join. Skylar - like they said Woodrow tried to keep the United States out of the war. The germans messed with the States too much so they had to do what they had to do and joined the war on april 6th, 1917. World War I was the deadliest conflict in human history, claiming tens of millions of deaths on both sides.   Ben - Many different things made America decide to go to war, propaganda about Germany was going around and America just couldn’t handle it anymore. Many people thought it would be another painful but fairly short war, but it ended up being a long hard overall bad experience. Hunter- WW1 was the bloodiest war during that time period and also the shortest.   Can you name one point in the fourteen points? Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Gabe - Woodrow had this thing called fourteen points it was what he wanted to happen instead of wars well he died and he never got to see it happen and some of his idea didn't happen but a lot of his fourteen points were used in the United Nations. - Blake - While President Wilson made several good points in his Fourteen Points not everyone supported them like the prime minister of france George Clemenceau who said: “Mr. Wilson bores me with his Fourteen Points; why, God almighty only has Ten!”. 3.-Ethan- The Fourteen Points were Wilson’s peace terms for ending the World War. The Europeans agreed with these terms but Wilson’s Allied didn’t really agree with the “Wilson Idealism”. He said to reduce military forces and he put it there twice for emphasis. 4.Ricky-this was basically Woodrow Wilson’s Gettysburg address, it was his famous speech. It was a speech about peace, about ending this war to end all wars. 5.Elijah-The Fourteen Points was Wilson's peace terms for ending the first World War And these were used in the United Nations but many other Countries did not join these terms. Wilson died before ever getting to see this happen and used. Skylar - Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points are Abe Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation. They were basically just how Woodrow felt at peace with his words. 7.Hunter- The 14 points are all points of Woodrow Wilson's thought of peace to end WW1. Ben- With something as big as World War 1, there was something about it that didnt let it end, and the Fourteen Points understood that concept and addressed every single major problem. Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles More detail on the Treaty of Versailles and Germany The League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles - Blake - Although the League of Nations was mostly viewed as weak for failing to prevent the second world war they were able to come together to write the Treaty of Versailles which ended the first world war although this didn’t last long until Adolf Hitler came into power and broke the treaty. 2.-Ethan- The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of The Allied to make the Treaty of Versailles. During this conference they made the League of Nations which their goal was to maintain world peace. It consisted of Britain, Italy, France, US, and Japan. 3.Ricky-The Treaty of Versailles severely limited the military of Germany and made them pay a fine SOOO big it took 96 years to pay off. Of course in WW2 they disobeyed these rules. Elijah-The league of Nations were made to stop any world wars and was founded on January 10th 1920. The League was able to make the Treaty of Versailles and the peace conference which ended the First World War. Skylar - The Treaty Of Versailles was a little extreme in my opinion. The made a limit on how many soldiers Germany could have which was 100,000. As well as bullets, boats, and U-boats. Germany couldn’t form a Union with Austria either. The treaty also put all the “war guilt” on Germany which they deserved that. The rest of it was just really Extra. 6. Hunter- the paris peace conference was in 1919, also known as the Versailles peace conference, was the meeting of the allied powers after WW1 to set a peace treaty with the Axis powers.   Ben - This was kind of the time where everything started to eventually end. After all the fighting, different countries declared peace, and many things were sorted out. It was a big relief to people around the world. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss The age of empire. Let’s dive in. Was he a good president? Why or why not? William McKinley - Presidential Podcast  Gabe - McKinley was the 25th president of the united states he stayed in presidency until assassinated in his second term. He lead america to victory in the spanish american war and was the last president to be in the civil war he also was the only president in the war as an enlisted soldier He raised protective tariffs for the industries. He also maintained the gold standard and we cant even do that today.   Skylar - William mckinley was born January 29th, 1843 in Niles, Ohio. He was apart of the republican party. He became president on march 4th, 1897. While he was president the United States army won a few great wars, like Gabe said. After Mckinley served one term he was elected president again to serve his second and last term. Mckinley was shot on september 6th, 1901 by Leon Czolgosz who shot him in the stomach twice while shaking his hand. -Ethan- McKinley widely supported the Dingley Tariff to guard the manufacturing companies from foreign companies. He also tried to get Spain to give Cuba independence but negotiations went awry and thus began the Spanish-American War in 1898. The US won quickly and got some of Spain’s oversea colonies like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba was planned to have independence but for the time being stayed under control of the US Army. The US had just annexed Hawaii. - Blake - Before William McKinley became President he was not only the Governor of Ohio but he was the last President to serve in the Civil War. Before the end of the Civil War McKinley was able to reach the rank of Brevet Major in which he only referred to himself as his rank as he felt that was the only thing he was sure of. He was also a accomplished lawyer in which he took a case no one would take and he got every defendant off except one. Ben- One of the popular events including Mckinley was the mountain that used to be named after him. They renamed it to the traditional Native American name, “Denali” people thought it was fitting because William Mckinley never saw the mountain or Alaska, the state it was in. Mckinley was very fond of the working class, like farmers and other, he respected their work and their way of doing things.William mckinley was also the reason the secret service was created, he was the third president ot be assasinated. This pushed the US government to create a protection service for people of importance. But something that some people may not know about the secret service is that half of their work is about preventing counterfeit currency and bank fraud. 6.Ricky-william McKinley was assassinated on September 19, 1901 when as Skylar said in the stomach while shaking Leon Czolgosz hand. Leon Czolgosz was born in Alpena Michigan in 1873 to a family of eight and was bullied by his peers when he was a kid. As he grew up he and his brother worked steel for a . But in the crash of 1893 the factory closed for some time. Leon was a anarchist supporter and killed president McKinley with a .32S&W revolver, look it up. 7.Elijah- William McKinley was first Governor of ohio and then President. He was the last President to serve in the Civil War. When he was 18 he served as a private in infantry and was the youngest in his group. AT 50 years of age Mckinley became President and was assassinated in 1901 on his second term.   8. Introduction to the age of empire  Gabe - this started when we stopped isolationism which george washington told us to do and we did for 100 years but from 1898 1901 we grabbed cuba hawaii guam puerto rico and the philippines between 1870 and 1890 all the massive powers were getting colonies for resources so we also started so we didn't get left in the dust we also need those resources such as diamonds gold timber oil rubber and all sorts of more resources So we went for them which started the age of empire 2.-Ethan- Like I said before the US got a lot of places from Spain. But through most of this, the entire world was trying to get as much land as possible. America wasn’t participating at the time but they were like “oh no, we can’t get left behind” so they started competing for land too. - Blake - This time period is when the United States start to become a true super power as shortly after the Spanish-American war the U.S. had gained quite a bit of territory. 4.Ben- A lot of conflicts in the world are because of land. Maybe one side wants land while the other needs to defend it. Or maybe they’re trying to take back land from previous wars.I think it’s called the age of empire because every empire was expanding or shrinking. 5.Ricky-basically a time when we completely ditched the idea of isolationism and developed Allies like Britain. Skylar - The United States seen that other countries were gaining power and the wanted to do so as well. Europe and Asia were gaining more land. Like they said the united states gained Cuba, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. 7.Hunter- this war was kind of a fight for territory and the early americans thought that spain sunk the USS. Maine by sabotaging it and then we declared war on spain. 8..Elijah-At the time United states moved more towards imperialism and less towards isolationism. This was because of the fall of manifest destiny and moving more towards taking other countries. The United States took land such as Cuba, Hawaii, Puerto rico and the Philippines. The age of empire  Gabe - As i stated before the age of empire was when we went and grabbed colonies and land for resources and so did the rest of the major powers. But there was no land to grab so they need to do what this to mahan says he says that they need a way to cross from the pacific to atlantic and vice versa they need ports everywhere and there going to need a powerful navy and in 1914 they put 140 million dollars into their navy - Blake - With the gain of this new land the U.S. needed a use for it and they had the perfect use. By that time the Navy wasn’t very powerful and was described as “Five leaky boats”. Although we had access to both the Pacific and Atlantic ocean’s we still couldn’t make big trips across seas as our ports were along the coastline. 3.-Ethan- Since Cuba was kind of ‘unoccupied’ at the moment, rebels started to mess with the Spanish owners of Cuba. The Cuban even blew up an American warship which caused American retaliation. Thus started the Spanish American War. Ben- Something clicked within the empires to cause them to all kinda take more land, most of the reasons were because of raw materials like things in africa, you could see some places like france claiming land in africa for the materials to bring back to their main country, england did a lot of this too, and some places fought for land in china. 5.Elijah- The age of the empire were the days of imperialism. We have taken over small islands such as Guam and Hawaii. As America expands the American Navy expands. America was looking outward to expansion and getting more resources. Cuba was the point that started the Spanish American War. Skylar - The Age of Empire was basically just trying to grab all the land that wasn’t claimed yet. They wanted this land to find its natural resources to make money. The United states was seeing two of the biggest , most powerful continents, Asia and Europe claiming all this land and using their resources. 7.Hunter- the age of empire for america was to gain land and allies. 8. The Spanish-American War  Gabe - Again as i said in the introduction to the age of empire we wanted to expand so we went to war with the spanish and won because we outnumbered them greatly and we took cuba guam puerto rico and philippines. - Blake - The Spanish-American War started out pretty stupid as the USS Maine had exploded off the coast of Cuba which was under rule from Spain it was most likely from a malfunction but Americans still believed it was from Spain. -Ethan- The War only lasted 6 week and the US of course won. Theodore Roosevelt was part of a troop called the Rough Riders. He helped rally quite a few of the Rough Riders’ troopers. The Rough Riders wouldn’t have stood a chance if the African-American troops didn’t assist.The Spaniards could try, fight, and muster all their troops, but they were no match for the US military’s new ships. The US decimated Spain’s fleet as quickly as you can imagine a ship battle going down. 4.Ben- Like Blake said, it was kinda stupid to immediately think that Spain did it, but i think America just wanted some kind of excuse to fight spain and claim Cuba. Then a bit after when the filipinos realized that America was no better than Spain at controlling their land, the rebeled. 5.Ricky-when ‘merica won the war they said they would not claim Cuba. But in a way they did. 6..Elijah- When the USS Maine blew up America blamed Spain sense the ship was at cuba at the time. This seemed like a act of terrorism sense most americans did not have all of the information. This war only lasted 6 weeks and the US won the war. The Rough Riders were a group that were fighting but most of them actually did not ride horses. Skylar - The United States declared war on Spain on April 11th, 1898. The United States were too much for Spain to handle. The army Roosevelt had put together were “armed and dangerous” and were not going down without a fight. That’s exactly what they did. The war ended only four months and one day later, August 12th, 1898. 8.Hunter- what started this war was the tragedy of the USS. Maine the americans thought that spain had something to do with it so we declared war and gained land and allies on top of it all. The Progressive Era  Gabe - In the progressive era which was around 1890s to 1920s there were im going to say movements cause there were a few on making life for industrial workers better they wanted to eliminate “unfair” business choices the definition of fair is actually playing by the rules and those were the rules so it wasn't necessarily unfair but it was hard for the people. In this era people got better protections women got the right to vote and consumers strengthened. - Blake - The Progressive Era was an era which came with a lot of industry changes and amendments during this time period such as the sixthteenth amendment, the seventeenth, the eighteenth and the nineteenth. -Ethan- The Progressive Era had a dark side, because they also promoted discrimination. The Wilson Administration supported modernity and progress in the world but they tried for segregation of government. Wilson’s presidency had a brief bringback of the Ku Klux Klan(or KKK) which was widely known as mostly racist to black people. 4.Elijah- The Progressive Era was a time that was wanting progress in society and business. In the 1890s to 1920s the Progressive Era was filled with reformers trying to help make public education, make businesses be more regulated and stop monopolies from taking over. The goal was to move forward. This was also the time of prohibition.   Ben- We’ve seen a lot of industrialization throughout the 19th-20th century as different countries develop technology and advance the stuff we already had. The progressive era really pushed the world’s inventors, as factories were made and different machines were created to make farming and other jobs easier, changing the industry and eventually turning it into what we have today. But as business was booming there were many corrupt businessmen, putting profit over morals.   6.Ricky-we changed a lot during this time politically and in the industry. Skylar - Like it says in the name the progressive era was an era between 1890 and 1920 that was full of progress. Women finally got the right to vote which was a pretty big deal. But like Ethan said it did have a dark side. 8.Hunter- this era was in the late 19th century to the early 20th this era aimed toward a better society. During this era protections for workers were strengthened, and women finally got the right to vote.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             The presidency of Theodore Roosevelt - AND THE PRESIDENTIAL PODCAST Skylar - Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27th, 1858 in Manhattan, New York City, New York. His family was very wealthy hence he lived in Manhattan $$$$$. Before he was president he was a writer. He was also known as Teddy, short for Theodore. He was elected president in 1904 after former president William Mckinley was killed. “Teddy” was apart of the republican party. Roosevelt wanted a stronger army and navy and wanted to increase American intervention in Latin America by putting out the "Roosevelt Corollary" and the Monroe Doctrine and constructing the Panama Canal. He was the youngest man to ever be president at 42 years old. - Blake - After Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt's presidency he went on a expedition in the African Savannah. Shortly after he returned he despised how the newest president William Howard Taft had handled things and ultimately reran for office with a new party he created called the Progressive Republican Party (also known as the Bull Moose Party) but the public was split between Taft and Roosevelt and ultimately Woodrow Wilson won the 1912 election. -Ethan- Roosevelt like I said before was a Rough Rider which was one of the Navy’s troops at the time. Roosevelt passed a couple acts as president like any other president. 1 of them was the Emergency Banking Relief, which allowed the US government to study the banks’ finances to see when they should re-open them.  A little something interesting on when he died. Roosevelt died in his sleep and his Vice President, Thomas R. Marshall, said “Death had to take while he was sleeping, because there would have been a fight if he was awake”. 4.Elijah- Theodore Roosevelt also know as “teddy roosevelt” was a man of many talents and ideas. He was a game hunter, a writer and a guy that earned his face on Mount Rushmore. He started his own party known as the Bull Moose Party the Progressive Republican Party. He lost his mother and Wife on the same day. He had someone try to assassinate him in 1912. He was the first president to win a nobel peace prize in 1906. Ben- Theodore was the vice president during William Mckinley’s presidency, but once William tragically died, Theodore Roosevelt became president. Theodore’s story is a sad one, though. His mother and his wife died on the same day that his son was born. Ricky-Theodore Roosevelt was 26th president of the united states of america from September 14, 1901 to March 4, 1909. Fun fact, he had a son named Kermit. 7.Hunter- Theodore Roosevelt was president from 1901-1909 he was the 26th president after the assassination of William  McKinley. Muckrakers  Gabe - The Muckrakers were the fake news paparazzi of that day not always fake news but the exaggerated a lot to get to the people they were writing to. Sinclair a muckraker was writing about how terrible conditions in the meatpacking industry and how the meat was contaminated and how hard it was even so that they had to make a meat inspection act and a pure food act and a drug Act of 1906 because someone exaggerated in a book yes it was hard but not enough for you to convince them to make a meat inspection act Come on that's the same as saying they were not paid enough so the whole nation is paying millions to some people who pack meat. - Blake - Jacob Riis was a Danish immigrant who had made good friends with then President of the Police of New York City Theodore Roosevelt which he would talk to and get information in their talks which helped publish Muckraker stories.-   -Ethan- The term Muckraker came from Roosevelt’s speech where he said “the men with the muck rakes are often indispensable to the well being of society; but only if they know to stop raking the muck. In this ‘Raking the muck’ references the work of journalists who, as Gabe said, brought in fake news or Muck. Elijah- Muckrakers was first used as a derogatory term for journalists that were pushing for change but really just not doing much. But when this name came out the journalists used this as a term for themselves because they said that these issues mattered and they are bringing out the muck on these compRanies.     5.Ricky-Muckrakers (like Piper in fallout 4) are basically propaganda spreaders. They go for trying to expose this big government secret, or stuff like that. Ben- During the progressive era, many businessmen were corrupt, so the Muckrakers were people trying to show the world how corrupt they were. This later caused the food and drug act, which inspected foods to make sure they were safe for consumption. Skylar - Muckrakers wanted to expose people who had business that were doing well. They wanted to find the dirt in any company that was successful. Like Ethan said the term came from Theodore Roosevelt.Muckrakers were like everyone said drama queens, ‘’fake news’’, or people who exaggerate the media. They just talked a little ‘’ muck ‘’ as said in their name. Hunter- these guys are drama kings and queens the news was highly exaggerated any business that was successful they tried to get shut down.   That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

                          Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss The American West. Let’s dive in.   How was Hayes different than other presidents? Rutherford B Hayes - Presidential Podcast Gabe - Ruther B Hayes actually was the first president to celebrate easter thing he also promised only to go one term which he did and his wish was to restore faith that he says was lost since Lincoln was shot. Today historians refer to him as an average president. Skylar -Hayes won the electoral vote but Tilden won the popular vote, causing the Compromise of 1877, that we talked about in the previous episode. Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States. He served from 1877 to 1881. He was born in Delaware, Ohio on October 4th, 1822. He was part of the Republican Party. Before becoming president he was a lawyer, like former president Abe Lincoln. He was an abolitionist and mostly helped defend runaway slaves. 3.- Blake - Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the U.S. Hayes was the governor of Ohio before becoming the president. The election of 1876 was a disputed one as Hayes’ opponent Samuel J. Tilden had won the popular vote but Hayes had won the most electoral votes. - Ethan - His Vice President was William A. Wheeler.  He took office at the end of the Reconstruction Era which was the literal reconstruction of the U.S. after the Civil War. Like Gabe said he tried to take over where Lincoln left off. Hayes was probably one of Lincoln’s greatest supporters. Ben- Unlike many iconic presidents, Rutherford was not self-taught, he graduated from Harvard and studied law. His first few cases were about runaway slaves. 6.Ricky-Rutherford B Hayes was an extrovert and love to be around people. He was part of the Republican Party and like everyone has already said, he won the popular vote. Hunter- Rutherford B. Hayes’ presidency was from 1877-1881 he was pretty popular as an extrovert like Ricky has said he won the popular vote and like Skylar has said he also won the electoral vote.` Elijah- Rutherford B. Hayes’ was a abolitionist. He fought in the civil war as part of the union army and fought against slavery. He served as capacity of judge advocate on the field headquarters for his time in the civil war. The Gold Rush  Gabe - The Gold was found by John Sumter in 1848 who found flakes in a river well that got out and everyone was coming for some gold in 1849 they were called forty niners It even says that people were coming from asia australia europe and latin america for the gold well 1850 california became a state, established a government and joined the union. Most the prospectors made nothing some were successful most were not though there was no law enforcement sanitation crime rates were extremely high in goldfields and one camp even exploded. Most of the time the shopkeepers would make more than the actually prospectors because they charged so high for equipment and the shopkeepers became the rich ones. Skylar - The Gold Rush was a very big deal. Like gabe said people came from different  countries like Asia and Europe. Over 300,000 people came from the surrounding states and countries. The new sources of transportation like steamboats and railroads were making it easier than ever to get to the gold, before it was welcomed into the Union as the 31st state on september 9th, 1850. - Blake - A lot of people know what the Gold Rush is but not many people know the true violence behind the money. As soon as gold was found in California people from all over migrated to hopefully strike rich and have a profitable life, unfortunately this was not the case for all miners. Because of this discovery of gold it led to immigration and these immigrants were treated terribly as Nativism had become a very common thing. - Ethan - Small amounts of people became rich. But people kept saying “oh we’re about to hit gold, we don’t need food”. Those people either got lucky or died trying. People kept getting robbed because of the area and there were few good places to stay because it was only recently discovered. Vigilante`s were the only way to keep people from getting robbed. Too bad Batman’s only a comic...or was he? (Ricky- like John Marston? :) are you using this?) 5.Ben- A popular event in history changed the state of California and its population, literally, they kill off most of California’s native population. After the gold rush many forty-niners moved to alaska or australia because gold was found in both places. Ricky-The California Gold Rush was a period in between 1848 and 1855 in Sutter's Mill. 7.Hunter- lamborghinis are pretty expensive Gabe  nowadays cars like that can go up to nearly 600,000 dollars. Or at least the one i was looking at it was a convertible with a nice chrome black finish but enough about that. The cali gold rush was a really big one and it started a lot of robberies it went on  for seven whole years. I know lol i've looked up prices lololol - gabe Elijah- The California Gold Rush was not just a gold mine literally but also a entrepreneur gold mine. The many ways people made money off of the miners and just the region is amazing. Levi jeans were made at the time for miners so the jeans could be worn more and go though more wear and tear. Women were working inns for the miners and made money that way. The whole gold rush was a big way for people to make money and live the american dream of manifest destiny. Do you think he was a good or bad president? Grover Cleveland - Presidential Podcast  Gabe - Grover Cleveland was a democrat American politician and lawyer he was the only president in history to serve two non consecutive terms as 22nd president and the 24th president. He won the popular vote for three presidential elections 1884 1888 1892 He and woodrow wilson were the only two democrats to be elected during the era of republican. - Blake - The 22nd and 24th president of the United States was Grover Cleveland he was the only president to serve 2 non consecutive terms in history. Cleveland was a big guy around 300 pounds at the beginning of his first term he was the second largest president behind William Taft. Skylar - Grover Cleveland was born March 18th, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. Cleveland didn’t get along with the media well because they wrote negative things about him. He didn’t get started in politics until he was 44, but he was a successful lawyer beforehand, just like Lincoln, like gabe said. He was part of the democratic party, and was a lawyer like Lincoln as well, just like Gabe said. He was elected as the mayor of Buffalo in 1881, Governor of New York in 1882, and then became president in 1883.   4.- Ethan - His full name was Stephen Grover Cleveland. He was the leader of the Bourbon Democrats. They opposed things like Free Silver. Free Silver was kind of the opposition against using silver in our coins, trying to maintain the gold standard. Other things they didn’t like were high tariffs, inflation, and imperialism. Imperialism was basically extending the country’s power through brute force and or diplomacy. 5.Ricky-Grover Cleveland was a big man as Blake has said, but he was comical and funny in his social interventions but, he was really really serious in his political convention. Ben- A big part of his life was cancer, he found out he had a tumor in the roof of his mouth in the June of 1893. But, the thing was, he didnt want the press to know, because cancer was so scary and deadly at the time. Luckily, he survived and got the tumor cut off on a boat. The cover up was that he got a dental procedure that removed two teeth, which was true, but it was because of the tumor removing process. He also died on June 24, 1908, and his famous last words were, “I have tried so hard to do right.” 7. Elijah- Stephen Grover Cleveland, part of the democratic party. In his first term he vetoed 414 congressional bills. When he first started politics he was a sheriff in New York. After finishing his two terms he went into law and then ran for mayor. He became the mayor of Buffalo in 1882.  After that he ran for governor and won. He kept moving forward as he went to president.   Who were the exodusters? The Homestead Act and the exodusters  Gabe - The Homestead Act was when the government gave away huge amounts of land to certain citizens you could not apply for a homestead if you beared arms against America which meant no confederate soldiers could apply and you had to be over 21. later they even allowed immigrants to apply you would get around 160 acres of land which is a lot i have seen 80 acres 160 is twice that its massive you got this land if you kept your promise which meant you would farm the land for 5 years. Even African Americans Could apply for a Homestead Act. - Blake - The Exodusters were a group of people mostly former slaves who were subject to racial violence and repression when in reality all they wanted was a plot of land to start a family and live prosperously. Skylar - The Homestead Act was was put into place in 1862. It stated that anyone who wanted to become a citizen could have around 160 acres of land, if they would farm it. The big debate was between slave owners who thought only slave owners should get the new land in the west to farm on. There were only to things you had to promise other than promising to farm the land was to borne arms against the United States Government and to never give aid and comfort to it’s enemies. 4.- Ethan - The Exodus of 1879 was a mass migration of African Americans leaving the South. Thus, that group of people became known as the exodusters. Inspiration for the name came from the book of the Bible, Exodus. These people settled in modern day Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma. 5.Ricky-Exodusters were former slaves in the South who then moved into the West in two places like Oklahoma Kansas Colorado. The Homestead Act helped this. Because of the Homestead Act granting millions of acres of land Exodusters could build settlements. This was stuff like the Oklahoma land run. Ben- Almost a century after they started, the government gave over one and a half million homesteads away, which was 10% of all American land. Hunter- The homestead act was just three years before the gilded age so 1862. all U.S. citizens who did not bear arms against the U.S. were able to apply for a homestead wich like Gabe and multiple others have said they gave 160 whole acres to women, immigrants, freed slaves, and after a while ex-confederate soldiers. Elijah-The homestead act was signed May, 20th 1862 by President Lincoln. This granted 160 acres of land in the West as homestead to anyone who is the head of the family or someone who is 21 and is a citizen of the USA. This became a way for ex-confederate soldiers were able to apply for homestead as much as freed slaves.   The reservation system  Gabe - The Appropriation Act of 1851 Made it where we could put indians in a reserve In oklahoma so they wouldn't come on land americans wanted to settle. Which also sparked the reservation system for reserves in other states for indians so the americans could settle and the indians could be in there own LITTLE spot. Skylar - The Indian Reservation System started in 1851 to keep the indians off the land these new “americans” wanted to settle on. The reservations were made so indians would have a small piece of land to live on. Even though they had been living there hundreds of years before the Europeans took over and pretended it was their land. I think it was really dumb to do this because it wasn’t really their land. They were basically treating them like slaves saying, that this is where you are going to live because these new settlers want to live there. 3.- Ethan - A lot of Native Americans didn’t like the system so thus started the Indian Wars. With a lot of bloodshed done,  Americans stand victorious in relocating the Indians. Ulysses S. Grant tried bringing Indians into mainstream American society. - Blake - Oh boy well as a lot of people know five Native American tribes came together to form the Five Civilized Tribes which consisted of the Cherokee (represent), Creek, Chickasaw. Seminole and Choctaw. This was the main group of Native Americans that were relocated to modern day Oklahoma 5.Ricky-as everyone already said in 1851 the reservation of Indians was basically just the US saying you can stay on this land but we're taking this land. The Dawes Act in 1887 of dismantled reservation giving each tribe plots of land. Ben- After the Indian Removal Act it was a strange time for the Native Americans. The white people thought since they took whatever they wanted before, they could do it again. It was a dark time for American morals.They could govern their tribes but that didn’t protect them from poverty and other terrible things. Hunter- The reservation system was a system in which native americans were not allowed to step foot in European-American settlements. During this time in American history the whites thought like Ben has said take what they want when they want it. Elijah- The Indian reservation system was put in place to keep land for whites that were moving westward with their philosophy as manifest destiny. The movement westward was always the american dream at the time and this was a way to do it. This caused a lot of hostility from the indians towards the expansionists. This is what helped cause the Indian wars.      Do you think this was good or bad for the Indians and why? The Dawes Act  Gabe -  The Dawes act Passed by Grover Cleveland allowed Him to destroy the reservations and make indians come into american society which i think was better i mean did you hear what was happening in those reserves pretty bad stuff. Then they would give land to certain indians and they became US citizens the rest i believe were classified as immigrants or something of that sort. This applied to all except the 5 civilised tribes but they didn't accept some free allotments of land so we passed the curtis act that allowed the Dawes act to apply to the 5 tribes and they also took the 5 tribes land and let white men settle there. Skylar - The Dawes Act was passed in 1887. Cleveland put this act into place to make indians come back into the American Society because like gabe said stuff was getting pretty bad. Instead of reservations they gave plots to certain tribes instead of having all different tribes in one small piece of land. I think this was a good idea because some tribes don’t get along with each other hence why they weren’t all one huge tribe, but rather many smaller groups of people that got along. 3.- Ethan - The Dawes Act was also known as Dawes Severalty Act or the General Allotment Act. It was signed on January 8th, 1887. It allowed president Grover Cleveland to take tribal lands from the Native Americans to make them American citizens. Cleveland basically was saying that the only way that they could earn citizenship was by giving up traditions. - Blake - More about my tribe yay. Originally the Dawes Act did not apply to the Five Civilized Tribes because they had already been cooperative with the government. Ricky-the Dawes Act just basically made some Indian tribes U.S citizenship. Ben- The white people thought that to stop the conflict they must break up the land, because that is what most indians fought about at the time, I think. This made the native americans spread out, and eventually make them become normalized in today’s society. 7. Elijah-The dawes acts basically helped native americans become US citizens but at the same time stripped the native americans from their tribal land.  This divided the european settlers and the native americans even more. Why were so many immigrants flooding into America? Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion  Gabe - Mexicans and Chinese became colliding with americans in there westward expansion. Most of the Mexicans and Chinese had to make enclaves in places to get jobs without losing them because of racist people Skylar - There wasn’t many immigrants in 1820, but with the gold rush, new jobs, new choices, by 1880 there were over 800,000 people who came to the US who were just chinese. New mexicans were also coming into the country and both of these new races needed jobs, but a lot of shop owners would give them jobs because they were mexican or chinese. 3.- Ethan - In the 1820s the Chinese started slowly entering America. By 1849 there were only about 650 Chinese immigrants in America. But then the Gold Rush came into play and by 1852 25,000 Chinese immigrants were in America. In 1880, the Chinese immigrant population increased to 3,000 - Blake - With westward expansion came conflict as Americans began fulfilling the manifest destiny and mining the California Gold Rush. The conflict was not only with the Natives but with Mexicans and Chinese. Ricky-With westward expansion came the fight for land and rights. Las Gorass Blancas was a group of Mexican rebels that fought against United States westward expansion and Manifest Destiny principles. They burned down houses, crops, and killed people. Ben- The rural booms pulled in immigrants from far and wide, but once they sailed across the ocean, they found couldn’t get enough resources to go back to their own country or continent. This caused many of them to have to work very menial jobs since no other employers would hire them like Skylar said. 7. 8.Elijah-During the 1890s the immigration of mexicans and chinese people were moving to america and becoming americans. But on both sides there was also a lot of resistance. As the Gold Rush ended americans populated california and were looking for outward expansion. This was to Mexico and China. Mexico had hostel movement towards(with the Mexican american war) americans and so did China (with the boxer rebellion)   Why did the Indians start the war? The Indian Wars and the Battle of the Little Bighorn  Gabe - The indian wars were wars fought because the indians did like being moved or have there land destroyed by americans so they fought massive battles in the end America won because they rock and nothing can destroy them and the indians were moved and lots of them died some which accepted land allotments became US citizens though so that's good. The last Indian war battle was at little bighorn where general custer made his great fail and got defeated by the indians which for some reason marked the ending of the indian wars Skylar - the Indian Wars were basically the whites against indians. They fought over land and natural resources. Of course the indians wanted it because it was their whole country before these new europeans came and settled there. The whites wanted it to build houses, new jobs, and farming, but the indians wanted it so they could live on it. They didn’t plan to make more jobs available to the new US citizens. - Ethan - The Battle of Little Bighorn(little contradiction) was also known as Custer’s Last Stand. That was the last battle of the Indian Wars. The Sioux(pronounced sue) Wars lasted from 1854 to 1890. In 1875, gold was discovered in Black Hills South Dakota. This brought miners into Indian territory. The Black Hills were hunting grounds for the Sioux, so the miners pleaded the US Army for protection. The Army responded with war, The Great Sioux Wars to be precise. It lasted from 1876-1877. - Blake - Oooo where do I start with you white people. The Indian Wars were a result of White People attempting to fulfill the manifest destiny by expanding westward and moving the Native Americans out. 5.Ricky- The battle of Little Bighorn was basically 6.ben- You can really tell how hard the Indians fought for their land, they had the power to keep up against the US military forces that attacked them, I think it’s because they just knew the land. 7.  Elijah-The Indian Wars was a revolt of the Indians against the white people with there manifest destiny. This was a war for land and resources. The whites were trying to move more westward and the indians resisted and that is where there war started.   What happened at the battle of wounded knee? The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee  Gabe -  The Ghost Dance was a way for the indians to remember there tribal ways after the americans came and destroyed everything and the battle of wounded knee was were americans 7th cavalry slaughtered indiscriminately hundreds of sioux men women and children. Skylar - when there was a solar eclipse on january 1st, 1889 a shaman who was apart of the Paiute tribe said God showed him love peace through a dance called the Ghost Dance. Like gabe said it was a way for the indians to remember the dead and they could actually see their family who had passed away. 3.- Ethan - On December 29th, 1890, the US 7th Cavalry Regiment ambushed a Sioux Indian camp nearby Wounded Knee Creek. The Regiment tried to disarm the Sioux, but while doing so a shot was fired and that sent the Sioux into chaos, while the US Army massacred many men, women, and even children. These soldiers were exonerated and 20 soldiers were given medals of honor.( People can call me crazy, but I support almost whatever the US Army, Air Force, and Navy do. They were just doing their jobs, and they did them well.) - Blake - I’ll be talking about the aftermath of this and how you white people still couldn’t keep us down. After the wounded knee massacre the unit that had caused the scuffle had been pardoned and some had even been given a Medal Of Honor the most prestigious of military awards. But even after everything there are still over 2.9 million Natives in the U.S. Ben- You can cut down a tree but it’s even harder to get the roots out. The ghost dance spread a little bit of hope throughout the Indian culture, causing a pulse of resistance, the wars were starting to end, and the indians weren’t gonna give up. 6. 7. Elijah- The ghost dance was a vision of love and peace that was from God. This was a movement that was very spiritual. This was all about reuniting the indian tribes and coming together. The goal was banishment of all evil in the world. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss the causes of the Civil War. Let’s dive in.   Introduction to the Gilded Age Why was it called the Gilded Age? And Who coined the term.   Hunter- The gilded age in American was the late 19th century, from 1870 to about 1900. The name of this point in time was used in the early 20th century, and was derived from writer Mark Twain’s 1873 novel the Gilded Age: A Tale Of Today, which started an era of social problems covered by a thin gold gilding. Skylar - The Gilded Age began in 1865 and Ended in 1898. The gilded age was a time where everyone was focused on the development of the United states, mainly industrial type things. The Gilded age didn’t mean the golden age but more of a cover, like everything is perfect but really it’s not. Ricky-Ricky-The Gilded Age was an age in the 1870s to the early 1900s it was a time of economic growth for American citizens and non-immigrants. In wages Rose from $380 from 1880 to $564 in 1890, a gain of 48%. The widespread industrialization led to a real wage growth of 60% in between 1860 and 1890. - Blake (gabe)- The Gilded age was a time period in which hard times fell on the american and immigrant people.   Gabe - The Gilded age was a time where americans economy went good and bad in a way because industry grew but money not so much.     - Ethan - The Gilded Age was the time that America began to revolutionize their industrial world. Mark Twain coined the term “Gilded Age” which meant the time seemed pretty good but was truly miserable. Someone who profited from the Gilded Age was John D. Rockefeller, who was the founder of oil. Oil was just 1 of the “titans of industry” which were steel, banking, and oil. The miserable part would probably be that they got their money mostly through corruption. Ben- And with every urban explosion there were poor people, in apartments without heating or even light, it was 5 cents a night, which doesn’t sound like much, but they were poor and money was different then it is now. They had to fit as many people as possible to get the most out of the room too.   The Gilded Age and the Second Industrial Revolution Name one invention that came out of the Second Industrial Revolution. Hunter- The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a time of quick industrialization in the last third of the 19th century, and the beginning of the 20th. Some of the inventions are of the following the swiss army knife, barbed wire, dynamite, and the motorcycle. Oh and some of my personal favorites are the Maxim Machine Gun, and the colt .45 M-1911. Skylar - The Second Industrial Revolution went on in the same time as the Gilded Age. This was time for mass production of things, as well as communicating about business tractions, materials, all that weren’t existing before. The Bessemer Process was a big deal in this time, it made steel easy and quicker to produce, so trains became more of a option for transporting things before. During this time the US had more railroads than all of Europe combined. Ricky- As everyone said the Second Industrial Revolution was basically a time when a bunch of new inventions were made that revolutionized the industrial system like as Skylar said it made steel a lot easier to produce creating easier ways to create a railroad system. A lot of inventions like petroleum gas, electrification was a big thing, Machine Tools like drills and saws, chemical tools like ammonia, and chlorine, rubber, bicycles, the invention of automobiles, some fertilizers, telephones, and a lot of scientific knowledge, as well as the making of new weapons as Hunter said like the Colt 45 M119 pistol, the Thompson submachine gun which shoots 45. ACP rounds which is famously said to be used by high-ranking gangsters, the M1 Garand which is a 30 caliber round.                                                                        4. Gabe - as Hunter and Ricky said we Developed a lot of technology in the gilded ages second industrial revolution. But railroads helped increase income and production because we used them for transportation shipping goods all across america.   - Blake(ben) - As everyone has said previously this was a big time for the early United States which revolutionized building and processing for wealthy businessman looking to get a start in the material industry. - Ethan - The Second Industrial Revolution took place in 1870-1914. Some say it went up to the start of World War 1. This Revolution was also known as the Technological Revolution. During this revolution things like the telephone and electricity were made. This revolution wasn’t just in America, but in Britain and Germany. Lesser known countries were France, Italy, and Japan. - Ben - After the first industrial revolution they had all these new things so they refined it and made it better.   Social Darwinism in the Gilded Age What is Social Darwinism and do you think there is any truth in it? Skylar - Social Darwinism is just basically seeing what people are on the outside. Social Darwinism says that the poor have less worth that a higher class rich person. It’s judging people for what’s on the outside and your social class rather than judging someone for what’s on the inside like being kind. Acting like a snob means you have more worth to someone who believes in Social Darwinism, when in reality they are worth less for judging people just by how much money they have, or how they look. Ricky-- Social Darwinism is the idea and belief that it is survival of the fittest. It stole the term from Darwinism evolution and plastered itself all over politics as social Darwinism. Gabe - Social Darwinism started in the gilded age because people started applying his idea that the strong rule the weak to people in there life and so on. - Blake(hunter) - Do I seriously have to do this one? Oh boy. Social Darwinism was a terrible thing it basically said that white people are better than others and that humans evolved from apes. - Ethan - Social Darwinism, in more proper terms, was seeing natural selection in the people around us. Anyone that considered themselves a Social Darwinist did not go by any such term. The term Darwinism wasn’t really used much except by people that were opposed to it. Ben- It got the term Darwinism because Charles Darwin studied evolution, so since people believed in survival of the fittest, like the theory of evolution, the called it darwinism. America moves to the city Why did most of America start moving to cities and leaving farms? Skylar - In 1790 nearly everyone lived in the country or on a farm. Due to The Second Industrial Revolution, growing population, and new machinery the United States needed more room to expand into the countryside to make big cities for railroads and new jobs. By 1920 only 28% of people lived in rural areas and the majority lived in the larger cities. Ricky- -a majority of people lived in rural areas than in urban areas, but then suddenly 11 million people migrated from rural areas to urban areas along with 25 million immigrants pouring in to the country.   Gabe - Another thing that happened which was people started urbanizing living in urban places it started in the 1800s and it made its ascent from there until 1920s where more people lived in urban areas then actual rural areas. And here is a quote from thomas jefferson who said “once we start piling upon one another in large cities  as in europe   We will become as corrupt as europe”.   - Blake(hunters) - America began to enter industrialization and because of this more people moved to bigger cities to find work and be prosperous. - Ethan - In 1920 more Americans lived in cities than on farms. This was kind of the transition between farm life and the urban living of today. In 1890 28% of the population lived in urban environment. - Ben - It started all the mass population you see in the popular urban cities around the world today. People were obsessed with industrial industry and thought it would be more profitable to move to cities. The Knights of Labor   What were the Knights of Labor and what do you think about them? Good or bad? 1.Hunter- The K of L, officially Noble the Holy order of the Knights of Labor, Was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations 1880. It’s most important leaders were Terence V. Powderly and step-brother Joseph bath. The Knights promoted the working man, rejected socialism and anarchism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producersethic of republicanism. The Knights of Labor was a union founded in 1869. They promoted 8 hour work days and wanted to end child labor. It was mostly white men in this union, but immigrants, african americans, as well as women were welcome to be members. By 1886 the Knights of Labor had over 700,000 members and supporters. Ricky-- The Knights of Labor had officially crashed and disbanded near 1886 following the Haymarket Square riot. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was growing at the time which then eventually took over. Gabe - So the knights of labor were a group who promoted like skylar said 8 hour work days and were in a union which aloud individual industrial workers to go on strike if they were not paid well or treated correctly. Another thing is that the person who started protesting 8 hour work day was also the one of the founders of socialism Ben- The skilled and simple workers of the country together to promote a safe and healthy work schedule and environment, there were people like this in the past but not as influential as the knights. - Ethan - They basically told the working class they had to work 8 hours a day and they rejected any possible anarchy or socialism. They were founded by Uriah Stephens and by 1884 had 100000 members. - Blake - Unions were a group of workers organizing to gain better wages, less hours and more employee benefits. The Populists What was the Populists agenda? Did they succeed? Skylar - The people who were called populists were an agrarian-based movement trying to better the conditions for the farmers and agrarian workers of the United States. In 1876 the farmers alliance was made to help end the crop-lien system that put many farmers into poverty, this movement began in Texas. The crop-lien system operated in the south were cotton was grown. Any sharecroppers, tenant farmers, black, and white people who didn’t own the land that they worked, would have to take out loans to be able to purchase supplies had to pay back their loans with cotton. Ricky- in 1892 a homestead strike broke out in the carnegie steel company steel works. Which caused a gun fight between unionized workers and a group of hired men to break the strike. The workers lost. Gabe - the populists were a Group of people who wanted to help farmers and help  those people that were not and industrial worker someone who farmer worked off his land but didn't make much because of the industrial work Ben- After the end of slavery the farmers had a hard time making as making as much money as before, they now had to actually hire workers and even if they hired that costed a lot of money and they still wouldn’t have as many people as before. - Ethan - A.K.A the People’s Party or Populist Party. Their goal was to improve life for farmer-like workers and they were disbanded very quickly. - Blake - (Hunter’s) Money was a troubling problem for the farming south so farmers supported a new party called the Populists Party who supported the farming economy. 7.Hunter- the Populists were an agrarian-based  political movement. The South after the Civil War What happened to the farming economy, why? Skylar - The period of Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. During this time 3 newly adopted amendments were passed, the Thirteenth Amendment to end slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment that promised the African Americans the right to have citizenship in The United States Of America, and the Fifteenth Amendment that guaranteed black men the right to vote. Ricky- Everything was topsy turny for the south, because their “country” was destroyed and their social system was wrecked and they had extreme hate from the north.   Gabe - The South crashed economically because they were built on selling tobacco and cotton  and since the prices dropped the south was economically destroyed.   Ben- Just because slavery ended doesn’t mean racism did, some is still here today, and people are doing things about it. But the end of slavery was pretty cool. Allowing people of color to now vote and be American citizens. Some of the industry based on slavery like farming and other labor tasks sort of crashed since they now had to hire workers and pay them. - Ethan - As we have said the discrimination did not end but the South did not truly let things go. The economy changed drastically since slaves were gone. - Blake - Well we still had some problems even after the war as even though we passed laws to stop discrimination against African Americans the south was able to pass laws that would stop them from doing things such as voting we’ll talk about these laws later. Life after slavery for African Americans What happened to racism, did it get better or worse? Why do you think that Skylar - When the civil war was over life got a lot better for the people living in the United States. African Americans became free in 1865 and was put into the Amendments as the 13th amendment. Which made a huge difference in everyone’s lives, especially the cotton plantation owners in the south because they would no longer have free labor. Ricky- life for African Americans, as Skylar said, “got a lot better”. After the emancipation proclamation/13th amendment African Americans worked on railroads, owned shops, and even got to vote (black men).   African americans became as the same as any white person there was no “an african american person couldn't do this because blank” anymore. There was a african american named george washington carver who made 300 different products from peanuts. Another named Booker T Washington started a University.   Ben - There were still some restrictions on what they could do though, they still couldn’t testify against white people, serve in a jury, or serve in some state militias. - Ethan - All their bad treatment didn’t completely disappear because the idea of slavery was still fresh in people’s minds so while they weren’t whipped as slaves anymore, they still were discriminated. - Blake - Just like I said before this wasn’t a good time for African Americans even though we had passed anti-discrimination laws southern states were still able to get around these laws. The Compromise of 1877 Why did the compromise have to happen? What was the final factor that gave Hayes his victory. What was the main deal in the Compromise? Skylar - The Compromise of 1877 was put into place to resolve a Presidential election that took place a year before. There was a dispute between the democrat Samuel Tilden and republican Rutherford Hayes. This dispute was obviously over who was going to become the next President of the US. Samuel J. Tilden won with 247,448 votes, but votes in 3 states were being disputed. These states were in the South and were, Florida, Louisiana, as well as South Carolina. This lasted 4 months then this compromise was put into place. Ricky-ricky-The compromise was put in place because of a dispute because Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote, but Rutherford B Hayes won the electoral vote. So the Democrats agreed that he would be president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South also granting of home rule in the south.   Basically the exchange in this compromise was that Rutherford B Hayes would become President and the south would get home rule and federal troops with withdraw from the south   - Ethan - The compromise was seemingly a president in exchange troop withdrawal.   Ben- With most debates the best option is a compromise, it will make both sides an equal amount of happy or sad. And with the destruction of the souths economy everyone was reconstructing their businesses.   - Blake - The compromise of 1877 was basically meant as a tiebreaker for the previous presidential election which had also affected African Americans Jim Crow The origins of Jim Crow - introduction Origins of Jim Crow - the Black Codes and Reconstruction Origins of Jim Crow - the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments Origins of Jim Crow - Compromise of 1877 and Plessy v. Ferguson What are the Jim Crow Laws and what did they encompass, why did people think there was a need to put those laws into place? Skylar - Jim Crow laws were racist laws. Saying for example, this bathroom is for blacks and this is a special one for whites. Jim Crow laws were really popular in the South from the 1870 through the 1960. Nearly 100 years. Most schools, restaurants, bathrooms, buses, stores, ect. Were using these laws to keep African Americans out of their places of business. If a black man had a business that was making good money some nieve white men would burn their homes/shops down because they were jealous. If a white and black person were together they’d hang the black person in the middle of town which is so crazy. Ricky- a Jim Crow was a stock character, used for getting a point across to the General Public, a Jim Crow was used in Minstrel shows as a means of communication to people who did not know how to read. And now it's where we go into extremely racist territory, hm Crow was a white person who put whatever black stuff all over their face to look like a black person and to act like a black person for the plays that they had of the book Uncle Tom's Cabin - Ethan - These laws enforced racial segregation. Like saying that they were equal but separated. Jim Crow was also a character used in some plays which was an ethnic depiction of the white man's idea of a black person. Ben- Ending slavery didn’t end racism that’s for sure, I’d say only 80% of the laws making slaves free were really only 80% freedom. It just shows how people have socially adapted and even though there are still bad things happening today, it’s a lot better than before. - Blake - So y’all basically covered everything and give me crap for writing about something already used so i’ll just be going over the basics. Jim Crowe was a derogatory term used to describe African Americans it was also used as a name for a set of laws set by white people to legally segregate. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss the causes of the Civil War. Let’s dive in.   Abe Lincoln - Do your own research here - ALSO your next essay Ricky- I read Bill O'reilly’s book on Lincoln and his assassination so this should be fun. Lincoln was a man of his word, and After he signed the emancipation proclamation he was called an ape because of his giant ears and beard and because of the south’s/confederate pro slavery additude. Abraham lincoln was born on February 12th 1809 in the town of Hodgenville Kentucky. In his early years he lived in a cabin and became a lawyer in his adult life. In the last episode we covered the lincoln debates so that was obviously a part of his life. Ethan- Abe Lincoln was the 16th president. He served in office from 1861-1865 when he was assassinated. He was 1 of the main political leaders during the Civil War. Most likely because he was the president at the time but who cares? He saved the Union from Civil War. He self-taught himself many things because he was too far away from a school and if I remember correctly he was too poor as well. He was the first Republican president Ben -He was a politically important member of the Whig party, then whigs switched to Republican in 1854. He was the first republican president, too. He died on April 15, 1865. (56 yrs old) Thomas Lincoln watched his father died, and had to run and eventually got to his family in Kentucky. Hunter- what I am surprised about is no one has mentioned that Abe Lincoln was assassinated and who ever wrote the notes above mine the date is on the dot. Oh wait… Ethan wrote that he was assassinated well ok… I have to say Abe Lincoln you lived an exciting last few years of your life I have major respect for you ✌ Believe It! (heheh naruto memes) the fact that he pretty much taught himself most everything he knew and the same as Andrew Jackson he pretty much started with nothing and worked his way up in the ranks and even won the Civil war. Gabe - Lincoln was a dedicated man he lost when he went to challenge stevens for a spot in the senate but most people saw him increasing his chance to become president later on also competing with stevens. - Blake - Abraham Lincoln was an interesting man most people focus on his presidency but I will focus on before then. Lincoln was born into a one room log cabin in Illinois. His mother had died when he was young so he was raised for awhile by his dad while his mother was alive she was able to teach Lincoln to read sadly after her death his father saw no reason to teach him to read. Lincoln had been taught unknowingly by his father the gift of speech and how to use speech to convey a meaning. - skylar -  E-mailed this to mrs. barnes.   Slavery and the Missouri Compromise   Skylar - People in free states were worried about slavery because if they wanted to move West there would more than likely not be any land for them to buy because rich slave owners bought it all. You cannot compete with free labor. Even if there was land for you to buy you would probably have to purchase a few slaves to even compete with the rich slave holders. If you were paying people to work you’d be making pretty much nothing off your crops when slave holders could take in all the profit they make because they don’t have to pay them to work. In 1860 the most valuable thing you could own was slaves. The slave holders didn’t want a new state like Missouri to become a free state because all their money was tied up in slavery, once your surrounded by free states chances are your state will soon become free too. -Ethan- The North basically against slavery and were worried about the South’s greed blinding them to what was right. The North was also worried that is they moved west they wouldn’t be able to get land that a rich slave owner had or they wouldn’t be able to compete with them. This happened to Lincoln’s father once, when he moved to Indiana he couldn’t find land, and then moved to Illinois. So in turn the South was worried about a new state becoming free because the North would gain power and might vote to outlaw slavery. - Blake - There sure is a lot of slavery topics i’m basically repeating information anyways let’s get started. Slavery was a hard topic to talk about as it was huge to the economy it couldn’t be all stopped at once. A person who was against slavery had trouble competing because land in the north just wasn’t really farmable and the parts that was useable was taken. Ben- Like we talked about last time when the US got more land (which was happening a lot at that time) it had to decide if it’s free or a slave state. I think all these debates about that subject was stirred on by the Louisiana purchase. And like skylar said, since the labor was practically free if you owned a slave, it was almost an infinite supply of money if they had a lot of slaves. Hunter- oh boy… we are back on this topic. Guess who’s back back back, back again gain gain, guess who’s back, guess who’s back, guess who’s back, back again. Yep that is right we are back on slavery. Like everyone has probably stated: slavery was a big thing in the economy and ending slavery was pretty much destroying the economy. Now the Missouri Compromise was congress trying to make Missouri permit slavery back in late 1819 at the time the U.S. contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free. Gabe - the missouri compromise was made so that when missouri became a state The south wanted it to be a slave state so they didnt in the future lose everything They had been working for because all those plantations with slaves if states Started becoming free states so would there state and economy would crash in a Way because of all the slaves working to the economy Ricky: Well everyone seems to have taken most topics so I’ll talk about Henry clay. Henry clay was the “architect” of the missouri compromise. The missouri compromise was practically built by Henry clay and the compromise was “If we give you missouri, then we get main as a free state.     Increasing political battles over slavery in the mid-1800s   Skylar - As the United States grow and develop the higher tension became between the slave states as well as the free states. The slave states wanted them to become slave states and the free states wanted them to become free states. It would mean more free work if they became slave states, but as a free state they couldn’t compete with the states with slaves and the free work. Even if your anti-slavery or an abolitionist you still had to partake in slavery, if you see a slave escape its your job to bring them back to their owner, or you could get fined. -Ethan- Some of these debates were made by Henry Clay who was also known as The Great Compromiser, was the maker of the Compromise of 1850. The Fugitive Slave Act was also a part of the Compromise of 1850. This act ticked off many people up North because it said that if someone saw an escaped slave they had to help get it back to whatever plantation they were on, or like Skylar said they would be fined. The Whigs were basically destroyed by the compromise and before they were destroyed They nominated Lincoln for president as their last blow to slavery. - Blake - Again more repeated information. Slavery was becoming more and more a problem especially after the Fugitive Slave act that made people who were against slavery directly involved in it. The stress of all the debates of slavery eventually became too much and it all collapsed under pressure. Ben- Compromises weren’t really perfect at the time though, they still made both sides angry, but both equally angry. And with the fugitive slave act it just kept holding these people back from trying to stop slavery. (also I’ve been thinking, if you were blind and a slave ran by your house, would you be fined for not catching them since you can’t see?) Gabe - in the mid 1800s there were HUGE fights against slavery and antislavery Literal fights and political fights over slavery or not one time a senator in kansas Killed because he didn't believe in slavery kansas was named bleeding kansas Because of this and many other states fought too. Hunter- Like Gabe said in the mid 1800’s there were many battles fought whether it was political debates or physical fighting. And they were all based on slavery whether slavery will stay in ‘America or go and this is was sparked the Civil war but we will get to in in a minute. ricky-Slavery was a big, big,BIG, argument in both families, and states and everything was just a big, big, BIG mess. Families were torn apart and the united states were split into two general parties, pro-slavery, and anti-slavery(abolitionists)   Start of the Civil War - secession and Fort Sumter   Skylar - The South was worried that when Lincoln takes office he would ban slavery, their whole economy was based off slavery and their free labor. If slavery was banned everyone would become poor especially in the south. This caused the south to secede from the Union, these states include South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, and Texas. They formed what they called the Confederate States of America. It was basically the same as the Union, nearly the same constitution, although it states that there will be slavery. I bet they felt pretty stupid when Lincoln says in his speech that he didn’t plan on outlawing slavery, just not moving it further West. Lincoln offered that they could come back and everything would go back to normal, but they decline, they want to make sure slavery will never end. -Ethan- Lincoln was kind of the last ingredient for the Civil War in some people’s eyes. The Republican party was very anti-slavery and when Lincoln was elected, the South felt vulnerable to just about anything near slavery getting banned. Dominoes kept falling over until the Civil War was on top of us. - Blake - This was the last straw with Abraham Lincoln being elected the south couldn’t take it so they succeeded and created The Confederate States of America. They elected Jefferson Davis as their president. Fort Sumter was the key starting point of the Civil War as it was basically where the first battle happened originally it was owned by the union until the south succeeded and took it over. Ben- And the reason Lincoln hated slavery was because growing up his father was a farmer that didn’t own any slaves, so he had to compete with the slave-owning farmers. Which was almost impossible at the time. Gabe - i heard most white slave owners in the south owned one or two slaves and they secede from the north because they didn’t like the states rights and they disapproved of the tariffs Hunter- The reason why the civil war started was because of the south and the north having bit of a disagreement whether or not that slavery should stay or not. The president Abraham Lincoln and the north was against slavery however the south on the other hand thought that if Abe Lincoln banned slavery it would destroy the economy and here we are many years after the war the economy is running just fine. So the south kind of were in the wrong the whole time and didn’t even know it during the war. Nowadays that would have been an empty statement. Ricky- Fort sumter is a Fort in Charleston South Carolina. The Fort is on an Island with only one bridge connected to the mainland. From the looks of it, it was fairly easy to take over. All the Confederate would need to do is to take over the bridge and then clean up whatever was left.   Strategy of the Civil War   Skylar - Each side had around 30,000 troops each. They met fairly close to Washington, D.C. to begin war, This was called the Battle of Bull Run also known as the Battle of Manassas. People brought picnic’s and wanted to watch this battle for entertainment but this was the exact opposite of entertaining around 800 people died that day and it was the most deadly battle in American history to ever happen.  It was a Confederate Victory, which isn’t very surprising to me because southern people are crazy. -Ethan- The Union was kind of like we’re going to push them down and keep them down until they can overrun the South. The Battle of Manassas/Bull Run was during the July of 1861. And Skylar, just 800 people didn’t die, each side lost 800 people. Lincoln was desperate to match the South’s leadership strategy, so he got a Democrat named George (correct me if I spell this wrong) McClellan. And he shared some differing views from Lincoln’s ideals and thought we should just let the South go. Most of the population in the South is slave and that was about 4 million people out of 9 million. But the north outnumbers them since they have close to 22 million people. The North had many railroads too which helped them move stuff. The North had more numbers than the South so they essentially tried to block them in. While the South thought that the could if their blocking them in in then they would know the battleground the best.   Gabe   Ben- The south did very well in the beginning, even though the north had some advantages like railroads, and just the number of soldiers they had was greater. The south had good defense, they were prepared for the north. And the south had the great generals and leaders, people like Robert E. Lee and others. - Blake - As the Union lost the first war which came as a surprise we have to think of the strategy and the military knowledge by the Confederacy they had general Robert E. Lee and other amazing generals and military leaders. Of course what really motivated people in the south to join the ranks was they didn’t want battles on their front lawn. Although later in the war the Union gained momentum and started to win more as they realized their strategy and the best choke points.            6.Hunter- I’m pretty sure that everyone has written down their strategy ethan’s thought on the strat is basically the beginning the strats got more and more complex like most wars. What this is is both sides trying to learn more about the enemy and their forces.      7.ricky-the goal, as ethan said, was to push them down, but the ultimate goal was to take over the southern coast cutting them off from both the world, and exports. This caused bread riots in the confederate states. Early phases of Civil War and Antietam -Ethan- While elected in 1860, he didn’t get inaugurated until 1861. Now after that the Battle of Fort Sumter took place was kind of the beginning of the Civil War. I mean McClellan was worried about losing troops, so LIncoln was kind of ticked and thinking that we’re just giving the South more time to strategize. Lee thinks that he did very well in Virginia, he should take his troops up North to Maryland. This is where he meets with McClellan at Antietam. hehehehheehEHheheheheheheheheehehhehehehehehehehehhflufffy chickens Gabe - basically at antietam they were both at a draw against each others for The whole time just back orth till lee withdrew back giving lincoln the         “victory” He needed. Ben- Bull Run was a really big battle in the civil war, but it was not the most deadly battle in US history. On the topic of Antietam, the Battle of Antietam was the deadliest day of any battle on US soil. Killing over 3,000 people in a single 24 hours.(actually ben gettysburg was costliest - Blake - The battle of Antietam was gruesome it was the most deaths in one day in american history which is really saying something. But this made people realize especially after a man named Mathew Brady sent his photographer out to take pictures of the battlefield, this made people realize the what war really meant sure if either side had lost bad things would have happened but even worse would have happened the loss of innocent lives. Skylar - The South (confederates) did very good in the first year of battle, after that the North started to take over and started winning the majority of the battles, a very deadly and bloody day was the Battle of Antietam, This was the deadliest war that went on for only 24 hours and killed around 2,100 Union soldiers, wounded 9,550 and around 750 went missing. 1,550 Confederate soldiers were killed, 7,750 were wounded, and 1,020 were missing. Ricky-   The Emancipation Proclamation   -Ethan- The first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation was written in 1862 by Abe, and issued on the 1st of January 1863. Before it was issued some of his advisors were just thinking it would make things weird with the slave states still in the Union. The Proclamation was basically just ending slavery in the South. The Proclamation was kind of like we’re going to give a few months to rejoin the Union. When they didn’t and they signed it, it said they couldn’t keep people from being free. Gabe - the emancipation proclamation was basically a way for abraham lincoln stop slavery and end the slavery feud and that became the excuse as the south secede for slavery but it wasn't as i said earlier   Ben- Before this, the war was just between the north and the south, the south didn’t really see it as a war to end slavery. But after the Emancipation Proclamation everyone decided. This was gonna be a war to end slavery.   - Blake - Here is our podcast namesake. Basically it was an order given by president Lincoln saying that if you come back now we’ll let slavery slide for awhile. But this attempt failed and so January 1st of 1863 it was illegal to hold slaves in states outside of the Union. Skylar - The Emancipation Proclamation, said, “ I have been called to free all slaves in territories still at war with the Union.”. Although it didn’t even slavery at all. Lincoln was not anti-slavery at all. He didn’t like it but he didn’t think he had enough power to just end it once and for all. Lincoln said that the Confederate States join back before January 1st, 1863, that he wouldn’t ban slavery for the time being, but the South said no, if they would’ve said yes, the Civil War probably wouldn’t have killed as many people as it did. The Emancipation proclamation was issued five days after the battle of Antietam in September 22, 1862.   Significance of the battle of Antietam -Ethan- The battle of Antietam took place on September 17th, 1862. It was the most violent battle in American history. A little over 4000 people died then. It was also a pretty big win for the Union and Lincoln and after this victory he had enough power to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. Now, I know normally he would be able to do that no questions asked, but with the South separating he didn’t have enough power where it mattered. This allowed slaves to separate without question.   Gabe - Antietam was one of the bloodiest battles in the civil war because they just fought back and forth as i said earlier none stop basically just losing men till the other team lost more.   Ben- And Europe was on the south’s side at this time, because most of their economy was based off the cotton plantations of the south, the Battle of Antietam didn’t just affect America.   - Blake - Early on in the war it had looked as though the United Kingdom would help the south in this war however this changed as the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had become widely popular. English merchants had also foreseen this coming so they had stocked up a pretty big supply of cotton which would prove to be a problem for the South. Hunter- This was a very violent battle a lot of people died so that the slaves could be free and live normal life instead of being enslaved. Even though some slaves were taken in and treated as family there were still thousands of deaths which I think was irrational. But back then that’s just what  had to be done for the slaves to gain freedom and the same rights as the everyone else. Skylar - Lincoln really needed the North to win this battle so he could put out the Emancipation Proclamation, not because he had to win a battle to put it out, but because he needed confidence. This battle was very deadly and killed over 4,000 people both from the south and from the north. The Battle of Antietam was not just a battle in the Civil War but a battle to end slavery. It wasn’t just the confederates and the union who were involved, but as well as other countries. Ricky- to evaluate what skylar said, the Union won but it wasn’t because of that that lincoln issued the Emancipation proclamation. Lincoln issued a preliminary warning that if that if the rebellion hadn’t stopped by January 1st he would stop slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation. And then the confederate states attacked Sharpsburg, Maryland and the battle of Antietam was started. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show... George Washington John Adams   Today we discuss “The Early Republic”.   Let’s dive in. Which Candidate would you have voted for, why?   The election of 1800 1st - Ricky-the Election of 1800 was a cruel, and partisian time filled with bitterness and hate. The gist of the Election was that Thomas jefferson had been ‘waging war’ so to speak against John adams. Each had different views on America even though they were friends Thomas Jefferson was Democrat/Republican and John adams was federalist. 2nd - Gabe - There was some major conflict in america in 1800 because with the Federalist leaning toward Britain and the Democratic/republic leaning More Toward the French many thought the federalist were trying to bring back more of a monarchy. 3rd -  Ben- These bitter rivals fighting over how the States should be governed, but both representing different points of views. The alien and sedition acts were also still a problem during this time, and alexander hamilton wrote a 54 page long letter criticising adam and all his flaws, which mustve been many flaws if it was 54 pages. Soon after, the entire letter was published, which really damaged the federalists. Duing the voting of who would be president, it was a total tie, with 65 electoral votes on each side, but once south carolina turned it their votes, it revealed that jefferson had won the election. 4th - Ethan - There was a foreign policy debate based on an appropriate response to the French revolution. The democratic-republicans were sympathetic to the French. Note to self Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic Republican and John Adams was a federalist. 5th - Hunter - The United States presidential election of 1800 was the fourth United States election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Wednesday December 3. The election was between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson it was a hard-fought campaign. 6th - Blake -The election of 1800 pitted two rivals of different parties against each other. Former Vice President and current President John Adams and wealthy Virginia farmer Thomas Jefferson were the two candidates of this hostile election. 7th - Skylar - The election of 1800 was a fight against Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. It was basically an argument about two different views and opinions for the United States. This election was one of the most bitter elections in US history.   Jefferson's presidency and the turn of the nineteenth century In your opinion what was the most important thing Jefferson did? 1st - Gabe - Thomas Jefferson was the writer of the declaration of independence He was a Democratic/Republican not a Federalist he ran against john adams and Won in 1800 before that he was a secretary under george washington and vice President for John adams. 2nd - Ethan - Jefferson was the 3rd president of the US. He served 2 terms from 1801-1809. Jefferson had to deal with some difficult challenges with authority. Piracy on the Barbary Coast of Northern Africa and British impressment.  This made Jefferson instate a massive ban on European goods. This was called the Embargo Act of 1807. Jefferson was born in Virginia. He was the first US Secretary of State. 3rd -  Ben- Jefferson authorized the louisiana purchase during this time, really helping the united states gain some more land and territory. When jefferson became president, he focused on reducing the national debt that america had, from 83 million to 57 million, he did this by reducing the size of the navy. 4th - Hunter -  Adams and Jefferson represented two different visions of what the United States of America should look like. Whereas Adams and his fellow federalists, including George Washington, envisioned a strong central government and a thriving manufacturing sector centered in the cities, Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans espoused an agrarian ideal, rooted in the republicans virtues of the independent small farmer. The election of 1800 was fiercely contested and facilitated the rise of the two-party system and bitter partisanship. 5th - Blake - The aftermath of the 1800 election which resulted in Thomas Jefferson being elected for two terms. Jefferson’s first act as President was to attempt to minimize national debt, which he was able to lower by almost 50%. 6th - Skylar - Jefferson was the 3rd presidency and served as the United States for 8 years, 1801-1809.  He dealt with piracy along the Barbary Coast of North Africa.  Also the British which ended in Jefferson having to make the Embargo Act of 1807.  Jefferson also made the Louisiana Purchase during this time and made the US move farther west. The Barbary Coast is in north africa along Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria. It’s so important because it was a big call for Thomas Jefferson because he was only the second President, he didn’t have anyone to look back on and say, he would’ve done this or that. 7th ricky- Adams and jefferson as Hunter said “represented Two different visions” and for this they were enemies. The Louisiana Purchase and its exploration What did the Purchase do? Why do you think it was so cheap. 1st - Ethan - The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the US, which reshaped the environmental and economic stance of the country. He was the president that confronted the fact that he didn’t have the power to do it but he did it anyway. He got 2 men to explore the new territory. These 2 men were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. 2nd - Ben- The louisiana purchase was a treaty made with france in 1803, stating that america was buying the state of louisiana for a whopping 15 million. It bought the land from the rocky mountains to the mississippi river, and from the gulf of mexico to canada, expanding the territory of the united states by a lot. 3rd - Hunter - Though the Louisiana territory had changed hands between France and Spain a number of times, in 1800 Spain ceded the territory to Napoleon’s France. Napoleon, whose attention was consumed by war in Europe, began to view the territory as a needless burden. 1803, he volunteered to sell all 828,000 square miles to the United States for the bargain price of $15 million. 4th -  Gabe - Once Jefferson bought the Louisiana Purchase it increased his chance of being reelected by all but 14 votes. Even tho there was a lot of criticism from the northern states about there being to many slave states but he passed it anyway. 5th - Blake - At the time of the Louisiana Purchase President Thomas Jefferson didn’t even know if it was constitutional. During the years of the Louisiana Territory being passed around by France and Spain it was mostly inhabited by various Native American tribes. Altogether there was about 828,000 square miles of land in the entire territory which sold for 3 cents an acre adding up to about 315,000,000 in today’s money. 6th - Skylar - The Louisiana purchase was a purchase Thomas Jefferson and The United States made like Ethan said.  It doubled the size of the United States an added land from the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico like Ben stated.  William Clark and Meriwether Lewis explored this new unknown territory. 7th - the louisiana purchase helped the french tremendously, napoleon, the french emperor, was in desperate need of funds at the time. Because of this france had no choice but to accept. This payed for a lot of military funds in the french take over of europe. Lewis and Clark Expedition            1st -  BEN- The lewis and clark expedition was from may 1804- september 1806, it was       also called the Corps of discovery expedition. It was a selected group of US army volunteers, led Meriwether Lewis and his good friend Second Lieutenant William Clark. They were hired to explore the newly bought territory that america got during the louisiana purchase. 2nd - Ethan - Lewis and Clark were hired by Jefferson to explore the land west of the Mississippi River. The expedition lasted 4 years. The were aided in their investigation by a local indian woman named Sacagawea. She knew the tribes and land so she help immensely. 3rd - Hunter - By the end of the expedition, Lewis and Clark found and categorized 122 new animals and 178 plants, mapped the geography, and achieved friendlier relations with the natives. How ever they did not find an all water route to the Pacific Ocean. 4th - gabe - As Lewis and Clark went up the mississippi river gnats and mosquitos swarmed them. They killed many animals including: elk,grizzly bears, and buffalo. One of the explorers actually had been bitten by a rattlesnake and survived. They documented flora and fauna and lewis being very curious had  even eaten some minerals and had become very sick. 5th - Blake - After the Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson had newly bought land that was undiscovered so Jefferson granted an expedition. Jefferson selected two Army volunteers to lead the expedition Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark. One of the many animals they discovered was the prairie dog which they captured by pouring buckets of water down each hole and flooding them out. 6th - Skylar - The lewis and clark expedition was basically two normal guys just exploring new territory that the US bought. The found tons of things like the rocky mountains, new plants, and animals like hunter said, and many other things.  While on this expedition the found a girl named sacagawea Hidatsa villages who was pregnant at the time and had to endure a lot of pain walking through the Rocky mountains while i was riding through these mountains i seen very fit people struggling to walk through these mountains so i couldnt even imagine walking through with an extra 15-20 pounds. 7th Ricky- The lewis and clark expedition was a long and perilous journey through the recently purchased Louisiana Purchase. In the end it prospered. Along the way they met sacagawea, an indian whose parents were Smoked lodge, and Otter Woman (hey I didn’t name them). Sacagawea was lewis and clark’s translator and guide. Unfortunately She died shortly after the expedition.   The War of 1812 -   1st - Ben- The war of 1812 lasted from June 18, 1812- February 12, 1815. There was a lot of conflict deciding if they should go to war or not, but the biggest group, the “War Hawks” led by Henry Clay said that they shouldn't tolerate such insults from britain. Most federalists didn’t want a war, they thought it would stop important trade that northern america depended on. 2nd - Ethan - They fought over the issues in relations between the US and Britain. The British allied themselves with the  northwestern indians. Federalists opposed the war. 3rd -  Hunter - The war of was a military conflict that lasted actually from June 18, 1812, to February 18, 1815, fought by the United States of America and the United Kingdom, its North American colonies, and its North American indian allies. 4th - GABE - the war of 1812 definitely taught the indians  in the Battle of Horseshoe bend Andrew Jackson destroyed all military capabilities of the Creek Nation. Andrew wanted to clear land for the US settlements they killed 15% of the Creek Nations population. The creek had to give up 23 million acres of land and had to never join sides with the Spanish or British against the Americans again when they signed the treaty of Fort Jackson. 5th - Blake - The War of 1812 was a armed conflict from 1812 to 1815. The combatants of this war were The United States, Great Britain and American Indians. The US and Great Britain were definitely not on great terms after the American Revolution. The british had friends within the Native American tribes and they weren’t on great terms with the US either as settlers had been pushing for more westward expansion. 6th - Skylar - The war of 1812 lasted from June 18, 1812, to february 18, 1815.  This war was fought because of issues between the US and Britian even after the revolutionary War had ended.   The issues were things like trade restrictions, American sailors and other things that was not any of Britians business. 7th - the war of 1812 was a conflict in which ended 1815. What surprises me the most is that no one mention the national anthem which was created during the war of 1812. The Monroe Doctrine What did the Monroe Doctrine do? Was it effective in your opinion? 1st - Ben- The Monroe Doctrine was a speech, or well, a part of a speech, the speech was given in 1823 by president James monroe, here is what it says, “We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system (They were talking about britains system of government, monarchy) to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.” It was basically declaring americas overall freedom, that britain couldnt interfere in anything or put british colonies on their land. 2nd - Ethan - The Monroe Doctrine was a US way of opposing Europe colonizing the Americas. It was established in 1823. It told us that European nations could not colonize the Americas would be considered “The manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the US”. 3rd - Hunter - The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding European countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as act of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. 4th - Blake - The Monroe Doctrine a letter to the entirety of Europe saying hey keep out. The only problem was that the US didn’t have much power at the time so countries really wondered if the US would be able to uphold that statement. 5th - Gabe - Since the US didn't have a navy or army when they wrote this It was discarded largely by the other nations. Australia said it was just another way for an American revolt , but for britain they accepted the doctrine. 6th - Skylar - James Monroe wrote the Monroe Doctrine in the year of 1823.  Monroe told the “Crowned Heads” of Europe to stay out of the Americas.  He also said the era of colanization is over.  Monroe did not want Europe to know anything about the Americas. The crowned heads were the kings and queens of Europe, higher up, and pretty much knew and thought they were better than anyone. This was only a phase to describe monarchs. 7th - Ricky- in all seriousness, the monroe document was a, as blake puts it “keep out” signal for other countries to not dare colonize/attack or they would regret it. Today, would it wouldn’t be that bold of a statement, but the difference was that it was done in the 1800s when america was young. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   Last time on the show... Today we are “Creating a Nation”. Let’s dive in. Braden: What is the SCC? When did the SCC happen?   The Second Continental Congress Blake- The Second Continental Congress was formed in 1775 in Philadelphia right after the fight for american independence began. It was formed for the purpose of military strategy and provide direction in the new war. George Washington was ll elected to be the commander of the armies. The Second Continental Congress had became the government of that time. Ricky-the second continental Congress was basically the first government the U.S had. Formed or more accurately held, it was what created decisions like “should we go to war” “should we try for a treaty” or “should we attack now or in the future”. Ben- On July 5 the conservatives thought reconciliation was possible so they made the olive branch petition, it was made stating the colonies loyalty to the crown, and congress passed it. The next day the colonies got congress to pass the Declaration and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, explaining the colonies decision to GO TO WAR. It completely demolished the olive branch petition and everything it said. That’s how the battles of lexington and concord started. Skylar - The two main factions represented at the congress. John Jay from NY and John Dickinson from PA. they were conservatives, and there were two radical leaders. Their names were, John Adams of Massachusetts, and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. On july 5th congress authorized the Olive Branch Petition as one last and final attempt of negotiation and affirm the colonies loyalty to the crown. Hunter- The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the thirteen colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after the Revolutionary war had begun. Ethan - On the 4th of July in 1776 the Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence. They were motivated to do so because they wanted to secure the alliance with the French. Negotiations were over and they needed full independence. In those moments Thomas Jefferson decided to write the first draft of the famous document which was edited by the other delegates. It was then issued on July 4th. The Declaration of Independence Braden: Why was the Doi written? What did it basically do? What were some of the things mentioned in it? Blake- The Declaration of Independence is possibly the most famous point in the Revolutionary War. Written by Thomas Jefferson there is signs of Enlightenment thinking within the text. Ricky-the declaration of independence was a cry for independence, obviously by looking at the name. These men basically put their lives at risk for their country, and knew that by sending arguably the most important piece of paper in the entire world, to the most powerful country in the world (at the time), they would ultimately change the course of the world, or be the biggest failure ever. Of course we all know how that ended up to be. Ben- The Declaration was basically asking for help from france because they knew they couldn’t win a war against a great superpower like britain so they made the declaration. It talked about how England cut off trade from everywhere of the world, how it taxed them without consent, and how it stationed these british soldiers, (called regulators) into america without any warning. That’s the basics at least. Skylar - The declaration of independence was a point of no return for the young united states. Thomas jefferson was the main man of writing this declaration. Many think the declaration of independence was the cause of the revolutionary war, although some parts of the war were already going on long before the declaration of independence was even public. Hunter- The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress at the Pennsylvania state house In Philadelphia, on july 4, 1775, which announced that the thirteen American Colonies, which at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under the British rule. Ethan - Some of the first lines to the Declaration were” We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal”. This document was basically telling the world that the were no longer a United Kingdom colony. As I said before the article was written by Thomas Jefferson. The Articles of Confederation Braden: Why was the AoC doomed to fail? Blake- In 1777 The Articles of Confederation was created in hopes of looking as different from Monarchy as possible. Although there were complications as to getting it ratified by law it would need at least 9 out of 13 states for the ratification to be approved. Eventually the Articles would be changed in 1789 for a new constitution. Ricky-being created in 1777, and officially ratified by all 13 states, there seemed to be a need in change. The federal government was weak, and Shay’s rebellion proved this, and while a change was needed, it was also a turning point for colonial americans when it came to politics like a working constitution which was finally put into complete and full effect on September 13 1788. Ben- created in 1777 in effect from 1781-1789. Balance of federal and state power, no executive or judicial branch, just congress. 13 states, 1 representative each. Any law pass must be 9/13 states. To change article of confederation, must be unanimous vote. The articles unite all 13 states into one government, which is a good thing. Skylar - The Articles Of Confederation  was the first constitution of the united states. It was put in place even before the one that we have now and adopted in 1789.  The articles of confederation were created in 1777. This was put in place because the US was trying to get away from monarchy and wanted to try something new called limited government.  If they wanted to pass anything, rather it was just a little law, or a law that would change the main language it would have to go through all of the states and be elected yes from all of them before anything could change. They did this so all states would feel like they were being treated equally but in the long run it would just be a pain. Hunter- The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States of America. Steaming in wartime urgency, it’s progress was slowed down by fears of central Authority and extensive land claims by the states before it was ratified, or made effective, on March 1, 1781. Ethan - As everyone else has said, the Articles of Confederation were the first written constitution of the United States.  They were one of the many debates over balance in state and federal governments. Created during the middle of the revolution, around 1777. Megan   Shays's Rebellion Braden: Why did shay rebel? Why couldnt the state stop him? Blake- Daniel Shays was a farmer and veteran of the Revolutionary War from Massachusetts. He led a rebellion against the state of Massachusetts for the treatment of the states economy. Daniel had remained unpaid for his service in the military upon finding out he was not the only one to be unpaid he decided to do something. Ricky-Shay’s rebellion was a battle/protest in western massachusetts. It was an attempt to seize the armoury of weapons. Fortunately for us they weren’t successful in their attack, or else surely Britain would come in through all the chaos. But it had a great outcome nonetheless. The shock of the protest made george washington resign from his presidency during his second term, and created thought as to what the articles of confederation should really have in it. Ben- Daniel Shay used to be a farmer, then the revolutionary war happened, he joined the militia and fought in Lexington, the Battle for Bunker Hill, and Saratoga. He was still being taxed during his service. And couldn’t pay them because he didn’t get payed for his service. The congress with no army and no way to raise money couldnt fight off this revolution. Skylar - in august of 1786 a veteran that was in the revolutionary war named Daniel shays led an armed army to Springfield, Massachusetts to protest about what he thought was the most unjust thing in the whole wide world. In the 1800s farmers in western Massachusetts were so mad at the taxes made by a far away government so they rebelled. The government responded by attempting to suppress the rebellion. Hunter- Ethan - Shays’s Rebellion occurred during August 1786.  Daniel Shays was the leader of a large rebellion in Springfield, Massachusetts to show injustice in the economics and politics of the state legislature.  Farmers were mad because the taxes were made by an unsympathetic government to quote the material. In this situation they rebelled and the government decided to suppress that rebellion. Megan Braden: what was the ⅗ article? What was the two ideas that came out of the convention? What was the great compromise? What was its alternative name?   The Constitutional Convention Blake- The Constitutional Convention was held in hopes of creating a stronger central government which The Articles of Confederation did not accomplish. The main problem of this was that they wanted to stay away from Monarchy as far as possible. Ricky- the articles ofp confederation were held in the hopes of editing the articles of confederation. Instead they created a new constitution, a document separating us from the rest of the world not just as a country, but also as a people. Ben- the founding fathers thought the articles of confederation werent working and had to make the second constitution in US history, the constitutional convention. They also did the virginia plan during this time, because they wanted a new legislature, which stated that there should be a certain amount of representatives based on the population of the state, virginia had the biggest population at that time. But the little states didnt like this so they made the new jersey plan, kinda like the aticles of confederation, it said that each state gets one vote in everything, so that everyone got the same amount of representation. Skylar - Before the constitutional convention the united states was just a hope mess. The previous system of government (the articles of confederation) was a mess. They would let other states raise taxes on another state’s goods which makes no sense like why???? Also they could not keep a working military together for some reason, and a whole bunch more crazy stuff. So the newly adapted united states needed a come to jesus meeting so they held the constitutional convention. This was held in 1887 and delegates from 12 of the 13 states showed up to discuss what the heck they needed to do to make a new and improved government. Rhode Island didn’t show up because they wanted to be petty and didn’t want a central government which was okay because the other delegates were gonna figure regardless. This took place in Philly also where the DoI was signed. Hunter-  The Constitutional Convention scene at the signing of the Constitution of the United States. The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention) Took place on May 25, to September 17, 1787.   Ethan - 55 Delegates from 12 of the 13 states met in Philadelphia to take another look at the Articles of Confederation which did not support the young America.  The ⅗  compromise was something that came from the famous convention. It states that an african american was counted as ⅗ of a person, proof they weren’t equal. It wasn’t right. Megan   The US Constitution Braden: Whats to stop one part of the Gov to take control? What powers does each section have? Blake- The US Constitution was what came of the Constitutional Convention it states the different powers of each three governmental branches. Even though Thomas Jefferson was a big part of the government at the time he was not present during signing as he was working as a representative in France. To stop the formation of a tyrannical government the three branches were given the ability to stop eachother from passing laws that were deemed unconstitutional. Ricky- the U.S constitution of Rights which, like Ben said, are “still being used today, that’s 200 years of use”. The constitution is not just what set us apart from most countries then, but it still keeps us separated from most countries today. Here is the first of said rights stated in the constitution.  “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; orr the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to peti the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances” Ben The delegates were in trouble trying to make the ideal government, so they made the great comprimise which gave the each state 2 senators. There was an upper house and lower house, upper house has 2 senators and lower house has a number of representatives based on pop. and if something gets approved it is sent to the upper house. The US constitution is the oldest constitution in history, still being used today, that’s 200 years of use. Skylar - The US constitution is the oldest constitution still being used and one of the smallest. They made this constitution at the constitutional convention in 1887. This was going to be a great compromise for a new government system the newly adapted United states that nearly everyone could agree on. They wanted balance and equality. They agreed that it would be a 2 house legislature and there would be a house of representatives. as well as 2 senate’s for each state regardless of how big or small it might be. Hunter- The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution originally compressing seven articles, delineates the national frame of the Government. Ethan - It was a compromise in the famous convention. It is what Americans use to govern themselves. I mean we still follow it today. It made sure no branch of government was more powerful than another. I want to point out that it basically balanced out all things American government. Megan That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. The Road to Revolution   Seven Years War Blake-The seven years war is truly an interesting war. Many don’t realize that it was actually the first global or world war. As Ricky said the fighting actually began in 1754, however the English didn’t declare war on the French until 1756 so in actuality it is the Seven Years War. The cause of the war is pretty simple the English were obsessed with gaining the most land while the French were interested in the fur trade with the Native Americans. The English failed to gain control of the French fort “Fort  Duquesne” so the English prime minister decided this was a lack of military strength so he funded the military endeavor even more. This was a good idea at the time but later it was the main cause of the Revolutionary war because of the taxation he needed to pay back the debt. Ricky-The seven years war (more accurately the nine year war 1754-1763) is probably known as one of the most world disrupting wars in the 1700s. Guns and weaponry included: Flintlock pistols, black powder rifles, sabres, axes, tomahawks, knives, bows and arrows and basically any other blade they could get their hands on. Fighting  techniques included conventional fighting or basically standing in a line and shoot and get shot. It was stupid, british regulars were usually trained in standing and shooting sand not aiming.   Ben- The english tried to catch the british by surprise in Pennsylvania by trying to capture Fort Duchesne with George Washington leading. But, they failed and had to retreat and establish Fort Necessity, because it was necessary. They tried again with Edward Braddock leading but got slaughtered, and even Edward Braddock died. They  only started winning the war because William Pitt gave them a bunch of money, for resources. But all the money given would later put them in debt. Skylar - The French and Indian war, better known as the 7 years war, but if we’re being realistic here it’s the 9 years war. The war began in 1754, but wasn’t declared until 1756, that’s why it is the 7 years war rather than the 9 years war. It was the first global war. This war started in North American but were in many more countries like Asia, India, and the Philippines. This war ended with france giving up all claims to canada, territories east of the Mississippi, and also spain ceding Florida to Britain. Hunter-The Seven Years War like Ricky said, “it is more accurately the nine year war” it became a global war affecting the British, English, Americans, Philippines, africans, and the war even made it into India. Ethan - England became the dominant empire. It actually lasted 9 years. Also known as the French and Indian War and many more. First global war. The war started because both France, Spain, and Britain wanted the most territory for trading. During this time period George Washington was only just getting to his 20s.   Uproar over the Stamp Act Blake-The Stamp Act was enacted because of the debts left behind from the war. While it was almost unanimously voted on there was one man who thought it was unfair to tax the colonist without their representation in parliament his name was William Pitt. But the Stamp Act was still enacted and it caused major hostility from the colonist. Printers, publishers and lawyers were directly affected by the act and as I said earlier this was one of the main causes of The Revolutionary War. Ricky- the stamp act was an act set in place meant for taxing the colonist because of the seven year war (french and indian war). Squeezing the taxes from the colonists, the british had been getting money to pay the debt from the war. The act taxed all paper/paper goods. As you can imagine, the colonist weren’t going to have any of it especially seeing how each tax payment had to be paid in pounds. 1 british pound is 1.34$ (in today's’ economy) just to add a little perspective.   Ben- The Stamp Act stated that all paper must be purchased from Britain, in Britain’s currency. The currency britain used was very rare at the time, compared to the settlers paper money. Skylar - The Stamp act was made because Britain didn’t spend their money right when they were in the war which put them in deep debt. The prime minister George Greenville authored this act in march of 1765. This act said that all documents, official court documents included, as well as newspapers and basically anything else that has to be printed on paper. This paper came from London and has to be purchased in British hard currency which was very rare. Hunter-The Stamp Act was passed on March 22, 1765, leading to the uproar in the colonies over an issue the was to be the cause of the Revolution: taxation without representation. The controversial act forced the colonists to buy British stamps for every official document they owned. The stamp itself had an image of a Tudor Rose framed by the word “America” and the French phrase “Honi soit qui mal y pense”-- “Shame to him who thinks evil of it”. Ethan-The Stamp Act was a tax that was laid upon all North American printed material. It made it even more difficult since the colonists had to pay for it with british currency. This took a negative toll on the printers, publishers, and mainly anyone that used paper in their job.  It basically marked the beginning of the American Revolution.   The Townshend Acts and the committees of correspondence Blake-Once The Stamp Act was repealed the English needed some way to tax the colonist. So the English passed the Townshend Act which again angered the colonist. The Townshend Act introduced by Charles Townshend was a tax on imports of glass, lead, paint and tea. The Committees of Correspondence was formed so townships could educate people of their rights. Ricky-the townshend acts were a tax for glass, lead, paint, and tea like Blake had mentioned. This was met with protests against the british. But what angered the colonist the most was the “taxation without representation” which was another way to say “we’re being taxed without our permission”. To add to what skylar had to say they made toys out of lead, and they also put lead in paint, and bullets (or pellets) which is why they taxed it. Ben The sort of catch phrase of this whole dispute was “No taxation without representation.” The colonists said that the British did not have the right to tax them because they didn’t have the representation in the legislative body. They thought that only leaders elected by them should be able to tax them. So the british replied with the theory of visual representation, saying that the parliament was honor bound to protect the opinions and interests of the british people and subjects, even the colonists. The people hated it, of course, and denied the British right of taxation, they had many assemblies in New York and Massachusetts but were all dissolved by british governors. Skylar - The townsend acts were passed in 1767 and 1768. They were made to raise revenue for the british empire by taking north american colonies, at least the ones that they owned at the time. Widespread protest were used mostly with merchants in Boston. This act raised taxes on tea, (which led to the “Boston Tea Party”), glass, lead, and paint. I really dont get why they would tax paint and lead though. I mean do people really buy that much paint and lead though?!? I totally get the tea part though because i dont care if there is a high tax. I would die without it. Hunter-Same as Ethan said the Townshend Acts were passed in 1767-1768. But I am gonna add on to the info, the Townshend Acts also renewed a fierce debate over the British Parliament’s right to tax the colonies. In 1772 Boston revolutionary Samuel Adams urged the creation of a Committee of Correspondence to communicate with other colonial assemblies, educate townspeople about their political rights, and to rally opposition to British rule.   Ethan- The Townshend Acts were passed in 1767-1768. They were designed to raise money for the British Parliament.  There were many protests. A Committee of Correspondence was formed to communicate with other assemblies and gather  people to oppose British rule.  They also showed the people their rights. The Boston Tea Party Blake- This Boston Tea Party was the first act of aggression by The Sons of Liberty in response to the unlawful taxation. There are many stories as to what exactly happened the most popular version is The Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans and snuck into the Boston harbour in the middle of the night with soot covering their faces and dumped crates of tea all over the harbour. Ricky- the boston tea party was an action against both the taxes implied upon the colonists, and the boston massacre in which five colonists died. Tea back then was like coffee today, some people can’t get enough. So thirty-one hundred and thirty disguised as Indians walked on to docked ships and dumped three hundred forty two crates of tea consisting of black and green teas like Bohea,Congou, Souchong (all black teas), and Singlo, and Hyson (both green teas). Ben- The people got SO upset that 30-130 of them disguised as mohawk indians and boarded multiple ships. Then threw 342 crates of tea overboard, into the ocean. The british did make them pay for it in The Boston Bill, and close down the dock until they did, so it wasn’t without consequence. Skylar - The boston tea party was a rebellious act of some mad “ mohawk indians “ , but we’re really just some mad white people. These people threw over 300 crates of tea into the boston harbor. If were being exact though it was 342 crates. What these people did would cost about 1,700,000 dollars today.   Hunter-This framed act of American colonial defiance served as a protest against taxation. Seeking to boost the troubled east India company, British parliament adjusted import duties with the passage of the tea act in 1773. While consignees in Charleston, New York, and Philadelphia rejected tea shipments, merchants in Boston refused to concede to Patriot pressure. On the night of December 16, 1773, Samuel Adams and the sons of Liberty boarded 3 ships in the Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This resulted in the passage of the punitive Coercive Act in 1774 and pushed the two sides closer to war.   Ethan- The British Prime Minister suggested the Tea Act, and when he did he completely forgot about the North American colonies.  In the process got a loan from the North of what today would be $270 million.  The North also gave the East India  Company a easy way to sell tea without dispute.   The Intolerable Acts and the First Continental Congress Blake- The Coercive Acts which became The Intolerable Acts consisted of four bills. The Boston Port bill was a fine directed towards Boston to pay for the merchandise damaged. The Government bill gave Massachusetts expanded powers to the governor. The Administration Act of Justice gave the governor the ability to send corrupt government officials to London or other colonies for trial. The Quartering Act was a bill that forced all colonies to provide shelter and food to British troops which meant even making private homes open for them. Ricky- in spring of 1744, the Coercive acts were passed. This act consisted of four bills which set fines toward boston for the boston tea party. The quartering act stated that british soldiers were to be able to stay in someone’s house. The government bill stated that the governor of massachusetts had more power. The administration of justice bill was like the government bill only it authorized the governor to send government officials to other colonies, or to london for trial. Ben- Like many other things britain did in this time period, The Coercive/Intolerable Acts  made the colonial people mad, hence the name “Intolerable.”. The british were trying to isolate the colony of boston but it had the opposite effect and unified them with the other colonies, setting up the First Continental Congress. Skylar - The intolerable Acts were supposed to isolate boston, the seat of the most radical anti-british sentiment, from other countries. The first continental congress didn’t isolate them but instead joining them together. Hunter- The First Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia at carpenters hall from September 5, 1774 to October 26, 1774. The Congress had been called for in response to the Intolerable Acts (Also known as the Coercive Act) Ethan- The Intolerable Acts consisted of 4 bills.  The Boston Port Bill made boston pay for the destroyed tea and closed the harbor until the dues were paid. The Government Bill made Massachusetts rewrite their Charter which gave much power to the royal governor.  The Quartering Act allowed British troops to be housed wherever and whenever they wanted.   Lexington and Concord Blake- The Battles at Lexington and Concord were the first official altercations between the british and the colonist. Before these fateful battles happened in February of 1775 the British declared Massachusetts as a rebellious state. That April was when it all started the British sent Massachusett governor Thomas Gage to disarm the militia so he 700 British foot soldiers to march to Concord. This prompted the famous Paul Revere to ride through towns letting the townspeople know “The British are coming!”. Revere was warned that the British were making their way to Lexington along with Concord Revere quickly rode to Lexington to warn of the British arrival. When the British arrived at Lexington the militiamen stood strong and the skirmish ensued it is still unknown to this day who fired the first shot. After everything was settled 8 militiamen were dead and only one British soldier was wounded. Ricky-this was the first time the british had clashed against the “continental army” which consisted of several militias. Imagine one night you’re just sleeping, and you hear gunshots outside your room. You grab your musket and run outside. There in organized lines you see redcoat british regulars they shoot. Ben- The interesting thing about it though was that it was these highly trained armed British generals and disciplined soldiers vs. a lot of lowly farmer militiaman with muskets. But, somehow, the colonists still won! This little skirmish was the first step towards the freedom and liberty we now have today. Skylar - In february of the year of 1775, the british parliment declared that the colony if massachutts was being wild, as they said rebelious. The colony was preparing in april of 75 that they were going to declare war on britian, and on the 19th they started [fighting. This was the first military clash of the american revolutionary war. Hunter-The battles of lexington and concord fought on April 19, 1775 kicked off the Revolutionary war (1775-83). Tensions had been building up for years between the residents of the 13 American colonies and the British authorities, particularly in Massachusetts. The  night of april 18, 1775 hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to take an arms cache. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, the colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoat column. Ethan- These battles were fought on the 19th of April, 1775 and as Ricky said were the first military clashes of the war. The British ordered that Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith gather 700 troops and storm reported ammo caches.

Into Episode - Freeing ourselves from the textbook for a deeper dive into the history of the United States.  Q1: Introductions - Name, grade, If you were stranded on a desert island - who would you eat first? Q2: Intentions/Expectations with the podcast Q3: What’s the plan for each week? Q4: Do you think this will be fun? Ricky Ben Skylar Megan Hunter Paris Blake

Completely unscripted as we come to an end of this semester, we say farewell to our boy Troy as he sets off for college. 

Wall to Wall Troy Vernier and Erin Barnes meet weekly to talk about everything from politics to entertainment! 5/2/17 Introduce our selves & Promote our Twitter -  https://twitter.com/troyvernier - https://twitter.com/elynnlll - https://twitter.com/walltowallshow Oklahoma Budget Crisis http://kfor.com/2016/02/11/officials-oklahomas-budget-shortfall-grows-to-1-3-billion/ http://kfor.com/2017/03/16/officials-oklahoma-lottery-funds-used-to-replace-educational-funding/ US Government funding dealhttp://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/deal-government-funding-reached-averting-shutdown-n753086 Apple iPhone Sale Drop http://www.bbc.com/news/business-39786961 Sign off: Until next week, continue to break down those walls.

This week we call upon Erin's great friend Vanessa Perez to help us scratch the surface on the hard topic of racism.  Wall to Wall Troy Vernier and Erin Barnes meet weekly to talk about everything from politics to entertainment! This week we were joined by Vanessa Perez 3/29/17 Introduce our selves & Promote our Twitter -  https://twitter.com/troyvernier - https://twitter.com/elynnlll - https://twitter.com/walltowallshow Ask QuestionsHave you had any run in with racial prejudice? How have you combated racial prejudice in your own life? How do you feel your culture is represented in major culture? What part/parts of your culture should people be more aware of? How do you feel about political correctness culture and how has it helped or hurt your culture? Do you think that racism will ever go away? How do you explain racism to a child? OutroUntil next week - Continue breaking down those walls

In this week's episode, we discuss what's in the news cycle this week at the national level.  Wall to Wall A podcast where we meet weekly to discuss everything from politics to entertainment! 3/30/17 Introduce ourselves & Promote our Twitter -  https://twitter.com/troyvernier - https://twitter.com/ebarnes73 - https://twitter.com/walltowallshow A discussion over the TSA http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tsa-pat-down-outrage-mom-posts-facebook-video-speaks-out-dallas/ Erin - I am ok with this - Standard  - Mom’s responsibility - 2 hours before Troy New FCC ISP ruleshttp://www.theverge.com/2017/3/29/15100620/congress-fcc-isp-web-browsing-privacy-fire-sale Erin - NOT COOL with this - Cards Against Humanity creator Troy Trump Executive order on Climate Changehttp://www.cnn.com/2017/03/28/world/trump-climate-order-world-impact/ Erin - I am not torn up about this Troy OutroUntil next week - continue breaking down those walls

Troy Vernier and Erin Barnes meet weekly to talk about everything for politics to entertainment! In this week's episode of Wall to Wall, we are breaking down Edcamp, International Women's Day, Lego's women of NASA, and Ed Sheeran's new album.  Find us on Twitter @walltowallShow or individually @elynnlll or @troyvernier Until Next week - Continue breaking down those walls

Nasa finds another system orbiting a star with possiblity of habitable life? Erin dishes on her state testing concerns, and Milo is back at it with talk of pediphilia. Join us on Wall to Wall. https://twitter.com/walltowallshow