Podcasts about two concepts

Continuing on "Two Concepts of Liberty" (1969), we finish up the negative conception ("freedom from") and give Berlin's strange account of positive freedom ("freedom to"), which involves an identification of some part of you (e.g. for Plato, your rationality), the obeying of which makes you free, even if what you "want" goes against this. Read along with us, starting on p. 20. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

We're reading through the beginning of "Two Concepts of Liberty" (1969). What are the various ways we can conceive of freedom, and is the concept necessarily political? Can you legitimately say you've been deprived freedom because, e.g., you can't afford some necessity? Read along with us. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today, you'll learn about the science of getting in the groove, a newly discovered burial ground for elite medieval horses, and more evidence that coffee could help you fight off cancer. Grooving to Music “Neural dynamics of predictive timing and motor engagement in music listening.” by Arnaud Zalta, et al. 2024. “Two Concepts of Groove: Musical Nuances, Rhythm, and Genre.” by Evan Malone. 2022. “An expanded role for the dorsal auditory pathway in sensorimotor control and integration.” by Josef P Rauschecker. 2011. Horse Burial “Tudor era horse cemetery in Westminster revealed as likely resting place of elite imported animals.” by Andrew Merrington. 2024. “Horse cemetery in Westminster revealed as likely resting place for elite imported animals.” n.a. 2024. Coffee & Cancer “Coffee drinkers have much lower risk of bowel cancer recurrence, study finds.” by Denis Campbell. 2024. “Sixty seconds on…Coffee and cancer.” by Nigel Hawkes. 2016. “Coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer recurrence and all-cause mortality.” by Abisola M. Oyelere, et al. 2024. “Colorectal Cancer: Facts & Figures 2020-2022.” American Cancer Society. 2020. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

He's been an important force in shaping legal policy over the last decade. He's written an essential book on our constitution. He's worked closely with government -- but done so with a sense of public purpose. Arghya Sengupta joins Amit Varma in episode 366 of The Seen and the Unseen to talk about  his life, his work and his learnings.  (FOR FULL LINKED SHOW NOTES, GO TO SEENUNSEEN.IN.) Also check out 1. Arghya Sengupta on Twitter, LinkedIn, Times of India and Vidhi Center for Legal Policy. 2. The Colonial Constitution -- Arghya Sengupta. 3. Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy. 4. Insiders and Outsiders -- Amit Varma. 5. The Ideas of Our Constitution — Episode 164 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Madhav Khosla). 6. The First Assault on Our Constitution — Episode 194 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Tripurdaman Singh). 7. Murali Neelakantan Looks at the World -- Episode 329 of The Seen and the Unseen. 8. Rahul Matthan Seeks the Protocol -- Episode 360 of The Seen and the Unseen. 9. Apar Gupta Fights the Good Fight -- Episode 353 of The Seen and the Unseen. 10.  The Life and Times of KP Krishnan -- Episode 355 of The Seen and the Unseen. 11. Subhashish Bhadra on Our Dysfunctional State -- Episode 333 of The Seen and the Unseen. 12. The Right to Property -- Episode 26 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Shruti Rajagopalan). 13. Shruti Rajagopalan on our constitutional amendments. 14. 'कोस-कोस पर बदले पानी, चार कोस पर वाणी।' 15. Devangshu Datta Traded His Corduroy Pants -- Episode 348 of The Seen and the Unseen. 16. Ao. 17. Enid Blyton, Five Find-Outers, The Famous Five, Billy Bunter, Just William, Hardy Boys, Three Investigators and Jeffrey Archer. 18. Kane and Abel -- Jeffrey Archer. 19. Bimbo -- Jim Reeves. 20. Chandril Bhattacharya interviewed at Kolkata Literary Meet 2016. (Listen to him 5:40 onwards). 21. Chandrabindoo on Spotify and YouTube. 22. Rabindra Sangeet. 23. The Complete Adventures of Feluda — Satyajit Ray. 24. Chander Pahar (Bengali) -- Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay. 25. Sonar Kella -- Satyajit Ray. 26. Donoghue v Stevenson. 27. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus — Ludwig Wittgenstein. 28. Law, Legislation and Liberty -- Friedrich Hayek. 29. Nationalist Thought in a Colonial World -- Partha Chatterjee. 30. The Truth Pill -- Dinesh Thakur and Prashant Reddy. 31. Taxi No 9211 -- Milan Luthria. 32. Kashmir and Article 370 — Episode 134 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Srinath Raghavan). 33. The Overton Window. 34. From Addict to Convict -- Neha Singhal, Arpita Mitra and Kaushiki Sanyal. (Scroll down on the page for Punjabi version.) 35. Punjab's drug menace: Secrecy renders women substance abusers 'invisible' -- Neha Singhal & Sumathi Chandrashekaran. 36. End of Life Care in India: A Model Legal Framework 2.0 -- Dhvani Mehta and Akshat Agarwal. 37. Gyan Prakash on the Emergency — Episode 103 of The Seen and the Unseen. 38. The Collected Writings and Speeches of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. 39. Annihilation of Caste -- BR Ambedkar. 40. Caste, Capitalism and Chandra Bhan Prasad -- Episode 296 of The Seen and the Unseen. 41. Where Have All The Leaders Gone? — Amit Varma. 42. The Federalist Papers — Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison. 43. Marching For Salt (2015) -- Amit Varma. 44. Two Concepts of Liberty -- Isaiah Berlin. 45. Why Freedom Matters -- Episode 10 of Everything is Everything. 46. Sandipto Dasgupta on the Anxious Administrator. 47. Fixing Indian Education — Episode 185 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Karthik Muralidharan). 48. Hind Swaraj — MK Gandhi. 49. Understanding Gandhi. Part 1: Mohandas — Episode 104 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Ram Guha). 50. Understanding Gandhi. Part 2: Mahatma — Episode 105 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Ram Guha). 51. Caged Tiger: How Too Much Government Is Holding Indians Back -- Subhashish Bhadra. 52. Of Gods and Men -- Xavier Beauvois. 53. Devi -- Satyajit Ray. 54. Jalsaghar -- Satyajit Ray. 55. Advaita on YouTube Music, YouTube, Spotify, Instagram and Twitter. 56. Junoon and Coke Studio Pakistan. 57. Now and Then -- The Beatles. This episode is sponsored by CTQ Compounds. Check out The Daily Reader and FutureStack. Use the code UNSEEN for Rs 2500 off. Amit Varma and Ajay Shah have launched a new video podcast. Check out Everything is Everything on YouTube. Check out Amit's online course, The Art of Clear Writing. And subscribe to The India Uncut Newsletter. It's free! Episode art: ‘'The Engine Room of Law” by Simahina.

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Two concepts of an "episode" (Section 2.2.1 of "Scheming AIs"), published by Joe Carlsmith on November 27, 2023 on The AI Alignment Forum. (This is Section 2.2.1 of my report "Scheming AIs: Will AIs fake alignment during training in order to get power?". There's also a summary of the full report here (audio here). The summary covers most of the main points and technical terms, and I'm hoping that it will provide much of the context necessary to understand individual sections of the report on their own. Audio version of this section here, or search "Joe Carlsmith Audio" on your podcast app.) Beyond-episode goals Schemers are pursuing goals that extend beyond the time horizon of the episode. But what is an episode? Two concepts of an "episode" Let's distinguish between two concepts of an episode. The incentivized episode The first, which I'll call the "incentivized episode," is the concept that I've been using thus far and will continue to use in what follows. Thus, consider a model acting at a time t1. Here, the rough idea is to define the episode as the temporal unit after t1 that training actively punishes the model for not optimizing - i.e., the unit of time such that we can know by definition that training is not directly pressuring the model to care about consequences beyond that time. For example, if training started on January 1st of 2023 and completed on July 1st of 2023, then the maximum length of the incentivized episode for this training would be six months - at no point could the model have been punished by training for failing to optimize over a longer-than-six-month time horizon, because no gradients have been applied to the model's policy that were (causally) sensitive to the longer-than-six-month consequences of its actions. But the incentivized episode for this training process could in principle be shorter than six months as well. Now, importantly, even if training only directly pressures a model to optimize over some limited period of time, it can still in fact create a model that optimizes over some much longer time period - that's what makes schemers, in my sense, a possibility. Thus, for example, if you're training a model to get as many gold coins as possible within a ten minute window, it could still, in principle, learn the goal "maximize gold coins over all time" - and this goal might perform quite well (even absent training gaming), or survive despite not performing all that well (for example, because of the "slack" that training allows). Indeed, to the extent we think of evolution as an analogy for ML training, then something like this appears to have happened with humans with goals that extend indefinitely far into the future - for example, "longtermists." That is, evolution does not actively select for or against creatures in a manner sensitive to the consequences of their actions in a trillion years (after all, evolution has only been running for a few billion years) - and yet, some humans aim their optimization on trillion-year timescales regardless. That said, to the extent a given training procedure in fact creates a model with a very long-term goal (because, for example, such a goal is favored by the sorts of "inductive biases" I'll discuss below), then in some sense you could argue that training "incentivizes" such a goal as well. That is, suppose that "maximize gold coins in the next ten minutes" and "maximize gold coins over all time" both get the same reward in a training process that only provides rewards after ten minutes, but that training selects "maximize gold coins over all time" because of some other difference between the goals in question (for example, because "maximize gold coins over all time" is in some sense "simpler," and gradient descent selects for simplicity in addition to reward-getting). Maybe you could say tha...

This is section 2.2.1 of my report “Scheming AIs: Will AIs fake alignment during training in order to get power?” Text of the report here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.08379   Summary of the report here: https://joecarlsmith.com/2023/11/15/new-report-scheming-ais-will-ais-fake-alignment-during-training-in-order-to-get-power   Audio summary here: https://joecarlsmithaudio.buzzsprout.com/2034731/13969977-introduction-and-summary-of-scheming-ais-will-ais-fake-alignment-during-training-in-order-to-get-power

In the United States, cash bail keeps hundreds of thousands of people behind bars, even when they are presumed to be innocent.Covered topics: Maurice Jimmerson, bail, bonds, Kalief Browder, liberty, Isaiah Berlin, positive liberty, negative liberty, Pretrial Fairness Act, Further Reading:https://www.walb.com/2021/01/04/murder-warrants-issued-albany-october-homicide/https://www.walb.com/story/33773305/kennedy-sentenced-in-connection-with-drive-by-shooting/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/hung-jury-means-georgia-man-jailed-10-years-101651291https://www.walb.com/2023/07/28/albany-shooting-victims-family-still-looking-justice-10-years-later/https://wfxl.com/news/local/indictments-in-fatal-drive-by-shooting-involving-a-babyhttps://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2023/04/26/georgia-man-behind-bars-10-years-still-waiting-his-day-court/https://www.acluohio.org/en/news/brief-history-cash-bailhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalief_Browderhttps://www.nyclu.org/en/campaigns/facts-bail-reformhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeseq/2021/10/01/money-bail-is-unjust-and-should-end/?sh=2dfa900b6f06https://www.vera.org/news/new-yorkers-have-known-bail-doesnt-work-for-60-years-why-are-we-still-debating-ithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Concepts_of_Libertyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCsfT2WsitEhttps://www.npr.org/2023/07/18/1188349005/illinois-ends-cash-bail-system-state-supreme-courthttps://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/the-illinois-supreme-court-cash-bail-ruling-explained Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The connection between: "Ani Hamehapech B'Charara", and "Soneh Matanos Yichyeh". Source Sheet: https://res.cloudinary.com/ouinternal/image/upload/outorah pdf/a5rhodliydzelhrz7izk.pdf --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/yechezkel-hartman/support

Water baptism

Dr. Aria discusses two of the few most helpful concepts she has found so far throughout her healing experience. She also apologizes for the mess of an introduction episode, and talks about why "Better Days Ahead" is the chosen name for the podcast since that should have made it on the intro episode, but didn't, and it's important. To schedule with me: https://square.site/book/VXW3V8VKCPQCR/young-health-pllc --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-aria-young/support

In part 6 of the Political Philosophy Reading Group series, Adam, Giffin, and I discuss Berlin's famous concepts of positive and negative liberty. Here's any links you'll need to dive deeper: https://cactus.utahtech.edu/green/BReadings/IBerlin%20Two%20Concpets%20of%20Liberty.pdf Twitter: @JordanCMyers Personal Website: https://jordanmyers.org/ Email: platoscavepodcast@gmail.com Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCD1RiH1j-M6C59z1upPXkWw?disable_polymer=true Plato's Cave Website: https://platoscave.fireside.fm/ Special Guests: Adam (Reading Group Discussions) and Giffin (Reading Group Discussions).

In the 16th installment of SDSM, Adam reviews "Two Concepts of Liberty," the inaugural lecture by political philosopher Isaiah Berlin from 1958 and discusses the difference between positive and negative liberties and reminds us not to forget that we are both free by and from the government. Subscribe and follow the show @dirtymoderate!

Who controls the temperature of your family?

Practical steps to adding in some discipline into your world

1 Corinthians- Make love a goal

Isaiah 47 Do you have a daily desire to hear and heed?

Donna is doing a series of concept words with great meaning. These are the first two.

Nicol Turner Lee speaks to Renee Cummings and Lisa Rice on biases in artificial intelligence and howthey disproportionately impact historically marginalized groups in financial services, hiring, policing, andmore. Together, they will conduct a deep dive into these difficult questions and offer insight onremedies to this pressing question of equitable AI. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

I reunite with my former co-host for a discussion on the philosophy of temporality in Husserl, Bergson and Deleuze. We discuss time consciousness, space and time, and generativity in Deleuze.

Transcript: Hello, this is Pastor Don of Christ Redeemer Church. Welcome to “The Kingdom Perspective”. Philosophers speak of two different kinds of freedom. The famed thinker Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) called these: 1) Negative Liberty/Freedom FROM and 2) Positive Liberty/Freedom TO. “Negative Liberty” or “Freedom From” is perhaps best seen in the political freedom we enjoy in the U.S. We have the Constitutional freedom from governmental or societal coercion in certain areas of our lives. For example, I have the freedom of religion, speech, etc. without the fear of governmental or societal repercussions. In “negative freedom”, I am free to the degree that I do not experience interference from forces outside of my personal will or desire. This “negative freedom” is the bedrock of our civil rights and individual liberties in our modern Western democracies. The second kind of freedom is “Positive Liberty” or the “Freedom To”. Such freedom is the ability to do what I am supposed to do, or to be who I am supposed to be. This kind of freedom implies design. It assumes that I am free only to the degree that I am operating according to my designed purpose. So, for the sake of illustration, a train is free to the degree that it stays on its track, for it was designed to run on tracks. The moment a train goes off the track its ceases to function according to its design and therefore is no longer free. Now, although, “Negative Liberty” is a helpful political concept and arguably necessary to our ability of exercise our “Positive Liberty”, nonetheless, “Positive Liberty”—the freedom to be who I was designed to be—is the true and highest freedom, biblically speaking. You were designed by God for “Positive” freedom. Something to think about from The Kingdom Perspective. “He has told you, O man, what is good; And what does the Lord require of you But to do justice, to love kindness, And to walk humbly with your God?” ~ Micah 6:8 (NASB)

Host: Ann Luther, League of Women Voters of Maine Freedom of Religion, Freedom from Religion: Politics and Religion in America -What is the constitutional foundation of the separation of church and state? -Why is it important? -Is freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights? How did the doctrine emerge and develop from the prohibition on the establishment of religion? -How is the interpretation and practice affecting modern politics? -What is the intersection of political activism and religious groups, now and in our history? Guests: Mark Brewer, Professor of Political Science and Department Chair, University of Maine Vincent Phillip Muñoz, Tocqueville Associate Professor of Religion & Public Life, Department of Political Science, Concurrent Associate Professor of Law, Notre Dame University To learn more about this topic: Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments, James Madison, presented to the Virginia General Assembly in 1785 In U.S., Far More Support Than Oppose Separation of Church and State, Pew Research Center, October 2021 The Sleeper SCOTUS Case That Threatens the Separation of Church and State, The Atlantic, October 2021 Two Concepts of Religious Liberty: The Natural Rights and Moral Autonomy Approaches to the Free Exercise of Religion, Vincent Phillip Munoz, American Political Science Review, May 2016 Opinion | If they're going to keep passing religious laws, we're going to need exemptions, Washington Post, September 2021 The 2020 Census of American Religion, Public Religion Research Institute, July 2021 How ‘In God We Trust’ bills are helping advance a Christian nationalist agenda, The Conversation, July 2021 Relevant No More?: The Catholic/Protestant Divide in American Electoral Politics by Mark D. Brewer, 2003 The mostly volunteer team at the League of Women Voters – Downeast who plan and coordinate this series includes: Martha Dickinson, Michael Fisher, Starr Gilmartin, Maggie Harling, Ann Luther Judith Lyles, Wendilee O'Brien, Maryann Ogonowski, Pam Person, Leah Taylor, Linda Washburn About the host: Ann currently serves as Treasurer of the League of Women Voters of Maine and leads the LWVME Advocacy Team. She served as President of LWVME from 2003 to 2007 and as co-president from 2007-2009. In her work for the League, Ann has worked for greater public understanding of public policy issues and for the League's priority issues in Clean Elections & Campaign Finance Reform, Voting Rights, Ethics in Government, Ranked Choice Voting, and Repeal of Term Limits. Representing LWVME at Maine Citizens for Clean Elections, she served that coalition as co-president from 2006 to 2011. She remains on the board of MCCE and serves as Treasurer. She is active in the LWV-Downeast and hosts their monthly radio show, The Democracy Forum, on WERU FM Community Radio -which started out in 2004 as an recurring special, and became a regular monthly program in 2012. She was the 2013 recipient of the Baldwin Award from the ACLU of Maine for her work on voting rights and elections. She joined the League in 1998 when she retired as Senior Vice President at SEI Investments. Ann was a founder of the MDI Restorative Justice Program, 1999 – 2000, and served on its Executive Board. The post Democracy Forum 11/19/21: Freedom of Religion, Freedom from Religion: Politics and Religion in America first appeared on WERU 89.9 FM Blue Hill, Maine Local News and Public Affairs Archives.

Host: Ann Luther, League of Women Voters of Maine Freedom of Religion, Freedom from Religion: Politics and Religion in America -What is the constitutional foundation of the separation of church and state? -Why is it important? -Is freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights? How did the doctrine emerge and develop from the prohibition on the establishment of religion? -How is the interpretation and practice affecting modern politics? -What is the intersection of political activism and religious groups, now and in our history? Guests: Mark Brewer, Professor of Political Science and Department Chair, University of Maine Vincent Phillip Muñoz, Tocqueville Associate Professor of Religion & Public Life, Department of Political Science, Concurrent Associate Professor of Law, Notre Dame University To learn more about this topic: Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments, James Madison, presented to the Virginia General Assembly in 1785 In U.S., Far More Support Than Oppose Separation of Church and State, Pew Research Center, October 2021 The Sleeper SCOTUS Case That Threatens the Separation of Church and State, The Atlantic, October 2021 Two Concepts of Religious Liberty: The Natural Rights and Moral Autonomy Approaches to the Free Exercise of Religion, Vincent Phillip Munoz, American Political Science Review, May 2016 Opinion | If they're going to keep passing religious laws, we're going to need exemptions, Washington Post, September 2021 The 2020 Census of American Religion, Public Religion Research Institute, July 2021 How ‘In God We Trust’ bills are helping advance a Christian nationalist agenda, The Conversation, July 2021 Relevant No More?: The Catholic/Protestant Divide in American Electoral Politics by Mark D. Brewer, 2003 The mostly volunteer team at the League of Women Voters – Downeast who plan and coordinate this series includes: Martha Dickinson, Michael Fisher, Starr Gilmartin, Maggie Harling, Ann Luther Judith Lyles, Wendilee O'Brien, Maryann Ogonowski, Pam Person, Leah Taylor, Linda Washburn About the host: Ann currently serves as Treasurer of the League of Women Voters of Maine and leads the LWVME Advocacy Team. She served as President of LWVME from 2003 to 2007 and as co-president from 2007-2009. In her work for the League, Ann has worked for greater public understanding of public policy issues and for the League's priority issues in Clean Elections & Campaign Finance Reform, Voting Rights, Ethics in Government, Ranked Choice Voting, and Repeal of Term Limits. Representing LWVME at Maine Citizens for Clean Elections, she served that coalition as co-president from 2006 to 2011. She remains on the board of MCCE and serves as Treasurer. She is active in the LWV-Downeast and hosts their monthly radio show, The Democracy Forum, on WERU FM Community Radio -which started out in 2004 as an recurring special, and became a regular monthly program in 2012. She was the 2013 recipient of the Baldwin Award from the ACLU of Maine for her work on voting rights and elections. She joined the League in 1998 when she retired as Senior Vice President at SEI Investments. Ann was a founder of the MDI Restorative Justice Program, 1999 – 2000, and served on its Executive Board. The post Democracy Forum 11/19/21: Freedom of Religion, Freedom from Religion: Politics and Religion in America first appeared on WERU 89.9 FM Blue Hill, Maine Local News and Public Affairs Archives.

Full Text | by Edmund Waldstein

In this episode I share a little bit about my self development and spiritual journey and why I think they are really intertwined with each other. These are especially important when starting or owning a business. Tune in to let me know your thoughts by following me on instagram @iamelizabethkrause The post These Two Concepts Are Not Mutually Exclusive first appeared on Welcome.

January 1st this year marked the end of the transition period in the UK’s long and tortured journey of leaving the European Union. Four and a half years after the 2016 Brexit referendum the UK began a new chapter in its history, sovereign and independent, as the Leave campaign might have put it, no longer constrained by the EU’s laws and courts.   Underneath those claims lies a variety of different conceptions of freedom. As Isaiah Berlin explained in his famous essay “Two Concepts of Liberty” there are at least two, fundamentally different conceptions of freedom.   So what are these conceptions? And how do they apply to Brexit? Are the claims that the UK is a freer country, now that it’s out of the EU true? Or are such claims concealing the many meanings of the concept of freedom?   A joint episode with a fellow podcaster, Toby Buckle, producer and host of The Political Philosophy podcast.  This conversation was based on an article I wrote for the LSE’s Politics and Policy blog, back in 2016, entitled "Isaiah Berlin and Brexit: How The Leave Campaign Misunderstands Freedom", and Toby’s past solo episode on Berlin’s distinction, entitled “Positive and Negative Freedom”. This podcast is created in partnership with The Philosopher, the UK’s longest running public philosophy journal.  Register for free for the spring series of talks and events at: https://www.thephilosopher1923.org/events Music by Pataphysical Artwork by Nick Halliday 

An introduction and overview of the British/Latvian philosopher, Isaiah Berlin's 1958 classic lecture on Two Concepts of Liberty. Berlin thought that where philosophers, politicians, and commentators had talked about the idea of freedom as one definable concept, throughout the history of modern thought you could identify two different ideas about what freedom or liberty meant. He called them negative and positive liberty. And in short, they're the freedom from, and the freedom to. Negative freedom is the freedom from coercion, interference, authority. But positive liberty, he writes, 'derives from the desire on the part of the individual to be his own master. I wish my life and my decisions to depend on myself and not on external forces of whatever kind.' It's the desire to Self-directed, self-determined, independent, competent; it's the the will to self-mastery, to autonomy. I want to be the master of my own life, to choose for myself. I also look briefly at critiques, including Gerald MacCallum's triadic formulation of liberty. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018

Transcript: Hello, this is Pastor Don Willeman of Christ Redeemer Church. Welcome to “The Kingdom Perspective.” Philosophers speak of two different kinds of freedom. The famed thinker Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) put it this way: 1) Negative Liberty/Freedom FROM and 2) Positive Liberty/Freedom TO. “Negative Liberty” or “Freedom From” can perhaps best be seen in the political freedom we enjoy in the U.S. We have the Constitutional freedom from governmental or societal coercion in certain areas of our lives. For example, I have the freedom of religion, speech, etc. without the fear of governmental or societal repercussions. In “negative freedom”, I am free to the degree that I do not experience interference from forces outside of my personal will or desire. This “negative freedom” is the bedrock of our civil rights and individual liberties in our modern Western democracies. The second kind of freedom is “Positive Liberty” or the “Freedom To.” Such freedom is the ability to do what I am supposed to do, or to be who I am supposed to be. This kind of freedom implies design. It assumes that a thing is free only to the degree that it is operating according to its designed purpose. So, for the sake of illustration, a train is free to the degree that it stays on its track. The moment a train goes off the track its ceases to function according to its design and therefore is no longer free. Now, although, “Negative Liberty” is a helpful political concept, biblically speaking, “Positive Liberty”—the freedom to be who I was designed to be—is the true and highest freedom. Something to think about from The Kingdom Perspective. “He has told you, O man, what is good; And what does the Lord require of you But to do justice, to love kindness, And to walk humbly with your God?” ~ Micah 6:8 (NASB)

August 28, 2020 by Pastor Don Willeman Download Audio Transcript: Hello, this is Pastor Don Willeman of Christ Redeemer Church. Welcome to “The Kingdom Perspective.” Philosophers speak of two different kinds of freedom. The famed thinker Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) put it this way: 1) Negative Liberty/Freedom FROM and 2) Positive Liberty/Freedom TO. “Negative Liberty” or […]

In this solo episode, I revisit Universal Basic Income, and Isaiah Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty in relation to the Covid 19 pandemic response. 

Nadia, Jeremy and Keir search for the feeling of freedom, moving from Nina Simone to Buddhist House via Jeremy Clarkson. Edited and produced by Olivia Humphreys, Matt Huxley and Matt Phull. Texts: Isaiah Berlin – Two Concepts of Liberty / Simone de Beauvoir – Second Sex / Wendy Brown – Undoing the Demos / Adam […]

Benjamin Constant’s ‘The Liberty of the Ancients Compared to the Liberty of the Moderns’ (1819) examines what it means to be free in the modern world. Are we at liberty to follow our hearts? Do we have an obligation to take an interest in politics? What happens if we don’t? David explores the lessons Constant drew from the failures of the French Revolution and his timeless message about the perils of political indifference.Free online version of the text:https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/constant-the-liberty-of-ancients-compared-with-that-of-moderns-1819Recommended version to purchase: https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/texts-political-thought/constant-political-writings?format=PBGoing Deeper:Benjamin Constant, Adolphe William Doyle, The French Revolution: a very short introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)In Our Time on Germaine de StaelIsaiah Berlin, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Why do they light fires and do work in the Mishkan?

Instant manifestation........ everyone wishes they could do it RIGHT NOW. The funny thing is, this very hunger and drive to achieve instant manifestation becomes blocked through this impatience and need to have instant gratification right now. Instant manifestation occurs through timelessness. It occurs when your physical and non physical self are in total alignment. While instant manifestation is something we will eventually all reach in YEARS to come, right now we are in the baby stages of understanding this sacred ability. Just like with anything, there is a process that needs to take place before we can instantly manifest something. This is where we introduce timelessness into the world through the path of increased patience. The more patient we are, the more we collapse time. The more patient we are the less we feel that deep shadow desire of hunger running the show. In contemplating my gene keys, I came across some profound truths. These truths are both universal and personal and I encourage you to take what you resonate with and then let go of anything that doesn't. Only through our service and embodying our higher purpose can we reach these blissful states that the gene keys speak of. Today I am chatting a little about my experience with my contemplation in hopes that it can be of service to you. >>>>> If you know you are meant to lead, you know you're meant to impact the world in the most positive way you can think of and truly do it from a place of soul instead of ego and fear, I highly encourage you to download YOUR SOUL CALLED LIFE. And if you would like to support this podcast, Please leave a review on Itunes or you are welcome to leave a donation by visiting my anchor profile. Thank you so much for you support. I love each and everyone of you. Looking for 1 on 1 mentoring with your own higher purpose? Pm Codi by clicking here. And be sure to visit www.codiannsmith.com for more goodies~ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/codi-smith/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/codi-smith/support

On Wednesday's Mark Levin Show, Speaker Nancy Pelosi is America’s first Fascist! Her Alinsky tactics are literally destroying the long-held tradition of the president speaking before a joint session of Congress to deliver the State of The Union for the first time in history.  She's lying about her concerns over security, and the Democrats and the press have no problem with it! Pelosi's behavior is that of a radical authoritarian fascist.  She's more than willing to allow people to come into this country as they please, and she's defying the will of the people who voted nationally for President of the United States from getting the State of the Union Address as they always have. For all their talk about Vladimir Putin they are acting a lot like him in the Democrat party.  Pelosi has no problem asking for Trump's tax returns and is okay with investigations on his children and his business.  So perhaps the Pelosi's taxes, finances, and businesses as well as their children should be subject to the same scrutiny they wish for Trump, since she's second in the line for succession for the presidency.  Then, Michael Cohen says he will not testify, claims that he is afraid of threats from Trump. It's a joke, Cohen was likely advised by a real lawyer, not Lanny Davis, to keep his mouth shut and not confuse his previously told lies in a new testimony. Finally, Isaiah Berlin was brilliant in his essay and lecture "Two Concepts of Liberty" which makes a powerful case for freedom from government and interference by other people versus the possession of the power and resources to fulfil one's own potential.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On Wednesday's Mark Levin Show, Speaker Nancy Pelosi is America’s first Fascist! Her Alinsky tactics are literally destroying the long-held tradition of the president speaking before a joint session of Congress to deliver the State of The Union for the first time in history.  She's lying about her concerns over security, and the Democrats and the press have no problem with it! Pelosi's behavior is that of a radical authoritarian fascist.  She's more than willing to allow people to come into this country as they please, and she's defying the will of the people who voted nationally for President of the United States from getting the State of the Union Address as they always have. For all their talk about Vladimir Putin they are acting a lot like him in the Democrat party.  Pelosi has no problem asking for Trump's tax returns and is okay with investigations on his children and his business.  So perhaps the Pelosi's taxes, finances, and businesses as well as their children should be subject to the same scrutiny they wish for Trump, since she's second in the line for succession for the presidency.  Then, Michael Cohen says he will not testify, claims that he is afraid of threats from Trump. It's a joke, Cohen was likely advised by a real lawyer, not Lanny Davis, to keep his mouth shut and not confuse his previously told lies in a new testimony. Finally, Isaiah Berlin was brilliant in his essay and lecture "Two Concepts of Liberty" which makes a powerful case for freedom from government and interference by other people versus the possession of the power and resources to fulfil one's own potential.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On today’s episode: We finally get to Isaiah Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty. What do supporters of gun and reproductive rights have in common? They both define freedom in the negative sense, a relatively new interpretation of liberty. We provide examples of both negative and positive freedom to show it’s not as simple as saying one is liberal and one is conservative. We also discuss why philosophy matters, and define the role of the moral philosopher in the context of value pluralism/moral relativism. The most referenced concept in the podcast is finally addressed!

This is one of the papers from our 2017 Annual Conference, the Future of Phenomenology. Information and the full conference booklet can be found at www.britishphenomenology.org.uk Abstract In this paper, I wish to argue that the difference between Heidegger and Sartre’s interpretation of the concept of anxiety lead to two different concepts of existential freedom. These differences have their basis in their distinct understanding of the nature of existence and the self, leading Sartre into an absolute negative conception freedom and Heidegger into a limited and difficult to obtain positive conception of freedom. For Sartre, in L'Être et le néant, anxiety reveals the nothingness that stands between me and what I can do. Nothing, not even my own being, is an obstacle to freedom. Indeed, every time I adequately perceive my own being, I negate it, and am condemned to be able to overcome it. Anxiety is an experience of our capacity: the fact of negative freedom. For Heidegger, in Sein und Zeit, anxiety reveals nothingness as the consequence, not manifestation, of freedom. Rather than an absence of an obstacle in front of us, anxiety reveals the wake of lost opportunities behind us, things we could have and should have done. Anxiety therefore reveals the charge from our authentic self: “Guilty!”. For Heidegger, anxiety expresses our existential responsibility, not to overcome our self, but to make "the choice to choose oneself”. For Sartre, anxiety reveals the potency of the will to negate the self. For Heidegger, it calls us back to our self. This disagreement provides a case study in the different phenomenological priorities of two highly influential thinkers. In explaining why they are able to disagree so fundamentally about the same phenomenon, I wish to lend weight to Heidegger's claim that phenomenology is not a set of theoretical discoveries, but a practice.

In anticipation of the North American International Auto Show, we take a walk down memory lane with the two greatest American concepts that never were produced.        Music Credits: On My Way by Alex (c) copyright 2013 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (3.0) license. http://dig.ccmixter.org/files/AlexBeroza/42806 Ft: Donnie Ozone I dunno by grapes (c) copyright 2008 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (3.0) license. http://dig.ccmixter.org/files/grapes/16626 Ft: J Lang, Morusque

REFLECTION QUOTES “It is difficult to free fools from the chains they revere.” ~Voltaire (1694-1778), aka François-Marie Arouet, French Enlightenment philosopher “Man is condemned to be free.” ~Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), French philosopher and novelist “You can destroy freedom as much by abusing it as you can be taking it away.” ~Attributed to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh “God who gave us life gave us liberty. Can the liberties of a nation be secure when we have removed a conviction that these liberties are the gift of God? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just, that his justice cannot sleep forever.” ~Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), inscribed in the Jefferson Memorial “Men are largely interdependent, and no man's activity is so completely private as never to obstruct the lives of others in any way. ‘Freedom for the pike is death for the minnows'; the liberty of some must depend on the restraint of others.” ~Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) in Two Concepts of Liberty (1958 “And freedom, oh freedom, well that's just some people talkin'. Your prison is walking through this world all alone.” ~“Desperado” written by Glen Frey and Don Henley of The Eagles “Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. But we all, with unveiled face, beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory, just as from the Lord, the Spirit.” ~St. Paul in 2 Corinthians 3:17-18 SERMON PASSAGE Selected Passages from the Gospel of Mark (ESV) Mark 1 14 Now after John was arrested, Jesus came into Galilee, proclaiming the gospel of God, 15 and saying, “The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent and believe in the gospel.” Mark 8 31 And he began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes and be killed, and after three days rise again. 32 And he said this plainly. And Peter took him aside and began to rebuke him. 33 But turning and seeing his disciples, he rebuked Peter and said, “Get behind me, Satan! For you are not setting your mind on the things of God, but on the things of man.” 34 And calling the crowd to him with his disciples, he said to them, “If anyone would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. 35 For whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake and the gospel's will save it. 36 For what does it profit a man to gain the whole world and forfeit his soul? 37 For what can a man give in return for his soul?” Mark 10 42 And Jesus called them to him and said to them, “You know that those who are considered rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great ones exercise authority over them. 43 But it shall not be so among you. But whoever would be great among you must be your servant, 44 and whoever would be first among you must be slave of all. 45 For even the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.”

Students, Teachers, Parents, Administrators: we are all interested in growth and change. In this episode, Sarah Bylander Montzka explains the skill we can all use of "holding two concepts in one's mind at the same time"—a skill which can nurture growth in students, organizations, and ourselves.

A lot of our decisions revolve around enhancing our own freedom. The challenge is that there are two distinct kinds of freedom that are often in tension and lead us to making decisions that keep us from flourishing and being our best selves in the world. In today’s solo riff, I’m going to explore the two concepts of freedom and how they lead to different outcomes.   Key Takeaways: [0:49] Thank you to SaneBox.com for sponsoring episode #86. [1:50] Have you ever made a choice to increase your freedom only to figure out you were no happier afterwards? [1:56] Or have you ever found you’ve been the most happy during times in which you were the least free? [2:02] If so, you’ve experienced the reality of there being two kinds of freedom: Negative freedom and positive freedom. [2:54] The two concepts of freedom often hang in tension with one another experientially. [3:14] The distinction between the two concepts of freedom becomes even more tense for those of us who are service-focused & enjoy working in groups. But how? [4:58] Entrepreneurship and having a small business gives you the option to choose which interferences and inconveniences you want to face. [6:45] The distinction between positive and negative freedom is not new. In 1958, Isaiah Berlinshared a philosophical lecture called Two concepts of Liberty. [9:22] What constraints will give you the most positive freedom? What do positive freedom and negative freedom each gives us? [9:56] Freedom shares the same relationships with constraints as creativity does with structure. [11:10] Picking a business strategy or model and sticking with it enables more positive freedom for your business. [11:32] A better question than “How can I be free?” is “What conditions enable me to thrive and what do I need to do to get them in place?”   Mentioned in This Episode: www.sanebox.com/Giant Two Concepts of Liberty by Isaiah Berlin

S01E10 - Two Concepts, One Brain (met FeestDJRuud en Big 2) by ALLES KAN KAPOTCAST

David and Tamler take a break from their main jobs as TV critics to talk about a masterpiece in political philosophy: "Two Concepts of Liberty" by Isaiah Berlin. While they both celebrate the style and substance of this classic essay, in a startling twist Tamler praises conceptual analysis and David expresses a few misgivings about his Kantianism. What is the elusive idea of positive liberty, and  how can its pursuit lead to totalitarian rule?  When is it more important to buy boots than read Russian poetry? And why is David still so depressed by pluralism? Plus, coddling in Wisconsin? And another famous set of social psych studies is accused of biting the dust.  LinksIn Wisconsin, Efforts to End Taunting at Games Lead to Claims of Coddling By Mike McPhate [nytimes.com]Take my Breath Away by Berlin [youtube.com]Cortex Podcast Episode #20 [relay.fm]Amy Cuddy "Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are" TED Talk [ted.com]"The Power of the Power Pose: Amy Cuddy's Famous Finding is the Latest Example of Scientific Overreach" By Andrew Gelman and Kaiser Fung [slate.com]Berlin, I. (1958) “Two Concepts of Liberty.” In Isaiah Berlin (1969) Four Essays on Liberty.Oxford: Oxford University Press. [verybadwizards.com]Positive and Negative Liberty [plato.stanford.edu]Freedom: Block Distractions

A conference on conscientious objection in medicine and the role of conscience in healthcare practitioners’ decision making, Oxford 2015. The conference aimed at analyzing from a philosophical, ethical and legal perspective the meaning and the role of “conscience” in the healthcare profession. Conscientious objection by health professionals has become one of the most pressing problems in healthcare ethics. Health professionals are often required to perform activities that conflict with their own moral or religious beliefs (for example abortion). Their refusal can make it difficult for patients to have access to services they have a right to and, more in general, can create conflicts in the doctor-patient relationship. The widening of the medical options available today or in the near future is likely to sharpen these conflicts. Experts in bioethics, philosophy, law and medicine explored possible solutions.

Check out our conversation with Mark today as we talk about his new book, why he's a recovering Catholic and how to use philosophy as a way of life. BiographyMark Kingwell, M.Litt, M.Phil, PhD, D.F.A. (born March 1, 1963) is a Canadian professor of philosophy and associate chair at the University of Toronto‘s Department of Philosophy. Kingwell is a fellow of Trinity College. He specialises in theories of politics and culture.Kingwell has published twelve books, most notably, A Civil Tongue: Justice, Dialogue, and the Politics of Pluralism, which was awarded the Spitz Prize for political theory in 1997. In 2000 Kingwell received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, for contributions to theory and criticism. He has held visiting posts at institutions including: University of Cambridge, University of California at Berkeley, and City University of New York where he held the title of Weissman Distinguished Professor of Humanities.His books have included, A Civil Tongue (1995); Dreams of Millennium (1997); Better Living (1998); The WorldWe Want (2000); Practical Judgments (2002); Catch and Release (2003); Opening Gambits (2008) and a sample of his articles with wonderful titles like, “Is It Rational To Be Polite?” (1993); “Interpretation, Dialogue, and the Just Citizen” (1993); “Madpeople and Ideologues” (1994); “The Plain Truth About Common Sense” (1995); “Defending Political Virtue” (1996); “Two Concepts of Pluralism” See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Check out our conversation as Mark talks about vigorous debate, the keystone to intellectual life, polemics, the problem with ideology and why he still enjoys James Bond movies. Mark Kingwell, M.Litt, M.Phil, PhD, D.F.A. (born March 1, 1963) is a Canadian professor of philosophy and associate chair at the University of Toronto‘s Department of Philosophy. Kingwell is a fellow of Trinity College. He specialises in theories of politics and culture. Kingwell has published twelve books, most notably, A Civil Tongue: Justice, Dialogue, and the Politics of Pluralism, which was awarded the Spitz Prize for political theory in 1997. In 2000 Kingwell received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, for contributions to theory and criticism. He has held visiting posts at institutions including: University of Cambridge, University of California at Berkeley, and City University of New York where he held the title of Weissman Distinguished Professor of Humanities. His books have included, A Civil Tongue (1995); Dreams of Millennium (1997); Better Living (1998); The World We Want (2000); Practical Judgments (2002); Catch and Release (2003); Opening Gambits (2008) and a sample of his articles with wonderful titles like, “Is It Rational To Be Polite?” (1993); “Interpretation, Dialogue, and the Just Citizen” (1993); “Madpeople and Ideologues” (1994); “The Plain Truth About Common Sense” (1995); “Defending Political Virtue” (1996); “Two Concepts of Pluralism” See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Episode Two Concepts are essential.

Even for those among us who are not altogether convinced by Isaiah Berlin's famous essay "Two Concepts of Liberty," it has by now become commonplace to adopt a distinction between "negative" and "positive" liberties that largely coincides with the one he offered. In my lecture I defend the thesis that this bifurcation of the concept of freedom is incomplete in a significant respect, because it omits a third type, which I will call "social freedom." I proceed first by illustrating with some well-known examples how we must understand this third form of freedom, which cannot be performed by one subject alone, but rather requires the cooperation of others. In the second step I want to recall briefly the philosophical tradition in which this idea of "social freedom" has always had a central place. Finally, I delve into the systematic question of whether the suggested model of freedom in fact designates a third concept, which does not conform to the traditional bifurcated understanding. Axel Honneth is a professor of philosophy at the University of Frankfurt and Columbia University, and the director of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt. This talk, the Dewey Lecture in Law and Philosophy, was recorded on November 12, 2014.

Even for those among us who are not altogether convinced by Isaiah Berlin's famous essay "Two Concepts of Liberty," it has by now become commonplace to adopt a distinction between "negative" and "positive" liberties that largely coincides with the one he offered. In my lecture I defend the thesis that this bifurcation of the concept of freedom is incomplete in a significant respect, because it omits a third type, which I will call "social freedom." I proceed first by illustrating with some well-known examples how we must understand this third form of freedom, which cannot be performed by one subject alone, but rather requires the cooperation of others. In the second step I want to recall briefly the philosophical tradition in which this idea of "social freedom" has always had a central place. Finally, I delve into the systematic question of whether the suggested model of freedom in fact designates a third concept, which does not conform to the traditional bifurcated understanding. Axel Honneth is a professor of philosophy at the University of Frankfurt and Columbia University, and the director of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt. This talk, the Dewey Lecture in Law and Philosophy, was recorded on November 12, 2014.

The Mappers are joined in this January episode by one of the few games writers they’re genuinely intimidated by, and they go on a heady adventure into lands untold. How does anyone understand the landscape of a culture whose history keeps disappearing? What does it mean to want to work in a field and criticize works when every aspect of that production is increasingly devalued in both money and regard? What does it mean to explore the murky issues of consent in games? And how long can you exist on a ghostly train ride before it becomes a lens through which you view your own predispositions? All these questions and more are yours inside when Em and Jackson try their best to keep up with Lana Polansky in this heady, intense, appropriately metaphorical train wreck of an episode. Please enjoy!You can get our podcast on iTunes, on Stitcher, or you can download it directly by clicking here.Our guest this month is Lana Polansky, who you can find at Sufficiently Human and on Patreonand Twitter.This Month’s Game Club Game: offɭineNext Month’s Game Club Game: Yakuza 3Music In This EpisodeBlown Away by Kevin McLeodthe soundscape of offɭine by NAWKSHSnowflakes by Shoji MeguroThings (All Of Them, Until We Can’t Link Anymore) Discussed in This EpisodeArcade ReviewFive out of TenZEALCahiers du cinémaCritical DistanceGood Games Writing@OldGamesWritingZoya StreetReading EGMCelia Pearce Tracy Fullerton Jacquelyn Ford MorieA Game of One’s Own Computers as Theatre by Brenda Laurel Frances Hodgson Burnett Hélène CixousSimone de BeauvoirCharlotte Perkins GilmanVirginia Woolf Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by Walter BenjaminLeigh Alexander “You Can Sleep Here All Night”: Video Games and Labor by Ian WilliamsForskaTJ ThomasAustin C HoweEspen AarsethRoland BarthesSusan SontagGita JacksonMike Joffe (Check out our prior episode featuring an interview with Mike!)Theatre of the Oppressed by Augusto Boal Videogames of the Oppressed by Gonzalo FrascaThe Crew Review: Postcard America by Austin Walker Level 99 Capitalist by Stephen BeirneGender Trouble by Judith Butler80 DaysJustice Points podcast .error404Bayonetta and .error404: Two Concepts of Nudity by Katherine CrossConsensual Torture Simulator by Merritt Kopas Hurt Me Plenty by Robert Yang Flushed: A Toilet Gaming E-ZinePol ClarissouMystZorkTwineLas Meninas, Diego VelazquezGlitchhikersnight tuneStarsEven The StarsAndi Mcclure2:22AMBeeswingActual Sunlight (and Jackson’s old writing on that game)There Are Monsters Under Your BedEveryone’s Hot For Worf (Lana’s upcoming parody game)

Gilbert Meilaender, Professor Emeritus at Valparaiso University, gives a talk entitled "Two Concepts of Dignity" as part of the Emory Williams Lecture Series in the Liberal Arts (Nov. 12, 2014). His published work falls generally into the area of religious ethics. Most recently he has edited (together with William Werpehowski) "The Oxford Handbook of Theological Ethics" (2005). He has a special interest in bioethics, is a Fellow of the Hastings Center, and has been a member of the President's Council on Bioethics since its inception in January 2002. The Emory Williams Lecture Series in the Liberal Arts has been made possible by a generous gift from Mr. Emory Williams (Emory College '32 and Trustee Emeritus, Emory University). http://college.emory.edu/home/academic/voluntary-core-program/lectures/

Timothy O'Connor (Indiana) gives a talk for the Power Structuralism in Ancient Ontologies podcast series. Abstract: The correlated terms "emergence" and "reduction" are used in several ways in contemporary discussions ranging from complex systems theory to philosophy of mind, a fact that engenders confusion or talking at cross purposes. I try to bring greater clarity to this discussion by reflecting on John Conway's cellular automaton The Game of Life and simple variations on it. We may think of such variants as toy models of our own world that, owing to their simplicity, enable us to see quite clearly, in general terms, two importantly distinct ways (“weak” and “strong”) in which organized macroscopic phenomena might emerge from underlying microphysical processes. Strong emergence is of greater significance to metaphysics and philosophy of mind; it is also commonly deemed implausible. I close by suggesting that typical reasons for this evidential judgement are unconvincing.

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Professor Abdou Filali-Ansary gives a lecture for the Humanitas lecture series on Interfaith Studies.

Professor Abdou Filali-Ansary gives a lecture for the Humanitas lecture series on Interfaith Studies.

David Etlin (Groningen) comments on Hans Rott's "Two concepts of plausibility in default reasoning" at the 9th Formal Epistemology Workshop (Munich, May 29–June 2, 2012).

Hans Rott (Regensburg) gives a talk at the 9th Formal Epistemology Workshop (Munich, May 29–June 2, 2012) titled "Two concepts of plausibility in default reasoning".

The final lecture in the series entitled Climate Connections was presented by Dr Myles Allen who currently heads the Climate Dynamics Group in the Department of Physics, University of Oxford. Dr. Allen's latest research addresses the question of how scientific evidence can best be used to inform climate policy. His work has shown that limiting cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide may be a more robust approach to climate change mitigation policy than attempting to define a 'safe' stabilization level for atmospheric greenhouse gases.

What defines individual freedom in a civilised society? Philosophers have argued over such questions for centuries. This unit looks at various concepts of freedom, asking you to think carefully about how freedom is restricted by our place in society and how it can vary from state to state. This study unit is just one of many that can be found on LearningSpace, part of OpenLearn, a collection of open educational resources from The Open University. Published in ePub 2.0.1 format, some feature such as audio, video and linked PDF are not supported by all ePub readers.

Alan Bowers, an Alexander Technique teacher, singer, and singing teacher, in New York City talks with Robert Rickover in more detail about two concepts from the interview above: "beating the drum" and "resisting exhilation" and invites listeners' questions. Alan's website: alanbowers.com Robert teaches in Lincoln, Nebraska and Toronto, Canada. Robert's website: alexandertechniquenebraska.com More information about the Technique and musicians: alexandertechnique.com/musicians.htm. General Alexander Technique information: alexandertechnique.com