Podcasts about united states civil war

Send us a textHello and welcome back to Breakfast with Mom!  This is part 3 of our Pink Ladies series.  Mary Louvestre was an African-American Union spy in Norfolk, Virginia, during the United States Civil War. She delivered details of plans for the conversion of the wrecked USS Merrimack to an ironclad that would be named the CSS Virginia and which represented a great advance in Confederate naval capabilities.  While she was not an official Pinkerton Lady, I feel she did the work of a Pink Lady and deserves to be highlighted in this series.Resources:https://pinkerton.com/our-insights/blog/the-lady-pinks-celebrating-womens-contributions-to-pinkertons-legacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Louvestrehttps://www.civilwar.com/history/significant-people-of-the-war/union-women/278058-mary-louvestre.htmlhttps://www.marinersmuseum.org/2017/03/featured-union-spy/https://blackandeducation.org/stories/2017/8/27/mary-touvestre-civil-war-intelligenceInstead of our “Say What?!” segment I thought I would share a recipe I found interesting and a good side dish for any Thanksgiving table;https://www.countryliving.com/food-drinks/a61974851/harvest-salad-pickled-pomegranate-seeds-recipe/All the things: Music: "Electronic Rock (King Around Here)" by Alex Grohl https://pixabay.com/music/search/electronic%20rock%20kingLogo Artwork: Strawbeary Studios https://www.youtube.com/@StrawbearyStudios/featuredEpisode was researched, written and edited by ShanoaSocial Media:  https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100090200010112X (formerly Twitter): @breakfastmompodEmail: breakfastwithmompodcast@gmail.comWebsite: https://breakfastwithmompodcast.com/

On April 12, 1861, the United States Civil War began when Confederate forces began a bombardment of the Union held Fort Sumter at the mouth of the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina. The battle was not itself a great battle, and the number of casualties was shockingly small, but what it began totally changed the lives of millions of people and the course of the United States.  Learn more about the Battle of Fort Sumter and the start of the American Civil War on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sponsors Sign up for ButcherBox today by going to Butcherbox.com/daily and use code daily at checkout to get $30 off your first box! Subscribe to the podcast!  https://link.chtbl.com/EverythingEverywhere?sid=ShowNotes -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Charles Daniel Associate Producers: Ben Long & Cameron Kieffer   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/everythingeverywheredaily Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode, we welcome Dave from Alien Addict to discuss a compelling and controversial topic: the possibility of United Nations (UN) troops already stationed in the United States. Are they preparing for a potential civil war or widespread civil unrest? How credible are these rumors, and what are the chances of civil conflict leading up to the 2024 elections? Join us as we delve into these questions and explore the various scenarios.

Listen to the Tues. March 12, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the claims by the African National Congress (ANC) government in South Africa that Israel is violating the International Court of Justice (ICJ) orders handed down in Jan. in regard to the lawsuit filed charging genocide in Gaza; France is bolstering its military presence in Chad; Ethiopia is considering withdrawal from its port agreement with the breakaway territory of Somaliland; and Kenya has come under additional pressure to deploy its police force to Haiti amid the collapse of the government of Prime Minister Ariel Henry. In the second and third hours we continue our commemoration of International Women's History Month with a focus on the role of women in the abolitionist movement and during the United States Civil War. 

Since The Release of Our New Series, "The Great Awakening Show" That Aaron & I Premiered On Jan. 1st, We've Had THOUSANDS of Positive Responses to The New Series & We Are Excited To Announce Our Best Episode Yet... After Reaching The One Month Mark Into 2024, It's Safe To Say Things Are Already Shaping Up To Make This Year An Unforgettable Year - And In Today's Episode, We Leave No Stones Unturned As We Discuss The Impactful Events That Have Happened Within The Last 30 Days of Our Lives... In This Brand New Episode, We Take A Deep Dive Into:

On this episode of 1000 Hours, the podcast about the pioneer era of pro wrestling, historian and author Karl Stern returns to the pre-pioneer era just before the United States Civil War to uncover more about the first known self-promoted pro wrestling star Charles the King of Wrestling. The pre-pioneer era was a fascinating time period in American history and from it we now see the seeds of what would become American showman style pro wrestling. This is hour 35.   This series explores it's history and personalities. YOU CONTROL THIS SERIES! It will only run as long as it is supported. In order to get another hour of 1000 hours we need a new Patreon supporter at any level or a cash donation via the front page of WhenItWasCool.com to either PayPal or CashApp (Please put “1000” in the note). As soon as it is received, I will produce a new hour. Presently, we are funded up to hour 51.

From July 1st to July 3rd in 1863, Gettysburg was the location of a brutal battle between the Union and Confederate forces during the United States Civil War. Due to this extreme tragedy and bloodshed, it is no surprise that Gettysburg is known to be extremely haunted. In this live Halloween special, we discuss popular ghost sightings and locations and some ghost encounters found across the web.Patreon: Support Believing the Bizarre and get tons of extra content by joining our Patreon.For updates, news, and extra content, follow Believing the Bizarre on social media:InstagramFacebookTwitterDiscordWant to discuss the episode on the day it drops with Tyler and Charlie? Follow on Twitch and check out the extended Twitch streams every Tuesday.Shop Merch: You can rep Believing the Bizarre and buy some unique merchThis show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/5780832/advertisement

The Polish Heritage Center in Panna Maria will present its next virtual program, “Poles in the United States Civil War” on Thursday, Oct. 19, at 6 p.m. Led by Professor James Pula, the program will highlight some of the more important contributions Poles made to the anti-slavery crusade and the Northern and Southern war efforts. Guests will also see images of the important protagonists, summaries of their accomplishments, comments on the Poles by noteworthy leaders, and information on what became of them following the war. You can get a front row seat to this informative presentation online via Zoom at...Article Link

Listen to the Fri. Aug. 25, 2023 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the conclusion of the BRICS 15th Summit in South Africa where an additional six states were admitted into the economic bloc; the leader of the Wagner Group, Yvegeny Prigozhin, had recently been in Africa prior to his death in a private jet crash; Niger has authorized the military cooperation with Burkina Faso and Mali in the face of threatened imperialist-backed intervention; and the war in Ukraine continues with clashes between the NATO-backed forces and the Russian Federation. In the second hour we look in detail at the outcomes of the BRICS Summit with a report from President Cyril Ramaphosa of the Republic of South Africa and other analyses. Finally, we continue our Black August commemoration with an historical review of the Emancipation Proclamation and the United States Civil War in the 19th century.

In this edition of channeling history, we interview the two commanding generals in the United States Civil War, Robert E. Lee and Ulysses Grant.  They speak of slavery, the Civil War and their opinions of current events.  This is a very enlightening show.  Please tell your friends.

The United States Civil War is a never-ending source of tales of bravery, valor, and danger. But few stories capture the spirit of the battle quite like the Great Locomotive Chase. In this episode of Smarticus Tells History, we explore the strangest locomotive heist that ever was. Led by a civilian spy, a group of Union volunteers commandeered a locomotive engine to destroy the rail lines between Atlanta and Chattanooga. If successful, the raid would have successfully mangled the Confederacy's supply lines beyond repair. But the raiders were wholly unprepared for the speed and determination of one slighted locomotive conductor, who single-handedly foiled their plot. The men who attempted this incredible feat were awarded with the first ever Medals of Honor.Highlights: The Great Locomotive Chase in 1863 ended in failure, but its brave participants earned the first Medals of Honor. Highlights include: A look at the strategy of Brigadier General Mitchel in capturing Huntsville and Chattanooga, and the challenged presented by southern railroad lines.The man who presented the solution, a mysterious civilian spy names James J. AndrewsThe soggy push toward rendezvous in Marietta that caused Andrews and his men to fall behind schedule.The successful first moment of the Great Locomotive Chase, in which Andrews and his men steal a locomotive in full view of Confederate sentries and a dining room full of civilians.The unbelievable tenacity of locomotive conductor William Fuller, who chased Andrews and his men first on foot, then using three different commandeered locomotives. The order by Andrews to abandon the plan, and the fate that awaited the raiders as they plunged into the wilderness of the Confederate south. The awarding of the first ever Medal of Honor. Walt Disney made a movie of Andrews' exploits in 1956 called The Great Locomotive Chase starring Fess Parker as AndrewsBuster Keaton's 1927 movie, The General was loosely based on the incident.Links: Support our show here: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=SC5G5XFCX8MYW Start your own podcast on Buzzsprout: https://www.buzzsprout.com/?referrer_id=486316Visit us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SmarticusTellsHistory

We return to address some of the nerdier and more bizarre aspects of 2016's Assassin's Creed and the game series that it is based on! We explore the idea of epigenetic memory more closely (or as closely as two artsy dudes who know science-minded people possibly can), consider possibilities for other time periods this series could visit, explore the genuinely weird truth of what's going on with the Macguffins in the AC universe, and finally get around to Joe's fix for this movie. We talk about which of our ancestors we would want to see the experiences of, Jack's head nearly explodes, and we manage to also turn this episode into a love letter to the John Wick films. Join us as we try to make this expensive pseudo-art film a little better. CW: Violence, discussion of fictional conspiracy nonsense that some might consider blasphemous, mention of Henry Kissinger Podcast Plugged in this Episode: I Hate It Let's Watch It (@ih8itletswatch on Twitter) Stuff Mentioned in this Episode: Jack the Ripper, Robert Evans, Behind the Bastards, the Mafia, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Al Capone, Michael Fassbender, Marion Cotillard, Justin Kurzel, Sesame Street, Ron DeSantis, the Holocaust, Netflix, Resident Evil, the Third Crusade, the Renaissance, the American Revolution, the Golden Age of Piracy, the French Revolution, the Victorian Era, World War I, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Peloponnesian War, Asgard, the Islamic Golden Age, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, Pride & Prejudice & Zombies, MK Ultra, Sandinistas, Bay of Pigs, Ben Affleck, Argo, Ajax, HBO's Watchmen, the United States Civil War, World War II, the Dulles Brothers, the Troubles, the Boxer Rebellion, Feudal Japan, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Isu, Celestials, Prometheus Myth, Adam and Eve, Mayan Apocalypse, LOST, Kevin Spacey, Jeffrey Jones, Howard the Duck, Alicia Vikander, Jason Bourne, Jordana Brewster, The Fast & The Furious, Adam Arkapaw, Chad Stahelski, John Wick, Derek Kolstad, Haley Berry, Hitman: Agent 47, Timothy Oliphant, Zachary Quinto, Captain America: Civil War, The Brothers Grimsby --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/derazzled/support

Listen to the Sat. March 4, 2023 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our PANW report with dispatches on the aftermath of the national elections in the Federal Republic of Nigeria where the two opposition parties are contesting the results; Tunisian trade unions have demonstrated against the rise in inflation in this North African state; Somaliland medical authorities are reporting that approximately 150 people have been killed in recent fighting over the future of the enclave; and the National Peoples Congress of the People's Republic of China has debunked the notion of the Beijing "debt traps" for the African continent. In the second and third hours we begin our commemoration of Women's History Month. We look back at the role of African women during the United States Civil War. Finally, we reexamine the early efforts to organize African American women through the club movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 

The United States Civil War ended on April 9th, 1865. The Confederate States were officially dissolved, U.S. territorial integrity had been preserved, the institution of slavery abolished and the beginning of the Reconstruction Era was ushered in. In the subsequent years, the country would see the passage and ratification of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. Major political, economic, and social changes for a nation that had just witnessed the death of nearly 620,000 of its sons, brothers, husbands, and fathers. But the question remains for historians and the debate continues today… Did the lives of former slaves really change all that dramatically? We know that racism and discrimination remained in the United States for decades to come and that financial freedom was virtually unobtainable for many liberated slaves looking to start new lives. But for some, the end of the Civil War and the years that followed, ushered in remarkable, unimaginable opportunity and for one young, African American girl, whose parents had been slaves, and who was now living in Oklahoma, it would mean that in a few shorts years she would be one of the wealthiest people in the entire country and that today her story would be recounted on this episode of The Missing Chapter. Go to The Missing Chapter Podcast website for more information, previous episodes, and professional development opportunities. Click here to send us a voice message of your name, where you're from, what your favorite MC story is and be featured on an upcoming episode! Don't forget to click subscribe! --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/themissingchapter/support

United States Civil War is Just on the Horizon by Kurlee Daddee Productions - 2022 Tracklist: Jay Nice x Comma Uno x Emme the 3rd - The Fischetti Brothers feat. Kuji Young, Ru$h & Stack Skrilla Lukah - Thoughts Made Divine Big Trip - Proud Ambitions feat. Mickey Diamond & Mvck Nyce Bizarre-Smith & Wesson feat. Dango Forlaine, Ty Farris & Seven The General Bub Styles x Retrospec - Bed In The Stuy feat. Leeky Bandz, ARXV, Rim & Eddie Kaine Elucid - Sardonyx (Feat. Pink Siifu, Billy Woods & Quelle Chris) (Prod. By Sebb Bash) Rick Hyde - Y Bother Talkin' (Prod. By Davie Napalm) Conway & Big Ghost Ltd - Big Drum feat. Goose, Jae Skeese, Shots, 7xvethegenius & SK Harbor Kidz - 9.11 Josiah the Gift - Mightier Than The Sword BodyBagBen - Hiroshima FARMA - FARMA'S ś10 BAG - MysDiggi - ś10 Bag Anthem Asun Eastwood - Straws On The Juice feat. Lord Juco Rick Hyde - Poza (Feat. Rome Streetz) (Prod. By The Alchemist) BodyBagBen - Scars feat. Mickey Diamond Josiah the Gift - Menace RJ Payne - Alien Vs. Predator feat. UFO Fev

Welcome to April 22, 2022 on the National Day Calendar. Today we celebrate our natural world and the beans that everyone adores.  Scientists refer to Earth's location in our solar system as a “Goldilocks Zone.” In other words, it's just right. Any closer or farther from the sun and the temperature on Earth wouldn't be able to host life. No other planet we know of has this exact combination of factors that make a prime place for humans. We are living on a bonafide miracle. Clean water, breathable air, and animals of every shape and size. All perfect. National Earth Day is a time to better appreciate the natural world around us and to take steps to keep it as bright and vibrant as it can be.  Lots of innovations have come about during wartime. Jet engines, duct tape, digital cameras, even candy. During the early days of the United States Civil War, William Schrafft was working on creating a new type of sweet. He wanted to make something chewy that could be easily shipped and stored. Jellied candy such as Turkish Delights had been popular for centuries but it was sticky and didn't travel well. Then he got the idea to add a hard coating, similar to the one used on Marcona almonds. And voila, the jelly bean was born. This new candy soon became a popular treat to send to Union soldiers. And civilians were pretty excited about them too. On National Jelly Bean Day, enjoy a handful of these colorful, all American sweets. I'm Anna Devere and I'm Marlo Anderson. Thanks for joining us as we Celebrate Every Day. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Listen to the Sat. March 26, 2022 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the escalation in the Ukraine conflict; South Sudanese leaders have exchanged accusations over responsibility for renewed fighting inside the country; Kenya has gained international attention through the camel medical clinics providing services to rural populations; and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has continued to engage the military regimes in Guinea and Mali over their demands for a return to civilian rule. In the second hour we listen to a discussion on the South African position on the Ukraine war. We then continue our commemoration of Women's History Month with an examination of African women's labor during enslavement and the United States Civil War. Finally we review a panel discussion featuring African American women during 1968.

On December 21, 1860, newspapers around the country printed very important news coming out of South Carolina. The state had voted to secede from the United States of America. Within just a few months, may more states would follow South Carolina's example and bring on the United States Civil War. What else was being reported on that infamous day? SOURCES “Advertisment: Page 3.” The Abbeville Press and Banner (Abbeville, South Carolina), December 21, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “Another Texas Tragedy.” The Chicago Tribune (Chicago, Illinois), December 21, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “Central Criminal Court, Oct. 22.” The Standard (London, England), October 23, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “The Child Murder at Lea-Bridge.” The Morning Chronicle (London, England), October 3, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “Death Of Rev. J. H. Ingraham.” Vicksburg Whig (Vicksburg, Mississippi), December 26, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “Horrible Affair.” Muscatine Journal (Muscatine, Iowa), December 21, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “The Latest News: Great Britain.” New York Daily Herald (New York City, New York), December 21, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “Let The Children Sleep.” The Bedford Inquirer (Bedford, Pennsylvania), December 21, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “An Ordinance.” The Charleston Courier (Charleston, South Carolina), December 21, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “Painful Occurrence In Holly Springs, Miss.” The Daily Gazette and Comet (Holly Springs, Mississippi), December 21, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “Princess Alice of the United Kingdom.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, November 2, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom. “Romantic Career Of An Eccentric Girl.” The Watertown News (Watertown, Wisconsin), December 21, 1860. www.newspapers.com. “The South Secedes.” ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association. Accessed November 13, 2021. https://www.ushistory.org/us/32e.asp. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Join Hosts Janice and Cherekana of Speak On It ! with Leslie Anderson for a conversation about Stories from the 1st U.S. Colored Cavalry. The 1st U.S. Colored Cavalry included free men, freedmen, freedom-seekers, and white officers from the United States and around the world. Who were they? Where did they come from? Where did they go? And what of those who didn't survive? Many who returned to civilian life established families and contributed to their communities. Others struggled with debilitating injuries, madness, and broken hearts. This program examines the pre-and post-war lives of selected troops and officers by using pension applications and sources from local history. Learn about strategies and sources that you can apply to your research.   Leslie Anderson, a native Virginian, is the owner of Anderson Historic Research, LLC, and a former reference librarian at Alexandria Library, Local History/Special Collections Branch. Named a Virginia Humanities Scholar in 2020, she won the 2013 NGS Family History Writing Contest. Her publications include, Virginia Slave Births Index, 1853-1865 (Project Editor), Alexandria (Co-author), and the Magazine of Virginia Genealogy. Leslie holds a Master of Science in Library Science, and her genealogical education includes GRIP, IGHR, and Gen-Fed. She's a member of AAHGS, NGS, and VGS. She blogs at "1st U.S. Colored Cavalry: Private Lives, Public Records."  

Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Mexico and in the United States and besides the sale on beer, the U.S has other reasons to celebrate the date of an underdog Mexican victory against the French. Like many other points in history, the events of Cinco de Mayo created ripples across the world that changed the trajectory of not just Mexico but the U.S and the world beyond.Find out how on today's episode of Facts-Chology!If you have a question you want us to research, send an email to Factschology@gmail.comAnd if you like the show, give us a rating, leave a review, or subscribe!Sourceshttps://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/the-second-empire-and-the-american-civil-war/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/12/empire-of-cotton/383660/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/french-interventionhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Cinco-de-Mayohttps://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cinco-de-mayohttps://www.history.com/news/cinco-de-mayo-battle-puebla-civil-warhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2206653?seq=1https://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/edit/edit_cinco_de_mayo.shtml#https://coffeeordie.com/battle-of-puebla/https://www.businessinsider.com/cinco-de-mayo-beer-companies-advertizing-2011-5Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/Factschology)

This is part two of the United States Civil War. If you have not listened to part one, start there and come back to this one. We also have separate podcasts on Abraham Lincoln's presidency, the election of 1860, and other causes that led to the civil war.    Civil War Part Two covers the final battles of the civil war, the aftermath, and the tentative beginnings of reconstruction.  There is too much to put into the description and why steal our own thunder? Always more to learn!

We have danced around the Civil War for the last few episodes setting the stage for beginnings of war. There is a lot to go into with the specifics of The Civil War so this is broken up into two parts. Too much to put into the description and why steal our own thunder? Always more to learn!

The life, presidency, and assassination of Abraham Lincoln makes up the content of this podcast. We touch upon events of the United States Civil War, but we tried to keep it more general as we will be doing The Civil War in much more detail in the coming podcasts. Abraham Lincoln is one of the most important presidents in our countries history. He kept the Union together through war, was a great statesman and mostly self-educated. HIs beliefs evolved over time and his desire to preserve the union directed his actions. This podcast was sponsored by our friends at Keen Insites. Advertising, Web Design, and all things digital. They help businesses compete online. Visit www.keeninsites.com.  We don't want to give too much to you in the description as we want you to listen to the podcast!  

According to most history books, the United States Civil War ended on April 9, 1865,  when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.  This is a truth, but it really isn’t the truth. At best it could be described as the beginning of the end of the Civil War.  Learn more about when the US Civil War really ended on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sign up for the Travel Photography Academy: http://TravelPhotographyAcademy.com -------------------------------- Associate Producer Thor Thomsen   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere   Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/EEDailyPodcast/ Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/

We all have seen the divisive nature of media and public information since the birth of both. But 2020 has a new spin that has all the folks tuning in; the idea of a second United States Civil War. Let us not forget that this idea has been blasted out from media outlets to give us a false sense of reality, as most of what those outlets often push into our mental headspace. The formidable feedback loop that we take part in produces the conjuring of possibilities with hypothetical solutions, most of which is useless and wasted mental energy that only serves to belittle and undermine humanity. We have been turned against each other, and ultimately our own selves. As humans, it is our stewardship that will bring minds back together during these strange times. Let us put down our mental weapons of mass destruction and instead choose to dismantle the divisive feedback loop that we ourselves have created. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/symbiosisnow/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/symbiosisnow/support

Exhibitions Manager William joins Craig to examine a surgeon's kit used in the United States Civil War (1861-1865). WARNING: this episode contains descriptions of antique medical instruments and gruesome details of war-time injuries. Music by Phil Vivori.

CHM017- Silent Service Part 2 (Revisited)   Summary: Another re-released episode series Andrew and Jeff did back in 2018. The use of submarines in warfare changed the navel battle field forever when it first was used back in the United States Civil War. On this episode Jeff and Andrew will cover submarine during the Cold War and beyond.   Links: Submarine Warfare Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_warfare   Submarines and Submarine Warfare: https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/submarines_and_submarine_warfare   USS Thresher: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thresher_(SSN-593)   USS Scorpion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Scorpion_(SSN-589)   Finding The Titanic: https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/13/us/titanic-discovery-classified-nuclear-sub/index.html   Film Clips: The Hunt For Red October: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099810/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0

CHM016- Silent Service Part 1 (Revisited)   Summary: Another re-release episode series Andrew and Jeff did back in 2018. The use of submarines in warfare changed the navel battle field forever when it first was used back in the United States Civil War. On this episode Jeff and Andrew will cover the invention of the technology of submarines up until World War 2.   Links: Submarine Warfare Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_warfare   Submarines and Submarine Warfare: https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/submarines_and_submarine_warfare     Film Clips: U571: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0141926/   Jaws: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073195/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1   Men of Honor: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0203019/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1

It is truly an honor to have as my guest for episode 50, historian and Odd Fellow, Peter Sellars. Peter and I were in the same class at Hayward High School. I knew he joined the Marines right out of high school - and we pretty much lost track of each other until a high school reunion a few years back. I recently heard him on a different podcast talk about the conspiracy against the leaders of the United States of which Lincoln's assassination was a part of. I was also very interested in his quest to find out how the moral code of the Odd Fellows, "Friendship, Love and Truth", was upheld during the United States Civil War. I, too, find it of upmost interest and a personal goal - to uphold the practice and valor of Love at the times when it is most challenging to myself. The following is from his current book, How Friendship, Love, and Truth, Survived the American Civil War... and I hope you appreciate episode 50 as much as I do. (you can purchase the book with this link): Peter V. Sellars is a recognized historian in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. His first two history books, The Independent Order of Odd Fellows in the City of San Francisco and Calling Out From The Past: The First Odd Fellows Home in California, were well received. In 2005, he established a fraternal museum in San Francisco to maintain books and other items unique to the Odd Fellows. The offices that he has held in the Order have given him greater access to sources, materials, and contacts throughout the United States, which led to the creation of this most recent book relating the Odd Fellows to the Civil War. Sellars holds a BS degree from California State University, Hayward (East Bay), and is retired from the U.S. Marine Corps. He and his wife live in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Wilson's Creek was fought on August 10th, 1861 between Union forces under general Nathaniel Lyon and Rebel Forces under General Sterling Price. Wilson's Creek was hard fought and went a long way to setting the path for the state of Missouri in the United States Civil War.    

From Whitman's entry on May 12. The narrative of a two-day battle, replete with details of the relentless fighting and gruesome carnage, the beauty of the cloudy sky revealing a silvery moon, and ending with a tribute to the thousands of unknown and unburied soldiers who perished in the United States Civil War.

Glory: Does this film accurately portray the United States Civil War, or has it been viewed with Bueller-tinted glasses. On today's episode Adam, Ben, and John traverse a historical battlefield that has an effect on America's past, present, and future.This film is available on:Amazon Video, Google Play, iTunes, Youtube, and Vudu.You can find the next film, The Battle of Algiers, on:Amazon Video, Google Play, iTunes, Kanopy, TCM, and Youtube.

Jacob L. Shapiro and Kamran Bokhari think about the relationship between power and ideology, and whether political forms are predestined. Learn more about our methodology with our free report: goo.gl/KbkUpp TRANSCRIPT: Jacob L. Shapiro: Hello everyone and welcome to another Geopolitical Futures podcast. It's a beautiful day here in Austin, Texas. I think we're going to hit 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Kamran, how's it going in Washington? Kamran Bokhari: It is hot and muggy here, Jacob. JLS: Well we are going to try and cool things down here with a little bit of a podcast. So, we've been experimenting with different kinds of podcasts of late. Sometimes we go around the world and sort of talk about the week in geopolitics. We've been doing some interesting stuff about history and contingencies especially in old military battles lately. Today, Kamran is joining us on the podcast because Kamran has been thinking about democracy, one of those topics that I think everybody talks about and maybe people don't understand quite as well as they think they do. Obviously the most famous quote about democracy is the one that is ascribed to Winston Churchill when he said that democracy is the worst form of government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time. So we don't exactly know where we're going to go in this conversation quite yet. This is more going to be a conversation and opportunity for Kamran and I to talk out some of the things that he's been thinking about and struggling with in his analysis and hopefully that will be useful to our audience listeners. I will say that this type of stuff, the relationship between ideology and between the form of government and then how that relates to geopolitics which really thinks a lot more about things like geography and interests and things that are hardwired into the system rather than things like forms of government that can change is a constant struggle for anyone who is trying to understand international affairs or who is trying to understand geopolitics. So I don't expect us to come up with some kind of answer here or even conclusion. But maybe we'll raise some of the right questions. So Kamran, tell me and tell the audience a little bit about what you've been thinking about lately and what's been tripping you up. KB: So Jacob, I've been really fascinated by the sort of duality when it comes to democracy. So on one hand, we in the West, we love democracy. It's a norm for us. It's a cherished value. It's not just a political system that provides for stability and economic development and improvement. It's something that we live by. It's almost religious for us. But if you contrast that with the view of the democracy, say, sitting in Moscow or Beijing or Tehran or any of the other hostile hotspots in the world, they look at this and they say this is a weapon that the West uses to undermine our regimes. They think of colored revolutions, they think of CIA-backed uprisings, Ukraine being the most prominent of the point of view of the Kremlin. So, I find it really fascinating that something is both a value and a weapon at the same time. JLS: Yeah, let's let that develop in the oven a little bit more. So it's a value. It has become a value that's for sure, and it certainly can be interpreted as a weapon. But ultimately what it is, is a form of government and when you talk about countries like a China or a Russia and you think in terms of their approach to democracy, I think one of the things that you have to keep in mind is that in these places that democracy is dangerous and in fact, I would say that in most places democracy is dangerous. That Churchill quote that I said at the beginning I think gets brushed aside and is sometimes used as a joke. But I mean one of the things Churchill was saying in that quote was that democracy is incredibly problematic. The rule of the people without any kind of constraints quickly becomes the rule of the mob and pretty much every political theorist in the history of humankind has been worried about what happens when you turn over political authority to a large group of people that the people themselves get to decide. So even in a country like the United States, which has a certain set of what we call liberal values and which in recent decades has tried to use those liberal values to expand its own definition of the national interest. At the same time, even the United States, when you read the founders and when you read the Constitution, when you think about the Federalist Papers, the United States was founded as a republic not as a straight democracy and if the United States had been founded as a democracy, I am not sure that the political project would have worked. The thing I always come back to with this, one of the major mistakes that the United States made when it was trying to rebuild Iraq, the United States almost misunderstood itself and misunderstood its own beginnings. It thought that if it gave equal voice to Sunnis, Shiites and Kurds based on their segment of the population that democracy was just going to carry the day and everything was going to go fine. Obviously, that didn't happen. In Iraq, democracy was a recipe for civil war and for the birth of ISIS. That's not the United States thinking about democracy as a weapon at all. That's the United States thinking that democracy is the healing salve for all problems. So I think it's a little more complicated than that. To think of it in terms of a weapon and to think of it in terms of China and Russia are against it but the United State is for it, I always have to complicate that a little bit because the United States is not as democratic as sort of the vulgar explanation of the United States is. And for China and Russia, I think there are elements of democracy in China and Russia for sure and at the other end of that spectrum is that they are trying to preserve a sense of regime stability and greater good. That's not that different from what is happening in the West either. How would you respond to all of that? KB: I think you raise a fair point and I don't disagree with you but I'd like to take this to the next level and I would say that, I look at it in terms of how much control do you have over or does one civilization, one country have over the democratic process versus another. So on one hand, democracy in the United States is something that's tried, tested. There are mechanisms that have been in place for over 200 years and they continue to be improved upon and so it's become something that's known as synonymous with stability and prosperity. But when countries like Russia, China, Iran and others look at it and they say this is a recipe for disaster because what they have in mind is regime preservation and when we say regime preservation, it could be ideological purity, it could be that as well as the desire to see a particular elite remain in power, the incumbent system maintain its hold over people. If you look at it from the point of view of political freedoms, these systems – the Chinese, the Russian and the Iranian and the like – they see this as very subversive, as something that is infectious and it will turn their people against their regime and that dynamic is somehow manipulated by the United States and other Western countries. So I got thinking and I said, though it's very interesting that on one hand these civilizations, these nations look at it and say, these political freedoms are a bad thing, it's something that will subvert whereas political freedoms have been internalized in the West where it doesn't affect or it doesn't have that subversive nature. Political freedom in the United States and in the wider Western world is a source of strength as opposed to weakness. JLS: Yeah I am going to push back a little bit there Kamran because I see what you're saying. The relationship between the form of government and the actual physical geographic entity is a good one to raise. Is the United States a republic and a democratic republic because it was a settler nation that the settlers came to and were able to create sort of out of nothing and the way they wanted it? And is say a Russia or a China or Iran all of those countries are large countries with very difficult geographies to govern with a lot of different ethnolinguistic groups and religious groups and everything you could possibly imagine. We don't think of those countries that way, we think of Russia as everybody's reading Tolstoy and we think of China as just the Han Chinese and we think of Iran as Ancient Persians but if you actually look at ethnic maps of all those countries, when they've been empires, they've subsumed large numbers of different groups. And if you're going to give democratic rights to the entire society, you risk undermining the stability of the system, like you said. But the thing I would push back on is you say they would look at it in terms of infectious and I really would hesitate to use that language. It almost breaks into not being objective because again if you go back and you read the Federalist Papers or even if you read Locke and the people who inspired the Federalist Papers, those theorists were afraid of people. They set up systems of government specifically because they understood that or they thought that democracy was destabilizing. When a China or a Russia or an Iran are trying to accomplish things for the greater good of their society and they see democracy as something that can hinder that, they're not wrong. You know, right now in the United States, we're in a battle royal for health care which has been a battle for so long. And one of the problems of health care is that it's a huge hot button topic. It's incredibly complex. Everybody cares about it and has a different agenda. Somebody who is 70 years old is going to have a completely different priority than somebody who is 50 years old, is going to have a completely different priority than somebody who is 30 years old. And the way the United States system is set up is to create a very inefficient system so that no one group can dominate. There is something to be said for the greater good and governing from a place of the greater good even if that means less democracy or individual rights. And the other thing I would just throw at you is to say that even in the Western world, there has always been a difference in the conceptualization of these types of ideas. I am grossly oversimplifying here but continental Europe I think of really in terms of Rousseau and more of collectivism, and a lot of that has to do with the national will and what is best for the nation and there's a social contract. But there is also an expectation that the government will do what is best for everyone whereas in Great Britain and the United States that became much more focused on an attention to individual rights. And obviously the collective will was still important but not in the same way that it was in continental Europe and I think if you watch the development of democratic politics or just politics in general in continental Europe versus say in the United Kingdom, in Australia, in the United States, it's different. And even there, we can talk about geography and how maybe something about how being island nations or settling nations and stuff like that affects things. So, I would just caution us from going to the value level statement because so many of those things are dressed up in language that is designed to make people feel things. But at the same time all of this is coming down – and I am not creating a moral equivalency, I don't think there's a moral equivalency and am not a nihilist – I don't think that everyone is the same morally. But I do think that this idea that ok well the West is completely democratic and a country like Russia or a country like China sees democracy as completely infectious and as a weapon, I don't know, I begin to hesitate a little bit when I hear that kind of talk. KB: I guess I am not disagreeing with you. What I am trying to say here is that in the Western world, we have come up with mechanisms to manage dissent whereas in these other parts of the world, dissent is negative. So new ideas are seen as hostile. I mean let's look at the United States. Homosexuality as a concept, as an idea, as a way of life, you know we have now incorporated it through various means and I don't mean to say that the debate is over, far from it. But it's something that we have accepted as a reality of life and we have now tried to find ways in which to have that form of sort of dissenting view of how the majority of people conduct themselves in sexual terms. Now if you compare that with let's say other places, there's a big uproar in Chechnya and the Chechen government is a Muslim-led government but it's not Islamist, it's very pro-Kremlin and yet they're cracking down on homosexuality as if it's something to be afraid of and to suppress. So I am looking at sort of how different systems manage dissent, allow for political freedom, allow for new ideas. New ideas are not necessarily seen as negative and detrimental and an existential threat so I think that is sort of at the heart of what I am trying to compare and contrast here. JLS: I hear you but again I'll push back and say, yes so in the West, there's certainly more freedom of expression and certainly today, there are better ways to express dissent. That is certainly an ideal that the West has tried to live up to but other forms of managing dissent in the Western world or other examples of managing that dissent could be the United States Civil War in which over half a million soldiers died not even counting all the civilians. World War I, World War II, we could even throw the troubles in the United Kingdom not so long ago in there. That wasn't the type of managing dissent that you are talking about and the notion of different ideas. So freedom of expression is one thing but even in the West when you have groups that are demanding rights or privileges that a central government doesn't want to give them, you are still having violent clashes. It's not like these things don't happen in the West. KB: You are absolutely right. I mean if you look at the issue of racism and this latest incarnation in the form of Black Lives Matter, that movement. So I get what you're saying. I am not saying that everything is hunky-dory and things are very smooth. There are bumps but I am looking at it in terms of whether we in the West look at these things as existential or do we welcome dissent and we say, okay, let's figure out a way to internalize this. How can we use the existing parameters of our political system? How can we manage this? How can we allow for these differences to coexist? I mean look at immigrants. One of the biggest things is immigration these days and how immigration could potentially subvert countries. So the French are very worried about the French Republic and the effects of immigration and how 10, 20, 50 years from now, what will the French Republic look like? We have the same concern in the United States. At the same time, in Britain and places like Canada, we have the idea of multiculturalism and ok you know immigrant communities, they come in, they accept the mainstream culture but they also retain some of what they came in with. I mean those cultural norms and values and somehow it gets integrated into the larger whole. You contrast that with a country like Saudi Arabia or a country like Iran and China. Again, I go back to the usual suspects but you don't see that same sort of, okay, let's figure out a way on how to manage these different peoples. I am not saying it's black and white but I can't help but sort of recognize that on one hand, I am not saying there's no discomfort in the West. Discomfort exists but the discomfort does not equate to the sky is falling. In these other non-Western systems, it's a very existential threat. These are things that are seen as hostile to the very existence of the nation. So women can't drive in Saudi Arabia. I mean driving has nothing to do with a particular norm but it's seen in power relations. It's seen as the current elite whether it's tribal or whether it's religious or both. They see this, that if they allowed women to drive, then somehow the world as they know it would change and they would lose power. So I am looking at this as more of a power dynamic in the sense that, power is not maintained, stability is not maintained. But it will be lost. JLS: Well for our listeners right now, I'll just point out that so we've talked about homosexuality, immigration and women's rights already, so I am sure we've pissed some people off already. I think those are the things you are not supposed to talk about when you are trying to make friends with someone, right? But joking aside, Kamran you put a lot in the oven there. I think an interesting way to pivot from what you're saying is to think about the relationship between the forms of government you are talking about and power because I think one of the ways that I would also push back at you is to say that a lot of what we've discussed right now, when you're thinking in terms of geopolitics, doesn't matter that much, right? So you know, you've talked a little bit about democracy and sort of the double-edged sword of it. But I think you also at least alluded to earlier in our conversation that you thought that democracy created stable political regimes and you thought this increased power. And I don't know that I necessarily agree with that. I think that power probably is based a lot more on geographic advantage and things like economic assets and military assets and, as the last couple podcasts we've done on military battles focused on, maybe sometimes just some dumb luck. I mean, we like to think that there is a rhyme and reason to the universe that is based on reality but one of the things that we track all the time is that well things work in terms of how things function and that ideology is really something that people use to justify whatever they are doing. So Saudi Arabia – not a lot changes geopolitically for Saudi Arabia, whether women can drive or not. And no matter what the political ideology there is or not, what changes things for Saudi Arabia is their petro-economy with nothing besides oil to fund all the tribal affiliations and loyalties that they have to keep the regime together. And oil's going down because the U.S. is pumping. And that's the basic hard frame of Saudi Arabia; nothing's really going to change that. KB: I mean look again, we're on the same page. I will say that yes it's demography, geography, resources and how they interplay between those three that will shape geopolitical outcomes. There's no disagreeing with that. It's just at a lower level, slightly lower level, we have these other variables in play as well that really different peoples, if we can use that term, see very differently. And going back to dissent or political freedom, which is sort of the topic that we're trying to unpack here today, we see that being received very, very differently and in very sharp and contrasting ways. And so I would say, I would sort of flip this and say sometimes, while in the West – and I started with this – that in the West, democracy is good, political freedoms are good, everybody should have them. And at the same time, it's a way to essentially manage hostile regimes: North Korea, China, Russia, Iran and anybody else who's hostile. But at the same time, there's the flip side too and this is probably where you and I can begin to agree is that even from the Western point of view, outcomes matter. So if democracy produces something that is hostile to the United States and to the West, then that's not a good thing. So if you have elections that bring to power a group of people that are hostile to democracy as we understand it, they use elections to gain democratic means and power and then they turn around and they control that system and it was just a means to an end. From that point of view, yes democracy isn't necessarily a weapon; it sort of cuts both ways but in a different way. And so I am not saying that these are black and white things. That in the West, democracy is good and in the non-Western world, democracy is seen negatively. In the non-Western world, a lot of people, especially in the Third World, from their point of view, they're very bitter when outcomes do not jive with or mesh with Western expectations. The West isn't so eager to promote democracy. A lot of Egyptians will say, “Why is the United States supporting President Sissi who came to power through a military coup?” And so there is that dynamic as well. So yes, there is the weapon versus value. But I think that there's far more to that as well and I think that we are kind of saying the same thing here. JLS: Kind of but Kamran I disagree with you on a couple things that you have said so far and that didn't convince me about some of the other things you've said. I think we agree on the geopolitics of some of these things but again like in a country like Russia, Vladimir Putin has very high popularity ratings and Vladimir Putin returned a sense of pride to Russia that wasn't there before he came to power. Xi Jinping in China is thought extremely well of. You can say whatever you want about him – about him centralizing control and his presidency and becoming a more authoritarian government – but the stuff about corruption is real. I mean he really is, on the one hand those are political purges but also like he is taking an aim at corruption. The same is true about Duterte in the Philippines. When the West reports about him, it's that he's this loud mouth who says all these crazy things. But in the Philippines, he has a tremendous amount of appeal even though he has some of these quote, unquote authoritarian tendencies and again when it gets down to ideology for me, the more I think about this stuff and the more I say this stuff, the less it really matters. I think that all countries and all people, need ideology to justify their systems of beliefs and the things that they do to protect their countries to themselves. I think that's one of the main ways that ideology manifests itself. But I don't think that there's some sort of qualitative difference necessarily between a China and a Russia and a United States. I think that geography determines a lot of the challenges and history determines a lot of the challenges that these places have had to come up with. And it's interesting that democracy has become a value. It makes sense if you think back in history and go back to when the monarchies in Europe were falling apart and you had the Enlightenment going on and people thinking about the nation in new terms. You know, democracy made sense because basically the old system had been upended and that idea coming out of Europe was infectious, it really has spread all over the world. And the ideas of nationalism and the national collective will being most important really is the basis for the international political system, right? So it is that democracy has become a value but in the sense that democracy has become a value, a country like China and a country like the United States actually share a lot more in common with what you're putting forth in this argument. And again, democracy in a country like the United States, I am not sure that is the main reason there was stability in the United States. Ambiguity about democracy is sort of what led to the Civil War in the first place. I think a lot more has to do with economics and politics and military history and cultural values and things like that. KB: That is true but going back the popularity of Putin, the popularity of Duterte and Xi Jinping, yeah I mean we can find evidence of their popularity. But I am pretty sure that, I mean these are societies in which – polls in general the world over, polls as Brexit has told us, as the recent U.S. election has told us, polls are unreliable. JLS: Yeah but you can't dismiss that point by saying polls are unreliable. When the numbers are that far ahead and like I mean yes, the Brexit polls were unreliable, that was like the margin was 52 to 48 or something like that and it was dancing around there. But like I don't think it's fair to cast aspersions on the type of polls that are being conducted in those senses because a Brexit vote was wrong. KB: That's not what I am saying. What I am saying is that while there will be evidence to suggest that Putin and Xi are very popular, I am pretty sure that we can find polls where people will and these two things may not contradict each other, there will be those who look at the West and say, “Well I'd like to be able to live like that, I'd like to be able to have that kind of prosperity, have those kind of freedoms, have that kind of lifestyle.” So those things go hand in hand, so there's something to be said about that. And therefore, they look at their own systems and say, “Ok these systems don't provide us with that.” And this is sort of the globalization effect and the popularity at this point in history where the world over, people like things Western. I mean that's the reality. Yes, they're nationalistic; yes, they're simultaneously very, very territorial about who they are and what their identity is and they're religious and they're nationalistic and they have ethnic values. But at the same time, we can't dismiss the fact that the world over, people look at the West and say, “Well gosh I wish we had that kind of system here.” JLS: The line “people like things Western” – I don't exactly know what means. Certainly, people look up to the great powers in the world. You know that was Great Britain and that was the United States. But during the Cold War, some of the world liked the United States and some of the world liked the Soviet Union and there were even pockets in the West that liked the Soviet Union so I don't know that I would reduce it that simply. But I would put back at you Kamran: so what does this have to say about geopolitics? What conclusion do you make about the relationship between nations based on the thing that you're talking about? KB: I think there's an innate human desire to live in political economic terms that provide them with a better life. I mean there's no denying that and I think that… JLS: But that has nothing to do with democratic freedom necessarily. KB: It may not necessarily. I would still argue that geopolitics as we discuss it internally and we converse with our audience and we say geopolitics is politics, military affairs, economics all in an integrated form. So I would say if we talk about the political realm, then we can't just say democracy doesn't shape the political level in which geopolitics operates. We do have autocratic regimes; they have their problems. I am not saying democracies don't have their problems. They do. But there is a qualitative difference. And there's something to be said about it and I don't have a solid answer for our listeners. But I can't help but consider that there is a reality. Look at immigration patterns. People are not flying off to China. They're not trying to go and live in Russia. Where are they coming? They're coming to Europe. And that's why we have an immigration problem. So, I think there's something to be said about that. JLS: There is and there is a qualitative difference between every nation. But I still am not clear on the leap you're making from political ideology in terms of politics to national power. What is the relationship there that you are positing? KB: I am just saying that there is something to be said about – and not necessarily calling it ideology or political systems. I am just saying that there is something about the West in general that people want to be like Western people. And sometimes they want to do that in their own context while remaining in Russia, remaining in China, remaining in Iran. And sometimes people just give up and say, “Ok you know what? I am just going to leave my place of birth and I am just going to go and try to find my way. You know, if I'm successful, good. If I am not, well we'll live with that.” So I am not necessarily making a connection here or elevating politics or ideology and saying that it's different from geopolitics. I am saying that geopolitics is a function of these things. So when we talk geopolitics, I am saying that this is something we need to consider as well. JLS: Yeah but Kamran what I am struggling with here is you're talking about a very, very Western-centric view of the world. And then it's not tying into any sort of explanation for the relationships between nations themselves. So I am just not clear about what you're driving at so what is the point that you're driving to at the end of all of this? KB: I think that the point that I am making is that when we talk about geopolitics, when we step down one level and just talk about politics and even economics, I think systems do matter. And that's what I am trying to say here. I don't have a solid answer and as we said in the beginning, this is a topic that we're trying to explore. So I don't necessarily have a definitive conclusion here on the role of politics, the role of ideology, the role of political systems. What I am just saying is that when we talk about geopolitics, I think these things have a role and it may not be as big or as small. I am just saying that there is a role and these various factors that we've been sort of discussing, they do shape geopolitics at the end of the day. JLS: Well here we may just have to disagree because I think geopolitics shapes them. And this is something that I've written about before and I've said it before and I am sure people will write in and tell me what they think about what I am going to say here but I've always said that ideology comes after the kind of hard things that define political realities for me. So I really don't put a lot of stock in ideology. I think it's important to understand ideology and there are times where if you want to understand a country's national priorities or the way that it's going to manage itself or its relationship with others, you need to understand some of the ideological underpinnings. But I really do think that, what you have first is you have basic things like well how are we going to govern and how are we going to protect ourselves and how are all of these things going to work? And ideology gets grafted onto that and ideology is incredibly malleable and it can change depending on the situation. And ultimately when we think about the relationships between nations, I think these ideologies generally speaking don't have that much import. You know, Nazi Germany was a reprehensible regime. If I can remember the Churchill quote on that was, you know, most lamentable crime or something in the history of human crime or something was how he described Nazi Germany. But when you look at Nazi Germany and when you look at Kaiser Wilhelm and German in World War I, it's the same geopolitics at work there. It's the same strategic interest that is driving Germany to go to war with the European continent because of the issue of Germany. And we can say that the issue of Germany is still not settled today. It really doesn't matter ideology-wise when we're talking about the relationship between the United States and China. The United States is a democratic republic. China is nominally a communist country although as I have pointed out before Xi Jinping now wants to use supply-side reform so he basically wants to use Reaganomics to try and fix the economic problems of its own country. And China really hasn't been a communist country since Deng Xiaoping opened up it in the 1970s and 80s. What defines the relationship between the United States and China are things like the trade deficit, are things like the United States increasing imports of Chinese goods. On the one hand, that increases Chinese dependence on the United States because of how important trade is to their economy. On the other hand, that is bad for jobs and employment in the American middle class even though people can buy cheaper goods probably than they could otherwise from China. Those are the things that define the relationship between the United States and China and certainly both sides like to ding each other over the heads with their various ideological points. But I don't pay a lot of attention to that. And in general at GPF, we don't pay a lot of attention to that because ultimately at the end of the day, that is the stuff that people say in order to justify what's going on, on a much deeper level. And it's that deeper substrate that we're constantly trying to get to. And the thing about that is that ultimately every nation is different and every state is different and they behave in different ways. But human beings are ultimately all human beings. So, on the one hand, you have to understand the differences between these things. But on the other hand, if you can understand the basic wants and needs of a human being, you can begin to tease out maybe how different political forms emerge in the different places that they did. So maybe you need to sit with it and think with it a little bit more. But I would say that for me, I have a pretty well-defined – a lot of people talk about ideology and interests as chicken and the egg. For me it's not a chicken and egg situation. At least to me, it's very clear that interests and geography and things like that come first and that ideology gets grafted on afterwards and I spend much more of my time dealing with the former rather than the latter. KB: I don't disagree with you. I am just saying that from my point of view, ideas shape interests and vice versa and so I don't how know much. I can't quantify it. It's something that I am not qualified to speak on. But I think that there's a bit of more complexity and it's a two-way traffic. I guess that's what I am trying to say here. JLS: Fair enough. Well I think Kamran, I think we'll call it a day there. Thank you everyone for listening. We hope you enjoyed us sort of pulling the hood back up and me and Kamran batting things around a little bit and arguing. But as always, you can leave us commentary and feedback. You can just leave comments on Soundcloud here or you can email us at comments@geopoliticalfutures.com. We'll be back next week probably with a little look around the world for the podcast. So I am Jacob Shapiro. This is Kamran Bokhari and we will see you out there. Thanks Kamran. KB: Thank you.

War is the most extreme experience human beings can take part in. How did soldiers during the United States Civil War endure and survive? Support the podcast: https://www.patreon.com/reflectinghistory Reflecting History on Twitter: @reflectinghist If you like the podcast and have 30 seconds to spare, consider leaving a review on iTunes...It helps!

There was a whole lot more to Harriet Tubman's life and work than her time as a conductor on the Underground Railroad. During the United States Civil War, she worked as a Union spy, eventually earning the nickname "General." Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

Listen to this edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. During this program we feature our regular PANW reports with dispatches on the visit of Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe to the United Nations Millenium Development Goals conference in New York City this week; the presidents of South Africa and Namibia have pledged to strengthen bi-lateral relations between the two sub-continenal states; Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff has spoken at the UN as well on the plot to illegally remove her from office in the South American nation; and the Cuban Communist Party has concluded its 7th Congress in Havana where both President Raul Castro and former head-of-state Fidel Castro delivered major addresses. In the second hour we pay tribute to Prince, the African American musical innovator and film star who was found dead in his home on April 21. We will look at the battle he waged for years against the corporate record companies demanding just compensation for his creative work. Finally we look back on the 151st anniversary of the conclusion of the United States Civil War which ended in April of 1865.

This week Derek talks with Gary Kaskel, film maker turned animal protection advocate. Gary's latest book, "Monsters and Miracles: Henry Bergh's America", is a biographical look into Henry Bergh, a man who founded two social justice organizations directly after the United States Civil War. Almost everyone has heard of the ASPCA and about the same number of people also believe that children should be protected and have the right not to be treated as property. However, what most people don't know is that both of those things were pushed up to the forefront of public understanding due to one man, Henry Bergh. Find out more about the man who can be easily called 'The most famous American you've never heard of'.

Queen Quet, Chieftess of the Gullah/Geechee Nation host "Gullah/Geechee Riddim Radio" on behalf of the Gullah/Geechee Sea Island Coalition. Queen Quet opens the "Black History/African Heritage Month" broadcast series with a discussion of the United States Civil War and Gullah/Geechee stories leading up to and during this event which is being commemorated this year. Tune in, call in, or come to the live chat. Disya da we show-Gullah/Geechee Riddim Radio!