Podcasts about embargo act

Learn for whom Sackett's Harbour was named for including the year of its founding. Get acquainted with Northern New York prior to and after American Revolutionary War. Learn about the importance of two other villages' located near Sackett's Harbour. Discover the importance behind a particular Canadian Village less than 50 Miles from Sackett's Harbour. Determine how New York State's Northern Tier Borderline fared after Congress enacted 1807 Embargo Act. Learn whom U.S. Government Officials turned to for the task behind building a warship per port village located southwest of Sackett's Harbour. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Understand why it's become easy for so many people to assume that all delegates from Second Continental Congress did everything grand in just one day. Discover where the fundamental differences lie between July 2 & 4, 1776. Get an understanding behind what Britain was forced to acknowledge in aftermath of 1783 Paris Treaty. Discover exactly where along United States Territory did England refuse to relinquish her existing presence following Paris Treaty Signing. Go behind the scenes and learn what John Jay conducts come 1794 that pertained to outstanding issues left unresolved eleven years earlier. Learn about Impressment and how far back England had been engaged in this practice. Determine if the young United States Republic come early 1790's experienced ramifications behind impressment. Discover whether or not United States & England had modified peaceful trade relations from late 18th Century into early 19th Century. Get acquainted with infamous 1807 Embargo Act and its multiple end results. Learn how Congress performed an unimaginable first come June 18, 1812 which involved England. Get formally introduced to a village located in Northern New York State whose focus will be our primary study per new book topic series. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Send us a Text Message.This week, we dive into the hot and sticky bayous of Louisiana! First, Kenzie shares the story of the corrupt business dealings of brothers Jean and Pierre Lafitte and the famous building where they are said to have operated. Now called Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop Bar, it is believed to be a hotspot for spiritual activity due to its long history that predates the Revolutionary War. We also explore Le Feu Follet, or the "Will-o'-the-Wisp," the mysterious, ghostly lights that appear in the swamps and bayous of Louisiana, attributed to spirits or supernatural phenomena. The spirits of Louisiana are a force to be reckoned with!--Follow us on Social Media and find out how to support A Scary State by clicking on our Link Tree: https://instabio.cc/4050223uxWQAl--Have a scary tale or listener story of your own? Send us an email to ascarystatepodcast@gmail.com! We can't wait to read it!--Thinking of starting a podcast? Thinking about using Buzzsprout for that? Well use our link to let Buzzsprout know we sent you and get a $20 Amazon gift card if you sign up for a paid plan!https://www.buzzsprout.com/?referrer_id=1722892--Works cited!https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yta4QOa3v1nS3V-vOcYPNx3xSgv_GckdFcZj6FBt8zg/edit?usp=sharing --Intro and outro music thanks to Kevin MacLeod. You can visit his site here: http://incompetech.com/. Which is where we found our music!

Discover what truly made Frederic so persistent going forward following his losing significant money sums down in Martinique. Figure out exactly what lesson Frederic himself gained following first ice venture journey. Determine whether anybody in general owned the frozen waters to all New England Ponds. Discover how many ice shipments Frederic made to Havana, Cuba in 1807 including both successful and negative factors. Learn what Congress enacted legislation wise come Mid December 1807 and how New Englanders most notably were impacted. Go behind the scenes and learn what Frederic himself experimented with to understand why some materials provided better insulation versus others. Determine what else New Englanders lacked from a shipping standpoint given they lacked many resources of their own to export. Learn about legislation enacted by Congress come early March 1809 which replaced 1807 Embargo Act. Learn where Frederic is come April 1810 including shiploads of ice and total sales. Learn about another unexpected embargo in 1812 which placed Frederic in deeper debts. Determine if Havana, Cuba had become number one top market for Frederic's Ice Trade by late 1815. Get an in depth analysis behind what takes place between February 10-25, 1816 per ice shipment entering Havana, Cuba to Frederic conducting another insulation experiment. Learn if Frederic conducted any experiments involving fruit preservation in midst of successful ice sales into Cuba. Learn what William Tudor, Frederic's Brother, offered to Frederic himself while falling deeper into debt. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kirk-monroe/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kirk-monroe/support

Here are some major historical events that occurred on December 22:1807: The Embargo Act, which aimed to force Britain and France to respect American trading rights during the Napoleonic Wars, was signed into law by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson.1851: The first YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) in North America was established in Montreal, Canada.1885: Ito Hirobumi, a Japanese statesman, became the first Prime Minister of Japan.1942: World War II: The Siege of Bastogne began during the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium.1989: Berlin's Brandenburg Gate, a symbol of the division between East and West Germany, was reopened after nearly 30 years.2001: Richard Reid attempted to detonate explosives in his shoes on American Airlines Flight 63, but was subdued by passengers and flight attendants2001: Hamid Karzai was sworn in as the interim leader of Afghanistan, marking the official transition to a new government after the fall of the Taliban.2008: An ash dike ruptured at a solid waste containment area in Kingston, Tennessee, releasing 5.4 million cubic yards of coal fly ash slurry. It was one of the largest environmental disasters of its kind in the United States.These events span a range of historical periods and regions, highlighting the diversity of occurrences on December 22 throughout history.Podcast Website:https://atozenglishpodcast.com/a-to-z-this-day-in-world-history-december-22nd/Social Media:WeChat account ID: atozenglishpodcastFacebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/671098974684413/Tik Tok:@atozenglish1Instagram:@atozenglish22Twitter:@atozenglish22A to Z Facebook Page:https://www.facebook.com/theatozenglishpodcastCheck out our You Tube Channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCds7JR-5dbarBfas4Ve4h8ADonate to the show: https://app.redcircle.com/shows/9472af5c-8580-45e1-b0dd-ff211db08a90/donationsRobin and Jack started a new You Tube channel called English Word Master. You can check it out here:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2aXaXaMY4P2VhVaEre5w7ABecome a member of Podchaser and leave a positive review!https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/the-a-to-z-english-podcast-4779670Join our Whatsapp group: https://forms.gle/zKCS8y1t9jwv2KTn7Intro/Outro Music: Daybird by Broke for Freehttps://freemusicarchive.org/music/Broke_For_Free/Directionless_EP/Broke_For_Free_-_Directionless_EP_-_03_Day_Bird/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcodehttps://freemusicarchive.org/music/Scott_Joplin/Piano_Rolls_from_archiveorg/ScottJoplin-RagtimeDance1906/https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/the-a-to-z-english-podcast/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

This Day in Legal History: The Embargo Act On this day in legal history, December 22 marks the passage of the Embargo Act in 1807, a significant legislative maneuver influenced by President Thomas Jefferson. This act emerged against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, a tumultuous period marked by widespread conflict and political upheaval. Jefferson, keen on maintaining American neutrality and avoiding the perils of war, saw the Embargo Act as a strategic tool to prevent American involvement.The Act prohibited trade with all foreign nations, a sweeping measure aimed at deterring any actions that could entangle the United States in European conflicts. It represented a bold assertion of American sovereignty, illustrating a preference for isolation over the potential risks of international engagement. The law was designed to leverage American trade as a means of peacekeeping, hoping that economic pressure would encourage European powers to respect American neutrality.However, the Embargo Act's broad scope led to significant challenges in enforcement. Its restrictions created substantial economic hardships, particularly for American merchants and sailors who relied heavily on international trade. The Act inadvertently harmed the very citizens it aimed to protect, leading to widespread criticism and opposition.The economic repercussions were immediate and severe, sparking significant distress in the maritime economy, especially in the New England states. The law not only disrupted commerce but also instigated a rise in smuggling and illicit trade, as merchants sought to circumvent the restrictions. This unintended consequence highlighted the difficulties in enforcing such an extensive trade ban.The political fallout from the Embargo Act was also notable. It fueled domestic tensions, exacerbating regional divides and contributing to a growing discourse on states' rights and federal power. The Act became a focal point of political debate, with Jefferson's opponents using it to question the wisdom and efficacy of his administration's policies.Recognizing the impracticality and unpopularity of the Embargo Act, the U.S. government moved to replace it with the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809. This new legislation was a more targeted approach, specifically barring trade only with France and Great Britain, the primary belligerents in the European conflicts. The Non-Intercourse Act sought to address the deficiencies of its predecessor, aiming for a more sustainable balance between diplomatic caution and economic necessity.In retrospect, the Embargo Act of 1807 stands as a testament to the complexities of foreign policy and the challenges of balancing national interests with global engagement. It reflects an era of American history where isolationism and neutrality were key themes in the nation's approach to international affairs. Despite its shortcomings, the Act is an important chapter in the legal and political history of the United States, illustrating the ongoing struggle to navigate the treacherous waters of international relations. Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison has signed the largest commercial lease in the U.S. this year, committing to a 20-year agreement for 765,000 square feet across 18 floors at 1345 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. This move is part of a broader trend in New York City, where law firms, alongside the financial sector, have been notably active in expanding their office spaces, as evidenced by a significant increase in the proportion of leases being expansions compared to the previous year. The firm's move, leaving its nearly 30-year-old location at 1285 Avenue of the Americas, reflects the growing dynamism and spatial demands of law firms in the city.Paul Weiss NYC Move Is Largest Commercial Lease in US This YearSupreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas is facing increasing calls for recusal from cases involving former President Donald Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 election results, particularly in light of his wife's active participation in challenging the election. These calls have intensified as pivotal Jan. 6-related cases approach the Supreme Court. The new Supreme Court code of ethics, which emphasizes a justice's need to recuse if their impartiality might reasonably be questioned, particularly when a justice's spouse is significantly involved in a case, adds weight to these requests.Justice Thomas, appointed by former President George H. W. Bush, is known for his reluctance to bow to criticism. However, the involvement of his wife, Virginia Thomas, in efforts to overturn the 2020 election, including her presence at the pro-Trump rally before the Jan. 6 Capitol attack and her correspondence with Trump's former Chief of Staff, raises serious concerns about his impartiality. Despite these concerns, Thomas has not publicly addressed his wife's involvement and has not responded to requests for comment.Democratic lawmakers, including Senator Richard Blumenthal and several House Democrats, have urged Thomas to recuse himself, citing the potential conflict of interest. The situation is unprecedented, with significant implications for Trump's eligibility for the 2024 presidential race and the broader question of presidential immunity from prosecution. While some Democratic senators have expressed concern, Thomas's supporters argue that his recusal is unnecessary. Notably, Thomas recused himself from one Jan. 6 case involving former Trump adviser John Eastman, but has otherwise shown resistance to recusal demands. The situation remains tense, with concerns about the impact on democracy and the integrity of judicial proceedings.Supreme Court's Thomas Faces Recusal Calls in Trump Jan. 6 CasesRudy Giuliani, the former Mayor of New York, has filed for bankruptcy following a $148 million judgment against him in a defamation case involving two former Georgia election workers. Giuliani, renowned for his leadership after the 9/11 attacks and later as former President Donald Trump's lawyer, claimed assets between $1 million and $10 million against liabilities of $100 million to $500 million. This bankruptcy filing comes amid his criminal charges in Georgia and is seen as a strategy to appeal the penalty and manage other debts.Giuliani's spokesperson argued that the punitive amount was beyond his capacity to pay. The bankruptcy process typically allows for debt reorganization or elimination, but in this case, it might not absolve Giuliani of the defamation penalty due to the nature of his conduct, which judges have deemed "willful and malicious." The defamation case arose from Giuliani's false accusations of election fraud against Wandrea "Shaye" Moss and her mother, Ruby Freeman, leading to severe threats against them.Despite admitting to defamation in court, Giuliani continued making these claims, resulting in a second lawsuit from Moss and Freeman. A federal judge has ordered immediate payment to the plaintiffs, citing risks of Giuliani concealing assets. The bankruptcy filing lists several creditors, including Hunter Biden and Noelle Dunphy, the latter suing Giuliani for sexual assault, harassment, and wage theft.Apart from personal liabilities, Giuliani faces lawsuits from Smartmatic and Dominion Voting Systems for claims about vote flipping in the 2020 election. His law license has been suspended in New York, and he faces disbarment in Washington. The bankruptcy filing is a significant turn in Giuliani's career, from being Time magazine's Person of the Year in 2001 and a Republican presidential candidate to facing multiple legal and financial challenges.Giuliani seeks bankruptcy after $148 million judgment in defamation case | ReutersDonald Trump's recent promise to reintroduce Schedule F, an executive order granting him the power to overhaul the federal workforce, has sparked significant opposition from unions, Democrats, and watchdog groups. They fear this move would enable Trump to replace tens of thousands of government civil servants with loyalists and implement his far-right policies, should he win the 2024 presidential election. This plan is seen as a step towards politicizing the federal bureaucracy and potentially steering it towards autocracy.In response, opponents are gearing up for legal challenges and strategic preparations. The Biden administration is considering a rule change that would make it harder for Trump to reintroduce Schedule F by allowing federal employees to retain their employment protections even if their job classifications change. This rule, expected by spring 2024, could delay but not entirely block Trump's efforts.Currently, presidents can appoint thousands of political appointees, but the career civil service, consisting of about two million workers, remains unaffected. Schedule F would change this, enabling the firing of up to 50,000 civil servants. Legal fights are anticipated, with unions and watchdogs ready to sue Trump if he follows through on his promise. The National Treasury Employees Union previously sued Trump over this issue, and groups like the American Federation of Government Employees are prepared to litigate again.Trump's supporters, including some conservative judges, argue for broad presidential powers to fire government workers. Trump has used his campaign rallies to promise an overhaul of the "deep state," a term used by conspiracy theorists to describe a supposed clandestine network within the government. He has vowed to pass reforms allowing the president to fire any executive branch employee.Other Republican presidential candidates, such as Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswamy, support similar policies. Critics like U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen are actively working to protect government workers from such potential actions, emphasizing the need to safeguard the government from being used to advance personal agendas or vendettas.Trump plan to gut civil service triggers pushback by unions, Democrats | Reuters Get full access to Minimum Competence - Daily Legal News Podcast at www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

Just 9 years after Thomas Jefferson called for nullification of the Alien and Sedition Acts - states and individuals took the same kind of strategy against his Embargo Act - signed by Pres. Jefferson in late 1807 - and a series of follow up acts to beef up enforcement of it. The post Jefferson Nullified? The Embargo of 1807-09 first appeared on Tenth Amendment Center.

Reminiscences of Joseph Story on the repeal of the Embargo Act.

Jefferson, the man the legend, the founding father, president number 3, immortalised by the Jeffersonian, schools and streets and who knows what all over the USA and of course, who could forget, slave owner!He even leased his slaves out to others so that he could profit from them while he was in France. Jefferson is tainted and we have to look at him through those eyes.He was well educated, he had access to elite education, access to the writings of all the great political thinkers of the time and was inspired by George WytheHis presidency is shaped by three fundamental events: The first Barbary War, The Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo Act of 1807.In addition his intimate relationship with Sally Hemmings and his close friendship with Jupiter Evans give us pause for thought. What was truly important for Jefferson? Why did he not free so many of the people who he was personally entangled with?I welcome opinions of every kind so please come and find me on social media at:Instagram: TwoandaMicTwitter: TwoandaMic1

Howdy everyone, and thanks again for tuning in to The Jeffersonian Tradition. In today's episode, I talk about Connecticut's resistance to aiding enforcement of the Embargo Act of 1807 and the Enforcement Act of 1809. If you want me to cover a topic or elaborate further on any given episode, then reach out to me through the show's private MeWe group, or by contacting me at the show email address, which is mrjeffersonian@outlook.com. If you find value in the podcast, please consider becoming a supporting listener. One-time contributions can be sent to the show's cash app, http://cash.app/$MrJeffersonian . Recurring contributions can be made through the Anchor supporting listener link. Thanks again for tuning in to The Jeffersonian Tradition! Sign up for MeWe today: https://mewe.com. Fuel the Jeffersonian Revolution today and buy your goldbacks here: Defy the Grid. Help us out with Little Miss Jeffersonian HERE --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/mr-jeffersonian/support

Today's episode will be an historical assessment of unhoused populations in both the United States and Cuba. I am welcoming back Yara Kadaan as my co-host who will be leading the lecture on Cuba during the Fulgencio Batista and Fidel Castro eras, spotlighting homelessness, and the Embargo Act against Cuba. I will be drawing attention to the systemic homeless dilemma that Seattle is currently facing and drawing conclusions from American history. Enjoy, Comment, and Follow! Instagram https://www.instagram.com/pursuingleadershippodcast/ https://www.instagram.com/mazzyeckel/ Citations https://www.housinghumanright.org/corporate-landlords-excessive-rents-fuel-homelessness-rent-control-will-save-lives/ https://www.commerce.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/HTF-Reports-Affordable-Housing-Inventory-Report-6-16-10.pdf https://www.rtfhsd.org/updates/2022-point-in-time-count-data-released/ https://community.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A-Brief-Timeline-of-Race-and-Homelessness-in-America-March-2019.pdf

La escalada del conflicto, o del posible conflicto, entre Rusia y Ucrania puso en guardia a las potencias occidentales desde el primer momento. Los líderes de la Unión Europea, Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña advirtieron a Moscú rápidamente: aplicarían una batería de sanciones económicas sin precedentes si se atrevía a invadir Ucrania.¿Qué tenían o qué tienen preparado? Desde la suspensión de cualquier cooperación económica, hasta el recorte de las relaciones comerciales, incluyendo elementos tan sensibles como la importación de petróleo y gas rusos. Se trata de un golpe tan grande que la Unión Europea también cuenta con un plan para minimizar los daños que también sufriría la propia economía continental.Entre las diferentes sanciones sobre la mesa están el cierre total de los mercados europeos de capital para la banca y las empresas rusas, restricciones a la exportación de materiales imprescindibles para la economía rusa, e incluso la ruptura de lazos financieros. Washington busca ir más allá, e incluso está dispuesto a cortar el acceso de Rusia al sistema de transacciones financieras por el que se tramitan la mayoría de transferencias bancarias, una medida tan drástica que de momento solo se ha aplicado a Irán, y que no cuenta aún con suficiente consenso.Hay que recordar que no es la primera vez que se toman sanciones de este tipo contra Rusia, aunque sí de esta magnitud. Estados Unidos ya impuso sanciones contra Moscú tras anexionarse Crimea, además de por su ciberactividad maliciosa y la intromisión electoral. Aunque en este caso el castigo estaba más enfocado en individuos o entidades. Estas medidas han aislado parcialmente a la economía rusa, pero al ser uno de los pocos países con superávit presupuestario, está más protegida de la necesidad de financiación exterior. Pese a todo, sus perspectivas de crecimiento sí se han visto afectadas, y pueden alimentar la inestabilidad interna, ya que la inflación es alta y puede aumentar más si el rublo recibe daño adicional.En este sentido, las malas noticias sobre la economía rusa ya están descontadas, tanto una tensión prolongada como una nueva ronda de sanciones severas. El riesgo para la economía rusa sería una intervención militar, aunque estuviera limitada a la región de Donbás.Este es el último caso del uso de sanciones económicas como arma de guerra. ¿Pero en qué momento surgen? ¿Cuándo se convierten en un protagonista más de los enfrentamientos militares entre países? A principios del siglo XIX ya podemos encontrar propuestas de sanción contra países dentro de conflictos armados.En 1806, Napoleón, en su enfrentamiento con Reino Unido, prohibió a los países europeos comerciar con Londres, buscando paralizarlo económicamente. El problema es que no pudo hacer cumplir ese embargo, que además era casi más dañino para las naciones europeas que para los propios británicos.En la misma época, y con relación también con la guerra entre ingleses y franceses, Estados Unidos aprueba en 1807 el Embargo Act, una ley con la que buscaba mostrar fortaleza con las dos potencias europeas con una guerra comercial, pero que solo sirvió para demostrar la debilidad estadounidense, su falta de influencia y su poco peso diplomático. Lastró su imagen internacional, y acabó provocando conflictos internos. Y generó el caldo de cultivo para la guerra con Gran Bretaña. Thomas Jefferson la eliminó en 1809, en una de sus últimas decisiones como presidente.Pero la consolidación y desarrollo de las sanciones económicas como arma se produce sobre todo tras la primera Guerra Mundial. Durante el conflicto las sanciones fueron constantes, siendo seguramente la más importante el bloqueo comercial que Reino Unido le impone a Alemania, aprovechando su superioridad marítima. Logra impedir que los países neutrales le envíen suministros.Pero el gran salto para esta herramienta coercitiva llega tras la contienda. Los gobiernos comprueban que el continente ha quedado destrozado, y buscando la fórmula para resolver conflictos sin recurrir a la fuerza, llegan a la conclusión de que ese instrumento pueden ser las sanciones económicas. Pero con una novedad decisiva, no las decidirán los países de forma unilateral, como pasaba hasta ese momento, sino que será fruto de acuerdos entre varios, a través de organismos supranacionales, como la Liga de Naciones, predecesora de las Naciones Unidas.Creen que han encontrado la fórmula perfecta para evitar la violencia, que de verdad han descubierto una gran innovación útil no solo para la guerra, sino para garantizar la paz. Durante las negociaciones del Tratado de Versalles comienzan a desarrollar ese sistema de sanciones económicas para países infractores. Y comienzan a implantarlo.En la década de los 20 del pasado siglo la Liga de Naciones y sus sanciones económicas logran algunos éxitos que refuerzan su idea. Por ejemplo, logran resolver la disputa entre Alemania y Polonia por la Alta Silesia; o el conflicto fronterizo entre Grecia y Bulgaria.Pero con la crisis de Abisinia en 1935 se ven todas las costuras del sistema. La Liga impone sanciones contra la Italia de Mussolini por los ataques a Etiopía. Principalmente, limitan el suministro de petróleo y cierran su acceso al Canal de Suez. Pero esas sanciones no se hicieron valer en ningún momento. Estados Unidos, que recela de la utilidad de la Liga de Naciones, no solo no limita su relación comercial con el país transalpino, sino que la intensifica. Mientras que Francia y Reino Unido no hacen nada por lograr que se apliquen las medidas. La primera bastante tiene con preocuparse por Alemania, que vuelve a ser una amenaza; mientras que Londres no quiere saber nada de los conflictos continentales.Visto el fracaso, la Liga levanta las sanciones en 1936. Y un año después Italia abandona la organización, y se echa a los brazos del fascismo alemán. Y llega la segunda Guerra Mundial, que se lleva por delante a la institución y a sus intenciones.En el enfrentamiento también se imponen numerosas sanciones, tanto en la contienda europea, como en la del Pacífico, como en África. Pero en esta ocasión fueron mucho más difíciles de ejecutar, ante la falta de un dominio claro sobre los mares.Al terminar la guerra, la débil Liga de Naciones da paso a las Naciones Unidas, un proyecto más ambicioso y en el que participan más países. Buscan nuevas fórmulas para garantizar la paz mundial, y empiezan a desarrollar las sanciones económicas de forma que eviten recurrir a las armas. Desde embargos económicos, hasta boicots específicos, por ejemplo contra autoridades individuales de países infractores.España es uno de los países, precisamente, que recibe las primeras sanciones, por el apoyo del régimen franquista a la Alemania nazi. De esta forma, España sufre sanciones económicas, se le excluye del reparto de las ayudas norteamericanas para la reconstrucción, y se le excluye de los organismos de cooperación económica internacional. Sin embargo, tan solo cuatro años después, y con Estados Unidos ya más preocupado de la Unión Soviética que del nazismo, la situación cambia para España.En general, pese a las buenas intenciones que pudieran tener las sanciones económicas, no acaban de ser muy efectivas. Bastan dos ejemplos para dejar claras las lagunas de este sistema: los duros bloqueos contras los regímenes de Corea del Norte o de Cuba, que pese a durar décadas, no han sido capaces de tumbar las dictaduras que los dirigen.

Year(s) Discussed: 1807-1809 As the end of Jefferson's second term neared, the Embargo Act came under increasing criticism at home, Napoleon's plans for conquest continued apace in Europe, and the nation chose the man who would become the fourth President of the United States. Though the clock had not struck on his presidency, his last … Continue reading 3.39 – Sunset and Sunrise →

In this solo episode, Sharon shares the story of Jean Lafitte. Jean was a Louisiana blacksmith, and when the United States passed the Embargo Act in the early 1800s, Jean and his brother turned to smuggling goods to make a living. The smuggling escalated to full-on piracy and the brothers were instrumental in getting goods to U.S. citizens and helping the US Navy. Sharon goes into detail about Jean's role in the War of 1812 and the importance of the Louisiana Purchase. For more information on this episode including all resources and links discussed go to https://www.sharonmcmahon.com/podcast

Discover where relations stood between France & England after President Thomas Jefferson's Administration acquired Louisiana Territory in 1803. Learn about 1807 Embargo Act including 1809 Non Intercourse Act and what each piece of legislation contributed. Learn how American Agent Nicolas Boilvin went about keeping Indian Relations intact versus what British Trader Robert Dickson did. Learn which Indian Tribe outside of Prairie Du Chien posed as a great concern including its leader. Find out why Tippecanoe became so vital. Learn what events took place in November & December 1811 impacting Frontier Indians including American Traders. Discover what William Clark proposed solution wise with hopes of curtailing further hostilities between Indians & American Traders. Learn about the comings & goings of American Leaders with Indian Delegations coming to Washington after President James Madison had officially signed War Declaration from June 18, 1812. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kirk-monroe/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kirk-monroe/support

Episode Source MaterialThe Birth of American Industry: Why Pawtucket? - Online Review of Rhode Island HistoryThe Industrial Revolution - The Big Story - Blackstone River Valley National Heritage CorridorRhode Island and the Industrial Revolution | EnCompassSlater Mill | EnCompassBrown University Portrait CollectionWikipedia, History of Rhode IslandSamuel Slater - WikipediaDavid Wilkinson (machinist)How America's Industrial Revolution Was Launched by SpiesHannah Wilkinson Slater and Mary Dixon Kies | Profiles in Sewing History - ThreadsHow Industrial Espionage Started America's Cotton Revolution | Smart NewsMoses Brown - WikipediaMoses Brown (1738-1836) PapersRI Historical Society | Volume 33:2 May 1974 - P. 35Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution [ushistory.org]John Slater (1776-1843)Francis Cabot LowellSlater, SamuelUS Slavery: Timeline, Figures & Abolition - HISTORYThomas Jefferson and the Embargo Act of 1807 (thoughtco.com)Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & FactsRhode Island and the Industrial Revolution | EnCompass#3 - Report on manufactures. - Full ViewCotton production in the United States  Pawtucket Visitor Center Signage

DECEMBER 22 -- 1807 Trading stops between the U.S. and France and England from the Embargo Act; 1882 Edison invents Christmas Tree lights; 1913 News of Federal Reserve Act hits the world; 2009 Sleigh Ride most popular Holiday Song; 1971 Lakers get 27th straight win

In this lecture, Dr. Totten argues Thomas Jefferson dropped his strict constructionist proclivities upon assuming the presidency and embarked on a reign of broad constructionist governance that enabled him to mold the future of the young nation. Jefferson kept many Federalist policies intact when he assumed office, though he rejected the more pompous social affairs of his predecessors. The Federalist, despite their political decline, remained dominant in the Judicial branch, and the new Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall, helped establish the concept of judicial review. Under Jefferson, the country doubled in size over night, with the signing of the Louisiana Purchase from France. Though Jefferson thought the measure was unconstitutional, he approved it because it supported his vision of white settler expansion in the West and create the rural nation of farmers he desired. Jefferson's administration, like Adams, was dominated by navigating the complex diplomatic issues involved in the Napoleonic Wars. Jefferson's solution was to cut off all trade with the belligerent nations, though this too flew in the face of his strict constructionist views. The Embargo Act devastated the American economy, but sowed the seeds for industrialization that paved the way for America's future as an industrial power house. Thus, Jefferson's legacy is complex and contradictory, as he created an "Empire of Liberty" for whites at the expense of natives, and helped develop the country further, only by abandoning his principles in favor of fostering the common good.Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/history-of-the-american-people-to-1877/donations

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show... George Washington John Adams   Today we discuss “The Early Republic”.   Let’s dive in. Which Candidate would you have voted for, why?   The election of 1800 1st - Ricky-the Election of 1800 was a cruel, and partisian time filled with bitterness and hate. The gist of the Election was that Thomas jefferson had been ‘waging war’ so to speak against John adams. Each had different views on America even though they were friends Thomas Jefferson was Democrat/Republican and John adams was federalist. 2nd - Gabe - There was some major conflict in america in 1800 because with the Federalist leaning toward Britain and the Democratic/republic leaning More Toward the French many thought the federalist were trying to bring back more of a monarchy. 3rd -  Ben- These bitter rivals fighting over how the States should be governed, but both representing different points of views. The alien and sedition acts were also still a problem during this time, and alexander hamilton wrote a 54 page long letter criticising adam and all his flaws, which mustve been many flaws if it was 54 pages. Soon after, the entire letter was published, which really damaged the federalists. Duing the voting of who would be president, it was a total tie, with 65 electoral votes on each side, but once south carolina turned it their votes, it revealed that jefferson had won the election. 4th - Ethan - There was a foreign policy debate based on an appropriate response to the French revolution. The democratic-republicans were sympathetic to the French. Note to self Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic Republican and John Adams was a federalist. 5th - Hunter - The United States presidential election of 1800 was the fourth United States election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Wednesday December 3. The election was between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson it was a hard-fought campaign. 6th - Blake -The election of 1800 pitted two rivals of different parties against each other. Former Vice President and current President John Adams and wealthy Virginia farmer Thomas Jefferson were the two candidates of this hostile election. 7th - Skylar - The election of 1800 was a fight against Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. It was basically an argument about two different views and opinions for the United States. This election was one of the most bitter elections in US history.   Jefferson's presidency and the turn of the nineteenth century In your opinion what was the most important thing Jefferson did? 1st - Gabe - Thomas Jefferson was the writer of the declaration of independence He was a Democratic/Republican not a Federalist he ran against john adams and Won in 1800 before that he was a secretary under george washington and vice President for John adams. 2nd - Ethan - Jefferson was the 3rd president of the US. He served 2 terms from 1801-1809. Jefferson had to deal with some difficult challenges with authority. Piracy on the Barbary Coast of Northern Africa and British impressment.  This made Jefferson instate a massive ban on European goods. This was called the Embargo Act of 1807. Jefferson was born in Virginia. He was the first US Secretary of State. 3rd -  Ben- Jefferson authorized the louisiana purchase during this time, really helping the united states gain some more land and territory. When jefferson became president, he focused on reducing the national debt that america had, from 83 million to 57 million, he did this by reducing the size of the navy. 4th - Hunter -  Adams and Jefferson represented two different visions of what the United States of America should look like. Whereas Adams and his fellow federalists, including George Washington, envisioned a strong central government and a thriving manufacturing sector centered in the cities, Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans espoused an agrarian ideal, rooted in the republicans virtues of the independent small farmer. The election of 1800 was fiercely contested and facilitated the rise of the two-party system and bitter partisanship. 5th - Blake - The aftermath of the 1800 election which resulted in Thomas Jefferson being elected for two terms. Jefferson’s first act as President was to attempt to minimize national debt, which he was able to lower by almost 50%. 6th - Skylar - Jefferson was the 3rd presidency and served as the United States for 8 years, 1801-1809.  He dealt with piracy along the Barbary Coast of North Africa.  Also the British which ended in Jefferson having to make the Embargo Act of 1807.  Jefferson also made the Louisiana Purchase during this time and made the US move farther west. The Barbary Coast is in north africa along Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria. It’s so important because it was a big call for Thomas Jefferson because he was only the second President, he didn’t have anyone to look back on and say, he would’ve done this or that. 7th ricky- Adams and jefferson as Hunter said “represented Two different visions” and for this they were enemies. The Louisiana Purchase and its exploration What did the Purchase do? Why do you think it was so cheap. 1st - Ethan - The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the US, which reshaped the environmental and economic stance of the country. He was the president that confronted the fact that he didn’t have the power to do it but he did it anyway. He got 2 men to explore the new territory. These 2 men were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. 2nd - Ben- The louisiana purchase was a treaty made with france in 1803, stating that america was buying the state of louisiana for a whopping 15 million. It bought the land from the rocky mountains to the mississippi river, and from the gulf of mexico to canada, expanding the territory of the united states by a lot. 3rd - Hunter - Though the Louisiana territory had changed hands between France and Spain a number of times, in 1800 Spain ceded the territory to Napoleon’s France. Napoleon, whose attention was consumed by war in Europe, began to view the territory as a needless burden. 1803, he volunteered to sell all 828,000 square miles to the United States for the bargain price of $15 million. 4th -  Gabe - Once Jefferson bought the Louisiana Purchase it increased his chance of being reelected by all but 14 votes. Even tho there was a lot of criticism from the northern states about there being to many slave states but he passed it anyway. 5th - Blake - At the time of the Louisiana Purchase President Thomas Jefferson didn’t even know if it was constitutional. During the years of the Louisiana Territory being passed around by France and Spain it was mostly inhabited by various Native American tribes. Altogether there was about 828,000 square miles of land in the entire territory which sold for 3 cents an acre adding up to about 315,000,000 in today’s money. 6th - Skylar - The Louisiana purchase was a purchase Thomas Jefferson and The United States made like Ethan said.  It doubled the size of the United States an added land from the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico like Ben stated.  William Clark and Meriwether Lewis explored this new unknown territory. 7th - the louisiana purchase helped the french tremendously, napoleon, the french emperor, was in desperate need of funds at the time. Because of this france had no choice but to accept. This payed for a lot of military funds in the french take over of europe. Lewis and Clark Expedition            1st -  BEN- The lewis and clark expedition was from may 1804- september 1806, it was       also called the Corps of discovery expedition. It was a selected group of US army volunteers, led Meriwether Lewis and his good friend Second Lieutenant William Clark. They were hired to explore the newly bought territory that america got during the louisiana purchase. 2nd - Ethan - Lewis and Clark were hired by Jefferson to explore the land west of the Mississippi River. The expedition lasted 4 years. The were aided in their investigation by a local indian woman named Sacagawea. She knew the tribes and land so she help immensely. 3rd - Hunter - By the end of the expedition, Lewis and Clark found and categorized 122 new animals and 178 plants, mapped the geography, and achieved friendlier relations with the natives. How ever they did not find an all water route to the Pacific Ocean. 4th - gabe - As Lewis and Clark went up the mississippi river gnats and mosquitos swarmed them. They killed many animals including: elk,grizzly bears, and buffalo. One of the explorers actually had been bitten by a rattlesnake and survived. They documented flora and fauna and lewis being very curious had  even eaten some minerals and had become very sick. 5th - Blake - After the Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson had newly bought land that was undiscovered so Jefferson granted an expedition. Jefferson selected two Army volunteers to lead the expedition Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark. One of the many animals they discovered was the prairie dog which they captured by pouring buckets of water down each hole and flooding them out. 6th - Skylar - The lewis and clark expedition was basically two normal guys just exploring new territory that the US bought. The found tons of things like the rocky mountains, new plants, and animals like hunter said, and many other things.  While on this expedition the found a girl named sacagawea Hidatsa villages who was pregnant at the time and had to endure a lot of pain walking through the Rocky mountains while i was riding through these mountains i seen very fit people struggling to walk through these mountains so i couldnt even imagine walking through with an extra 15-20 pounds. 7th Ricky- The lewis and clark expedition was a long and perilous journey through the recently purchased Louisiana Purchase. In the end it prospered. Along the way they met sacagawea, an indian whose parents were Smoked lodge, and Otter Woman (hey I didn’t name them). Sacagawea was lewis and clark’s translator and guide. Unfortunately She died shortly after the expedition.   The War of 1812 -   1st - Ben- The war of 1812 lasted from June 18, 1812- February 12, 1815. There was a lot of conflict deciding if they should go to war or not, but the biggest group, the “War Hawks” led by Henry Clay said that they shouldn't tolerate such insults from britain. Most federalists didn’t want a war, they thought it would stop important trade that northern america depended on. 2nd - Ethan - They fought over the issues in relations between the US and Britain. The British allied themselves with the  northwestern indians. Federalists opposed the war. 3rd -  Hunter - The war of was a military conflict that lasted actually from June 18, 1812, to February 18, 1815, fought by the United States of America and the United Kingdom, its North American colonies, and its North American indian allies. 4th - GABE - the war of 1812 definitely taught the indians  in the Battle of Horseshoe bend Andrew Jackson destroyed all military capabilities of the Creek Nation. Andrew wanted to clear land for the US settlements they killed 15% of the Creek Nations population. The creek had to give up 23 million acres of land and had to never join sides with the Spanish or British against the Americans again when they signed the treaty of Fort Jackson. 5th - Blake - The War of 1812 was a armed conflict from 1812 to 1815. The combatants of this war were The United States, Great Britain and American Indians. The US and Great Britain were definitely not on great terms after the American Revolution. The british had friends within the Native American tribes and they weren’t on great terms with the US either as settlers had been pushing for more westward expansion. 6th - Skylar - The war of 1812 lasted from June 18, 1812, to february 18, 1815.  This war was fought because of issues between the US and Britian even after the revolutionary War had ended.   The issues were things like trade restrictions, American sailors and other things that was not any of Britians business. 7th - the war of 1812 was a conflict in which ended 1815. What surprises me the most is that no one mention the national anthem which was created during the war of 1812. The Monroe Doctrine What did the Monroe Doctrine do? Was it effective in your opinion? 1st - Ben- The Monroe Doctrine was a speech, or well, a part of a speech, the speech was given in 1823 by president James monroe, here is what it says, “We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system (They were talking about britains system of government, monarchy) to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.” It was basically declaring americas overall freedom, that britain couldnt interfere in anything or put british colonies on their land. 2nd - Ethan - The Monroe Doctrine was a US way of opposing Europe colonizing the Americas. It was established in 1823. It told us that European nations could not colonize the Americas would be considered “The manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the US”. 3rd - Hunter - The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding European countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as act of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. 4th - Blake - The Monroe Doctrine a letter to the entirety of Europe saying hey keep out. The only problem was that the US didn’t have much power at the time so countries really wondered if the US would be able to uphold that statement. 5th - Gabe - Since the US didn't have a navy or army when they wrote this It was discarded largely by the other nations. Australia said it was just another way for an American revolt , but for britain they accepted the doctrine. 6th - Skylar - James Monroe wrote the Monroe Doctrine in the year of 1823.  Monroe told the “Crowned Heads” of Europe to stay out of the Americas.  He also said the era of colanization is over.  Monroe did not want Europe to know anything about the Americas. The crowned heads were the kings and queens of Europe, higher up, and pretty much knew and thought they were better than anyone. This was only a phase to describe monarchs. 7th - Ricky- in all seriousness, the monroe document was a, as blake puts it “keep out” signal for other countries to not dare colonize/attack or they would regret it. Today, would it wouldn’t be that bold of a statement, but the difference was that it was done in the 1800s when america was young. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show... George Washington John Adams   Today we discuss “The Early Republic”.   Let’s dive in. Which Candidate would you have voted for, why?   The election of 1800 1st - Ricky-the Election of 1800 was a cruel, and partisian time filled with bitterness and hate. The gist of the Election was that Thomas jefferson had been ‘waging war’ so to speak against John adams. Each had different views on America even though they were friends Thomas Jefferson was Democrat/Republican and John adams was federalist. 2nd - Gabe - There was some major conflict in america in 1800 because with the Federalist leaning toward Britain and the Democratic/republic leaning More Toward the French many thought the federalist were trying to bring back more of a monarchy. 3rd -  Ben- These bitter rivals fighting over how the States should be governed, but both representing different points of views. The alien and sedition acts were also still a problem during this time, and alexander hamilton wrote a 54 page long letter criticising adam and all his flaws, which mustve been many flaws if it was 54 pages. Soon after, the entire letter was published, which really damaged the federalists. Duing the voting of who would be president, it was a total tie, with 65 electoral votes on each side, but once south carolina turned it their votes, it revealed that jefferson had won the election. 4th - Ethan - There was a foreign policy debate based on an appropriate response to the French revolution. The democratic-republicans were sympathetic to the French. Note to self Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic Republican and John Adams was a federalist. 5th - Hunter - The United States presidential election of 1800 was the fourth United States election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Wednesday December 3. The election was between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson it was a hard-fought campaign. 6th - Blake -The election of 1800 pitted two rivals of different parties against each other. Former Vice President and current President John Adams and wealthy Virginia farmer Thomas Jefferson were the two candidates of this hostile election. 7th - Skylar - The election of 1800 was a fight against Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. It was basically an argument about two different views and opinions for the United States. This election was one of the most bitter elections in US history.   Jefferson's presidency and the turn of the nineteenth century In your opinion what was the most important thing Jefferson did? 1st - Gabe - Thomas Jefferson was the writer of the declaration of independence He was a Democratic/Republican not a Federalist he ran against john adams and Won in 1800 before that he was a secretary under george washington and vice President for John adams. 2nd - Ethan - Jefferson was the 3rd president of the US. He served 2 terms from 1801-1809. Jefferson had to deal with some difficult challenges with authority. Piracy on the Barbary Coast of Northern Africa and British impressment.  This made Jefferson instate a massive ban on European goods. This was called the Embargo Act of 1807. Jefferson was born in Virginia. He was the first US Secretary of State. 3rd -  Ben- Jefferson authorized the louisiana purchase during this time, really helping the united states gain some more land and territory. When jefferson became president, he focused on reducing the national debt that america had, from 83 million to 57 million, he did this by reducing the size of the navy. 4th - Hunter -  Adams and Jefferson represented two different visions of what the United States of America should look like. Whereas Adams and his fellow federalists, including George Washington, envisioned a strong central government and a thriving manufacturing sector centered in the cities, Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans espoused an agrarian ideal, rooted in the republicans virtues of the independent small farmer. The election of 1800 was fiercely contested and facilitated the rise of the two-party system and bitter partisanship. 5th - Blake - The aftermath of the 1800 election which resulted in Thomas Jefferson being elected for two terms. Jefferson’s first act as President was to attempt to minimize national debt, which he was able to lower by almost 50%. 6th - Skylar - Jefferson was the 3rd presidency and served as the United States for 8 years, 1801-1809.  He dealt with piracy along the Barbary Coast of North Africa.  Also the British which ended in Jefferson having to make the Embargo Act of 1807.  Jefferson also made the Louisiana Purchase during this time and made the US move farther west. The Barbary Coast is in north africa along Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria. It’s so important because it was a big call for Thomas Jefferson because he was only the second President, he didn’t have anyone to look back on and say, he would’ve done this or that. 7th ricky- Adams and jefferson as Hunter said “represented Two different visions” and for this they were enemies. The Louisiana Purchase and its exploration What did the Purchase do? Why do you think it was so cheap. 1st - Ethan - The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the US, which reshaped the environmental and economic stance of the country. He was the president that confronted the fact that he didn’t have the power to do it but he did it anyway. He got 2 men to explore the new territory. These 2 men were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. 2nd - Ben- The louisiana purchase was a treaty made with france in 1803, stating that america was buying the state of louisiana for a whopping 15 million. It bought the land from the rocky mountains to the mississippi river, and from the gulf of mexico to canada, expanding the territory of the united states by a lot. 3rd - Hunter - Though the Louisiana territory had changed hands between France and Spain a number of times, in 1800 Spain ceded the territory to Napoleon’s France. Napoleon, whose attention was consumed by war in Europe, began to view the territory as a needless burden. 1803, he volunteered to sell all 828,000 square miles to the United States for the bargain price of $15 million. 4th -  Gabe - Once Jefferson bought the Louisiana Purchase it increased his chance of being reelected by all but 14 votes. Even tho there was a lot of criticism from the northern states about there being to many slave states but he passed it anyway. 5th - Blake - At the time of the Louisiana Purchase President Thomas Jefferson didn’t even know if it was constitutional. During the years of the Louisiana Territory being passed around by France and Spain it was mostly inhabited by various Native American tribes. Altogether there was about 828,000 square miles of land in the entire territory which sold for 3 cents an acre adding up to about 315,000,000 in today’s money. 6th - Skylar - The Louisiana purchase was a purchase Thomas Jefferson and The United States made like Ethan said.  It doubled the size of the United States an added land from the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico like Ben stated.  William Clark and Meriwether Lewis explored this new unknown territory. 7th - the louisiana purchase helped the french tremendously, napoleon, the french emperor, was in desperate need of funds at the time. Because of this france had no choice but to accept. This payed for a lot of military funds in the french take over of europe. Lewis and Clark Expedition            1st -  BEN- The lewis and clark expedition was from may 1804- september 1806, it was       also called the Corps of discovery expedition. It was a selected group of US army volunteers, led Meriwether Lewis and his good friend Second Lieutenant William Clark. They were hired to explore the newly bought territory that america got during the louisiana purchase. 2nd - Ethan - Lewis and Clark were hired by Jefferson to explore the land west of the Mississippi River. The expedition lasted 4 years. The were aided in their investigation by a local indian woman named Sacagawea. She knew the tribes and land so she help immensely. 3rd - Hunter - By the end of the expedition, Lewis and Clark found and categorized 122 new animals and 178 plants, mapped the geography, and achieved friendlier relations with the natives. How ever they did not find an all water route to the Pacific Ocean. 4th - gabe - As Lewis and Clark went up the mississippi river gnats and mosquitos swarmed them. They killed many animals including: elk,grizzly bears, and buffalo. One of the explorers actually had been bitten by a rattlesnake and survived. They documented flora and fauna and lewis being very curious had  even eaten some minerals and had become very sick. 5th - Blake - After the Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson had newly bought land that was undiscovered so Jefferson granted an expedition. Jefferson selected two Army volunteers to lead the expedition Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark. One of the many animals they discovered was the prairie dog which they captured by pouring buckets of water down each hole and flooding them out. 6th - Skylar - The lewis and clark expedition was basically two normal guys just exploring new territory that the US bought. The found tons of things like the rocky mountains, new plants, and animals like hunter said, and many other things.  While on this expedition the found a girl named sacagawea Hidatsa villages who was pregnant at the time and had to endure a lot of pain walking through the Rocky mountains while i was riding through these mountains i seen very fit people struggling to walk through these mountains so i couldnt even imagine walking through with an extra 15-20 pounds. 7th Ricky- The lewis and clark expedition was a long and perilous journey through the recently purchased Louisiana Purchase. In the end it prospered. Along the way they met sacagawea, an indian whose parents were Smoked lodge, and Otter Woman (hey I didn’t name them). Sacagawea was lewis and clark’s translator and guide. Unfortunately She died shortly after the expedition.   The War of 1812 -   1st - Ben- The war of 1812 lasted from June 18, 1812- February 12, 1815. There was a lot of conflict deciding if they should go to war or not, but the biggest group, the “War Hawks” led by Henry Clay said that they shouldn't tolerate such insults from britain. Most federalists didn’t want a war, they thought it would stop important trade that northern america depended on. 2nd - Ethan - They fought over the issues in relations between the US and Britain. The British allied themselves with the  northwestern indians. Federalists opposed the war. 3rd -  Hunter - The war of was a military conflict that lasted actually from June 18, 1812, to February 18, 1815, fought by the United States of America and the United Kingdom, its North American colonies, and its North American indian allies. 4th - GABE - the war of 1812 definitely taught the indians  in the Battle of Horseshoe bend Andrew Jackson destroyed all military capabilities of the Creek Nation. Andrew wanted to clear land for the US settlements they killed 15% of the Creek Nations population. The creek had to give up 23 million acres of land and had to never join sides with the Spanish or British against the Americans again when they signed the treaty of Fort Jackson. 5th - Blake - The War of 1812 was a armed conflict from 1812 to 1815. The combatants of this war were The United States, Great Britain and American Indians. The US and Great Britain were definitely not on great terms after the American Revolution. The british had friends within the Native American tribes and they weren’t on great terms with the US either as settlers had been pushing for more westward expansion. 6th - Skylar - The war of 1812 lasted from June 18, 1812, to february 18, 1815.  This war was fought because of issues between the US and Britian even after the revolutionary War had ended.   The issues were things like trade restrictions, American sailors and other things that was not any of Britians business. 7th - the war of 1812 was a conflict in which ended 1815. What surprises me the most is that no one mention the national anthem which was created during the war of 1812. The Monroe Doctrine What did the Monroe Doctrine do? Was it effective in your opinion? 1st - Ben- The Monroe Doctrine was a speech, or well, a part of a speech, the speech was given in 1823 by president James monroe, here is what it says, “We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system (They were talking about britains system of government, monarchy) to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.” It was basically declaring americas overall freedom, that britain couldnt interfere in anything or put british colonies on their land. 2nd - Ethan - The Monroe Doctrine was a US way of opposing Europe colonizing the Americas. It was established in 1823. It told us that European nations could not colonize the Americas would be considered “The manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the US”. 3rd - Hunter - The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding European countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as act of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. 4th - Blake - The Monroe Doctrine a letter to the entirety of Europe saying hey keep out. The only problem was that the US didn’t have much power at the time so countries really wondered if the US would be able to uphold that statement. 5th - Gabe - Since the US didn't have a navy or army when they wrote this It was discarded largely by the other nations. Australia said it was just another way for an American revolt , but for britain they accepted the doctrine. 6th - Skylar - James Monroe wrote the Monroe Doctrine in the year of 1823.  Monroe told the “Crowned Heads” of Europe to stay out of the Americas.  He also said the era of colanization is over.  Monroe did not want Europe to know anything about the Americas. The crowned heads were the kings and queens of Europe, higher up, and pretty much knew and thought they were better than anyone. This was only a phase to describe monarchs. 7th - Ricky- in all seriousness, the monroe document was a, as blake puts it “keep out” signal for other countries to not dare colonize/attack or they would regret it. Today, would it wouldn’t be that bold of a statement, but the difference was that it was done in the 1800s when america was young. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

"Nature intended me for the tranquil pursuits of science by rendering them my supreme delight." — Thomas Jefferson We return to the Jefferson 101 biographical series and explore Jefferson’s second term as President. We discuss the many difficulties he had, including the Burr conspiracy and the Embargo Act of 1807 to 1809. This is Jefferson 121. Find this episode, along with recommended reading, on the blog. Support the show by joining the 1776 Club. Thomas Jefferson is interpreted by Clay S. Jenkinson.

Douglas Irwin, professor of economics at Dartmouth College and author of Free Trade Under Fire (Princeton University Press, 2015), joins the show to discuss the economic arguments for free trade and the reasons for the heated politics surrounding trade. He describes the history of U.S. trade policy from the Embargo Act of 1808 to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930 to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Finally, he and David discuss the role of the inter-war gold standard during the Great Depression. [To learn more about the upcoming conference, Monetary Rules for a Post-Crisis World, co-hosted by the Mercatus Center and the Cato Institute, and register, please click the link below. You can also watch the conference online by clicking the link.] http://mercatus.org/monetaryconference?utm_source=MacroMusingsPodcast&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=MonetaryRules David’s blog: http://macromarketmusings.blogspot.com/ Douglas Irwin’s homepage: https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/ David’s Twitter: @davidbeckworth Douglas Irwin’s Twitter: @D_A_Irwin Related links: “The Truth About Trade: What Critics Get Wrong About the Global Economy” (Foreign Affairs) https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-06-13/truth-about-trade Free Trade Under Fire (Princeton University Press, fourth edition 2015) https://www.amazon.com/Free-Trade-under-Fire-Fourth/dp/0691166250 “The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo,” 1807-09. Review of International Economics. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/docs/Embargo.pdf “Did France Cause the Great Depression?” (NBER Working Paper) http://www.nber.org/papers/w16350

Thomas Jefferson nearly screws things up with the Embargo Act, but James Madison saves the day. Join us as we discuss... the Embargo Act of 1807, Jefferson's legacy,James Madison's run for the presidency,and more!Further Reading... James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of the NationThomas Jefferson: The Art of Power________________________  Leave us a review on iTunes - It really helps us out! Facebook  |  Twitter  | Instagram Make sure you sign up for our newsletter for news, resources, freebies, and more! ElectionCollege.com/Newsletter ________________________  Music from: http://www.bensound.com/royalty-free-music ________________________ Some links in these show notes are affiliate links that could monetarily benefit Election College, but cost you nothing extra. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Founder of La Pena Cultural Center in Berkeley and President of Sol2Economics, Eric Leenson discusses economic change in CUBA.TRANSCRIPTSpeaker 1:Method to the madness is next. You're listening to method to the madness. I Biweekly Public Affairs show on k a l x Berkeley Celebrating Bay area innovators. Speaker 2:Okay, Speaker 1:[00:00:30] I'm Lisa Kiefer and today I'm interviewing Eric Linson precedent of soul economics. So economics is affirmed that builds strong links among the socially responsible enterprises throughout the Americas. Eric has been involved in socially responsible investing in business for over 25 years. Speaker 3:Welcome to the program, Eric. Oh, it's [00:01:00] a pleasure to be here. You are involved with Cuba Speaker 1:and economic relations there, but you also are president of a company called soul economics, right? I want to talk a lot about Cuba, but tell us what you're doing right now as president of solely economics. Speaker 4:Basically sole economics. It's all about enterprise solutions and solidarity. So the soul is really solution and solidarity in the Americas. It's an effort to link up initiatives around socially responsible enterprise in the U S [00:01:30] and Latin America. So right now my primary project is in Cuba, but I also am working a bit in Central American, Brazil, and other places as well. Speaker 1:Okay. So what are you doing in Cuba with Obama's announcement in December? It feels like the flood gates should be open. What are you doing and what are your concerns about? Speaker 4:We actually started working in Cuba six years ago, so we had a sense that at some point there would be an opening in Cuba in both directions. One, we thought the U s would be looking at changing relations, [00:02:00] and of course that took a lot longer than we expected. And why did you think that? Because it's just so obvious that the u s needs to do that. I mean, the pressure from Latin America has been mounting over long period of time. The policy was totally outdated. It was a failure. I really thought that once Bush was out of office, things would begin changing fairly quickly, and Obama did make some changes that have really helped move things along. But it's taken quite a while to get to the point where, Speaker 1:and even now, a congress has to approve it, releasing the Embargo Act, [00:02:30] right? Yeah. Well, there's a lot of things that need to be done. Right? Right. Speaker 4:Basically what our work has consisted of is I have helped put together a coalition called socially responsible enterprise and local development in Cuba. And the idea of this coalition is to take the best practices of socially responsible enterprise that exists, particularly in the western hemisphere, to Cuba's kind of a menu of what's possible if one believes, and I, I did think this six years ago, that the Cubans would [00:03:00] need to make some adjustments to their economy. And sure enough that part came true pretty soon because four years ago, basically the Cubans announced to the world that their economy wasn't working properly and they would update it in various ways, keeping socialism of course, but at the same time bringing in a certain number of market type, uh, reforms that would allow for more innovation. So essentially our time and then the Cuba side was very good because what we've done over these years is taken about 50 experts, mostly [00:03:30] from Latin America, pretty much entirely from Latin America, but also from Europe and Canada to a lesser extent from the u s to Cuba for conferences to talk about subjects they'd never really talked about before that cover the range from corporate social responsibility to different types of cooperatives. Speaker 4:The idea was to give the Cubans kind of a menu of things that are happening in other places because they've been kind of cut off and let them choose. I mean, if they're going to be redesigning their economy, why not try to take advantage of mistakes and lessons learned [00:04:00] other places. Speaker 1:I'm sure one of the things you talk about is retaining the good things about Cuba. Capitalism can be a freight train when it arrives and how are you teaching them? Or at least talking about keeping the things that are good about Cuba. You know, they have pretty good at health, right? Medicine. And you know, I know there's a couple of things that I've seen some documentaries that they're pretty strong. Speaker 4:Well they're extremely strong in healthcare medicine and I would say in many ways a developing senses of community and participation. We had a [00:04:30] sort of sum up the work of the project along the lines you're talking about. I would say what we're asking constantly are two questions. One is very similar to what you said. How can Cuba maintain the achievement of the revolution while significantly improving their economy? That's like a new paradigm. Right? And the other question along the same lines is how can they skip 20th century capitalism move right into 21st century sustenance Speaker 1:cause they don't even have internet, right? Speaker 4:Very Limited, very limited internet. So basically, I mean I, what [00:05:00] I find also very interesting about this whole project is that if you look around the world today, I think everyone recognizes that our economies are broken. I mean certainly in the capitalist world we see now for quite a while and it really came home to roost with the 2008 financial crisis. I think if you talk to young people anywhere in the world today, in the capitalist world, the future doesn't look necessarily so great. This economy isn't working. So what's really interesting is I think the Cubans have come to the same conclusion that their economy really isn't working. They've said that publicly many [00:05:30] times. Interestingly, they phrased it in a way, typically many things that go wrong, Cuba are blamed on the u s blockade. Now. There's no doubt that blockade is incredibly strong. Each time at the embargo, the embargo, the Cubans called blockade, oh, sorry, the embargo, there's no doubt that is, it is incredibly intense and it really hurts the Cuban economy. Speaker 4:But the Cubans are now in a mode where they recognizing that they've made mistakes as well. So this comes to light in the idea there needs to be some adjustment in economy. Now [00:06:00] what that means is they are not giving up the notion that Cuba will remain a socialist country. The idea is that strategic economic services and industries will stay in state hands. They will not be privatized. Like for instance, for instance, anything to do with education, healthcare, power generation, large, large producers, utilities will stay in state, public hands, all those sorts of things, but that there's a huge realm within the economy that really can be privatized [00:06:30] and let's say if before Cuba was 95% the employees were state workers. Their goal over the next few years is reduced that to about half and half so that half of the economy would become private. Is there any model in the world that is doing something like that now? Speaker 4:Not quite like that. I mean, you know, keep in mind that Cuba is one of the few holdouts of the old socialist world. There aren't too many socialist countries and when eastern Europe and Russia, Soviet Union fell apart, [00:07:00] they were basically bought lock, stock and barrel by the local capitalists or by international capitalists. Cubans are very sensitive to that, where you could make a comparison perhaps, and this is something that Cubans do look at a lot would be China and Vietnam because in China, in Vietnam, while you have a communist system and the state still controls much of the industry, there is a huge private sector and this is one of the debates raging in in Cuba of course, is if they're going to adopt new ways of doing things, who are they looking [00:07:30] to? It's a complex discussion, but very fascinating. First of all, China is deeply embedded economically throughout Latin America. Speaker 4:Many of the countries that were, you know, typically u s client states economically now have more trade with China than they do with us, including countries like Brazil, Peru, and across the board. Quite a few of them, number one. Number two, there's another thing that needs to be dispelled that most Americans don't understand, which is about [00:08:00] the embargo. Really, the United States policy was to isolate Cuba. The United States wound up only isolating itself because everyone else in the world is in Cuba. It's true. The Chinese are making significant investments, but the Europeans are there. This larger South American countries are there, Russia's there. It's the u s that's high still. Why do they need us? Do they need us? Well, there, there are a couple of factors here. Look at the geography. The U S is so close. I mean, it's 90 miles away. It's a logical market and a [00:08:30] logical trading partner. Speaker 4:I mean, it would reduce costs significantly if Cuba had access to u s market and vice versa. Number two, and right now, from a strategic point of view, it's actually probably more important is because the United States has Cuba on the list of terrorist countries. It has incredibly chilling effect on other countries and institutions willingness to deal with Cuba financially. So where are the United States has been successful with the blockade? The embargo is in financial transactions [00:09:00] over the last couple of years, and this is sort of ironic. Under Obama, the financial embargo has strengthened considerably, and over the last few years, several banks in Europe have been fined hundreds of millions of dollars for having transactions, normal transactions with Cuba. Yeah, it's, it's remarkable. And the reason it's gotten tightened is because there've been so much emphasis on the whole issue of anti-terrorism. So Cuba is maintain laughably and artificially on the terrorist list [00:09:30] just to hurt, you know, harass them. Speaker 4:It's got nothing to do with terrorism because Cuba doesn't threaten anyone. In fact, Cuba's been involved, you know, significantly in the whole peace process going on in Columbia, which everyone would love to see results in, in a truce between the government and the guerrilla movements. And haven't they been helping us with the drug trade in Mexico and the drug cartels? And hasn't there been some cooperative? There's been cooperation on a few fronts. You know, the whole question of us politics towards Cuba, it's got nothing to do with foreign policy. It's all about [00:10:00] us domestic politics and a few Cuban American politicians that just have a, have had a stranglehold over the, over US foreign policy. But getting back to, okay, how could Cuba try to benefit from encouraging certain elements of capitalism, uh, while maintaining socialism? One other thing that needs to be said and I don't want to really underestimating the Cuban economy is a really bad shape. Speaker 4:I mean it's really questionable my mind, how long it can go on in the condition it's in. [00:10:30] And one other thing that's become very interesting, I think symbolic is the fact that you have more and more immigration, legal immigration from Cuba to other places because young people don't see opportunities. Some of the best and brightest people who believe me, they're not against the system. They're all in favor of a socialistic system, but they don't see it performing in a way that we'll assign them to stay. Right to start. Cause there's not really an entrepreneurial, no, no. Cuba's very advanced in certain areas [00:11:00] such as biotechnology. They're actually big exporters of biotech products around the world. But you know, the number of positions are limited and because of the embargo and other factors, you know, if you're a professional, your resources are going to be very limited in terms of what you can do. Speaker 4:So it's, it is very important that the Cubans improve their economy and several of the measures are taken to do that or one that are opening up the idea that there can be a lot more private enterprise, you know, allow people to develop their skills. I mean right now [00:11:30] it's still kind of, it's in its emerging stages and about 500,000 people know in Cuba are self employed or have small businesses. Unfortunately the government is very tightly regulating with those businesses can be and for the most part they tend to be service businesses. And how are they approaching these people money to start businesses or are they, there are loans available, but the reality is most people that start businesses in Cuba are doing it based on having connections in the exterior family [00:12:00] members who send them capital. So there's huge flows of money going from say Miami to Havana to establish small businesses. Speaker 4:So that's, that's one area. The other area that's important is the government is really looking towards the development of cooperatives as a really key part of the economy in terms of furthering private enterprise because cooperatives are private. But at the same time, you have any cooperative serve? Well, it's interesting. Cuba [00:12:30] has a long history of agricultural cooperatives. Ever since the time of the revolution, Cuba has fostered the cooperative movement. Now people don't realize this, but about 30% of land in Cuba is still privately owned. I mean, one of the promises of the revolution was to give land to the peasants. They actually did that. And that land, the private nature, Atlanta's remain sacrosanct over time. Uh, so there's a long experience with cooperatives in agricultural sector with mixed results. There's never been a policy of cooperatives [00:13:00] in the urban sector. So for example, before every business, restaurants, beauty parlors, taxi drivers, little bus companies, all state owned and regulated. Speaker 4:Now these are becoming cooperatives and it's giving people that are members much more incentive to produce. They can earn better. And from the Cuban perspective, it's desirable because it's a more socialistic type of enterprise. What the Cubans are very, very clear about, and I have to admit, coming [00:13:30] from the u s it's almost hard to understand sometimes how totally obsessed they are about trying to not have disparities in income. So they really work hard to try to have income, you know, different levels of income equality and this is creating this new opening is creating a big problem because it is creating inequality gaps, especially against people who don't have relatives in exterior. And guess what, if you're black, if you're, you know, living in the countryside as opposed to city [00:14:00] a, if you're probably a single woman, you probably don't have the same connections that other people do. Speaker 4:So this is exacerbating we experience in the West are appearing there. Is that, yeah, I mean so lesser extent because there is a strong commitment to a social safety net. It's not the same. It's not like people got get left behind in the same way at all. But there's the potential for that and the government is very conscious of it. Is this going to happen quickly? Do you think this is happening slowly? It's going to be slow. It's going to be slow. I mean, I think [00:14:30] a lot of people would say it's going to slowly because in a way there is a race against time to make the economic improvement. And the other piece I, I forgot to mention, it's very important is while all this is very central to improving the economy and building more democracy within the economy, Cuba's not going to be successful if they can't reform their state industries. Speaker 4:No words of the big companies are staying state owned or and they're now bringing in more foreign investment on the state on companies. They are making [00:15:00] some really important reforms about the centralizing them. Whereas before everything was planned in a ministry in Havana, they're giving a lot more control [inaudible] decentralizing to those companies but also to the local governments and there they're hoping that the local governments miss admissible. Governments will work closely with the economic groups to really look out for the welfare, more of local communities. But this is in theory. I mean this is something that's just being rolled out. Now [00:15:30] the other element of course is the Cuba needs a lot more foreign investment and you know, it's going to be very interesting to see. Are we able to now? Well you think that will happen? That's the embargo act. Yeah. I mean, in other words, if you look at the reality of the u s situation, let's be real clear what's happened is President Obama under executive authority, it's pretty much going about as far as he can without having to get things approved by Congress. Speaker 4:Although with the Republican Congress, [00:16:00] they're looking for ways to sneak in ways to control control, things like approving budgets like the Senate has to approve an ambassador, that sort of thing. But essentially what's happened is there's been a normalization of diplomatic relations, which means that there can be upgrades from the current relationship. There's going to be embassies, you know, in the respective countries. President has also said he is going to make significant adjustments in trade and commerce relations. There are things that [00:16:30] he can do under presidential authority. So for example, a number of years ago, even after the embargo went into effect, the, uh, the strengthening of the embargo in the 90s, there was legislation passed by Congress, which allows the president to authorize the sale of US goods to Cuba in the areas of food and medicines. At one point, the United States was selling $700 million worth of food to Cuba a year. Speaker 4:That amount has fallen off, not because the Cubans are interested [00:17:00] in buying. It's because under the embargo, it's interesting they can sell food, but they can't offer credit. So one of the things that they're looking at now would be to make credit more accessible. It's estimated that the Cubans would probably be buying $2 billion a year of goods from United States. So in other words, creating a situation where they can be in greater debt. To us, when you talking about trade debt, you're talking about generally short term debt. It's not going to be necessarily longterm. The other thing that's happening is that the Obama saying he's, [00:17:30] he's going to allow us banks to begin relationships with Cuban banks, which right now doesn't happen. That he would expand the nature of a people to people travel to Cuba so that people, many more people could go to Cuba more easily and they could actually use their credit cards when they're cubed. Speaker 4:What you can't do today. And really importantly is one of the announcements was that the US would re-examine whether or not Cuba should be on the terrorist list. That would be, [00:18:00] and that would be really important and I would be willing to bet almost anything that's a formality. They're going to take Cuba off the terrorist list. They just didn't want to do it all in one fell swoop. They want to make it look like they're really making an effort. But you know it's, it's almost funny when the u s does report they have to, the person has to sign off I think every six months on countries if they should remain in the cherish list or not. When you read the report, this presented the president, there's nothing to even suggest that Cuba is a terrorist country and yet you have countries like North Korea, which isn't on [00:18:30] the chairs. Speaker 4:Are you involved in any of Obama's consultations about Cuba? Indirectly. I mean we have developed a number of resources around different things. We have very good contacts in Cuba with different sectors that are promoting these things. And Yeah, we have informal contacts with the State Department and other places. You've got quite a background in the Americas both for you know, social enterprise movements and various things. You also were a co founder of La Pena Cultural Center [00:19:00] here in Berkeley. Right. I want to talk about your background and how did you get so involved in the Americas and Latin America specifically? We know, it's funny. When I was um, I grew up in the east coast and when I was 15, I went on this trip organized by Minister with about 30 other teams to Mexico and I just fell in love with it and somehow I got interested. I started, I was studying Spanish and then when I was in university I studied international affairs and Latin America. Speaker 4:I got a Fulbright scholarship [00:19:30] and arrived in, in Chile one week before a young day was elected president. So my wife is from Argentina, so it's a pretty deep relationship. And how did you end up in the bay area then? Basically, I came out here on kind of a lark and just said, you know what, this is great. Okay, here, I think I'll stay in the bay area. So I've been, I've been in the Berkeley area since late 71. You were CEO of progressive asset management. Let's talk about that a little bit because it was a first at the time, 25 some years ago, right? Well, when we started progressive asset management, it was the first full [00:20:00] service brokerage firms specialize in socially responsible investing. And to be fair, I mean there were a group of us who started, it was a group of about eight or 10 people and basically if you remember me, remember Peter can meho. Speaker 4:He was instrumental and he was the first CEO of John Harrington and other person. And I was there from the beginning and uh, as an officer and as, as an investment advisor. And I became CEO later on and I was CEO for a number of years, but not as the founding CEO. But it was, I think was an important experience and one which allowed me also [00:20:30] to really see the role that business and finance can play in trying to advance progressive social ideas, social ideas. Tell me about La Pena because you know, that's kind of an institution here in Berkeley. How did that get started and why? Well, essentially, as I mentioned, I was in Chile during the yen, the government, I was there for about the first year and a half, and then when I got back here and came out to the bay area, you know, it was obvious that the United States was intervening in Chile, even before the coup. Speaker 4:They had a [00:21:00] economic blockade going against Chilean. They were obviously supporting the military and others. So a group of US began organizing around that issue. Penn years or popular throughout Latin America. Well, especially in the southern cone, Chile, Argentina, and traditionally they were gatherings at the time of harvest to celebrate the harvest and to socialize, etc. What happened was in, in Chile in the 1960s there was a new type of Pena created in urban areas, which [00:21:30] essentially Avital at the potter was one of the founders of this, of this movement, brought the new song with it. So in other words, it became politicized in which it became places that were talking about struggle, talking about the need to make significant political change. Now in Chile, one of the leading proponents of that really love beloved person who was part of the Pena [inaudible] was a folk singer named Victor Hotter, who has became internationally famous. Speaker 4:He was killed by [00:22:00] the junta at the time of the coup. Just coincidentally, I got to meet him and we became friends. So I did know him during my time and chill. I would go to his house for dinner and that sort of thing. And we were in communication before the coke. So at the time of the coup, of course, all of our work escalated. As you know, the dreadful events became clear. So we really started organizing our work here in the bay area, pretty much through Chile. Solidarity work through a group called non-intervention in Chile, of which I was the first coordinator, [00:22:30] but we decided that if we could open a place like opinion that could provide cultural entertainment, political discussion, food and drink, that would be a great way of trying to educate people about the struggle really not only in Chile but worldwide about what imperialism was all about. Speaker 4:So as kind of our response, some of you may remember that the coup and Chili took place on September 11th minutes, a deadly day apparently. So we organize, we incorporated [00:23:00] La Pena on September 11th, 1974 the year after the coup as a sort of symbol of our resistance against it. And at that time there were very future land in this area that were involved. Over the next couple of years there began to come a small stream of Chilean refugees who had been ex political prisoners, tortured, et cetera. That became kind of a social base also of La Pena. Fortunately, we were able to provide work for a number of them. And you know, it really consolidated a relationship [00:23:30] between the bay area and the Chilean community, which is something, of course we're all very proud of and continues to this day. So if I was going to ask you what your involvement is today? Well, no. Speaker 4:Right now I'm actually the treasurer. I've come and gone at at different times. We're in a moment where we're celebrating our 40th anniversary. What are they seeking to accomplish now? We've just gone through, I would say a a a needed generational transformation that up until the last couple of years, you know, most of us, most of the people involved were, you know, [00:24:00] people who'd grown up in the sixties or seventies right now we have a wonderful new executive director, Kristen [inaudible], and a young staff, probably the average age is in their low thirties so we're sort of in the process of redefining what's relevant today, 40 years later now there's a strong, strong tradition around Latin America and that will continue. There's a great deal of interest. Still a lot going. Oh yeah, no, there's all, there's always things going on. You. Latin America will always remain a focus, but we've got to look at [00:24:30] what are, what are the crucial issues of the day. Speaker 4:Not only that, but for those of you in Berkeley who have been around La Pena for a while, I think you'll recognize that La Pena has always been open to oppress people in its history. You know, people don't, don't know this, but even before we opened, when we first opened back in 75 a couple of the groups that use La Penny very regularly where one was the, I'm getting these students in United States who were studying here. You know, this is before the war ended in Vietnam. It ended, [00:25:00] you know, in in 75 sanctuary for a, yeah, it was the place where their reign students, men who were fighting against the Shah of Iran. It became really important. Obviously all those years and the struggle is Chile, but also during the wars, the civil wars in Central America, revolutionary wars and Bla Penny was a real center of activity. It has been a place that I think a lot of people have always felt comfortable. Speaker 4:Um, gays and lesbians have always felt like Pena was open to them. Uh, members of the black community [00:25:30] have felt that way. It's Kinda been a space that I hope has really promoted this idea that we're all here together living and struggling for a better world. So I think each generation has to take on what are the struggles of this time. If I have one message that I'd like to shoot out there, I think it's the following and that is kind of what I was saying before, that we're all looking for alternative economies that can work and that can provide good standards for human beings that [00:26:00] aren't just all about profit for large corporations. Right? This is being approached in different ways in different places. Cuba's particularly interesting because Cuba's coming at it from a socialist point of view, whereas the rest of us are coming at it from a capitalist point of view. Speaker 4:But there's actually a number of things that we share in common. I think it's really important that we hear in the states. Take a better look at what's going on at other places around the world because we tend to be little provincial here and and sort of us centric [00:26:30] where we think everything is happening here. And in reality there is much more going on in other places and trying to do some of these things that is happening here. From my perspective, Latin America has really been a leader in this. If you look at what's going on in countries like Ecuador, Brazil, we'll Livia some of the experiments going on in Venezuela. It's kind of interesting, but it's not only in those countries you have it in Europe. I mean when you have severe economic crisis, [00:27:00] it kind of brings out new inventions and new ideas. Speaker 4:So innovation. So you see it a lot in Spain, in France and in Europe. There is a world movement. It's called, I mean there's different names for it, but it's called social and solidarity economy. And we have some of it here. I've been amazed. One of the countries is leading the charge right now is South Korea. There's really a vibrant alternative economy movement in South Korea. But the point I want to make is I think we need to be more engaged with them. Another, another thing that I learned [00:27:30] on this voyage is Canada, for example, not all of Canada, Quebec, they haven't thriving social and solidarity economy. Something like 10 to 15% of the economy is made up of, we would call kind of alternatives that are much more sensitive towards the needs of people. So I think it's really important for us to get engaged in that participation of a social enterprise and social enterprise. Yeah, that's part of what I'm trying to do in, in, in the work I'm doing. Speaker 1:Well. Speaking of engagement, how would a listener who is interested in what you're doing get ahold of you [00:28:00] and do you have a website? Right. Speaker 4:Well, I think the best way is to look at my website and that's www, sol, s o l economics.com there's lots of information about Cuba. I mean, the biggest focus is on the work with Cuba, but I also try to promote other ideas about understanding what's going on internationally. So you can actually learn a lot about some of the other movements that are happening internationally. Uh, interestingly, one organization is becoming a stronger, stronger [00:28:30] proponent of social solidarity economy is United Nations and they're doing some really interesting things. That's great. So Eric, when are you going to Cuba next? For the next month or so? I tend to go three or four times a year. Yeah. And I certainly encourage people to go to Cuba to see it, to get a feel for it because it is really, I mean every place is unique, but Cuba is really unique in a sense. It's so different from other places and there's still such a sense of community one and the other hand historically so [00:29:00] fascinating because you still are back in the sort of 50s and 60s. Speaker 1:It's a time capsule time capsule. Okay. Well Eric, thank you for being on a program. Great. Well thank you. Speaker 2:Right. Speaker 1:You've been listening to method to the madness, [00:29:30] a biweekly public affairs show on k a l x Berkeley Celebrating Bay area innovators. If you have questions or comments about this show, go to the calyx and find method to the madness. Drop us an email. Tune in again in two weeks. At the same time, have a great weekend. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

This podcast is about the beginning of the end of the U.S.- Cuban relationship caused by the revolution led by Fidel Castro. This resulted in the American government's placement of the Embargo Act upon Cuba.