Podcasts about trichinella

Today, we're venturing into a topic that many of us might not think about — parasite and worm infections. These unseen invaders can wreak havoc on your health, yet often go unnoticed for a long time. And, despite all the supplements and peptide therapies we might be using to optimize our health, we may still be missing something very important: a potential parasite or worm infection. In this episode, we'll explore the signs and symptoms of these infections, how you can acquire them, and why we should consider them even if we're doing everything "right" in terms of diet and wellness. Let's get into it! First things first—what are parasites and worms, and how are they different?. A parasite is any organism that lives on or inside another organism, known as a host, and benefits at the host's expense. Parasites can be microscopic or visible to the naked eye. Parasites can take many forms, including: Protozoa (single-celled organisms like Plasmodium that causes malaria) Helminths (worms like roundworms, tapeworms, and flatworms) Ectoparasites (organisms like fleas, lice, or ticks that live on the host's skin or surface). They usually don't infect other parts of your body. When people refer to worm infections, they are typically talking about helminth infections. Helminths are a specific type of parasite, and they are multicellular organisms that can be categorized into three main types: Roundworms (e.g., hookworms, pinworms, and threadworms) Tapeworms Flukes (flatworms) So, all worm infections are parasitic, but not all parasites are worms.   What are the symptoms of parasitic infections?   So, how can you tell if you have a parasite/protozoa or a worm infection? Let's talk about signs and symptoms. Signs of a parasite infection can be a bit tricky because they often mimic other illnesses or conditions. You might experience: Diarrhea (sometimes with blood or mucus) Stomach cramps or bloating Fatigue Unexplained weight loss Skin rashes or itching Nausea or vomiting Fever Visible worms in stools or around the anus Itchy anus (especially with pinworm infections) Coughing or chest pain (in the case of certain lung-dwelling worms) Parasites can also affect your mood and mental health, causing things like anxiety or brain fog due to the toxins they release in your body. While some worm infections can be obvious, others may linger for years without being detected, causing slow, gradual damage to the body. How do you get parasitic infections? So, how do we acquire these infections? There are several ways you can pick up a parasite or worm, and it often depends on where you live, what you eat, and what activities you engage in. Let's break it down: Traveling: Traveling to areas with poor sanitation increases the risk of contracting Giardia and Cryptosporidium, two protozoan parasites commonly found in contaminated water or food. These parasites can lead to traveler's diarrhea, causing symptoms like severe stomach cramps, bloating, nausea, and frequent watery diarrhea. In some cases, infections can lead to dehydration and fatigue, making it important to take precautions like drinking bottled water and avoiding undercooked food while traveling.   Eating undercooked meat or fish: Undercooked pork or fish can harbor parasitic larvae, such as Trichinella in pork and Anisakis (Anne-e-sakis) in fish. When consumed, these parasites can survive in the digestive system and begin to infect the body. For example, Trichinella can cause trichinosis, leading to symptoms like muscle pain and fever, while Anisakis can cause abdominal pain and nausea. Properly cooking these meats to safe temperatures can kill the parasites and prevent infection. Contaminated Soil: Certain parasites, like hookworms, can enter your body through small breaks or pores in the skin if you walk barefoot on contaminated soil. Areas where you are most likely to encounter hookworms in soil include Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America (especially Central and South America), Caribbean Islands, and Southern United States (especially in areas with poor sanitation). Insects: Mosquitoes and other insects can transmit diseases caused by parasites, such as Plasmodium, the parasite responsible for malaria. Similarly, ticks can carry parasites like Babesia (buh-bee-zee-ah), which causes babesiosis (buh-bee-zee-OH-sis) Close contact: Some parasites are spread through human-to-human contact, especially in crowded or unsanitary conditions (e.g., schools, daycares, campgrounds, public restrooms, and nursing homes). For example, pinworms can be contracted by anyone, though they are most often seen in children. They are highly contagious, and you can acquire them through contact with contaminated surfaces or even from sharing bedding. How are parasitic infections diagnosed? Healthcare providers look for the parasites themselves or signs of them, such as their eggs, in your body fluids or tissues. To check for parasites, your provider might take samples from different areas, including: Your stool  Blood Skin or any affected tissue Phlegm (sputum) Fluid around your brain and spinal cord (CNS fluid) In some cases, your provider might also use imaging tests like X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to help diagnose a parasitic infection, depending on what symptoms you're experiencing. Now, this all ties into a bigger picture. Many people are investing heavily in their health these days—through supplements, peptide therapies, and cutting-edge wellness routines. And while these are all beneficial, they can't always protect us from hidden invaders like parasites and worms. What's more, many of the symptoms of a parasite or worm infection can mimic other conditions, and because we often don't think about these infections, they can go undiagnosed for years.  If you're dealing with ongoing digestive issues, fatigue, skin problems, or even unexplained brain fog, it might be time to consider that a parasite or worm infection could be behind it—especially if you've recently traveled.   Thanks for listening to The Peptide Podcast. If you found this episode helpful, be sure to subscribe and leave a review. And as always, have a happy, healthy week. We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey.  Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

TWiP reviews a study showing that the gut microbiota is essential for suppression of colitis by Trichinella spiralis. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Daniel Griffin, and Christina Naula Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Links for this episode Join the MicrobeTV Discord server Gut bacteria and Trichinella suppression of colitis (PLoS NTD) Become a patron of TWiP  Send your questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv Music by Ronald Jenkees

TWiP taps into Dickson's knowledge of Trichinella to discuss an outbreak in humans who consumed rare bear meat, and the impact of globalization and climate change on the epidemiology of the species. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Links for this episode Join the MicrobeTV Discord server Outbreak of human trichinellosis (CCDR) Impact of climate change on Trichinella (Food Waterborne Parasit) Letters read on TWiP 246 Become a patron of TWiP  Send your questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv Music by Ronald Jenkees

Merch — Risky or Not?Mason–Dixon line - WikipediaRocky Mountain National Park (U.S. National Park Service)Amazon.com : Teacher Created Resources Colorful United States of America Map Chart : Office ProductsMap of Canada, 200 Pieces, Eurographics | Puzzle WarehouseNunavut - WikipediaLawrence Goodridge | Food ScienceWilliam (Bill) Hallman | LinkedIngoodridge - Food Safety TalkLawrence (Larry) Goodridge | LinkedInRamblin' Man (The Allman Brothers Band song) - WikipediaProgram Information - International Association for Food ProtectionIAFP 2024 Opening SessionIvan Parkin Lecturer - International Association for Food ProtectionAron Hall | LinkedInKendra F on X: “@bugcounter I'm getting mixed messages

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from eating fresh New York State roadkill bear meat that's properly cooked. Dr. Don - not risky

Marilyn Fabbri joins TWiP to reveal the case of a patient who became very ill after he and a number of friends attended a large dinner where venison and boar were served. Hosts: Daniel Griffin, Dickson Despommier and Christina Naula Guest: Marilyn Fabbri Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Links for this episode Join the MicrobeTV Discord server Toxoplasma gondii (TWiP 12) Parasitic Diseases Lectures #15: Toxoplasmosis Letters read on TWiP 237 Become a patron of TWiP  New Case Man in his 60s with HIV/AIDS CD4 count less than 50, CD4% less than 5% and elevated viral load (VL) with report of prior CNS toxoplasmosis requiring a craniotomy, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), comes in with fever and very watery diarrhea x 4 days. He reports that he lives in Georgia but comes up to NY for his HIV care and stays in NYC. Send your guesses to twip@microbe.tv with TWiP 237 in the subject line Send your questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv Music by Ronald Jenkees

We see more and more wildlife diseases in headlines these days.  In this episode host, Kolby Morehead, sat down with Bear Hunting Magazine columnist and Arkansas Game & Fish Commision veterinarian, Dr. Jenn Ballard. We hear about her journey to becoming a wildlife vet, gain a healthy perspective on wildlife diseases, and hear a couple of fun bear stories.Don't forget to subscribe to Bear Hunting Magazine

This week’s guests: Jen Waters, Head of Knowledge Exchange (Pork) Duncan Wyatt, Lead Analyst (Livestock) Lauren Dimmack, Animal Health & Welfare Scientist Christine Walsh, Head of Transitional Support Felicity Rusk, Analyst (Dairy & Livestock) In this pork-focused episode, we discuss the standard pig price (SPP) with Duncan Wyatt and Jen waters. We talk about out what does and doesn’t contribute to it, the impact of heavy pigs, and whether the price rises as quickly as it falls.  We also talk about export health certificates (EHC) – what’s changed, what you need to do to comply, and the latest position with Trichinella testing. Useful links Pig prices and market news Pork markets (https://ahdb.org.uk/pork/pork-markets) GB deadweight pig prices (EU spec) (https://ahdb.org.uk/pork/gb-deadweight-pig-prices-eu-spec) 'What effect do heavy pigs have on the SPP?' article (https://ahdb.org.uk/news/what-effect-do-heavy-pigs-have-on-the-spp) Export Health Certificates for pork Information and FAQs (https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/export-health-certificates-for-pork) 'Use of Export Health Certificates to be extended' article (https://ahdb.org.uk/news/use-of-export-health-certificates-to-be-extended) Information from Defra if you export or move food, drink and agricultural products (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/export-food-and-agricultural-products-special-rules) Webinars for exporters of products of animal origin, live animals, plants and plant products to the EU (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/webinars-for-exporters-of-animals-and-products-of-animal-origin-to-the-eu) Contact Defra directly: traders@defra.gov.uk (mailto:traders@defra.gov.uk)   PigHub Login page: https://www.pighub.org.uk/iip/home.ebUser guides: https://www.pighub.org.uk/iip/global_nav/help.ebeAML2 helpline number: 0844 335 8400 Feedback We'd love to know what you think of our podcasts. If you’d like to give your feedback, please complete our short questionnaire (https://forms.office.com/Pages/ResponsePage.aspx?id=S-UsoT09RkOV7_8Tyl3UfSY0mE5-VsRLr3CrMaFf9dtUNUZHSERTT0VUVDNRMzhVNk9HQk02U1pPRy4u%20) , which will help us to improve the podcast on an ongoing basis. This episode was produced and edited by Miriam Drewett, Marcomms Manager (Pork).

This episode covers trichinella spiralis!

Today we have part two of our interview with Dr. Dickson Despommier, a microbiologist and ecologist who is the emeritus professor of public and environmental health at Columbia University. Today’s episode focuses on vertical farming, a concept that Dick and his students came up with in 1999. When Dick’s book “Vertical Farms: Feeding the World in the 21st Century” came out in 2010, there were no vertical farms in the world. Today, there are vertical farms throughout the U.S. and around the globe. Part one of our interview, episode 95, covered Dick’s nearly 30 years of research into intracellular parasitism and his focus on Trichinella spiralis, one of the world’s largest intracellular parasites. Dick is the author of five books, including “People, Parasites and Plowshares.” His most recent book, “Waist Deep in Water,” is a memoir of his life-long love of fly fishing, a topic we had so much fun discussing with Dick that we touch on it in today’s episode as well as in part one of our interview with Dick. Show notes: [00:02:08] Ken opens part two of our interview with Dick by pointing out that there were no vertical farms in the world when Dick’s book “The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21stCentury”came out in 2010. Ken asks Dick to give an overview of the idea behind vertical farms and also discuss how the idea gained momentum. [00:06:33} Dick explains how the students’ original concept of rooftop gardens evolved into the idea of growing plants inside buildings. [00:08:14] Dick talks about the growth of vertical farming since 2011 and how Japan is the country that has the highest number of vertical farms. [00:09:26] Ken describes a vertical farm located in the heart of Jackson Hole, Wyo., called Vertical Harvest. It’s a 13,500 square-foot green house that can grow produce that is equivalent to 10 acers of traditional farming. This vertical farm sells produce year-round, mostly to local restaurants and grocery stores, but also to individuals who want to go onsite to buy their produce directly. Ken asks if this is a good example of what Dick was hoping for when he conceived of the idea of a vertical farm. [00:13:16] Ken asks Dick to address the criticisms of vertical farming and how the cost of building these structures outweighs the advantages. [00:17:14] Dawn points out that Dick was named teacher of the year eight times during his time at Columbia and asks him for his thoughts about what it takes to become a good science teacher. [00:19:49] Dawn asks about Dickson’s recently published memoir about his love affair with fly fishing, titled “Waist Deep in Water.” [00:20:39] Dick talks about the literature professor that “Waist Deep” is dedicated to and how the professor inspired Dick to start writing. [00:22:07] Dickson tells the story of how he caught his first trout. [00:29:04] Ken ends the interview by asking about Dick’s favorite Shakespeare quote that Dick says gets to the heart of what really matters in life. Links: Dickson Despommier bio “The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21stCentury” https://www.verticalharvestjackson.com/our-mission “People, Parasites and Plowshares: Learning From Our Body’s Most Terrifying Invaders” The Living River website “Waist Deep in Water” Learn more about IHMC STEM-Talk homepage  Ken Ford bio Dawn Kernagis bio

Our guest today is Dr. Dickson Despommier, a microbiologist and ecologist who is the emeritus professor of Public and Environmental Heath at Columbia University.  Our conversation with Dick covered a variety of topics and ran so long that we divided his interview into two parts. Part one covers the nearly 30 years Dick spent conducting research on intracellular parasitism, especially Trichinella spiralis, one of the world’s largest intracellular parasites. Part two of our interview with Dick focuses on vertical farming. In 1999, Dick and his students came up with the idea of raising crops in tall buildings. When his book, “The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21stCentury,” came out in 2010, there were no vertical farms in the world. Today, there are commercial vertical farms not only throughout the United States, but also in Korea, Japan, China, England, Scotland, The Netherlands, France, Russia, Dubai, Canada and a host of other countries. Dick is the author of five books, including “People, Parasites and Plowshares.” His most recent book, “Waist Deep in Water,” is a memoir of his life-long love of fly fishing, a topic we had so much fun discussing that we touch on it in part one and part two of our interview with Dick. Show notes:  [00:03:40] Ken begins the interview by mentioning that he and Dawn are great fans of two podcasts that Dick helps co-host, “This Week in Parasitism”and “This Week in Virology.”  Ken points out that “This Week in Virology” launched in 2008, making Dick an early adapter of science-based podcasting. Ken asks Dick how he got involved in podcasting. [00:06:24] Dawn mentions that Dick was born in New Orleans, and that his parents moved across the country to San Francisco when he was only a year old. Dawn goes on to mention that as a kid Dick liked to play outdoors and collect pollywogs and dragonflies. Dick talks about how his mother encouraged him to bring home spiders and frogs and other specimens he collected on his outdoor adventures. [00:07:14] Ken mentions that when Dick was 11 his family moved again to New Jersey, asking how that came about. [00:09:06] Dawn asks about the beginning of Dick’s lifelong love of fishing that started when he was a child. [00:11:54] After Dick talks about recently spending 20 days in Wyoming, Ken and Dick begin a conversation about their favorite rivers in the state to go fishing. [00:13:57] Ken and Dick talk about their fishing bait of choice when they were kids: Wonder Bread. Ken goes on to ask Dick how his love of fishing also evolved into an interest and fascination with wading into creeks, streams and river beds. [00:14:56] Dick talks about his website “The Living River.” [00:16:39] Dawn asks about Dick’s experience with his high school biology teacher who recognized his curiosity and who played a pivotal role in shaping Dick’s scientific career. [00:20:26] Dawn mentions that Dick almost didn’t go to college, but that he eventually jumped in academics bigtime and earned a bachelor’s degree at Fairleigh, a master’s at Columbia, and his doctorate at Notre Dame. [00:22:29] Dawn asks about Dick’s experience during his postdoc at Rockefeller University where there were 12 Nobel prize winners who would sit down with him and ask questions about his research. [00:23:54] Ken asks Dick about his decision to return to  Columbia after his postdoc. [00:27:00] Ken mentions that Dick’s experience at Rockefeller cemented his approach to teaching. Ken asks Dick to talk about how when he returned to Columbia that he became as equally engaged in teaching as he was in research. [00:30:18] Dawn asks Dick about his extensive research into the parasite Trichinella spiralis, something Dick has described as “the worm that would be a virus.” [00:38:09] Dawn asks about Dick’s 1998 article for Parasitology Todayabout the Nurse Cell-Parasite complex of Trichinella spiralis, and how it is unlike anything else in nature.

How can we keep our immune systems in fighting shape? What happens when our immune systems are responding well or are missing key genes? is there targeted gene therapies that can be used to help save lives of those most at risk from infection?  How does our body hunt down and stop Listeria in it's tracks? Plus undercooked wild game or pork can lead to parasitic infections, but how does the body fight back?References: E Mamcarz et al. Lentiviral gene therapy with low dose busulfan for infants with X-SCID. The New England Journal of Medicine, April 17, 2019; DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1815408 Kazuhito Sai, Cameron Parsons, John S. House, Sophia Kathariou, Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji. Necroptosis mediators RIPK3 and MLKL suppress intracellular Listeria replication independently of host cell killing. The Journal of Cell Biology, 2019; jcb.201810014 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810014 Nicola Steel, Aduragbemi A. Faniyi, Sayema Rahman, Stefanie Swietlik, Beata I. Czajkowska, Bethany T. Chan, Alexander Hardgrave, Anthony Steel, Tim D. Sparwasser, Mushref B. Assas, Richard K. Grencis, Mark A. Travis, John J. Worthington. TGFβ-activation by dendritic cells drives Th17 induction and intestinal contractility and augments the expulsion of the parasite Trichinella spiralis in mice. PLOS Pathogens, 2019; 15 (4): e1007657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007657

The Giardians of the Galaxy solve the case of the Woman With a Colonic Stowaway from Hispaniola, and discuss activation of intestinal tuft cells by Trichinella spiralis. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiP. Links for this episode: T. spiralisand intestinal tuft cells (PNAS) Hero: Carl Theodore Ernst Van Siebold Letters read on TWiP 168 Case Study for TWiP 168 18 month old child, on medical mission for previous year with older sibling and 2 parents. Back in US for 2-3 months, just as leaving remote location were given dose of allbendazole. Call comes to Mom, child is at child care and has passed something. It is serpiginous, 5-6 inches in length, moving a bit. Not flat, but round. Child otherwise fine. Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv Music by Ronald Jenkees

In this podcast, I pulled out a radio interview from the 4th of July 2016 weekend where the discussion was on foodborne parasites found in the United States. I was joined by microbiologist and the man behind the website, Parasitology Illustrated, Wilson Vientos. We spent at least a half hour talking about the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) list of the top foodborne (and may are primarily waterborne) parasites in the United States– protozoa such as Cryptosporidium spp.,Giardia intestinalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Toxoplasma gondii; roundworms such as Trichinella spp. and Anisakis spp.; and tapeworms such as Diphyllobothrium spp. and Taenia spp.

The TWiPtomaniacs solve the case of the Boy With Visual Disturbances and Itching, and discuss identifying secreted and excreted proteins of Trichinella parasites. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin Become a patron of TWiP. Links for this episode: Malaria plasmepsins involved in invasion and egress (Science) Image credit Letters read on TWiP 144 Case Study for TWiP 144 Individual in 30s, male, presented to physician with stomach upset, uncomfortable feeling in legs. Has motile objects in stools. From Vancouver BC, was eating salmon, reports was either dried/smoked or marinated. Not sure if this is relevant. Brought motile objects to physician. Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv Music by Ronald Jenkees

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin The TWiPerati solve the case of the Man Who Sat in Feces, and discuss a study on how Dickson's favorite parasite induces the formation of a collagen capsule. Become a patron of TWiP. Links for this episode: Induction of collagen synthesis by Trichinella (Vet Parasitol) Letters read on TWiP 128 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service in the country. See what’s on the menu this week and get your first 3 meals free with your first purchase - WITH FREE SHIPPING - by going to blueapron.com/twip. Case Study for TWiP 128 Daniel doesn’t expect anyone to get this. From Australia, 80 yo retired teacher from Atherton, northheast Australia, presents to clinic with generalized weakness, concern of chronic lyme or Q fever. Seen by neurologist, concern about motor neuron disease. 18 months of illness, insidious onset of limb (arms and legs) weakness. No issues with speaking, swallowing or breathing; no weight loss; no fever, sweat, chill. History of osteoarthritis, joint replacements; myocarditis; vertigo; allergic to pen and dox. Father, rhematoid arthritis, brother colon cancer. On a number of medications. Does extensive travel, when not traveling, is a volunteer carer in Australia (abandoned wildlife), over the past three years. Lives with husband. Marsupials, hand feeds puggles and juvenile spiny anteaters, has pet cockatoo. No history of polio, HIV negative. Neuro exam: diffuse non tender muscle with no rash. Normal upper and lower limb tone, strength is symmetrically reduced proximally. Reflexes good at knees, normal sensation to all modalities. Normal cranial nerve exam. Test results: has eosinophilia, elevated muscle enzymes, EMG shows myopathic changes, nerve conduction normal. Stop statin therapy, no change. This is a rare parasite. Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv Music by Ronald Jenkees

  For my own well being I should mention, first, that unequivocally my mom is and always has been a good cook. For sure, there were a few experiments that went awry, but on the whole we ate exceptionally well. That is except for the pork chops. There was nothing good about a pork chop. They were dry, tough, and had as much flavour as a Jesus wafer on a Sunday morning. It didn’t matter who cooked it or whether you were eating at home or at your cousin’s wedding it tasted the same. I stayed away from pork, well, I stayed away from pork except for bacon, ham, pork sausages, and other charcuterie meats. Because there is a big difference between pork and pork that has been salted, sugared, smoked, and spiced. The later is down right delicious. However, for the lowly pork chop and I we did not reconvene our disappointing relationship until I started working in the health food industry. It was at this point that I found out that pork was parasitical. Ahhh...what?  I’ve had many a food revelation over the last few years and that was certainly one of them. For someone who grew up around pigs, who gently goaded them to “Pig Heaven” on Monday mornings, and tried to stomach them on Monday evenings I had no idea. I was also confused. We were selling humanely raised, pastured pork and yet folks were turning their nose up at the pork chops and the pork roasts, and, yet, still thoroughly enjoying their bacon. Was it because bacon was cured and delicious that you didn’t have to worry about getting parasites? And, if pork was so dangerous, why had I never heard of it before? The disease is called Trichinosis, and it would probably be a good idea to premise the following by saying, “It is rare!” At least in North America. There are currently about twenty cases of Trichinosis in the United States a year. And, due to improved pig management there is now a greater chance of getting Trichinosis through the consumption of Wild Game than pigs. The disease is caused by eating undercooked meat of animals infected with the larvae of the Trichinella worm. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “The signs, symptoms, severity and duration of trichinellosis vary. Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and abdominal discomfort are often the first symptoms of trichinellosis. Headaches, fevers, chills, cough, swelling of the face and eyes, aching joints and muscle pains, itchy skin, diarrhea, or constipation may follow the first symptoms. If the infection is heavy, patients may experience difficulty coordinating movements, and have heart and breathing problems. In severe cases, death can occur. For mild to moderate infections, most symptoms subside within a few months. Fatigue, weakness, muscle pain, and diarrhea may last for months.” The Pigs success over the past ten thousand years of domesticated life is due mainly to its remarkable ability to adapt. Pigs are omnivorous and if left to their own whim will eat anything and that is the problem. The Trichinella worm is introduced into the Pig’s body through the pig eating other infected animals. Trichinosis was a consistent problem within our food chain up until the mid 1950s. Unfortunately, for those of us who are concerned about animal welfare and would like to support free-range, pastured animals it was the pork industry’s move towards the industrialized model that significantly lowered infection rates. Moving pigs from outdoors to confined spaces indoors allowed farmers to better control what the pig consumed--grains and more grains. Along with moving pigs into confined spaces the public was educated on the importance of cooking pork properly. Well, kind of! The Government of Canada, to this day, suggests that consumers cook pork to 160 degrees Fahrenheit. The USDA had the same recommendation until 2011 when it lowered it to 145 degrees. This is because 160 degrees results in dry, tough, flavourless pork. It wasn’t the pork chops fault. It was us all along.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin The TWiPanosomes solve the case of the Young Man from Anchorage, and discuss how cestode parasites increase the resistance of brine shrimp to arsenic toxicity. Links for this episode: Trichinella life cycle (pdf) When parasites are good for health (PLoS Path) The Origin of AIDS by Jacques Pepin Letters read on TWiP 105  Case study for TWiP 105 This week's case involves a 32 yo male with several concerns. Spent 6 weeks doing religious missionary work in Kenya, performed baptisms in Lake Victoria.Waist deep in water, no shoes. Took malaria drugs, ate lots of interesting foods: cichlids, ugali, corn based food, flavored with greens; stew with some sort of meat, beef and goat. Five weeks after return developed rash with fever, shortness of breath. Three of four friends who were with him in Kenya reported similar symptoms. The fourth who did not get sick did not go in water, nor did he eat very much. No medical/surgical history, no drugs. Had some sexual activity while there. Elevated white count, 70% eosinophils. Chest CT shows nodules in lungs. Doc told him, allergy, you will be fine. The water he went into is near a village, there are rodents nearby, and a runoff. Send your diagnosis to twip@microbe.tv Send your questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin The TWiPyzoites solve the case of the Uncommon Parasite, and discuss the role of eosinophils in promoting the growth of Trichinella in skeletal muscle.   Links for this episode: Eosinophils and IL-4 support nematode growth (PLoS Path) Balantidiasis (CDC) Letters read on TWiP 102  Case study for TWiP 102 This week's case involves a 24 yo housewife, from a village outside of Calcutta. Comes into a tertiary care hosp, 6 months coughing up blood, fever, no weight loss. Drinks rainwater, milks her cow. Dogs everywhere, no livestock except cows. Eats meat, well cooked. No extramarital encounters. Husband well. 4 children. Cistern for drinking water is covered.  No health issues. Reports salty, clear mucus. No blood in stool, no changes in stool. Exam: looks healthy, lungs clear. Lab tests: White count of 9000, 12% eosinophils (elevated). So she has eosinophilia. Chest X-ray and CT: lesion on left side in xray. CT: shows 4 cm cavity, with air pocket on left side, mid-lung. HIV negative. Dusty soil, birds. Send your diagnosis to twip@microbe.tv Send your questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv

¿Has tenido pesadillas con que un organismo alienígena crece en tu interior? ¿Conoces historias de terror sobre bichos que se meten en el cuerpo de un ser querido y nunca vuelven a salir? ¿Le tienes una fobia a los parásitos, vengan de donde vengan? Entonces, este episodio es para ti, porque en él tratamos de mostrarte a estos organismos desde una perspectiva diferente, que los coloca en el justo lugar que les corresponde en la gran diversidad de la vida en el planeta. A la charla se nos unieron dos investigadores especialistas en parásitos humanos, la Dra. María Guadalupe Ortega y el Dr. Fidel de la Cruz Hernández, ambos del Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Con ellos, platicamos sobre qué es realmente un parásito, sobre las especies que ellos estudian y cómo estamos tratando de controlarlos, e incluso mencionamos el premio Nobel de Medicina de este año, que reconoció precisamente a la ciencia de los parásitos. Esperamos que al final de este episodio, te lleves una mejor impresión de todos los parásitos, muchos de los cuales, lo sentimos, probablemente ya habitan en tu cuerpo. ¡Que los disfrutes! --Créditos-- Entrevistados: Dra. María Guadalupe Ortega Pierres Dr. Fidel de la Cruz Hernández Hernández Guión: Víctor Hernández Marroquín, Sofía Flores Fuentes, Rodrigo Pacheco Muñoz, Emiliano Rodríguez Mega y Alejandra Ortiz Medrano Producción: Marcela Montiel Grabación en cabina y edición: Roberto Portillo Edición y diseño de audio: Carolina Durán Agradecemos al IMER por la realización de este programa. Aquí tienes nuestro feed para meternos en tu aplicación de podcast favorita: http://feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundcloud:users:73907983/sounds.rss En la imagen vemos una larva de Trichinella spiralis, y fue tomada de Wikimedia Commons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trichinella_larv1_DPDx.JPG

This episode starts with a discussion of Ben’s taste in music, and they quickly move onto talking documentaries. Ben recently watched Jodorowsky’s Dune, on Don’s recommendation. This documentary has some ‘artful nudity’ that leads to a discussion of perverts on airplanes and the appropriateness of reading material such as Fifty Shades of Grey while crammed into an airplane seat. The conversation naturally transitioned into a discussion of microphone stands and coffee. Ben notes that owning a Nespresso machine has changed his life; he ranks it among his top 10 life changing things (including his wife and children). The guys then discuss other pop-culture topics including Deflate-Gate and TV shows The Affair, Portlandia (which had an episode satirizing raw milk), and Garfunkel and Oates. Note that Portlandia is required viewing before attending IAFP 2015 in Portland this summer Ben leads off the actual food safety talk by mentioning sprouts and the number of outbreaks associated with them. The guys then discuss experiments to validate sprout cooking processes including charred bean sprouts. Ben then brings up the idea of baking cookies in a car and a visit from Linda Harris (who now download and listens). From there the talk turns to pathogen reduction validations for baking processes spurred by Wegmans recall of baked fruit desserts last summer, presumably because they contained peaches recalled for Listeria. The FDA’s Reportable Food Registry, along with CDC whole genome sequencing of pathogens, is enabling more illnesses to be linked to products, as seen in Salmonella Braenderup linked to nut butter. Ben predicts more businesses will have to issue recalls because of validation issues, and the investigations that accompany these recalls will isolate pathogens from within facilities that can be linked to other illnesses which have occurred over months and years prior. The discussion then turns to the very bad blizzard that New Jersey never had. Don discusses the similarities between the models for weather forecasting and models in food safety. Both situations have consequences for over or under reacting; both present risk management and risk communication difficulties. A tweet from The New Yorker made Don mad: Bill Marler may be all that stands between you and Salmonella. This resulted in Don tweeting back to The New Yorker. Ben mentioned it was probably just Betteridge’s Law of Headlines. Bill Marler is probably not all that stands between you and Salmonella; as there are a few more people trying to do the right thing. The guys then go on to discuss how Marler and Caroline Smith DeWaal, a lawyer with the Center for Science in the Public Interest, have become controversial food safety personalities over the years. Don recently was quoted in an article about the safety of various cuts of meat (and Barfblogged here). Don and Ben were so happy Don was quoted correctly, they were able to ‘ding’ their podcast-bell; a virtual high-five. Pork has a reputation for being dangerous but decreases in incidences of Trichinella and Americans tendency to overcook pork have reduced the actual risk, so Ben wanted to discuss a recent MMWR Trichinellosis report. Don mentions ‘The Batz Report’ which determined the top 10 pathogen-food combinations with the greatest burden in public health. This led to a discussion of sample size, detection limits, consumption rates, and risk messaging, leading to the conclusion that cultural practices in food preparation adds complexity to the determination of risk.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden insgesamt 497 Patienten mit mikroskopisch gesicherten Helminthiasen hinsichtlich epidemiologischer und klinischer Daten sowie auf indirekte Laborparameter (Eosinophilie und Gesamt-IgE-Erhöhung) und die Resultate immundiagnostischer Verfahren untersucht. Hierbei wurden die Ergebnisse von 329 Reiserückkehrern und 168 Migranten mit jeweils 8 Diagnosen (Ankylostomiasis, Askariasis, Fasziolose, Filariose, Schistosomiasis, Trichinose, Trichuriasis, Mischinfektionen) miteinander verglichen. Für die Evaluation der immundiagnostischen Verfahren wurden vorhandene Seren mit 9 Antigenen (Schistosoma mansoni, Onchocerca volvulus, Dirofilaria imitis, Trichinella spiralis, Fasciola hepatica, Toxocara canis, Strongyloides ratti, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum) getestet. Vorbestehende Ergebnisse aus der Routinediagnostik wurden mit einbezogen. Als Kontrollen dienten die Seren von 80 gesunden Personen ohne Hinweise auf eine Wurmerkrankung in der Vorgeschichte und ohne einen vorherigen Aufenthalt in den Tropen oder Subtropen. Die epidemiologischen Daten zeigen eine eindeutige Zuordnung von Schistosomiasis und Filariosen auf den afrikanischen Kontinent, während die Geohelminthiasen (Erkrankungen durch Helminthen, deren präadulte Stadien sich im Erdboden entwickeln und die eine reise- bzw. migationsmedizinisch wichtige Bedeutung haben) von den Reiserückkehrern vorwiegend in Asien, vorzugsweise in Südostasien, akquiriert wurden. Die Migranten stammten hauptanteilig aus Afrika, es waren dennoch alle wesentlichen tropischen und subtropischen Gebiete vertreten. Die Auswertung der klinischen Symptomatik zeigte ein klares Erscheinungsbild der Filariosen mit Hauterscheinungen und Juckreiz sowie die überdurchschnittlich häufige Angabe von Harnwegsbeschwerden bei Infektionen mit Schistosoma haematobium. Bei allen Geohelminthosen und Infektionen mit Schistosoma mansoni herrschte bei den Reiserückkehrern eine gastrointestinale Symptomatik vor, während die Migranten insgesamt mehr unspezifische Beschwerden aufwiesen. Circa ein Drittel der Patienten war asymptomatisch. Die Sensitivität der Eosinophilie als indirekter Parameter lag in dieser Arbeit für Wurmerkrankungen im Allgemeinen bei 45%, variierte aber von Diagnose zu Diagnose erheblich, wobei kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Reiserückkehrern und Migranten zu finden war. Eine Hypereosinophilie fand sich überdurchschnittlich häufig bei Migranten mit Filariose und bei Reiserückkehrern mit Strongyloidiasis; die Patienten mit Askariasis und Trichuriasis zeigten dagegen kaum Abweichungen von der Kontrollgruppe. Eine Gesamt-IgE-Erhöhung fand sich insgesamt bei 43% der Patienten, wobei es einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen Reiserückkehrern (25%) und Migranten (75%) gab. Besonders hohe IgE-Serumspiegel konnten bei Migranten mit Schistosomiasis, Strongyloidiasis und Ankylostomiasis gefunden werden. Davon abweichend waren allerdings die Resultate von Reiserückkehrern mit Mischinfektionen. Bei diesen Patienten konnte eine unerwartet häufige Gesamt-IgE-Erhöhung verzeichnet werden (75%). Die serologischen Untersuchungen zeigten zumeist eine gute Sensitivität, aber erhebliche Kreuzreaktionen mit verwandten und nicht verwandten Wurmarten, sodass eine Differenzierung nur für die Schistosomiasis und die Filariosen valide gewährleistet ist. Der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelte Ascaris suum-ELISA, ergab eine Sensitivität von 60% und eine Spezifität von 90% und hat in der Routinediagnostik eine gewisse Berechtigung, da der Ascaris lumbricoides-ELISA inakzeptable Ergebnisse erbrachte. Zusammengefasst stellt die Eosinophilie einen wichtigen hinweisenden Parameter auf eine Wurminfektion dar, ist aber keine ausreichende Screeningmethode bei Rückkehr aus Endemiegebieten. Die serologischen Untersuchungen ergaben eine sinnvolle diagnostische Ergänzung bei der Schistosomiasis und den Filariosen. Eine Differenzierung der Geohelminthosen ist weiterhin nur durch direkte Nachweismethoden, wie z. B. dem Ei- bzw. Larvennachweis im Stuhl oder in einem Körpergewebe, verlässlich möglich.

Vincent and Dickson discuss five ways that helminths manipulate host tissues to survive. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Dickson Despommier Links for this episode: Wormholes in host defense (PLoS Path) Lung coin lesion (Wikipedia) Granuloma (Wikipedia) Jar that Dickson is holding (jpg) Letters read on TWiP 72 Contact Send your questions and comments (email or mp3 file) to twip@twiv.tv Subscribe Subscribe to TWiP (free) in iTunes, by the RSS feed or by email

Don is now a VIP in Brazil, at least as measured by Internet speed, while Ben was trying to get some grad students onto the interwebs. The guys then talked a bit about pop culture and follow up, including how John Oliver is stepping into 'The Daily Show’, Don’s TiVo usage, Adventure Time on Netflix and Poop and Produce. The guys felt a little challenged by their rapid recording schedule, having only recorded a show a few days ago, and syncing their notes for the show using Dropbox. Don shared his podcast equipment challenges and some of his São Paulo photos (such as this, this and this). Ben shared his own peaceful Sunday morning experiences and the awesome Australian Laborastory. In the Bug Trivia segment the guys covered Trichinella spiralis. This little nematode is also known as the ‘pork worm’ though it is no longer commonly found in pork in developed countries. Ben likes this little critter and uses it to illustrate great public health communications that resulted in pork generally being cooked overly well. And Don was proud of the small role he played in getting the safe cooking temperature changed for chicken. The guys then shifted from overcooked pork to undercooked beef burgers. Ben shared some of the work his summer students were doing on ordering burgers and the risk information that is provided by serving staff. Don described how he would calculate the risk of illness from consuming a burger that was cooked to 145°F (62.7°C), something that the inquisitive Marge Perry was interested in. Ben noted that the USDA was going to implement a labeling rule for mechanically tenderized meat and the guys were happy to take the credit for this change. But they were the disappointed by other food safety failures going on around the country, such as the large outbreak related to Firefly restaurant. The guys seriously question the food safety practices at Firefly given the large number of foods associated with the outbreak. But applause went to the public health folks for being very quick in releasing the outbreak investigation reports.

Vincent and Dick discuss the nurse cell, a unique structure formed in the host muscle by Trichinella species. Host links: Vincent Racaniello and Dickson Despommier Links for this episode: Infective muscle larva (jpg) Schematic of a larva invading a muscle cell Nurse cell formation (scroll down the page) Dickson's gallery of Trichinella images Electron micrographs of stichocytes Weekly Science Picks Dickson Every Living Thing by Rob Dunn

Vincent and Dick trace the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis in an infected host. Host links: Vincent Racaniello and Dickson Despommier Links for this episode: Trichinella life cycle (jpg) Newborn larva entering muscle cell (jpg) Adult T. spiralis in columnar epithelial cell (jpg) Adult female T. spiralis (jpg) Infective first stage T. spiralis larva in Nurse cell in muscle tissue (jpg) Adult female T. spiralis with fully formed larvae in uterus (jpg) Adult male T. spiralis with claspers on tail (jpg) Clinical correlations in trichinosis (jpg) Letters read on TWiP #4 Weekly Science Picks Dickson David Scharf's pictures of microbial lifeVincent The Nobel Laureate Meetings at Lindau

Vincent and Dick distinguish among intracellular and extracellular parasites, then discuss the history and general characteristics of Trichinella spiralis. Host links: Vincent Racaniello and Dickson Despommier Links for this episode: The History of Trichinella at Trichinella.org Parasite genome databases at the European Bioinformatics Institute List of parasite genome projects Weekly Science Picks Dickson The Doctor and the Devils

Vincent and Dick classify parasites according to whether or not they are transmitted by a vector, then consider the implications of long-lived parasites. Host links: Vincent Racaniello and Dickson Despommier

Vincent and Dick provide an overview of parasites and parasitism. Host links: Vincent Racaniello and Dickson Despommier Weekly Science Picks Dick The Black Cloud by Fred HoyleVincent Parasitic Diseases by Despommier et al.