Podcasts about Jef Raskin

Quick update

This time we are looking at a somewhat obscure machine: the Canon Cat. Designed by Jef Raskin, the Cat is sometimes called the spiritual successor to the Macintosh. That's a nice little epitaph, but doesn't fully explain the tangled mess of things between Raskin, Jobs, Apple, and the Mac. Today we will try to untangle some of that mess as we examine a fascinating little computer that could have changed the world.   Selected Sources:   http://www.canoncat.net/ -- Everything about the Cat   https://archive.org/details/Apple_Mac_Selected_Papers_1980/ -- Raskin's Macintosh memos   https://www.digibarn.com/friends/jef-raskin/writings/millions.html  -- Computers by the Millions

> La Design Story du jour est celle de Jef Raskin ! Jef Raskin est l'un des inventeurs du Macintosh. Enfin il n'a pas inventé le Macintosh tel qu'on le connaît aujourd'hui. Mais par contre il est bien l'inventeur du concept original du Macintosh de 1979 ... > Merci d'avoir écouté Design +, le podcast français sur le Design UX UI > Design + est présent sur Linkedin, abonnez-vous https://www.linkedin.com/company/designplus-podcast/ > Design + est aussi sur Instagram, abonnez-vous https://www.instagram.com/designplus_podcast/ > Vous avez aimé cet épisode, partagez-le autour de vous. N'oubliez pas de mettre une note à cet épisode ⭐️ ⭐️ ⭐️ ⭐️ ⭐️ et un commentaire sympa. Merci ! > Abonnez-vous sur votre plateforme d'écoute pour recevoir les notifications de la mise en ligne du prochain épisode. > Pour m'aider à développer Design + (acheter du matériel, louer un studio, faire appel à un sound-designer...) vous pouvez me soutenir financièrement et faire un don : https://www.paypal.me/laurentgallen > Vous souhaitez sponsoriser Design + ou bien proposer un partenariat ? Contact par email : lgdesignuxui@gmail.com Copyright © Design + / Laurent Gallen 2022 > RSS feed https://anchor.fm/s/c5c3580/podcast/rss

There was a nexus of Digital Research and Xerox PARC, along with Stanford and Berkeley in the Bay Area. The rise of the hobbyists and the success of Apple attracted some of the best minds in computing to Apple. This confluence was about to change the world. One of those brilliant minds that landed at Apple started out as a technical writer.  Apple hired Jef Raskin as their 31st employee, to write the Apple II manual. He quickly started harping on people to build a computer that was easy to use. Mike Markkula wanted to release a gaming console or a cheap computer that could compete with the Commodore and Atari machines at the time. He called the project “Annie.” The project began with Raskin, but he had a very different idea than Markkula's. He summed it up in an article called “Computers by the Millions” that wouldn't see publication until 1982. His vision was closer to his PhD dissertation, bringing computing to the masses. For this, he envisioned a menu driven operating system that was easy to use and inexpensive. Not yet a GUI in the sense of a windowing operating system and so could run on chips that were rapidly dropping in price. He planned to use the 6809 chip for the machine and give it a five inch display.  He didn't tell anyone that he had a PhD when he was hired, as the team at Apple was skeptical of academia. Jobs provided input, but was off working on the Lisa project, which used the 68000 chip. So they had free reign over what they were doing.  Raskin quickly added Joanna Hoffman for marketing. She was on leave from getting a PhD in archaeology at the University of Chicago and was the marketing team for the Mac for over a year. They also added Burrell Smith, employee #282 from the hardware technician team, to do hardware. He'd run with the Homebrew Computer Club crowd since 1975 and had just strolled into Apple one day and asked for a job.  Raskin also brought in one of his students from the University of California San Diego who was taking a break from working on his PhD in neurochemistry. Bill Atkinson became employee 51 at Apple and joined the project. They pulled in Andy Hertzfeld, who Steve Jobs hired when Apple bought one of his programs as he was wrapping up his degree at Berkeley and who'd been sitting on the Apple services team and doing Apple III demos. They added Larry Kenyon, who'd worked at Amdahl and then on the Apple III team. Susan Kare came in to add art and design. They, along with Chris Espinosa - who'd been in the garage with Jobs and Wozniak working on the Apple I, ended up comprising the core team. Over time, the team grew. Bud Tribble joined as the manager for software development. Jerrold Manock, who'd designed the case of the Apple II, came in to design the now-iconic Macintosh case. The team would eventually expand to include Bob Belleville, Steve Capps, George Crow, Donn Denman, Bruce Horn, and Caroline Rose as well. It was still a small team. And they needed a better code name. But chronologically let's step back to the early project.  Raskin chose his favorite Apple, the Macintosh, as the codename for the project. As far as codenames go it was a pretty good one. So their mission would be to ship a machine that was easy to use, would appeal to the masses, and be at a price point the masses could afford. They were looking at 64k of memory, a Motorola 6809 chip, and a 256 bitmap display. Small, light, and inexpensive. Jobs' relationship with the Lisa team was strained and he was taken off of that and he started moving in on the Macintosh team. It was quickly the Steve Jobs show.  Having seen what could be done with the Motorola 68000 chip on the Lisa team, Jobs had them redesign the board to work with that. After visiting Xerox PARC at Raskin's insistence, Jobs finally got the desktop metaphor and true graphical interface design.  Xerox had not been quiet about the work at PARC. Going back to 1972 there were even television commercials. And Raskin had done time at PARC while on sabbatical from Stanford. Information about Smalltalk had been published and people like Bill Atkinson were reading about it in college. People had been exposed to the mouse all around the Bay Area in the 60s and 70s or read Engelbart's scholarly works on it. Many of the people that worked on these projects had doctorates and were academics. They shared their research as freely as love was shared during that counter-culture time. Just as it had passed from MIT to Dartmouth and then in the back of Bob Albrecht's VW had spread around the country in the 60s. That spirit of innovation and the constant evolutions over the past 25 years found their way to Steve Jobs.  He saw the desktop metaphor and mouse and fell in love with it, knowing they could build one for less than the $400 unit Xerox had. He saw how an object-oriented programming language like Smalltalk made all that possible. The team was already on their way to the same types of things and so Jobs told the people at PARC about the Lisa project, but not yet about the Mac. In fact, he was as transparent as anyone could be. He made sure they knew how much he loved their work and disclosed more than I think the team planned on him disclosing about Apple.  This is the point where Larry Tesler and others realized that the group of rag-tag garage-building Homebrew hackers had actually built a company that had real computer scientists and was on track to changing the world. Tesler and some others would end up at Apple later - to see some of their innovations go to a mass market. Steve Jobs at this point totally bought into Raskin's vision. Yet he still felt they needed to make compromises with the price and better hardware to make it all happen.  Raskin couldn't make the kinds of compromises Jobs wanted. He also had an immunity to the now-infamous Steve Jobs reality distortion field and they clashed constantly. So eventually Raskin the project just when it was starting to take off. Raskin would go on to work with Canon to build his vision, which became the Canon CAT.  With Raskin gone, and armed with a dream team of mad scientists, they got to work, tirelessly pushing towards shipping a computer they all believed would change the world. Jobs brought in Fernandez to help with projects like the macOS and later HyperCard. Wozniak had a pretty big influence over Raskin in the early days of the Mac project and helped here and there withe the project, like with the bit-serial peripheral bus on the Mac.  Steve Jobs wanted an inexpensive mouse that could be manufactured en masse. Jim Yurchenco from Hovey-Kelley, later called Ideo, got the task - given that trusted engineers at Apple had full dance cards. He looked at the Xerox mouse and other devices around - including trackballs in Atari arcade machines. Those used optics instead of mechanical switches. As the ball under the mouse rolled beams of light would be interrupted and the cost of those components had come down faster than the technology in the Xerox mouse.  He used a ball from a roll-on deodorant stick and got to work. The rest of the team designed the injection molded case for the mouse. That work began with the Lisa and by the time they were done, the price was low enough that every Mac could get one.  Armed with a mouse, they figured out how to move windows over the top of one another, Susan Kare designed iconography that is a bit less 8-bit but often every bit as true to form today. Learning how they wanted to access various components of the desktop, or find things, they developed the Finder. Atkinson gave us marching ants, the concept of double-clicking, the lasso for selecting content, the menu bar, MacPaint, and later, HyperCard.  It was a small team, working long hours. Driven by a Jobs for perfection. Jobs made the Lisa team the enemy. Everything not the Mac just sucked. He took the team to art exhibits. He had the team sign the inside of the case to infuse them with the pride of an artist. He killed the idea of long product specifications before writing code and they just jumped in, building and refining and rebuilding and rapid prototyping. The team responded well to the enthusiasm and need for perfectionism.  The Mac team was like a rebel squadron. They were like a start-up, operating inside Apple. They were pirates. They got fast and sometimes harsh feedback. And nearly all of them still look back on that time as the best thing they've done in their careers.  As IBM and many learned the hard way before them, they learned a small, inspired team, can get a lot done. With such a small team and the ability to parlay work done for the Lisa, the R&D costs were minuscule until they were ready to release the computer. And yet, one can't change the world over night. 1981 turned into 1982 turned into 1983.  More and more people came in to fill gaps. Collette Askeland came in to design the printed circuit board. Mike Boich went to companies to get them to write software for the Macintosh. Berry Cash helped prepare sellers to move the product. Matt Carter got the factory ready to mass produce the machine. Donn Denman wrote MacBASIC (because every machine needed a BASIC back then). Martin Haeberli helped write MacTerminal and Memory Manager. Bill Bull got rid of the fan. Patti King helped manage the software library. Dan Kottke helped troubleshoot issues with mother boards. Brian Robertson helped with purchasing. Ed Riddle designed the keyboard. Linda Wilkin took on documentation for the engineering team. It was a growing team. Pamela Wyman and Angeline Lo came in as programmers. Hap Horn and Steve Balog as engineers.  Jobs had agreed to bring in adults to run the company. So they recruited 44 years old hotshot CEO John Sculley to change the world as their CEO rather than selling sugar water at Pepsi. Scully and Jobs had a tumultuous relationship over time. While Jobs had made tradeoffs on cost versus performance for the Mac, Sculley ended up raising the price for business reasons. Regis McKenna came in to help with the market campaign. He would win over so much trust that he would later get called out of retirement to do damage control when Apple had an antenna problem on the iPhone. We'll cover Antenna-gate at some point. They spearheaded the production of the now-iconic 1984 Super Bowl XVIII ad, which shows woman running from conformity and depicted IBM as the Big Brother from George Orwell's book, 1984.  Two days after the ad, the Macintosh 128k shipped for $2,495. The price had jumped because Scully wanted enough money to fund a marketing campaign. It shipped late, and the 128k of memory was a bit underpowered, but it was a success. Many of the concepts such as a System and Finder, persist to this day. It came with MacWrite and MacPaint and some of the other Lisa products were soon to follow, now as MacProject and MacTerminal. But the first killer app for the Mac was Microsoft Word, which was the first version of Word ever shipped.  Every machine came with a mouse. The machines came with a cassette that featured a guided tour of the new computer. You could write programs in MacBASIC and my second language, MacPascal.  They hit the initial sales numbers despite the higher price. But over time that bit them on sluggish sales. Despite the early success, the sales were declining. Yet the team forged on. They introduced the Apple LaserWriter at a whopping $7,000. This was a laser printer that was based on the Canon 300 dpi engine. Burrell Smith designed a board and newcomer Adobe knew laser printers, given that the founders were Xerox alumni. They added postscript, which had initially been thought up while working with Ivan Sutherland and then implemented at PARC, to make for perfect printing at the time. The sluggish sales caused internal issues. There's a hangover  when we do something great. First there were the famous episodes between Jobs, Scully, and the board of directors at Apple. Scully seems to have been portrayed by many to be either a villain or a court jester of sorts in the story of Steve Jobs. Across my research, which began with books and notes and expanded to include a number of interviews, I've found Scully to have been admirable in the face of what many might consider a petulant child. But they all knew a brilliant one.  But amidst Apple's first quarterly loss, Scully and Jobs had a falling out. Jobs tried to lead an insurrection and ultimately resigned. Wozniak had left Apple already, pointing out that the Apple II was still 70% of the revenues of the company. But the Mac was clearly the future.  They had reached a turning point in the history of computers. The first mass marketed computer featuring a GUI and a mouse came and went. And so many others were in development that a red ocean was forming. Microsoft released Windows 1.0 in 1985. Acorn, Amiga, IBM, and others were in rapid development as well.  I can still remember the first time I sat down at a Mac. I'd used the Apple IIs in school and we got a lab of Macs. It was amazing. I could open a file, change the font size and print a big poster. I could type up my dad's lyrics and print them. I could play SimCity. It was a work of art. And so it was signed by the artists that brought it to us: Peggy Alexio, Colette Askeland, Bill Atkinson, Steve Balog, Bob Belleville, Mike Boich, Bill Bull, Matt Carter, Berry Cash, Debi Coleman, George Crow, Donn Denman, Christopher Espinosa, Bill Fernandez, Martin Haeberli, Andy Hertzfeld, Joanna Hoffman, Rod Holt, Bruce Horn, Hap Horn, Brian Howard, Steve Jobs, Larry Kenyon, Patti King, Daniel Kottke, Angeline Lo, Ivan Mach, Jerrold Manock, Mary Ellen McCammon, Vicki Milledge, Mike Murray, Ron Nicholson Jr., Terry Oyama, Benjamin Pang, Jef Raskin, Ed Riddle, Brian Robertson, Dave Roots, Patricia Sharp, Burrell Smith, Bryan Stearns, Lynn Takahashi, Guy "Bud" Tribble, Randy Wigginton, Linda Wilkin, Steve Wozniak, Pamela Wyman and Laszlo Zidek. Steve Jobs left to found NeXT. Some, like George Crow, Joanna Hoffman, and Susan Care, went with him. Bud Tribble would become a co-founder of NeXT and then the Vice President of Software Technology after Apple purchased NeXT. Bill Atkinson and Andy Hertzfeld would go on to co-found General Magic and usher in the era of mobility. One of the best teams ever assembled slowly dwindled away. And the oncoming dominance of Windows in the market took its toll. It seems like every company has a “lost decade.” Some like Digital Equipment don't recover from it. Others, like Microsoft and IBM (who has arguably had a few), emerge as different companies altogether. Apple seemed to go dormant after Steve Jobs left. They had changed the world with the Mac. They put swagger and an eye for design into computing. But in the next episode we'll look at that long hangover, where they were left by the end of it, and how they emerged to become to change the world yet again.  In the meantime, Walter Isaacson weaves together this story about as well as anyone in his book Jobs. Steven Levy brilliantly tells it in his book Insanely Great. Andy Hertzfeld gives some of his stories at folklore.org. And countless other books, documentaries, podcasts, blog posts, and articles cover various aspects as well. The reason it's gotten so much attention is that where the Apple II was the watershed moment to introduce the personal computer to the mass market, the Macintosh was that moment for the graphical user interface.

I've been struggling with how to cover a few different companies, topics, or movements for awhile. The lack of covering their stories thus far has little to do with their impact but just trying to find where to put them in the history of computing. One of the most challenging is Apple. This is because there isn't just one Apple. Instead there are stages of the company, each with their own place in the history of computers.  Today we can think of Apple as one of the Big 5 tech companies, which include Amazon, Apple, Google, Facebook, and Microsoft. But there were times in the evolution of the company where things looked bleak. Like maybe they would get gobbled up by another tech company. To oversimplify the development of Apple, we'll break up their storied ascent into four parts: Apple Computers: This story covers the mid-1970s to mid 1980s and covers Apple rising out of the hobbyist movement and into a gangbuster IPO. The Apple I through III families all centered on one family of chips and took the company into the 90s. The Macintosh: The rise and fall of the Mac covers the introduction of the now-iconic Mac through to the Power Macintosh era.  Mac OS X: This part of the Apple story begins with the return of Steve Jobs to Apple and the acquisition of NeXT, looks at the introduction of the Intel Macs and takes us through to the transition to the Apple M1 CPU. Post PC: Steve Jobs announced the “post PC” era in 2007, and in the coming years the sales of PCs fell for the first time, while tablets, phones, and other devices emerged as the primary means people used devices.  We'll start with the early days, which I think of as one of the four key Apple stages of development. And those early days go back far past the days when Apple was hocking the Apple I. They go to high school. Jobs and Woz Bill Fernandez and Steve Wozniak built a computer they called “The Cream Soda Computer” in 1970 when Bill was 16 and Woz was 20. It was a crude punch card processing machine built from some parts Woz got from the company he was working for at the time. Fernandez introduced Steve Wozniak to a friend from middle school because they were both into computers and both had a flare for pranky rebelliousness. That friend was Steve Jobs.  By 1972, the pranks turned into their first business. Wozniak designed Blue Boxes, initially conceived by Cap'n Crunch John Draper, who got his phreaker name from a whistle in a Cap'n Crunch box that made a tone in 2600 Hz that sent AT&T phones into operator mode. Draper would actually be an Apple employee for a bit. They designed a digital version and sold a few thousand dollars worth.  Jobs went to Reed College. Wozniak went to Berkely. Both dropped out.  Woz got a sweet gig at HP designing calculators, where Jobs had worked a summer job in high school.  India to find enlightenment. When Jobs became employee number 40 at Atari, he got Wozniak to help create Breakout. That was the year The Altair 8800 was released and Wozniak went to the first meeting of a little club called the Homebrew Computer Club in 1975 when they got an Altair so the People's Computer Company could review it. And that was the inspiration. Having already built one computer with Fernandez, Woz designed schematics for another. Going back to the Homebrew meetings to talk through ideas and nerd out, he got it built and proud of his creation, returned to Homebrew with Jobs to give out copies of the schematics for everyone to play with. This was the age of hackers and hobbyists. But that was about to change ever so slightly.  The Apple I  Jobs had this idea. What if they sold the boards. They came up with a plan. Jobs sold his VW Microbus and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator and they got to work. Simple math. They could sell 50 boards for $40 bucks each and make some cash like they'd done with the blue boxes. But you know, a lot of people didn't know what to do with the board. Sure, you just needed a keyboard and a television, but that still seemed a bit much.  Then a little bigger plan - what if they sold 50 full computers. They went to the Byte Shop and talked them into buying 50 for $500. They dropped $20,000 on parts and netted a $5,000 return. They'd go on to sell about 200 of the Apple Is between 1976 and 1977. It came with a MOS 6502 chip running at a whopping 1 MHz and with 4KB of memory, which could go to 8. They provided Apple BASIC, as most vendors did at the time. That MOS chip was critical. Before it, many used an Intel or the Motorola 6800, which went for $175. But the MOS 6502 was just $25. It was an 8-bit microprocessor designed by a team that Chuck Peddle ran after leaving the 6800 team at Motorola. Armed with that chip at that price, and with Wozniak's understanding of what it needed to do and how it interfaced with other chips to access memory and peripherals, the two could do something new.  They started selling the Apple 1 and to quote an ad “the Apple comes fully assembled, tested & burned-in and has a complete power supply on-board, initial set-up is essentially “hassle free” and you can be running in minutes.” This really tells you something about the computing world at the time. There were thousands of hobbyists and many had been selling devices. But this thing had on-board RAM and you could just add a keyboard and video and not have to read LEDs to get output. The marketing descriptions were pretty technical by modern Apple standards, telling us something of the users. It sold for $666.66. They got help from Patty Jobs building logic boards. Jobs' friend from college Daniel Kottke joined for the summer, as did Fernandez and Chris Espinosa - now Apple's longest-tenured employee. It was a scrappy garage kind of company. The best kind.  They made the Apple I until a few months after they released the successor. But the problem with the Apple I was that there was only one person who could actually support it when customers called: Wozniak. And he was slammed, busy designing the next computer and all the components needed to take it to the mass market, like monitors, disk drives, etc. So they offered a discount for anyone returning the Apple I and destroyed most returned. Those Apple I computers have now been auctioned for hundreds of thousands of dollars all the way up to $1.75 million.  The Apple II They knew they were on to something. But a lot of people were building computers. They needed capital if they were going to bring in a team and make a go at things. But Steve Jobs wasn't exactly the type of guy venture capitalists liked to fund at the time. Mike Markkula was a product-marketing manager at chip makers Fairchild and Intel who retired early after making a small fortune on stock options. That is, until he got a visit from Steve Jobs. He brought money but more importantly the kind of assistance only a veteran of a successful corporation who'd ride that wave could bring. He brought in Michael "Scotty" Scott, employee #4, to be the first CEO and they got to work on mapping out an early business plan. If you notice the overlapping employee numbers, Scotty might have had something to do with that… As you may notice by Wozniak selling his calculator, at the time computers weren't that far removed from calculators. So Jobs brought in a calculator designer named Jerry Manock to design a plastic injection molded case, or shell, for the Apple II. They used the same chip and a similar enough motherboard design. They stuck with the default 4KB of memory and provided jumpers to make it easier to go up to 48. They added a cassette interface for IO. They had a toggle circuit that could trigger the built-in speaker. And they would include two game paddles. This is similar to bundles provided with the Commodore and other vendors of the day. And of course it still worked with a standard TV - but now that TVs were mostly color, so was the video coming out of the Apple II. And all of this came at a starting price of $1,298. The computer initially shipped with a version of BASIC written by Wozniak but Apple later licensed the Microsoft 6502 BASIC to ship what they called Applesoft BASIC, short for Apple and Micorosft. Here, they turned to Randy Wiggington who was Apple's employee #6 and had gotten rides to the Homebrew Computer Club from Wozniak as a teenager (since he lived down the street). He and others added features onto Microsoft BASIC to free Wozniak to work on other projects. Deciding they needed a disk operating system, or DOS. Here, rather than license the industry standard CP/M at the time, Wigginton worked with Shepardson, who did various projects for CP/M and Atari.   The motherboard on the Apple II remains an elegant design. There were certain innovations that Wozniak made, like cutting down the number of DRAM chips by sharing resources between other components. The design was so elegant that Bill Fernandez had to join them as employee number four, in order to help take the board and create schematics to have it silkscreened.  The machines were powerful. All that needed juice. Jobs asked his former boss Al Alcorn for someone to help out with that. Rod Holt, employee number 5, was brought in to design the power supply. By implementing a switching power supply, as Digital Equipment had done in the PDP-11, rather than a transformer-based power supply, the Apple II ended up being far lighter than many other machines.  The Apple II was released in 1977 at the West Coast Computer Fair. It, along with the TRS-80 and the Commodore PET would become the 1977 Trinity, which isn't surprising. Remember Peddle who ran the 6502 design team - he designed the PET. And Steve Leininger was also a member of the Homebrew Computer Club who happened to work at National Semiconductor when Radio Shack/Tandy started looking for someone to build them a computer.  The machine was stamped with an Apple logo. Jobs hired Rob Janoff, a local graphic designer, to create the logo. This was a picture of an Apple made out of a rainbow, showing that the Apple II had color graphics. This rainbow Apple stuck and became the logo for Apple Computers until 1998, after Steve Jobs returned to Apple, when the Apple went all-black, but the silhouette is now iconic, serving Apple for 45 years and counting. The computers were an instant success and sold quickly. But others were doing well in the market. Some incumbents and some new. Red oceans mean we have to improve our effectiveness. So this is where Apple had to grow up to become a company. Markkula made a plan to get Apple to $500 million in sales in 10 years on the backs of his $92,000 investment and another $600,000 in venture funding.  They did $2.7 million dollars in sales in 1977. This idea of selling a pre-assembled computer to the general public was clearly resonating. Parents could use it to help teach their kids. Schools could use it for the same. And when we were done with all that, we could play games on it. Write code in BASIC. Or use it for business. Make some documents in Word Star, spreadsheets in VisiCalc, or use one of the thousands of titles available for the Mac. Sales grew 150x until 1980. Given that many thought cassettes were for home machines and floppies were for professional machines, it was time to move away from tape. Markkela realized this and had Wozniak design a floppy disk for the Apple II, which went on to be known as the Drive II. Wozniak had experience with disk controllers and studied the latest available. Wozniak again managed to come up with a value engineered design that allowed Apple to produce a good drive for less than any other major vendor at the time. Wozniak would actually later go on to say that it was one of his best designs (and many contemporaries agreed). Markkula filled gaps as well as anyone. He even wrote free software programs under the name of Johnny Appleseed, a name also used for years in product documentation. He was a classic hacker type of entrepreneur on their behalf, sitting in the guerrilla marketing chair some days or acting as president of the company others, and mentor for Jobs in other days.   From Hobbyists to Capitalists Here's the thing - I've always been a huge fan of Apple. Even in their darkest days, which we'll get to in later episodes, they represented an ideal. But going back to the Apple 1, they were nothing special. Even the Apple II. Osborne, Commodore, Vector Graphics, Atari, and hundreds of other companies were springing up, inspired first by that Altair and then by the rapid drop in the prices of chips.  The impact of the 1 megahertz barrier and cost of those MOS 6502 chips was profound. The MOS 6502 chip would be used in the Apple II, the Atari 2600, the Nintendo NES, the BBY Micro. And along with the Zylog Z80 and Intel 8080 would spark a revolution in personal computers. Many of those companies would disappear in what we'd think of as a personal computer bubble if there was more money in it. But those that survived, took things to an order of magnitude higher. Instead of making millions they were making hundreds of millions. Many would even go to war in a race to the bottom of prices. And this is where Apple started to differentiate themselves from the rest.  For starters, due to how anemic the default Altair was, most of the hobbyist computers were all about expansion. You can see it on the Apple I schematics and you can see it in the minimum of 7 expansion slots in the Apple II lineup of computers. Well, all of them except the IIc, marketed as a more portable type of device, with a handle and an RCA connection to a television for a monitor.  The media seemed to adore them. In an era of JR Ewing of Dallas, Steve Jobs was just the personality to emerge and still somewhat differentiate the new wave of computer enthusiasts. Coming at the tail end of an era of social and political strife, many saw something of themselves in Jobs. He looked the counter-culture part. He had the hair, but this drive. The early 80s were going to be all about the yuppies though - and Jobs was putting on a suit. Many identified with that as well. Fueled by the 150x sales performance shooting them up to $117M in sales, Apple filed for an IPO, going public in 1980, creating hundreds of millionaires, including at least 40 of their own employees. It was the biggest IPO since Ford in 1956, the same year Steve Jobs was born. The stock was filed at $14 and shot up to $29 on the first day alone, leaving Apple sitting pretty on a $1.778 valuation.  Scotty, who brought the champagne, made nearly a $100M profit. One of the Venture Capitalists, Arthur Rock, made over $21M on a $57,600 investment. Rock had been the one to convince the Shockley Semiconductor team to found Fairchild, a key turning point in putting silicon into the name of Silicon Valley. When Noyce and Moore left there to found Intel, he was involved. And he would stay in touch with Markkula, who was so enthusiastic about Apple that Rock invested and began a stint on the board of directors at Apple in 1978, often portrayed as the villain in the story of Steve Jobs. But let's think about something for a moment. Rock was a backer of Scientific Data Systems, purchased by Xerox in 1969, becoming the Xerox 500. Certainly not Xerox PARC and in fact, the anti-PARC, but certainly helping to connect Jobs to Xerox later as Rock served on the board of Xerox. The IPO Hangover Money is great to have but also causes problems. Teams get sidetracked trying to figure out what to do with their hauls. Like Rod Holt's $67M haul that day. It's a distraction in a time when executional excellence is critical. We have to bring in more people fast, which created a scenario Mike Scott referred to as a “bozo explosion.” Suddenly more people actually makes us less effective.  Growing teams all want a seat at a limited table. Innovation falls off as we rush to keep up with the orders and needs of existing customers. Bugs, bigger code bases to maintain, issues with people doing crazy things.  Taking our eyes off the ball and normalizing the growth can be hard. By 1981, Scotty was out after leading some substantial layoffs.  Apple stock was down. A big IPO also creates investments in competitors. Some of those would go on a race to the bottom in price.  Apple didn't compete on price. Instead, they started to plan the next revolution, a key piece of Steve Jobs emerging as a household name. They would learn what the research and computer science communities had been doing - and bring a graphical interface and mouse to the world with Lisa and a smaller project brought forward at the time by Jef Raskin that Jobs tried to kill - but one that Markkula not only approved, but kept Jobs from killing, the Macintosh.  Fernandez, Holt, Wigginton, and even Wozniak just drifted away or got lost in the hyper-growth of the company, as is often the case. Some came back. Some didn't. Many of us go through the same in rapidly growing companies.  Next (but not yet NeXT) But a new era of hackers was on the way. And a new movement as counter to the big computer culture as Jobs. But first, they needed to take a trip to Xerox. In the meantime, the Apple III was an improvement but proved that the Apple computer line had run its course. They released it in 1980 and recalled the first 14,000 machines and never peaked 75,000 machines sold, killing off the line in 1984. A special year. 

A shakeup in Apple II engineering frees up Andy Hertzfeld to work on the Macintosh. Original text from folklore.org. Jef Raskin and Andy Hertzfeld audio excerpts from “The Macintosh at 20” panel hosted at Macworld Boston 2004. Highly recommended!

A look at the use of skunkworks projects to circumvent bureaucratic hurdles. Full transcript of the episode with links to additional sources follows. === It was 1943. The world was at war. German engineering was producing an array of terrifying weapons, and even before the war, had already demonstrated working jet aircraft.  German jet fighters and bombers could potentially leave the Allies nearly helpless to defend against this technological threat with their own outmoded fleet of propeller-driven craft.  In this ecosystem of urgency, the US government approached airplane manufacturer Lockheed Martin with an incredible challenge. They wanted an American jet fighter to be developed. It would need to fly 600 MPH, maneuver and perform in intense aerial combat, and as if that weren't absurd enough, it needed to be ready to demonstrate in 180 days. Further constraints existed. Lockheed Martin was already using all of its floorspace for the war effort. How would it come up with a way to execute on this incredible directive? The answer came in the form of Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs (ADP), now commonly known as "Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works." The ADP is now the most famous example of the rapid solution approach now generically referred to as a "skunkworks project." In the earliest part of the 1980s the personal computer market was dominated by Apple and Commodore, but IBM - who dominated the server-rooms of the IT departments at the time - had taken notice. IBM wanted to get a piece of the home user and desktop computer market, but - as dramatically stated in the PBS documentary Triumph of the Nerds, IBM's own estimate is that due to bureaucracy and internal controls, it would take nine months just to ship an empty box.  The solution around this was a skunkworks project.  IBM had been experimenting with "Independent Business Units" that could shrug off the limitations of normal IBM procedures and act swiftly to get things done. The skunkworks project it undertook became the IBM PC and the project's design choices became the new paradigm for business computing. The name "Skunk Works" has an interesting origin. Because the group tasked with this 180 day miracle had no floorspace, they had to set up shop under a circus tent by a plastics factory in Burbank, California.  The fumes from the factory reminded workers of a recurring feature of the popular Lil' Abner comic strip, a smelly factory outside the fictional town of Dogpatch, Kentucky known as the "Skonk Works." This became the name of the group until the copyright owners of the Lil' Abner comic strip complained in the early 1960s and Lockheed Martin formally changed it to "Skunk Works" to appease the lawyers.  The name stuck and has become synonymous with this kind of project. Another famous skunkworks project was the Apple Macintosh.  The history of that project has become quasi-mythical because of books like Insanely Great, by Steven Levy and Revolution in the Valley by pioneering Mac programmer Andy Hertzfeld.  This story was also heavily featured in PBS' Triumph of the Nerds. In 1981, Apple was primarily funded by sales of the Apple II, but it was desperately trying to create the next revolutionary personal computer. After some internal struggles, Steve Jobs took over a project that had originally been envisioned by Jef Raskin as a friendly and inexpensive home computer. Jobs changed the focus to make a revolutionary graphical user interface based machine. He embraced the "rebel" mentality for his team, famously telling them "It's better to be a pirate than join the Navy." The team took this mentality seriously enough to hoist a Jolly Roger flag over the remote office complex where the Mac team worked. While it was not an instant success financially, the Macintosh project would also change the world. You can purchase a hand-painted Mac Jolly Roger flag from original artist Susan Kare (but they are pricey!) Apple itself (and Microsoft, for that matter) took its transformative windows and desktop metaphor from an even earlier and more innovative skunkworks project - one run by XEROX. The big copier company had setup its legendary Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) facility and by the time Apple's Mac team got to visit, they had the Xerox Alto, a personal computer decades ahead of its time. Ethernet, the Graphical User Interface (GUI), the computer mouse, object-oriented programming (OOP), email, laser printers and a full concept of what is now the "modern office" all existed almost two decades before they would become ubiquitous parts of modern business.  1979 Xerox Alto commercial There's a lesson to be learned from the Xerox Alto, but we'll get back to that. Most skunkworks projects fail. We remember the successes but can't recall the failures because they never make it across the finish line into our consciousness.  Researchers call this "Survivorship Bias" and it's important to keep in mind, but it also suggests a key concept to potential success:  a successful skunkworks project keeps trying until it finds something that works.  In Silicon Valley, where tech startups rise and fall like sparks above a campfire, the innovations and lessons learned have been distilled down into the pithy phrase "fail fast, fail often."  As with any catchphrase, it is frequently misapplied, misunderstood, and misattributed - but the core lesson is to try things, see if they work, change if they don't, and keep trying until you find the formulation that succeeds.  Of course, it helps to have a genius team. The original Lockheed Martin Skunk Works project was run by legendary engineer Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson. His team consisted of 23 designers and 30 mechanics. Under a circus tent in the smelly shadow of the plastics factory, Johnson and his team put together a prototype in less than 150 days. That jet became the P-80 Shooting Star, America's first operational jet fighter. The same "skunkworks'' approach would be used to create the U2 Spy Plane, the SR71 Blackbird and the stealth fighter. Different leaders, different engineers and mechanics, but the same "outsiders on the inside'' method would drive their success. The P-80 Shooting Star (wikimedia) Apple's Macintosh team was full of superb engineers and programmers and their work continues to influence and inspire modern computing. Having Steve Jobs at the helm of the project, while certainly interpersonally challenging for the team, was also undeniably inspiring as well. The Mac team would dissolve shortly after the initial product release despite its accomplishments. Future successful Apple products like the iPod, iPhone, and iPad have not become synonymous with the skunkworks approach. The original Apple Macintosh (wikimedia) Most skunkworks projects are conducted by large businesses and should be funded accordingly, but sometimes these projects are done through stealth by rogue leadership. Often these are computer-related projects and have become known as Stealth IT or Rogue IT. As we'll discuss in a moment, the rise of such projects signals that your company has serious challenges that need to be identified. Such projects can be the result of interpersonal differences between the IT management and the business divisions, an IT delivery ability insufficiently fast at delivery, departmental functional needs not being addressed, or a variety of other causes. The emergence of such rogue efforts can also indicate that your knowledge workers have innovative ideas and are yearning to see them made real. Stealth IT is a bigger topic than we can address here, but it will be a future episode. These aren't technically skunkworks projects and therefore have to overcome not just the limits of doing the work without the blessing and funding of management but also with the risk of possible rejection of their output because of the manner in which it was created. Skunkworks projects have historically been behind amazing innovation, but they are not a magic potion for success. There are specific places where they've been most helpful.  Because of the wildly different backgrounds that have driven the use of skunkworks projects, some of the things one can infer from looking at the examples may seem conflicted, but here are a few observations: Skunkworks projects are often used to break through corporate bureaucracy to allow quick innovation. Before throwing together a skunkworks project, you need to make sure that the obstacles faced are the kind that can be worked around.  For instance, if the obstacles are statutory or regulatory, then a skunkworks project might not only be ineffective, but illegal. Kelly Johnson came up with a set of 14 rules for running a skunkworks project.  I will put a link to those in the show notes. His rules are written specifically for a government contract aeronautics industry, but some key points are still applicable.  I'm going to distill a few of these: A skunkworks project's leadership should effectively have total control of the project, reporting only to a limited and clearly identified executive management structure.  The project should have designated office space away from the regular workers. Isolation and exceptionalism are vital to making a skunkworks effective. Restrict access to the team. Use a small team. Use an exceptional team. Minimize the number of reports required. Let the team focus on accomplishment, not documentation - but appropriate documentation must be part of the effort. Fund the project adequately. Reward your team because you'll be asking it to do the extraordinary. A skunkworks project calls for exceptional workers.  It will be an extraordinary challenge to manage a team that will likely contain the arrogant and potentially iconoclastic. The lead will manage not just the technical challenges but also the interpersonal ones.  Skunkworks teams are a means for building entrepreneurial spirit in a mature - perhaps even stagnant - corporate environment. They are not typically suitable for start-ups themselves. Finally, a skunkworks project must deliver! To quote Steve Jobs, "real artists ship." Skunkworks projects fit nicely into the human need for myth. The narrative of a rogue band of genius workers saving the company or even the world from some disastrous situation is literally the formula for thousands of movies, books and TV shows. But is that really the way business should get done?   As much as I understand the visceral appeal of such narratives, it is possible that a successful company that is not using skunkworks is actually a sign of health. There are other ways to achieve innovation. Google famously has its 80/20 rule. Since the mid-2000s, it has encouraged its workforce to spend 80% of their time on primary work tasks, but 20% on innovative side projects. But even with all that, the company set up its X-project division, which is a skunkworks-style incubator.  There is another way, a second route to achieving innovation, and that is adopting an internal policy of continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD). In software, CI/CD means instead of producing single massive product rollouts, the engineers continuously provide updates and improvements with additional features and fixes. This becomes a reliable and continuous stream of innovation that never lets the project grow stale. This kind of corporate culture can avoid the need for a skunkworks approach because it is literally fed on the input and feedback from the users and that is a major pipeline for innovation and improvement.  The bigger a company gets, the more mired in complex organizational structures, the slower it tends to move. The corporation becomes a victim of inertia, slow to turn or maneuver. A corporation is like a cargo ship maneuvering through an icy ocean. Icebergs are a threat that requires maneuverability, but bureaucracy can also be an ice-flow that stifles movement. We could think of our skunkworks projects as a kind of icebreaker, a ship that specializes in plowing through such ice and making safe passage for the bigger cargo ships. The CI/CD in this metaphor would be a large, maneuverable ship that avoids the ice entirely.  I wondered, "Could the need for a skunkworks project counterintuitively be a canary-in-the-coalmine that a corporation is in danger of getting stuck in the ice?" But then the mixed-metaphor police gave me a warning ticket, so I decided to check and see what companies are still using this approach. Samsung, Google, Ford, Staples, IBM, and many massive corporations still use the skunkworks approach to foster innovation outside of bureaucratic constraints. I suspect there is some risk that business journalists have, to some degree, confused the skunkworks approach with the kind of "pure research" labs of the type that AT&T famously ran.  Which brings us back to Xerox.   In his book, The Master Switch, Tim Wu describes multiple examples of how massive corporations use their resources to find innovative solutions to problems, but then discover that their findings are so disruptive they threaten the structure currently funding their existence. Rather than monetize the new products at the risk of disrupting their own status quo, they succumb to the temptation to patent and bury the technologies.  Again and again, this approach gives years to decades of protection to the old ways, but inevitably some outsider will find an unpatented approach to these institutionally suppressed innovations. It is shameful, but understandable, that innovations are often stifled because it is easier in the short term to maintain the status quo. It takes extraordinary leadership and vision to risk disruption in order to overcome the inertia of the mentality of "if it ain't broke don't fix it."  Such corporate pivots are more often the result of desperation than insight.  Which brings us back to Xerox.  The PARC team handed Xerox the future of business, but Xerox leadership didn't know what to do with it.  Unexploited by Xerox, the various innovations of PARC crept out into the world either directly at the hands of individual creators, or through the emulation of their innovations by competitors like Apple. Innovations are going to happen - but who will control them? Suppression of innovation is a dead end, it just sometimes takes a decade or more to prove it. So what is the right answer to your innovation needs? Do you need a skunkworks project? Do you need to adopt CI/CD in your organization? Will your stifling of discovery make your smartest and boldest workers break off and become entrepreneurs?  There's lots to consider here. As always, Apex Process Consultants are here to help you figure this out with our team of expert consultants and software tools designed to foster innovation and help you accelerate YOUR business transformation. Check our show notes for links about the companies and people in this episode.

主播一号本来准备了一长段话想告诉大家十一刚回来还没需求的时候可以先来听听我们的节目 blablabla，但是最后还是剪得慢了没赶上长假回来前两天。Anyway，在这个长假综合症还没退散的时候还是可以来听听两位主播聊聊最近的一些片子：《小丑》和纪录片《Abstract 抽象：设计的艺术》第二季，看似没有联系，其实真的没有联系…… 另外，在第一批 Anyway.Member 会员正要过期之际我台终于上线了会员续费功能，第二年会员价格打折服务不打折~ 感兴趣的会员们赶紧登录会员中心看看 Leon 画了三个月的插画~ # 内容提要08:11 · 发布之时才刚启程去看，但 JJ 还是想聊聊《小丑》15:23 · 今天的主题似乎被「神经病」给贯穿始终了19:57 · 《Abstract》这部纪录片才是今天播客的主角29:18 · 很突然地讲到了无限滚动和企业责任感……31:40 · JJ 表示对于国内的数字产品设计还是挺自豪35:07 · 讲「字形设计」的这一集也蛮有意思的45:14 · 又又又聊到了 T 型人才# 参考链接Anyway.Member 会员续费入口 1:24关于迪特·拉姆斯纪录片的那一期 Anyway.FM 6:26聊《大鱼》和《Coco》的那期播客 6:32今天的主角《抽象：设计的艺术 Abstract: The Art of Design》 6:59上一部小丑角色大放光彩的电影《蝙蝠侠：黑暗骑士》 8:32其中小丑的扮演者希斯·莱杰 8:38威尼斯国际电影节的最高荣誉「金狮奖」 8:49法国戛纳国际电影节的最高奖项「金棕榈奖」 8:54杰克·尼科尔森扮演小丑的蒂姆·波顿版《蝙蝠侠》 12:09地狱男爵第三部：《血皇后崛起》 17:53地狱男爵前两部的导演吉尔莫·德尔·托罗 19:08Abstract 第二季 20:43B 站的自制纪录片《人生一串》 23:00Instagram 那一集的主角 Ian Spalter 27:01被誉为 Macintosh 之父的 Jef Raskin 30:02他的儿子 Aza Raskin 30:15著名字体设计师 Jonathan Hoefler 36:18他的公司 Hoefler&Co. 最出名的作品：Gotham 字体 36:51Tobias Frere-Jones 和 Jonathan Hoefler 的恩怨 38:30灵感来自老手表的 Decimal 字体 39:45他们官网上介绍 Decimal 字体的文章 39:59以及官宣登上 Netflix 的文章 40:39舞台设计师 Es Devlin 45:42知乎的「打开 App」提醒 50:00# 会员计划在本台官网(Anyway.FM) 注册会员即可 14 天试用 X 轴播放器和催更功能~ 开启独特的播客互动体验，Pro 会员更可加入听众群参与节目讨(hua)论(shui)~

主播一号本来准备了一长段话想告诉大家十一刚回来还没需求的时候可以先来听听我们的节目 blablabla，但是最后还是剪得慢了没赶上长假回来前两天。Anyway，在这个长假综合症还没退散的时候还是可以来听听两位主播聊聊最近的一些片子：《小丑》和纪录片《Abstract 抽象：设计的艺术》第二季，看似没有联系，其实真的没有联系…… 另外，在第一批 Anyway.Member 会员正要过期之际我台终于上线了会员续费功能，第二年会员价格打折服务不打折~ 感兴趣的会员们赶紧登录会员中心看看 Leon 画了三个月的插画~ 内容提要08:11 发布之时才刚启程去看，但 JJ 还是想聊聊《小丑》15:23 今天的主题似乎被「神经病」给贯穿始终了19:57 《Abstract》这部纪录片才是今天播客的主角29:18 很突然地讲到了无限滚动和企业责任感……31:40 JJ 表示对于国内的数字产品设计还是挺自豪35:07 讲「字形设计」的这一集也蛮有意思的45:14 又又又聊到了 T 型人才参考链接Anyway.Member 会员续费入口 1:24关于迪特·拉姆斯纪录片的那一期 Anyway.FM 6:26聊《大鱼》和《Coco》的那期播客 6:32今天的主角《抽象：设计的艺术 Abstract: The Art of Design》 6:59上一部小丑角色大放光彩的电影《蝙蝠侠：黑暗骑士》 8:32其中小丑的扮演者希斯·莱杰 8:38威尼斯国际电影节的最高荣誉「金狮奖」 8:49法国戛纳国际电影节的最高奖项「金棕榈奖」 8:54杰克·尼科尔森扮演小丑的蒂姆·波顿版《蝙蝠侠》 12:09地狱男爵第三部：《血皇后崛起》 17:53地狱男爵前两部的导演吉尔莫·德尔·托罗 19:08Abstract 第二季 20:43B 站的自制纪录片《人生一串》 23:00Instagram 那一集的主角 Ian Spalter 27:01被誉为 Macintosh 之父的 Jef Raskin 30:02他的儿子 Aza Raskin 30:15著名字体设计师 Jonathan Hoefler 36:18他的公司 Hoefler&Co. 最出名的作品：Gotham 字体 36:51Tobias Frere-Jones 和 Jonathan Hoefler 的恩怨 38:30灵感来自老手表的 Decimal 字体 39:45他们官网上介绍 Decimal 字体的文章 39:59以及官宣登上 Netflix 的文章 40:39舞台设计师 Es Devlin 45:42知乎的「打开 App」提醒 50:00

“What most people don’t realize, is how hackable and persuadable they are” says Aza Raskin, a physicist, designer, musician, serial entrepreneur and the co-founder of Center For Humane Technology. He talks about how technology’s changing our behavior and our values. How Facebook and Google are crawling deep into our brains to grab our attention and occupy our minds. He’s the son of Jef Raskin, the inventor of the Macintosh at Apple, and held his first speech on user interfaces at the age of 10. Now he’s deeply concerned about how technology’s tearing apart our common reality.

Patt Morrison talks with interface designer Aza Raskin.  Raskin's work with Mozilla, Firefox and numerous innovative startups, as well as having grown up the son of human-interface expert Jef Raskin, gives him rare insight into Facebook's recent data theft debacle. 

If anyone doubts the power of Motivation 3.0, they should listen to this episode. In the last couple of months, people from all over the world who have jobs, kids and lives have volunteered to help evolve Mixed Mental Arts and get the ideas that have been trapped in books for decades out into the world. Bryan and I have never met most of these people. Matt Maurer has worked on the website for no money. Nicole Page and Matt "Unicorn" Madonna have set up our t-shirt store and provided endless advice to improve the website. Cate Fogarty has been taking Hunter's wordy ramblings and distilling them into #knowledgebombs that in under 500 words sum up key mental tools to upgrade your cultural software. And even though Brian Otoya makes basically zero dollars he is personally funding ads to drive traffic our way. Chris Price and Jake Brady have stepped in to help teach Hunter how to not screw up the sound. Milk Toast reached out on Twitter and even offered to fly out to LA to help with that. There are a lot of people who are helping out and really it goes to prove something a Ukrainian grandmother once told Hunter: "Everywhere you go, people are nice. Governments are assholes." This has certainly been Hunter and Bryan's experience growing up. There are a lot of great people everywhere. Are they perfect? Nope. But they all have value and the challenge in unleashing the wisdom of crowds is getting all those people to work together. There's a great scene in the Michael Fassbender Steve Jobs movie where Woz asks Jobs what he does... Steve Wozniak: You can't write code... you're not an engineer... you're not a designer... you can't put a hammer to a nail. I built the circuit board. The graphical interface was stolen from Xerox Parc. Jef Raskin was the leader of the Mac team before you threw him off his own project! Someone else designed the box! So how come ten times in a day, I read Steve Jobs is a genius? What do you do? Steve Jobs: I play the orchestra, and you're a good musician. You sit right there and you're the best in your row.   And that, ladies and gentlemen, is the great challenge of the human family. It is not that the wisdom of crowds isn't there. It's that we need to get the orchestra playing together. For too long, we've been waiting for a conductor to come along. We want a leader who will tell us how to play together. And it's time to realize that that leader isn't forthcoming.   Recently, Isaiah Gooley (who I've also never met) wrote a post for MixedMentalArts.co that takes the Chinese proverb "Heaven is High and the Emperor is Far Away" and relates it to modern times. (http://mixedmentalarts.co/tian-gao-huangdi-yuan/) We have become so consumed with who is elected President or Prime Minister that we have forgotten that the wisdom of crowds comes from us. It comes from the orchestra. And if no one will emerge to play us then we must adopt the attitude of jazz. We play our notes and we listen to what other people are doing and we figure out how to build on what others are doing. The Mixed Mental Arts community is a place for anyone from anywhere in the world who wants to do it. If we get together and start playing really cool music, then more and more people will join us. They'll want to be a part of what we're doing.   If we build it, they will come.   However, the crucial word there is we. Bryan and Hunter have many, many failings. That is the great freedom they have. There's no need for them to worry about trying to seem like they have it all together. They don't. And probably nor do you. In fact, no one does. That's the nature of the world. There are 130 million books. There are so many terabytes of data. It's all far too much for an individual human mind. That's why we have to get together a crowd to solve all these problems. Heaven is High and the Emperor is Far Away. The challenge is in pulling together the orchestra in the greatest improv jazz in history. We're doing that. You should join.   And here is where it becomes important to realize the challenge we face: identity. You have been told stories about yourself. We tell stories about each other. And who we are and how we behave changes often within minutes. We get cut off in traffic and we get road rage. Someone opens the door for us and we feel all is right with the world. We get hangry and become snappy. We have a nap and want to give everyone a hug. And we all have our Fundamentalisms. We have things that trigger us and make us freak out. The challenge for all of us is to say sorry and kiss and make up.   So, let me say I'm sorry. I'm sorry if I've upset any of the people I've called Fundamentalists over the past few months. As I've said before, I'm sure you're lovely people and I could tell many wonderful stories about you. Every hero has a thousand faces. Why did I do this then? Because the world is in the grip of a lot of bad stories right now. And the way you beat the bad story is with better stories. And one story is a variation on the story of that Ukrainian grandmother. Most people are nice but there is a small number of people who are so hung up on their one thing that they are getting in the way of the orchestra playing together. And so, I called them out. Now, it's time to tell a different story. The story of us. The story of that big shared human experience. And that's why us Mixed Mental Artists want to make a series called #CultureMatters. We want to take everything we've learned in over 200 episodes and turn it into a series of fifteen videos that in two to three minutes will sum up everything we've learned. It will allow you to massively update your cultural software and drop #knowledgebombs all across the internet. It will make you an intellectual terrorist.   So fund intellectual terrorism by supporting us on Patreon. (https://www.patreon.com/mixedmentalarts) When we reach $10k, we can make these videos and you can go blow people's minds. And when we shatter those echo chambers, we will unleash the greatest idea orgy in human history.   Oh yeah! Let's get it on!

Macintosh fue ese ordenador que supuso todo un antes y un después en la tecnología del PC tal y como la conocemos en nuestros días. Sin ser el primer ordenador de la historia ni tampoco el modelo personal individual de inicio conocido, lo cierto es que ningún otro ha causado tanto impacto cómo él. Cuando leemos el término Macintosh lo primero que se nos viene a la cabeza de forma hilada es el nombre de Steve Jobs. Sin embargo, él no fue el ideólgo primario que tuvo el Mac como emprendimiento. Jef Raskin, un empleado de Apple Computer, estaba en su casa con el ordenador personal que tenía y pensó en una herramienta que fuese sencilla de usar y no demasiado cara para que todos esos bolsillos con pocos recursos, también tuviesen acceso a ella. Como sabéis estamos trasmitiendo el podcast en directo vía pagina web http://www.applelianos.com/applelianos-radio/ Ya sabéis que nos estamos traslado poco a poco a nuestra web applelianos.com donde también se escuchan los directos que hacemos con los podcast ( Applelianos - Al Borde De La Cama - AppWars ) a las 23 horas España, y que nuestro chat de los directos se encuentran en un grupo creado por nosotros exclusivamente para los Directos. Este es el grupo de Telegram donde podéis uniros ( https://t.me/ChatEnDirecto ) para interactuar libremente con nosotros y compartir impresiones y todo lo que os ocurra, podéis dejarnos notas de audios que siempre nos hacen mucha ilusión. También tenemos otro grupo de Telegram con mas de 150 personas ( https://t.me/ApplelianosPodcast ) donde dialogamos de todos los temas las 24 horas del día, también estamos todos los integrantes del podcast, nos podéis preguntar si tenéis alguna duda y compartir experiencias de todo tipo, no tenemos normas, solo respetar la opinan del otro y no faltarnos el respecto. Informacion de los compañeros Apple Coding https://itunes.apple.com/es/podcast/apple-coding/id1000199274?mt=2 NASeros https://itunes.apple.com/es/podcast/naseros-podcast/id1019402412?mt=2 El cuarto Oscuro https://itunes.apple.com/es/podcast/fotografia-en-cuarto-oscuro/id1092871719?mt=2 Voces Nocturnas https://itunes.apple.com/es/podcast/voces-nocturnas-pod/id1132982206?mt=2 Los Joseles https://itunes.apple.com/es/podcast/los-joseles/id1100642626?mt=2 Al borde de la cama https://itunes.apple.com/es/podcast/al-borde-de-la-cama/id1021123865?mt=2 Twitter Aldo : @Aldo_Medina Twitter Adrian : @ALGASpain Twitter julio : @jcfmunoz Twitter josan : @macjosan Twitter Carlos Castillo : @Alamustia Twitter Lucas : @BoleaLucas Twitter Joze : @GeekJoze Twitter sonia : @soniexx1 Twitter Al Borde De La Cama : @AlBordeDeLaCama No te pierdas nuestros Podcast diarios y en directo sobre el mundo de la tecnología. http://www.applelianos.com/applelianos-radio/ Además, no te olvides de visitar y suscribirte en nuestro canal de YouTube Applelianos.

Free email acccounts (when are they inactive and deleted), sharing documents (Dropbox and Box storarge), combining iPhone videos (recommended free and paid apps), Profiles in IT (Kunle Olukotun, pioneer of multi-core processsors), the new mind control (search result manipulation, dramatic impact on election polling), Jef Raskin (the Macs other inventor), monk who inspired fonts on Apple devices, Apple makes iPhone data less hackable (both on the device and on the cloud, response to FBI actions), TOR network hacked (funded by DoD, used by FBI, criminals beware), big idea (Internet for everyone, Facebook launches satellite, Google launches balloons). This show originally aired on Saturday, March 5, 2016, at 9:00 AM EST on WFED (1500 AM).

Free email acccounts (when are they inactive and deleted), sharing documents (Dropbox and Box storarge), combining iPhone videos (recommended free and paid apps), Profiles in IT (Kunle Olukotun, pioneer of multi-core processsors), the new mind control (search result manipulation, dramatic impact on election polling), Jef Raskin (the Macs other inventor), monk who inspired fonts on Apple devices, Apple makes iPhone data less hackable (both on the device and on the cloud, response to FBI actions), TOR network hacked (funded by DoD, used by FBI, criminals beware), big idea (Internet for everyone, Facebook launches satellite, Google launches balloons). This show originally aired on Saturday, March 5, 2016, at 9:00 AM EST on WFED (1500 AM).

During one of Guy Kawasaki’s first marketing assignments in the early 1980s, he would knock on the doors of startup software companies across Silicon Valley armed with a stack of non-disclosure agreements and a prototype computer in a bag. “We would say, ‘If you sign this, we’ll show you what’s in the bag,’” he says. The prototype, Kawasaki explains, was a top-secret project that, if knowledge of it was widespread, would cannibalize sales of their main computer hardware product. It’s name? Macintosh—a project run by a team of developers at Apple, headed up by Jef Raskin and a then 29-year-old Steve Jobs. As far as marketing a computer is concerned, “it was hand-to-hand combat.” Of course, Kawasaki was successful in his efforts marketing the Macintosh, and the rest is history. Today, Guy Kawasaki is a famed tech startup guru who notoriously spearheaded the marketing cause for Apple in 1984, before going on to work on a number of startups, a venture capital firm, and a stint at Google. It’s a title that stands out because when you think evangelist, the image that often pops into mind is that of a middle-aged man with slick hair, a pink suit and a Texan accent on late-night television, prancing about on a stage and shouting about the bible. In Kawasaki’s case, that couldn’t be further from the mark. At 61, Guy Kawasaki comes off as a truly decent human being, affable, humble and easy-going. The sort of guy you’d be happy chatting with at a friend’s barbecue for hours without having to fake a bathroom visit to get away. In this interview you will learn: How to inspire and convert your audience. Learn the importance of Visual Marketing. The importance of building your brand's social media platform. Techniques on how you can evangelize for your startup without a huge budget. Learn about the Two simple ‘tests’ to apply to any content your company shares on social media to ensure that it has maximum traction online and has the maximum benefit for your business.

Third part on the Apple II: News New acquisitions Feedback Books, Software, Modern Upgrades, Online Stores, Emulation, Current Web Sites Special guest host Carrington Vanston!! Items mentioned in this episode: News Throwback Network - http://www.throwbacknetwork.net “CoCo: The Colorful History of Tandy’s Underdog Computer” by Boisy Pitre and Bill Loguidice - http://www.amazon.com/dp/1466592478/?tag=flodaypod-20 “West Of Eden, The End of Innocence at Apple Computer" by Frank Rose - http://www.amazon.com/dp/0615278841/?tag=flodaypod-20 "Ready Player One: A Novel” by Ernest Cline - http://www.amazon.com/dp/0307887448/?tag=flodaypod-20 New Acquisitions “Color Computer Graphics” by William Barden, Jr. - http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006Y3B06/?tag=flodaypod-20 “Complete Rainbow Guide to OS-9” by Dale Puckett and Peter Dribble Vintage Computer Shows Vintage Computer Festival East: http://www.midatlanticretro.org/ http://sturgeon.css.psu.edu/~mloewen/Oldtech/VCF-East2014/ http://wsudbrink.dyndns.org:8080/images/VCFE91/ http://www.go4retro.com/2014/04/11/back-from-the-vintage-computer-festival-east-9-1/ Chicago CoCoFest - http://www.glensideccc.com/cocofest/index.shtml Vintage Computer Festival Europa - http://www.vcfe.org/E/ Vintage Computer Southest 2.0 - http://www.vintage.org/2014/southeast/ KansasFest - http://www.kansasfest.org/ VCF Midwest 9.0 Website - http://www.vcfmw.org/ VCF Midwest 9.0 More Info - http://starbase.globalpc.net/eccc/ VCF Midwest Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/events/257907004391707/ Books Compute’s First, Second and Third Book of Apple Apple II User’s Guide by Lon Poole Programming Surprises & Tricks for your Apple II/IIe Computer by David L. Heiserman AppleSoft Tutorial from Apple, Inc. - based on Apple II BASIC Programming Manual by Jef Raskin; rewritten for AppleSoft by Caryl Richardson Beneath Apple DOS by Don Worth and Peter Lechner - Beneath Apple DOS is intended to serve as a companion to Apple's DOS Manual, providing additional information for the advanced programmer or the novice Apple user who wants to know more about the structure of diskettes. Apple II/IIe Computer Graphics by Ken Williams, founder and CEO of Sierra On-Line Inc AppleSoft BASIC Toolbox by Larry Wintermeyer Apple Graphics Games by Paul Coletta Machine Language for Beginners by Richard Mansfield Micro Adventure is the title of a series of books for young adult readers, published by Scholastic, Inc. Golden Flutes & Great Escapes by Delton Horn Sophistication and Simplicity, the Life and Times of the Apple II Computer by Steve Weyhrich, 2013 - http://www.amazon.com/dp/0986832278/?tag=flodaypod-20 The New Apple II User’s Guide by David Finnegan, 2012 - http://www.amazon.com/dp/0615639879/?tag=flodaypod-20 iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It,  by Steve Wozniak and Gina Smith, 2006 - http://www.amazon.com/dp/0393061434/?tag=flodaypod-20 Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson, 2011 - http://www.amazon.com/dp/1451648537/?tag=flodaypod-20 WOZPAK Special Edition - http://www.amazon.com/dp/1304231321/?tag=flodaypod-20 What’s Where in the Apple by Prof. William F. Luebbert - http://www.whatswhereintheapple.com/ Software VisiCalc - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visicalc AppleWorks - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleWorks Apple Writer - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Writer ProTerm - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterm Zork Series - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zork Apple Invaders - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JS5JZulzFQE Modern Upgrades & Connectivity Options ADT Pro - http://adtpro.sourceforge.net/ Apple II Game Server - http://sourceforge.net/projects/a2gameserver/ CFFA3000 - http://www.dreher.net/ Apple II Pi - http://schmenk.is-a-geek.com/wordpress/?p=167, https://ultimateapple2.com/ A2Server - http://appleii.ivanx.com/a2server/ A2Cloud - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYkOxe4mjHg RaspApple - http://appleii.ivanx.com/ Uthernet Card - http://a2retrosystems.com/ a2mp3 card - http://www.brielcomputers.com/wordpress/?cat=21 Nishida Radio http://tulip-house.ddo.jp/DIGITAL/english.html SDFloppy II from Bulgaria http://www.ebay.com/bhp/apple-disk-ii Online Stores 16sector - http://16sector.com Ultimate Apple II - https://ultimateapple2.com/ Option8 - https://www.tindie.com/stores/option8/ Nishida Radio http://tulip-house.ddo.jp/DIGITAL/english.html Syndicomm - http://store.syndicomm.com/ Emulation Virtual II - http://www.virtualii.com/ Open Emulator - https://code.google.com/p/openemulator/ AppleWin - http://applewin.berlios.de/, http://sourceforge.net/projects/applewin.berlios/?source=recommended JACE - http://sourceforge.net/projects/java-ace/ Virtual Apple II - Apple II in a browser - http://www.virtualapple.org/ MESS/JSMESS - Multi-Emulator Super System http://jsmess.textfiles.com/messloader.html?module=apple2e&scale=2 Current Web Sites & Other Forums Terry Stewart video on YouTube - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENno_zzst2U A2Central - http://www.a2central.com MacGUI - http://www.macgui.com/ comp.sys.Apple2 - https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/comp.sys.apple2 Facebook group Apple II Enthusiasts - https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/ IRC chat - http://widget02.mibbit.com/?server=irc.a2central.com:6667&channel=%23a2c.chat Apple Fritter - http://www.applefritter.com/ Open Apple Podcast - http://www.open-apple.net/ Apple Archives - http://applearchives.com/ Apple II Scans - http://www.apple2scans.net/ Apple II Game Server Online - http://asciiexpress.net/gameserver/ Apple II Disk Server - http://asciiexpress.net/diskserver/ Brutal Deluxe Software - http://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/projects/cassettes/index.html Every Apple Ad - http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7JtADjbou7JBD9Ly_w3Mz9RTVVY2T_hy Apple II Online - http://apple2online.com/index.php The A2 Home Page for Apple II downloadable software! - http://www.a2-web.com/a2netsoft.html Archive.org Apple II Disk Image Collection - https://archive.org/details/apple-ii-disk-collection The Apple II Lost Classics Project - http://lostclassics.apple2.info/ Asimov software repository - http://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/ Other Books/Sites Used for Reference Apple II on Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_ii “Sophistication and Simplicity” Book by Steven Weyhrich - http://www.amazon.com/dp/0986832278/?tag=flodaypod-20 Steve Weyhrich’s Apple II History Site -http://apple2history.org  

UI (user interface) is king. Why? If software UI is not beautiful, easy, intuitive – and fun – even the most brilliant engineers and designers will fail to please their intended business or consumer end-user audience. The experts speak. Bill Newman: “Over-burdened knowledge workers are tasked with doing more with less. With the economy picking up, particularly in the US market, these ‘technocrats' demand access to necessary, complex information in easy to use, engaging means.” Anders Raft: “The art of teaching kids to gamble is that there is no teaching needed. Ella Morgulis: “Easy, fun, user-friendly WORK experience at work is no longer an oxymoron; it is a requirement today. The ‘iron curtain' between work and consumer experience have fallen.” Mariano Kristensen: “As far as the customer is concerned, the interface is the product.” - Jef Raskin (1943-2005), human-computer interface expert at Apple, 1970s Join us for more insights on All About the UI: Technology without the gory details.

UI (user interface) is king. Why? If software UI is not beautiful, easy, intuitive – and fun – even the most brilliant engineers and designers will fail to please their intended business or consumer end-user audience. The experts speak. Bill Newman: “Over-burdened knowledge workers are tasked with doing more with less. With the economy picking up, particularly in the US market, these ‘technocrats' demand access to necessary, complex information in easy to use, engaging means.” Anders Raft: “The art of teaching kids to gamble is that there is no teaching needed. Ella Morgulis: “Easy, fun, user-friendly WORK experience at work is no longer an oxymoron; it is a requirement today. The ‘iron curtain' between work and consumer experience have fallen.” Mariano Kristensen: “As far as the customer is concerned, the interface is the product.” - Jef Raskin (1943-2005), human-computer interface expert at Apple, 1970s Join us for more insights on All About the UI: Technology without the gory details.

El 28, palpitando el iPhone 5 10 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2012 DEJA UN COMENTARIO Epidodio #28 – 10 de Setiembre 2012 … good morning, good afternoon, good evening and good night this is a new episode of LMR… … nos pueden contactar a nuestro mail: lamanzanarodeada@gmail.com en nuestra página web: lamanzanarodeada.com o a nuestros tweets: @lrearte y @sgaleazzi… La Manzana Pregunta: ¿Qué significa Macintosh? Tema Libre: Por primera vez el iPhone 4s pierde el primer lugar en volumen de ventas en manos del Galaxy S3, en EEUU, ¿por qué? (Mi respuesta: la pantalla grande siempre gana) Consultorio: “Chicos, cómo están? La verdad es que me tienen atrapado con su podcast. Se aprende y se disfruta mucho. Estaba pensando en el siguiente hipotético escenario: - mi MBA con Lion de fábrica no arranca más. - suponemos que la solución es reinstalar el sistema operativo - al no venir una copia de Lion (antes traían una llave USB) cómo hago? Lo explicamos en el episodio 26 en nuestra página colocamos todos los pasos para hacerlo. - sé que existe algo llamado partición de recuperación. Con eso puedo bajar OSX Lion e instalarlo? Si es algo que viene muy bien lo único que necesitas es haberlo comprado con tu ID y esperar a que se vuelva a descargar - y si formateo todo el disco (o lo reemplazo por uno nuevo, que obviamente viene vacío), hay manera de instalar el OSX? Con el pendrive que explicamos. - y cuál me instala?, Lion o Mountain Lion? (ya que en la Mac App Store Lion no está más, pero yo quisiera Lion otra vez). El que vos desees, recomiendo ML. Me encantaría escuchar sus comentarios / experiencias sobre este tema. También lo podríamos analizar en el consultorio del podcast si les parece. Los aliento a seguir con el podcast y les agradezco su dedicación para con los oyentes. Abrazo desde Liniers (CABA) Adrián Chiesa @adrinelso” Recomendamos siempre actualizar y en la entrada del programa 26 explicamos cómo bootear desde un disco externo. En el audio del programa, mucha más información. “Hola gente. Ante todo mis felicitaciones por el podcast. Soy usuario nuevo en MacBook air y iPad, así que es de suma utilidad. Como muchos, compré la MacBook usada, en muy buen estado, pero sin el disco de instalación original. El tema es que quiero aprovechar iCloud al máximo, principalmente en documentos tales como Numbers y Pages. Tengo instalado en la Mac Lion 7.4 (creo). Adquirí para mis dispositivos móviles (iPod Touch y iPad 3) Numbers y Pages. Las actualizaciones entre los móviles se da a la perfección, no así con la Mac. No se si esto se debe a que debo instalar Mountain Lion o puede referirse a el soft Numbers que tengo instalado en la Mac. El tema es que preferiría evitar instalar un nuevo sistema operativo – si se puede – porque no tengo el disco original y temo hacer macanas. Gracias y sigan así. Saludos. Daniel Saitta Laboratorio: La experiencia de Seba con su Mac Mini y Mountain Lion, casi al borde de un ataque de nervios!. Cómo recuperar archivos de computadoras que no arrancan: - Dejar presionado el botón de encendido, y luego dejar presionada la tecla ALT - Seleccionar recuperación 10.8 - Utilidad de disco - Archivo>nueva>imagen de disco a partir de carpeta… - Selecciono la carpeta que quiero recuperar luego aparece la ventana y en guardar como colocamos el nombre (por defecto es la carpeta que queremos recuperar) y en ubicación colocamos el disco externo donde guardaremos la imagen de la carpeta recuperada. - El disco externo deberá tener el formato Mac OS plus (con registro). Apps Free: Jdownloader (Mac) Twins Mini (App Store) (Mac) Clip Menú (Mac) Y las recomendaciones de @Dakotaargentina para iOS CSR Racing Dead Trigger FLCommand La Manzana Contesta El proyecto Macintosh arrancó a finales de 1970 con Jef Raskin, un empleado de Apple que visualizó un ordenador de bajo coste y fácil de usar para el consumidor medio. Raskin quería que el nombre del equipo fuera el de su tipo favorito de manzana...

James and guest co-host Derek discuss eBay Finds: shrink-wrapped box of System 7, new-in-box IIc Plus, and Crazy Ones store sign. They discuss the influences of Jef Raskin on Macintosh, and news includes MacMan, Jobs MacBook decal, vintage ads, and tablet bounties.Other related links from this episode:Join the website at RetroMacCastSee our photos on FlickrBo's GiveawayLisa/Macintosh XL Service Technical ProceduresDigiBarn: Jef RaskinMacworld: Raskin's MomentPhoto of Jef Raskin by Aza Raskin

James and John interview Adam Rosen of The Vintage Mac Museum. eBay auctions are an Apple 2 once owned by Jef Raskin, a IIGS poster, and a new-in-box Apple //c+. News includes Microsoft's ad campaign.  Other related links from this episode:Apple/Macintosh Auctions by qualitysalessupremeApril 1995 Interview with Steve JobsGizmodo: EFiX Dongle Perfectly Transforms PC to MacGizmodo: Perfect Lego Mac Pro Is Two Computers in OneWindows: I'm a PC

In Part IV of their trip to the DigiBarn, James and John learn about Dan Kottke's computerized music box and the work of Jef Raskin. eBay finds include a Lisa video, a tablet Mac, and an amazing auction of the original Apple Computer sign and Woz's toolbox. Other related links from this episode:All About Steve JobsArs Technica: Apple passes Wal-Mart, now #1 music retailer in USYouTube: Apple Ad - Drunk Jeff GoldblumWired: Apple to New York City: Bite Me

Jef Raskin, the man who started the Macintosh project at Apple, died this past week.You just knew we could go this week without talking about Bill Gates being knighted, did you? HA! Listen for our take on Bill Gates becoming a knight, and what we think this should mean.

The Macintosh computer recently celebrated its twentieth anniversary, but the history of this computer goes back a little further. On the program, Jef Raskin, creator of the Apple Macinotsh, discussed the human-machine interface.