Podcasts about Hallel

The Gemara (Berachot 48a) brings the view of Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi that an Ebed – a non-Jewish servant, who is obligated in some Misvot – may be counted as the tenth men for a Minyan. The Mordechi (Rav Mordechai Ben Hillel, Germany, 13 th century) cites Rabbenu Simha as concluding on the basis of Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi's ruling that a woman may be counted toward a Minyan. Since non-Jewish servants are obligated in the same Misvot that women are, it follows that if a servant can be counted, then a woman may be counted, as well. The Bet Yosef observes that this also seems to have been the position of Rabbenu Tam (France, 1100-1171). However, Rabbenu Tam did not act upon this position, and this practice never became accepted. At first glance, we might have assumed that this position would affect the status of an Androginus (hermaphrodite, somebody with both male and female biological features) with respect to a Minyan. In general, the Halachic status of such a person is a Safek – one of uncertainty, and it is unknown whether to treat this individual as a male or female. Seemingly, when an Androginus is needed for a Minyan, we should apply the rule of "Sefek Sefeka," which allows acting leniently when two uncertainties are at stake. There is one question whether this person should be treated as a man or a woman, and even if an Androginus is regarded as a woman, perhaps Halacha follows the view of Rabbenu Tam that a woman may be counted as a Minyan. However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that Rabbenu Tam's position does not even come under consideration, and therefore we cannot apply the rule of "Sefek Sefeka" in this case. Hence, an Androginus is not counted toward a Minyan. Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi is cited also as allowing counting a minor – a boy under the age of Bar-Misva – toward a Minyan. The Gemara (Berachot 47b) brings Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi's ruling that an infant cannot be counted as the third person for a Zimun, but he can be counted as the tenth person for a Minyan. Tosafot cite Rabbenu Tam as accepting this position, and ruling that a child – even an infant – can count as the tenth person for a Minyan. (This is the basis for the Bet Yosef's aforementioned theory that Rabbenu Tam likely allowed counting a woman for a Minyan, as well, as he accepted Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi's ruling.) Later Rishonim explain Rabbenu Tam's surprising ruling based on the verse from which the Sages derived the concept of a Minyan: "Ve'nikdashti Be'toch Beneh Yisrael" – "I shall be sanctified in the midst of the Children of Israel" (Vayikra 22:32). Even infants are considered part of Beneh Yisrael, and thus they qualify to create the conditions in which these special portions of the Tefila may be recited. The Sefer Ha'manhig (Rabbi Abraham Ben Natan, d. 1215) brings Rabbenu Tam's ruling without making any further comments, strongly implying that he accepted this lenient position. By contrast, numerous Rishonim write that Rabbenu Tam never apply this ruling as a practical matter, and never actually permitted counting minors toward a Minyan. (This is why the Bet Yosef, as cited earlier, writes that Rabbenu Tam did not allow counting a woman toward a Minyan.) Nevertheless, there were those who maintained that when necessary, a congregation may rely on Rabbenu Tam's opinion and count a child toward a Minyan. The Orhot Haim tells that Rabbenu Shimshon decreed excommunication upon a village that, in defiance of his strict ruling, counted minors toward a Minyan, but the Orhot Haim adds that this may be done when absolutely necessary, if the town is very small and otherwise will not have a Minyan. In fact, the Orhot Haim writes, the Ra'abad wrote that this was the custom in many communities. By contrast, the Rosh (Rabbenu Asher Ben Yehiel, 1250-1327) cites Rabbenu Yishak as disputing Rabbenu Tam's position, noting that the Gemara brings Mor Zutra as disagreeing with Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi, and asserting that Halacha follows the view of Mor Zutra. The Bet Yosef lists numerous Rishonim who concurred with this stringent ruling of Rabbenu Yishak, and indeed, in the Shulhan Aruch, he writes that a minor may not be counted toward a Minyan under any circumstances, even if otherwise there will not be a Minyan. This is the Halacha for Sepharadim. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Cracow, d. 1572) ruled that since some Rishonim allowed counting minors toward a Minyan, this can be done when necessary. Rav Moshe Feinstein (Russia-New York, 1895-1986) accepted this ruling as normative Ashkenazic practice, and thus writes that if a congregation has no other option for praying with a Minyan, they may count a boy who has yet to reach the age of Bar-Misva. Other Ashkenazic Poskim, however, disagreed. The Mishna Berura brings several Poskim who concurred with the Shulhan Aruch's stringent ruling, and disputed the Rama's leniency. Likewise, Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) ruled that a child may not be counted toward a Minyan under any circumstances, even if this means that the nine adults will stop coming to synagogue because they will assume there will not be a Minyan. The Tur (Rabbenu Yaakob Ben Asher, Germany-Spain, 1269-1343) brings those who claimed that if a child holds a Humash in his hands, then he may be counted toward a Minyan. The Bet Yosef cites Rabbenu Tam as ridiculing this view, noting that holding a Humash makes no difference and has no impact upon a child's status. In any event, Halacha does not follow this opinion. If a Sepharadi finds himself together with eight other Sepharadim who want to include a minor as the tenth person for the Minyan, he should leave in order to prevent them from doing so. Since this is not allowed according to accepted Sephardic custom, it is proper to walk away so that the others do not make this mistake which will result in the recitation of Berachot in vain. If a Sepharadi is with eight other Ashkenazim who, in accordance with the Rama's ruling, wish to count a minor as the tenth person in a Minyan, it is questionable whether he should answer "Amen" to the Berachot. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that one may not answer "Amen" to a Beracha which, according to his custom, is recited in vain, even if the person recites it legitimately, following his community's custom. A common example is a Sepharadi praying in an Ashkenazi Minyan on Rosh Hodesh, when Ashkenazim recite a Beracha over the recitation of Hallel but Sepharadim do not. According to Hacham Ovadia, the Sepharadi may not answer "Amen" to this Beracha. Another example is the Ashkenazic custom to recite a Beracha before placing the Tefillin Shel Rosh ("Al Misvat Tefillin"). Hacham Ovadia ruled that a Sepharadi who hears an Ashkenazi recite this blessing should not answer "Amen." According to this opinion, a Sepharadi praying with Ashkenazim who count a child toward the Minyan may not answer "Amen" to the Berachot of the Hazara (repetition of the Amida). By contrast, Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) maintained that if an Ashkenazi recites a Beracha legitimately, following Ashkenazic practice, then a Sepharadi may answer "Amen," even though this Beracha is not recited according to Sephardic custom. The Hacham Sevi (Rav Tzvi Ashkenazi, 1656-1718) addresses the question as to the status of a human being created with the Sefer Ha'yesira – a mystical book written by Abraham Abinu. This book contains secrets including the way one can create living creatures using certain Names of G-d. (Some explain on this basis how Abraham served his guests meat and butter – suggesting that the animal was created with the Sefer Ha'yesira, such that it wasn't actually an animal, and thus its meat was not Halachically-defined "Basar.") The Hacham Sevi writes that such a creature does not possess a human soul, and thus is not defined by Halacha as a Jewish person who can count toward a Minyan.

I once encountered a fascinating Halachic question while praying in an airport before boarding. A group of nine Ashkenazim approached me and said they needed a tenth man so they could make a Minyan for Minha, and I of course happily agreed. During the Hazara (repetition of the Amida), an announcement was made that it was time to board. Six of us knew we had time to finish Minha before we needed to get on line to board, but four of the men were worried, and left to board. The remaining six were unsure what to do, and I told them that the Hazzan may continue the repetition of the Amida, since there was a Minyan in attendance when it began. If a section of the service requiring a Minyan began when ten or more men were present, it may be completed even if the Minyan was lost, as long as at least six men remain. The problem, however, arose when the time came to recite the Kaddish Titkabal after the Hazara. Ashkenazic custom views the Kaddish Titkabal as integrally connected to the Hazara, and therefore, just as the Hazara may be completed after the Minyan was lost, the Kaddish Titkaba after the Hazara may likewise be recited. Sephardic custom, however, views Kaddish Titkabal as separate from the Hazara, and thus according to Sephardic practice, if the Minyan was lost during the Hazara, then the Kaddish Titkabal may not be recited after the Hazzan completes the Hazara. I was thus unsure what to do in this situation, as a Sepharadi praying with Ashkenazim after four of the ten men left. Their Halachic tradition mandated reciting the Kaddish Titkabal after the repetition of the Amida, but according to my Halachic tradition, this Kaddish should not be recited. I did not know whether I should answer to their recitation of Kaddish. I later sent a message to Rav Yisrael Bitan asking this question, and he promptly replied with a detailed, six-page Teshuba (responsum) on this subject. He noted Hacham Ovadia Yosef's ruling that when a person hears a Beracha which according to his tradition is unwarranted, and thus recited in vain, he may not answer "Amen." One example is a Sefaradi who hears an Ashkenazi recite the Beracha of "Al Misvat Tefillin" over the Tefillin Shel Rosh. Although this Ashkenazi obviously acts correctly by reciting this Beracha, which is required according to Ashkenazic custom, the Sefaradi should not answer "Amen," since according to Sephardic practice, this Beracha constitutes a Beracha Le'batala (blessing recited in vain). This would apply also in the case of a Sefaradi who hears an Ashkenazi recite a Beracha over Hallel on Rosh Hodesh – a Beracha required by Ashkenazi custom but not according to Sephardic custom. Since Sephardic tradition regards this blessing as a "Beracha Le'batala," the Sefaradi should not answer "Amen" to this blessing. Many other Poskim dispute Hacham Ovadia's ruling, and maintain that since the Ashkenazi recites this blessing legitimately, in accordance with Ashkenazic practice, there is no problem for a Sefaradi to answer "Amen." Rabbi Bitan considers the possibility that Hacham Ovadia might agree that in the case of Kaddish, a Sefaradi may respond even if the Kaddish should not be recited according to Sephardic custom. One might distinguish between answering to an unwarranted blessing, which constitutes a "Beracha Le'batala," and answering to Kaddish, which is not a blessing. Rav Bitan concludes, however, that Hacham Ovadia likely applied his ruling even to Kaddish, and thus, in his view, a Sefaradi should not answer "Amen" to Kaddish if the Kaddish is not valid according to Sephardic custom. He may, however, answer "Yeheh Shemeh Rabba" even according to Hacham Ovadia's position, as this is merely an expression of praise, and differs from the response of "Amen." Given the different views on this subject, Rav Bitan suggested avoiding this problem by reciting the verse, "Baruch Hashem Le'olam Amen Ve'amen" (Tehillim 89:53), attempting to conclude the verse just when the others respond "Amen" to the Kaddish. This way, the Sefaradi answers "Amen" but says this word as part of a verse, which is always acceptable, thus satisfying all opinions.

Source material: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ML98Yueb6P0EfPQXMD4njbCWIP1xKBr4/view?usp=drive_link

On Jewish festivals, we have a Mitzvah to recite 6 chapters of Psalms expressing our thanks to G-d for the miracles He has performed for us. Reciting these Chapters is called Hallel - praise. A Chanukah related discussion about the Mitzvah of reciting Hallel.  

CHANUKAH 86.16 HALLEL FINALE

Rabbi Feiner shiurim

La puissance de la récitation du Hallel pendant ‘Hanouka - Rav David Touitou by Rav David Touitou

Chanukah Minutes 5786 - Night 5 “Hallel and Al Hanisim: The Personality of the Jew” by Congregation Beth Jacob

Shiur given by Rabbi Heshy Friedman on Parsha. Shiur given in Kahal Ahavas Yitzchok, Monsey NY.

Shiur given by Rabbi Bezalel Rudinsky on Halacha Chanuka. Shiur recorded in Yeshivas Ohr Reuven, Monsey, NY.

Shiur given by Rabbi Bezalel Rudinsky on Halacha Chanuka. Shiur recorded in Yeshivas Ohr Reuven, Monsey, NY.

Kollel Iyun Halacha. Shuirim are held Sun-Thurs at 11 Gudz Road Lakewood NJ. For more info email: kih185miller@gmail.com

CHANUKAH 86.12 HALLEL 5

The Pesukeh De'zimra section of the prayer service concludes with the blessing of Yishtabah. This section begins with a Beracha – Baruch She'amar – and then concludes with a Beracha, the special Beracha of Yishtabah. One of the things that make Yishtabah so unique is that, according to tradition, it was composed by Abraham Abinu, whose name is alluded to in the text of this Beracha. Toward the end of Yishtabah, we read the words "Kel Ha'hoda'ot Adon Ha'nifla'aot Boreh Kol Ha'neshamot Ribon Kol Ha'ma'asim Ha'boher Be'shireh Zimra Melech…" The first letters of the words "Kel," "Adon," Boreh," "Ribon," "Ha'boher" and "Melech" spell the name "Abraham." Rav Haim Vital (1543-1620) taught that the beginning of Yishtabah was composed by King Shlomo, whose name is alluded to in the first line of this blessing. The first letters of the words "Shimcha," "La'ad," "Malkenu." "Ha'kel" spell "Shelomo." In this blessing, we list thirteen different expressions of praise for Hashem: "Shir," "Shebaha," "Hallel," "Zimra," "Oz," "Memshala," "Nesah," "Gedula," "Gebura," "Tehila, "Tiferet," "Kedusha" and "Malchut." The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) taught that these thirteen expressions correspond to G-d's thirteen attributes of mercy. He further wrote that it is proper to count these thirteen words on one's fingers, adding that he himself followed this practice. Ashkenazim have the custom to stand during the recitation of Yishtabah, though the practice among Sepharadim is to remain seated. There were some communities that would add various songs and hymns before Yishtabah, after the recitation of Az Yashir. However, according to the teachings of the Arizal and his disciple, Rav Haim Vital, this practice is incorrect, as no interruption should be made in between Az Yashir and Yishtabah.

Friday, 12 December 2025   He answered and said to them, “Why do you also transgress the commandment of God because of your tradition? Matthew 15:3   “And answering, He said, to them, ‘Through what – also you, you sidestep the ‘God's commandment' through your tradition?'” (CG).   In the previous verse, the scribes and Pharisees came to Jesus and asked why His disciples transgressed the tradition of the elders because they didn't wash their hands when they ate bread. Matthew next records, “And answering, He said, to them, ‘Through what – also you, you sidestep.   Jesus returns the same word they just used, parabainó, to sidestep, to them. In doing this, He doesn't defend His apostles, nor does He condemn the traditions they practice, as if they are contrary to God's laws. Rather, in doing so, He elevates the gravity of the matter, noting that in their own lives, they are sidestepping “the ‘God's commandment.'” The word entolé signifies an injunction that is authoritative in nature and that focuses on the end result of a command. As it is God's injunction, the end result is that His people are to obey it. And yet, these hypocrites stood there arguing over a manmade precept, which, as Jesus says, is “through your tradition?”   Jesus stood on the word of God. There was no suitable evidence for a second oral code. And even if it existed, it would have become so corrupted that whatever was originally spoken would have been lost eons earlier. This is why the law was written down. It was a safeguard to protect what God intended for His people.   Despite this, these scribes and Pharisees sidestepped what God had authored through Moses. Instead, they placed their own corrupt, self-serving, and self-aggrandizing traditions above God's word.   Life application: The Bible does not forbid traditions. Nor does it find fault in having traditions. An example of Jewish traditions being followed by Jesus is found in the gospels. In Matthew 26:30, it says, “And when they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives.”   This is generally accepted as a note concerning the singing of the Hallel, which is found in Psalms 113-118, and which is followed by the Great Hallel, where Psalm 136 is sung. If this is so, it is a tradition. There is nothing in Scripture instructing the people to do this. As such, it cannot be considered mandatory. Rather, it is a cultural tradition that became accepted and standard.   Rather than getting bogged down in a verbal tiff with the scribes and Pharisees over such things, He directly accused them of violating God's laws. No matter what right they had to impose their human precepts on others in such matters, they had no right to ever violate one of God's laws.   As an example, a woman in a congregation may stand up and complain about how the Lord's Supper is no longer served at that church on a rectangular silver platter. However, the denomination may have prescribed that all Lord's Supper presentations would be the same at each church so that visitors would always feel at home.   In this tradition, a rectangular silver platter was mandated, and each church was given one. Regardless of the reason why it was no longer being used (for all we know, it got stolen by the lady's son, who was a noted thief!), she has stood up and accused the church of violating the denomination's tradition, instructing the pastor that he was not shepherding the church as a sound leader. Instead of addressing the issue of the platter itself or the tradition that prescribed it, the pastor says, “And why are you violating God's laws over a tradition? Go read the pastoral epistles and you will find that your instruction to me violates Scripture!”   This is what Jesus has done. He has maintained the integrity of God's word without getting bogged down in a verbal spat over a far less important issue. When the crime of violating God's law is presented, no further argumentation by the accuser will hold any weight at all.   When debating things with people, there is no need for a tit-for-tat verbal exchange. If someone makes a claim that is inappropriate, address the issue of greater weight and ignore what will lead to pointless argumentation.   Heavenly Father, give us the wisdom to carefully consider our interactions with others so that when we have a dispute between ourselves, we can quickly end it without it getting out of hand. This does take wisdom, and we come to You asking for it so that we will be free of shameful words that could otherwise arise. Amen.

CHANUKAH 86.10 HALLEL 4

CHANUKAH 86.9 HALLEL 3

The heart of the Pesukeh De'zimra section consists of the final five chapters of Tehillim, each of which begin and end with the word "Halleluy-ah." While all five of these chapters are significant, the third and fifth chapters (Psalm 148 & Psalm 150) – "Halleluy-ah Halelu Et Hashem" and "Halleluy-ah Halelu Kel Be'kodsho" – are the most important. Therefore, if a person arrives late, and is unable to recite all five chapters, he should try to recite at least these two. We present here a number of insights into these chapters in order for us to get a glimpse of the unlimited depth and countless layers of meaning underlying the words. In the first of these chapters, we proclaim, "Ahalela Hashem Be'hayai, Azamera L'Elokai Be'odi" – "I shall praise G-d in my lifetime; I shall sing to my G-d while I still exist." The word "Be'hayai" ("in my lifetime") has been understood to mean when we are still healthy and functioning. As long as we are physically capable of speaking and giving praise to the Almighty, we are obliged to do so. Rav Chaim Brim (Jerusalem, 1922-2002) noted the implication of this verse that one of the most important things in life, one of our most central obligations, is to give praise to Hashem. Among the purposes of our existence here in this world is to recognize Hashem's goodness, to express our gratitude, and to sing His praises. If a person would be asked what he would do if, after his passing, he could be resurrected for five minutes, his response should be that he would use this time to praise Hashem. This concept is emphasized further in the next chapter, which begins, "Halleluy-ah Ki Tob Zamera L'Elokenu" – we should praise Hashem because "it is good to sing to our G-d." One of the greatest privileges we have is the opportunity to praise Hashem each and every day. The fourth of these five chapters exclaims, "Shiru L'Hashem Shir Hadash" – "Sing a new song to G-d." This verse uses the masculine term for song – "Shir" – as opposed to the feminine form – "Shira." The difference between the masculine and feminine form is that the feminine form implies succession, that there will be other songs, just as a woman produces children, whereas the masculine form refers to a song that does not produce more songs. The masculine term "Shir" is used in this Psalm because it speaks of the final song, the song that we will sing at the time of Mashiah's arrival. Indeed, the end of this chapter talks about G-d taking revenge from Israel's enemies – "La'asot Nekama Ba'goyim" – as it refers to the final redemption, when our enemies will be vanquished. The final of these chapters, "Halleluy-ah Halelu Kel Be'kodsho" – concludes with the verse, "Kol Ha'neshama Tehalel Y-ah Halleluy-ah" – "Every soul shall praise G-d, Halleluy-ah" – and it is customary to recite this concluding verse twice. One of the reasons given is that by repeating this verse, we end up recite the verb "Hallelu"/"Tehalel" twelve times, an allusion to the custom to recite Hallel on Rosh Hodesh, at the beginning of each of the twelve months of the year. The Arizal taught that the first letters of the words "Kol Ha'neshama Tehalel" – Kaf, Heh and Tav – spell a Name of Hashem associated with protection from danger. Having this intention while reciting these words can help protect a person from harm. It is likewise recommended to recite these words with this intention anytime one fears some sort of danger. The Arizal noted that this also helps protect pregnant women from miscarriage. Rav David Abudarham (Spain, 14 th century) writes that the Pesukeh De'zimra service is constructed in a manner that corresponds to the "Asara Ma'amarot" – the ten pronouncements through which G-d brought the world into existence. Pesukeh De'zimra begins with the blessing of Baruch She'amar, which corresponds to the first pronouncement. It is followed by Mizmor Le'toda – which parallels the second pronouncement, that of "Va'yehi Or" ("There shall be light"), and so on. The chapter of "Halleluy-ah Halelu Kel Be'kodsho" corresponds to the final pronouncement, the creation of Adam, and thus concludes, "Every soul shall praise G-d," emphasizing the point that the human being is the only one among the world's creatures capable of giving praise to G-d. After completing these five chapters of Tehillim, we recite four verses: "Baruch Hashem Le'olam Amen Ve'amen" (Tehillim 89:53); "Baruch Hashem Mi'sion, Shochen Yerushalayim…" (Tehillim 135:21); "Baruch Hashem Elokim Oseh Niflaot Le'bado U'baruch Shem Kebodo Le'olam…" (72:18-19). The first of these verses marks the conclusion of the third of the five books of Tehillim, and the fourth and fifth verses mark the conclusion of the second book. We thus recite these verses as a fitting conclusion to our recitation of Tehillim in Pesukeh De'zimra. Additionally, the first verse has five words, corresponding to the congregation's five-word response to Barechu – "Baruch Hashem Ha'meborach Le'olam Va'ed." The second verse consists of six words, alluding to the six words of the verse "Shema Yisrael Hashem Elokenu Hashem Ehad." Finally, the third and fourth verses contain a total of 19 words, paralleling the 19 blessings of the Amida prayer. The first and final verses conclude with "Amen Ve'amen." The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) explains that the word "Amen" is repeated to affirm the eternal truth of our praise of Hashem, both in this world and the next. One should not add other chapters of Tehillim or other verses in Pesukeh De'zimra. For example, if somebody completed Pesukeh De'zimra before the Hazan, he should not add recitations while he waits for the Hazan to finish. Neither should a person repeat any of the text of Pesukeh De'zimra. Even if one realized that he had recited Pesukeh De'zimra without Kavana (concentration), he should not repeat it. (The exception is the verse "Pote'ah Et Yadecha U'masbi'a…" which should be repeated if it was recited without Kavana, as we discussed in a previous installment.)

CHANUKAH 86.6 HALLEL INTRO

CHANUKAH 86.7 HALLEL 1

The Rebbe clarifies that the customary version guides the Hallel blessings, emphasizes repairing interpersonal faults with respect and humility, and stresses that Tanya study—even with limited understanding—is fruitful when done joyfully, spreading Chassidic inspiration. https://www.torahrecordings.com/rebbe/igroskodesh/016/002/5863

Shiur given by Rabbi Bezalel Rudinsky on Halacha Chanuka. Shiur recorded in Yeshivas Ohr Reuven, Monsey, NY.

THE PROMISE KEEPER Part 4: Cup of Praise – The Promise of Fulfillment “From Success to Service” - Introducing “Mark” Mark was a rising star in the corporate world. He had the job, the bonus, the prestige, the weekend get-aways. Everyone praised him. Yet despite it all, he felt a deep emptiness inside—a gnawing void. One day, on a business trip, Mark visited a modest urban neighborhood on a whim. He met a local ministry worker who invited him to join a service-project that afternoon: helping refurbish an old community centre for at-risk youth. Mark showed up out of curiosity, not commitment. There, amid the paint-stained brushes and laughter of kids reclaiming space, something shifted. He realised: “I'm good at success — but it's not fulfilling me.” The smiles of the kids, the gratitude of the neighbourhood, the real-time impact—this stirred something in him. Over the next few months, Mark started going back—weekends, evenings—helping the neighbourhood centre, mentoring a teenager, listening to stories of struggle, cheering on simple victories. He discovered that his talents, his resources, his time—when invested not just for himself but for others—began to fill the void he had tried to ignore. Mark came to see that the promise he had been seeking wasn't: “You will have more, you will succeed more.” The promise he found was: “You will live more; you will serve more; and in that serving you will find fulfilment.” His life transformed: the career remained, but the definition of success changed. He measured success now in lives touched, hope renewed, a community uplifted. When he gave generously of himself, he found the greatest return. When he served others, he discovered what he was created for. He realised the cup of fulfilment was meant to be poured out, not just held for oneself. REVIEW: THE FOUR CUPS OF GOD'S PROMISES Our Christian Communion Celebration is modeled after the Jewish Passover, but where we use one cup, the Jewish people use four cups—each tied to Exodus 6:6–7. These cups represent four eternal promises God made more than 3,000 years ago, promises that still form the heart of His work today: Exodus 6:6–7 (NIV) Therefore, say to the Israelites: ‘I am the Lord, and I will bring you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians. I will free you from being slaves to them, and I will redeem you with an outstretched arm and with mighty acts of judgment. I will take you as my own people, and I will be your God. Then you will know that I am the Lord your God, who brought you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians.” A PROMISE is AN OFFER WITH A GUARANTEED RESULT. 1. “I will bring you out…” - Cup of SANCTIFICATION – The PROMISE OF SALVATION 2. “I will free you…” - Cup of DELIVERANCE – The PROMISE OF FREEDOM 3. “I will redeem you…” - Cup of REDEMPTION – The PROMISE OF RESTORATION 4. “I will take you as my own people.” - Cup of PRAISE – The PROMISE OF FULFILLMENT The Hebrew word “Hallel” means “to celebrate.” Combined with “Jah” (God), it gives us Hallelujah = Celebrate God! The Fourth Cup (Hallel) is about a celebrating life—“Hallelujah”—a life that magnifies God by making a difference with others as His people. This Fourth Cup is about LIVING A LARGE, FULL LIFE—not problem-free, but MEANINGFUL, FRUITFUL, and OVERFLOWING WITH JOY. God's desire is for you to live in such a way that your life itself becomes an act of praise—overflowing into others, making a difference in the world. Jesus confirmed this in: John 10:10 (TLB) — The thief's purpose is to steal, kill and destroy. My purpose is to give life in all its fullness. MANY DON'T LIVE IN FULFILLMENT BECAUSE… They let their past cripple them. They let culture define them. They try to do it all alone. THREE PRACTICAL WAYS TO WALK IN THE PROMISE OF FULFILLMENT 1. INVEST IN ETERNAL IMPACT Matthew 6:19–20 (NIV) — Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth… But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven. Fulfillment isn't found in what we accumulate, fulfillment is found in WHAT WE CONTRIBUTE. Ask: “How is my time, talent, and treasure advancing God's Kingdom?” Living for eternity gives your life lasting significance. 2. CELEBRATE PROGRESS, NOT PERFECTION Philippians 3:13–14 (NIV) — Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal… Don't let the weight of unfinished goals or past mistakes rob you of joy. Learn to praise God for progress… every step forward is evidence of His promise. Fulfillment grows when GRATITUDE BECOMES YOUR POSTURE. 3. MULTIPLY YOUR LIFE IN OTHERS 2 Timothy 2:2 (NIV) — And the things you have heard me say… entrust to reliable people who will also be qualified to teach others. Fulfillment isn't just about what God does in you,

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Hallel on Sukkos for Receiving Chaim (Sukkos 5786 #2)

This morning we investigate Hallel, the prayer of praise and thanks we say on Holidays, such as today which is Rosh Chodesh, the beginning of the new Jewish month. There is a contradiction between the two themes of this prayer and we discuss two approaches to resolve this; one from Rabbi Doron Peres, and one from Professor Shawn Aster - both are relevant to each of us every day. Michael Whitman is the senior rabbi of ADATH Congregation in Hampstead, Quebec, and an adjunct professor at McGill University Faculty of Law. ADATH is a modern orthodox synagogue community in suburban Montreal, providing Judaism for the next generation. We take great pleasure in welcoming everyone with a warm smile, while sharing inspiration through prayer, study, and friendship. Rabbi Whitman shares his thoughts and inspirations through online lectures and shiurim, which are available on: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5FLcsC6xz5TmkirT1qObkA Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/adathmichael/ Podcast - Mining the Riches of the Parsha: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/mining-the-riches-of-the-parsha/id1479615142?fbclid=IwAR1c6YygRR6pvAKFvEmMGCcs0Y6hpmK8tXzPinbum8drqw2zLIo7c9SR-jc Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/3hWYhCG5GR8zygw4ZNsSmO Please contact Rabbi Whitman (rabbi@adath.ca) with any questions or feedback, or to receive a daily email, "Study with Rabbi Whitman Today," with current and past insights for that day, video, and audio, all in one short email sent directly to your inbox.

We hope you enjoy this shiur. If you would like to sponsor or dedicate any of our shiurim or help with the running costs please do not hesitate to get in contact with us at office@rabbiroodyn.com or WhatsApp +447791221449May Hashem heal the wounded, free the captives and lead our soldiers to a swift and painless victory.#jew #jewish #torah #torahfortoughtimes #rabbiroodyn #bringthemhome #rabbi #torahanytime #Judaism #Israel #shiur #responsetotragictimes #jewishunderstanding #tishrei #tishreitorah

התוכן לבקר בחוהמ"ס בקהילות ישראל בעיירות הסמוכות ולהביא להם את שמחת החג. לצרף יהודי מאה"ק – שיסביר שהנציגים האמיתיים של אה"ק הם "גוי קדוש", ויהודי ממדינה בחו"ל – להראות שגם במדינתו הנה היהודי הוא הבעה"ב האמיתי; בחגה"ס יש הענין דהקרבת הע' פרים כנגד ע' האומות, וגם אומרים הלל עם הפסוק "הללו את ה' כל גוים . . כי גבר עלינו חסדו", כי הרי בחגה"ס מתגלה בכל העולם שבנ"י "ניצחו" בדין בר"ה ויוהכ"פ. ובכן, שנציגים מכל המדינות בעולם הנמצאים כאן יאמרו "לחיים" ויכריזו בשם מדינתם ש"עוצו עצה ותופר וגו'" באופן ד"גבר עלינו חסדו", ושצ"ל "ונתתי שלום בארץ" וכו'. וזה חייב לפעול בחוץ שעוד בסוף זמן הגלות יסייעו הגוים במדינתם לבנ"י בכל עניניהם בגו"ר. ויש לנציגים אלו היפוי-כח לעשות זאת, כי בכ"מ שנמצא יהודי הממלא תפקידו לעשות לו ית' דירה בתחתונים, ה"ה הבעה"ב האמיתי על המדינה!ג' חלקים משיחת י"ג תשרי ה'תשל"ז ל"הנחה פרטית" או התרגום ללה"ק של השיחה: https://thedailysicha.com/?date=06-10-2025 Synopsis Groups should visit nearby communities during Chol Hamoed Sukkos to bring them the joy of the holiday, and they should include a Jew from the Holy Land – who will explain that the true representatives of the Holy Land are the Holy Nation, as well as a Jew from a country in the diaspora – to show that even in his country, the Jew is the one who is really in charge. On Sukkos, seventy bulls are offered in the Beis Hamikdash, corresponding to the seventy nations, and we also recite Hallel, including the verse, “Praise Hashem, all nations... for His kindness has overwhelmed us,” because on Sukkos it is revealed to the world that the Jewish people were victorious in judgment on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Therefore, representatives from all the countries of the world who are present here should say l'chaim and proclaim on behalf of their country that “They contrive a scheme, but it will be foiled; they talk of a plot, but it will not materialize, because G-d is with us,” in such a way that “His kindness has overwhelmed us,” and that “I will grant peace in the land,” etc. And this must have an effect on the world outside, so that already in the final days of exile, the non-Jews in their respective countries will assist the Jewish people in all their affairs, physically and spiritually. And these representatives have the authority to do so, because wherever there is a Jew fulfilling his role of making a dwelling place for Hashem in the lower realms, he is the true master of that country!3 excerpts from sichah of 13 Tishrei 5737 For a transcript in English of the Sicha: https://thedailysicha.com/?date=06-10-2025

Hallel on Sukkot by Rabbi Avi Harari

Shiur given by Rabbi Bezalel Rudinsky on Halacha Rosh Hashana. Shiur recorded in Yeshivas Ohr Reuven, Monsey, NY.

In this episode of the Parsha Review Podcast, Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe explores Parshas Eikev, the third portion in the Book of Deuteronomy, rich with divine guidance for the Jewish people as they prepare to enter the Land of Israel. Rabbi Wolbe begins with Deuteronomy 7:12, which promises that observing and performing God's commandments (mitzvot) will ensure the fulfillment of the covenant and blessings promised to the patriarchs. Rashi interprets “Eikev” (meaning “heel”) as a call to value even the seemingly minor mitzvot that one might “trample” underfoot, emphasizing that every commandment holds profound significance. Rabbi Wolbe addresses why God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob focus solely on the Land of Israel, not the Torah, explaining that the Land is Hashem's palace, and the Torah is the manual for proper conduct within it. The Torah's observance is implied as essential for dignified living in this sacred space. He highlights Deuteronomy 8:10, recited in Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals), which instructs to bless Hashem for the “good land” after eating, noting the Zohar's teaching that all global blessings flow through Israel.Rabbi Wolbe shares a story of a rabbi illustrating the biblical obligation to thank God after eating, contrasting it with the rabbinic blessing before meals, and recounts the Ger Rebbe's insight that gratitude (Modim) outweighs requests in prayer, as seen in the Hallel prayer's emphasis on thanking Hashem. He underscores the importance of Birkat Hamazon as a biblical commandment that ensures livelihood and success when recited with focus, per the Sefer Hachinuch. Rabbi Wolbe encourages listeners to embrace gratitude for life's blessings—food, taste, and sustenance—recognizing them as divine gifts channeled through the Land of Israel, and to approach Birkat Hamazon as a highlight of spiritual connection, not a rushed obligation. He concludes with a blessing for a Shabbos filled with abundance and divine goodness._____________This episode (Ep 7.42) of the Parsha Review Podcast by Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe on Parshas Eikev is dedicated in honor of our Holy Soldiers in the Battlefield and our Torah Scholars in the Study Halls who are fighting for the safety of our nation!Download & Print the Parsha Review Notes:https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ncaRyoH5iJmGGoMZs9y82Hz2ofViVouv?usp=sharingRecorded at TORCH Studios (C) to an online TORCHzoom.com audience on August 15, 2025, in Passaic, New Jersey.Released as Podcast on August 15, 2025_____________Subscribe: Apple Podcasts (https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/parsha-review-podcast-rabbi-aryeh-wolbe/id1651930083)Spotify (https://open.spotify.com/show/22lv1kXJob5ZNLaAl6CHTQ) to stay inspired! Share your questions at awolbe@torchweb.org or visit torchweb.org for more Torah content.  _____________About the Host:Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe, Director of TORCH in Houston, brings decades of Torah scholarship to guide listeners in applying Jewish wisdom to daily life.  To directly send your questions, comments, and feedback: awolbe@torchweb.org_____________Support Our Mission:Help us share Jewish wisdom globally by sponsoring an episode at torchweb.org. Your support makes a difference!_____________Subscribe and Listen to other podcasts by Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe: NEW!! Prayer Podcast: https://prayerpodcast.transistor.fm/episodesJewish Inspiration Podcast: https://inspiration.transistor.fm/episodesParsha Review Podcast: https://parsha.transistor.fm/episodesLiving Jewishly Podcast: https://jewishly.transistor.fm/episodesThinking Talmudist Podcast: https://talmud.transistor.fm/episodesUnboxing Judaism Podcast: https://unboxing.transistor.fm/episodesRabbi Aryeh Wolbe Podcast Collection: https://collection.transistor.fm/episodesFor a full listing of podcasts available by TORCH at http://podcast.torchweb.org_____________Keywords:#Torah, #Parsha, #Deuteronomy, #Eikev, #Promises, #Gratitude, #Meals, #Praying, #Hashem, #LandofIsrael, #Grace ★ Support this podcast ★

In this episode of the Parsha Review Podcast, Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe explores Parshas Eikev, the third portion in the Book of Deuteronomy, rich with divine guidance for the Jewish people as they prepare to enter the Land of Israel. Rabbi Wolbe begins with Deuteronomy 7:12, which promises that observing and performing God's commandments (mitzvot) will ensure the fulfillment of the covenant and blessings promised to the patriarchs. Rashi interprets “Eikev” (meaning “heel”) as a call to value even the seemingly minor mitzvot that one might “trample” underfoot, emphasizing that every commandment holds profound significance. Rabbi Wolbe addresses why God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob focus solely on the Land of Israel, not the Torah, explaining that the Land is Hashem's palace, and the Torah is the manual for proper conduct within it. The Torah's observance is implied as essential for dignified living in this sacred space. He highlights Deuteronomy 8:10, recited in Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals), which instructs to bless Hashem for the “good land” after eating, noting the Zohar's teaching that all global blessings flow through Israel. Rabbi Wolbe shares a story of a rabbi illustrating the biblical obligation to thank God after eating, contrasting it with the rabbinic blessing before meals, and recounts the Ger Rebbe's insight that gratitude (Modim) outweighs requests in prayer, as seen in the Hallel prayer's emphasis on thanking Hashem. He underscores the importance of Birkat Hamazon as a biblical commandment that ensures livelihood and success when recited with focus, per the Sefer Hachinuch. Rabbi Wolbe encourages listeners to embrace gratitude for life's blessings—food, taste, and sustenance—recognizing them as divine gifts channeled through the Land of Israel, and to approach Birkat Hamazon as a highlight of spiritual connection, not a rushed obligation. He concludes with a blessing for a Shabbos filled with abundance and divine goodness._____________This episode (Ep 7.42) of the Parsha Review Podcast by Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe on Parshas Eikev is dedicated in honor of our Holy Soldiers in the Battlefield and our Torah Scholars in the Study Halls who are fighting for the safety of our nation!Download & Print the Parsha Review Notes:https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ncaRyoH5iJmGGoMZs9y82Hz2ofViVouv?usp=sharingRecorded at TORCH Studios (C) to an online TORCHzoom.com audience on August 15, 2025, in Passaic, New Jersey.Released as Podcast on August 15, 2025_____________Subscribe: Apple Podcasts (https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/parsha-review-podcast-rabbi-aryeh-wolbe/id1651930083)Spotify (https://open.spotify.com/show/22lv1kXJob5ZNLaAl6CHTQ) to stay inspired! Share your questions at awolbe@torchweb.org or visit torchweb.org for more Torah content.  _____________About the Host:Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe, Director of TORCH in Houston, brings decades of Torah scholarship to guide listeners in applying Jewish wisdom to daily life.  To directly send your questions, comments, and feedback: awolbe@torchweb.org_____________Support Our Mission:Help us share Jewish wisdom globally by sponsoring an episode at torchweb.org. Your support makes a difference!_____________Subscribe and Listen to other podcasts by Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe: NEW!! Prayer Podcast: https://prayerpodcast.transistor.fm/episodesJewish Inspiration Podcast: https://inspiration.transistor.fm/episodesParsha Review Podcast: https://parsha.transistor.fm/episodesLiving Jewishly Podcast: https://jewishly.transistor.fm/episodesThinking Talmudist Podcast: https://talmud.transistor.fm/episodesUnboxing Judaism Podcast: https://unboxing.transistor.fm/episodesRabbi Aryeh Wolbe Podcast Collection: https://collection.transistor.fm/episodesFor a full listing of podcasts available by TORCH at http://podcast.torchweb.org_____________Keywords:#Torah, #Parsha, #Deuteronomy, #Eikev, #Promises, #Gratitude, #Meals, #Praying, #Hashem, #LandofIsrael, #Grace ★ Support this podcast ★

What a tragedy confronts the reader in Solomon's defiance of Yahweh's instructions. The record tells us of the foreign wives who corrupted the king (see Nehemiah 13 verses 25-27). Deuteronomy 17 had commanded the kings to write a personal copy the law, which contained commandments on the very matters Solomon contravened - see verses 14-29. And so the kingdom, to a large extent, would be torn from Solomon's son - Rehoboam. The circumstances of the rending of the civil fabric of Israel's society are described in the bulk of the chapter. The kingdom would pass to a diligent, but ambitious servant of Solomon's - whose name was Jeroboam. When this man came to the throne of Israel, also called Ephraim and Samaria he was to set up an idolatrous rival system of worship and is frequently called "the man who made Israel to sin". Solomon's death is recorded and his actions are said to have been written in "the Acts of Solomon".Jeremiah warns the vacillating king Zedekiah to obey his divine Sovereign. The corrupt and vacillating king is told that Judah would receive no help from Pharaoh's army who had returned to Egypt. Chaldean captivity was inevitable and the king and his realm were instructed to submit to Babylon's authority. The Judean princes plot Jeremiah's imprisonment on the false charge of treason, ie supporting the Chaldeans. The prophet is shamefully beaten and imprisoned. Zedekiah sent for Jeremiah and the king, who was fearful of his nobles, and secretly questioned him. However, Jeremiah pleads to be spared by the king. Zedekiah places the prophet in custody and commands that he receives a daily ration of bread from the city's bakery. Jeremiah in his sufferings is a remarkable servant of God and a type of the suffering servant - the Lord Jesus Christ. In the 11th chapter of Mark we read of Jesus' triumphal entry to Jerusalem. He rode on a donkey, a colt the foal of an ass, in fulfilment of the prophecy of Zechariah 9 verse 9 and also that of Genesis 49 verses :10-12. It was an animal that had never been ridden. It seems to suggest that our Lord Jesus would be the ruler/rider of the Gentiles. The crowds strewed their clothes and palm branches before Christ's path, and shouted, 'Hosanna' (save now) as the prophecy predicted. We are additionally told they recited Psalm 118 verses 26. It is recommended that we read Psalm 118 verses 19-29 and meditate on the many messages from that Hallel - or Passover Psalm - this being Passover time. As it was late, our Lord and his Apostles headed to Bethany. The next morning, as they left Bethany, Jesus saw a fig tree that showed promise of early fruit; just like Israel, whose symbol that tree was. But finding no fruit on the tree our Lord cursed it. It was like the fruitless nation: Matthew 21 verses 43 - read and consider the context of these words. That day Jesus cleanses the temple from corruption - the second time see John 2 verses 13-17 this was first done three and a half years earlier at the commencement of our Lord's ministry. That evening Christ returns to Bethany. The next morning the disciples were amazed at the withered tree and our Lord uses the opportunity to tell the power of persistent prayer. Jesus' foes were confounded the following day by his masterful answer on the source of his authority.More here https://christadelphianvideo.org/christadelphian-daily-readings/

This evening we discuss how a minor Rabbinic ruling on Bentching (saying Birkat HaMazon or grace after meals) gives us a new and much better way of looking at the world, earning us a special measure of God's grace. We cite the prophecy of Isaiah (Yishayahu HaNavi) that God will rebuild the ruined places of Israel, and describe how this has come true in our day at the magnificent Hurva Synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem. I share my unforgettable experience being there on Yom HaAtzmaut, and praying the words of Hallel with two meanings to each line. Michael Whitman is the senior rabbi of ADATH Congregation in Hampstead, Quebec, and an adjunct professor at McGill University Faculty of Law. ADATH is a modern orthodox synagogue community in suburban Montreal, providing Judaism for the next generation. We take great pleasure in welcoming everyone with a warm smile, while sharing inspiration through prayer, study, and friendship. Rabbi Whitman shares his thoughts and inspirations through online lectures and shiurim, which are available on: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5FLcsC6xz5TmkirT1qObkA Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/adathmichael/ Podcast - Mining the Riches of the Parsha: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/mining-the-riches-of-the-parsha/id1479615142?fbclid=IwAR1c6YygRR6pvAKFvEmMGCcs0Y6hpmK8tXzPinbum8drqw2zLIo7c9SR-jc Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/3hWYhCG5GR8zygw4ZNsSmO Please contact Rabbi Whitman (rabbi@adath.ca) with any questions or feedback, or to receive a daily email, "Study with Rabbi Whitman Today," with current and past insights for that day, video, and audio, all in one short email sent directly to your inbox.

Halacha allows one to recite the Birkot Ha'shahar (morning blessings) either standing or sitting. Strictly speaking, there is no preference, and one should therefore recite the Berachot in whichever position lends itself to greater Kavana (concentration). Rav Haim Palachi (Turkey, 1788-1868), in his Kaf Ha'haim, writes that one should preferably recite the Berachot while seated, as one is generally better able to concentrate and focus while sitting. Certainly, one should not recite the Birkot Ha'shahar while walking about, or while being involved in some other activity. The Ashkenazim have the practice of reciting Birkot Ha'shahar in the synagogue. In fact, the morning prayer service in Ashkenazic synagogues begins with the Hazan reciting the morning Berachot. The advantage of this custom is that it offers the congregation the opportunity to answer "Amen" to all these Berachot. The Sadikim teach that one should endeavor to answer "Amen" ninety times over the course of the day. Just as Halacha requires reciting one hundred Berachot each day, there is a tradition that we should strive for ninety "Amen" responses every day. Some have explained that the four letters that form the word "Sadik" – Sadi, Dalet, Yod, and Kuf – have the numerical values of 90, 4, 10 and 100. These allude to the ninety daily "Amen" responses, the four recitations of Kedusha (twice in the repetitions of the Amida – in Shaharit and Minha – once before Shema, and once in U'ba Le'sion), the ten Kaddish recitations that one should hear each day, and the one hundred Berachot. One who ensures to accomplish all this each day is considered a "Sadik." The Ashkenazic practice that the Hazan recites Birkot Ha'shahar in the synagogue helps ensure that a person reaches ninety "Amen" responses over the course of the day. This does not, however, appear to be the custom among Sephardim. The Shulhan Aruch writes that one who washes Netilat Yadayim in the morning at home should not recite the Beracha of "Al Netilat Yadayim" in the synagogue, because this results in a considerable lapse of time between the Misva and the Beracha . We may infer from the Shulhan Aruch's remark that reciting Birkot Ha'shahar at home, before arriving at the synagogue, is perfectly acceptable, as the only concern arises with regard to the particular Beracha of "Al Netilat Yadayim" which must be recited at the time one washes his hands. Indeed, the Arizal (Rav Yishak Luria, 1534-1572) made a point of reciting Birkot Ha'shahar in his home. This was also the opinion of the Kaf Ha'haim Sofer (Rav Yaakov Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939), and this was the practice of Hacham Ovadia Yosef. Nevertheless, if one prefers reciting Birkot Ha'shahar in the synagogue, figuring that at home it would be more difficult to recite the Berachot with proper concentration, then he may certainly do so. However, as mentioned, he must recite the Beracha of "Al Netilat Yadayim" right after he washes his hands soon after waking up, and he must recite "Asher Yasar" immediately after using the restroom. Additionally, as it is preferable to recite "Elokai Neshama" immediately after the recitation of "Asher Yasar," this blessing, too, should be recited at home. It turns out, then, that even if one prefers reciting Birkot Ha'shahar in the synagogue, he will nevertheless recite the Berachot of "Al Netilat Yadayim," "Asher Yasar" and "Elokai Neshama" at home. As such, there might be a practical advantage to reciting all the Birkot Ha'shahar at home, because dividing them – reciting some at home and some in the synagogue – could cause confusion. Since several Berachot must be recited at home, it is preferably to recite the blessings all together, as otherwise one might be uncertain when he arrives at the synagogue about which Berachot he already recited and which he did not. The Shulhan Aruch rules that if a person attends an Ashkenazic synagogue, where the Hazan recites the morning Berachot aloud, and he hears and answers "Amen" to the Berachot, he may nevertheless then recite the Berachot himself, if he had not recited them previously. He is not considered to have fulfilled his obligation by listening to the Hazan's recitation. The reason is that a person does not fulfill his obligation by hearing another person's Beracha unless they both have in mind that the recitation should fulfill the listener's requirement. Meaning, both the person reciting the Beracha and the person listening to the Beracha must have this in mind, and if not, then the listener does not satisfy his obligation. (Some explain on this basis the custom to exclaim "Shamayim" before someone recites a Beracha on behalf of others, as this word is an acrostic representing the phrase "Shome'a Mashmia Yahdav Mechavnim" – the listener and the one reciting must together have intention for the Beracha to fulfill the listener's obligation.) Clearly, when the Hazan recites the morning blessings in the synagogue, he has no intention at all for those listening to fulfill their obligation, and the congregation similarly does not have this intention. Therefore, the listeners can – and should – recite Birkot Ha'shahar afterward if they hadn't already. This is similar to the common practice for the Rabbi to count the Omer aloud, with the Beracha, before the congregation counts, in order that everyone hears which day to count. Here, too, neither the Rabbi nor the congregation intends for his Beracha to fulfill their obligation, and so the congregation recites the Beracha themselves afterward. (By contrast, when Hallel is recited in the synagogue, the Hazan and the congregation should have in mind that his Beracha over the Hallel should fulfill their obligation, and the congregation should then proceed right to Hallel without reciting the Beracha.) If a person does not remember whether he recited one of the morning blessings, we apply the famous rule of "Safek Berachot Le'hakel" – that a Beracha is not recited in cases of uncertainty – and he does not recite the Beracha. Preferably, he should find somebody who has yet to recite the morning Berachot and listen to that person's recitation of the Beracha or Berachot about which he is uncertain, and answer "Amen," with the intention to fulfill his obligation if this is necessary. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) writes that a person in this situation who cannot hear the Beracha recited by someone else should recite the Beracha while omitting the words "Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," and think these words in his mind, without saying them. Fascinatingly, the Ben Ish Hai discusses this Halacha by envisioning the scenario of a person who had woken up in the middle of the night for Tikkun Hasot (the prayer recited by some at halachic midnight), and, because of his fatigue, is unsure whether or not he recited all the Birkot Ha'shahar afterward. It seems that the Ben Ish Hai could not countenance a situation where somebody slept normally and, due to his mindlessness, doesn't remember whether he recited all the morning blessings. It was clear to the Ben Ish Hai that people are focused when reciting Berachot in the beginning of the day, and thus the only possible case he could imagine of a Safek (doubt) was a person who arose for Tikkun Hasot… Different opinions exist as to the final point in the day by which one must recite Birkot Ha'shahar. The Derech Ha'haim (Rav Yaakob Lorberbaum of Lissa, 1760-1832) rules stringently on this matter, and maintains that one may recite the morning blessings only until the end of the fourth hour of the day – the final time by which one should recite the Amida prayer. A different opinion is taken by Rav Shlomo Kluger (1785-1869), who maintained that these Berachot may be recited until Hasot (halachic midday). However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in Yehaveh Da'at, cites a large number of Poskim who ruled that Birkot Ha'shahar may be recited the entire day, until sundown. According to this view, even if somebody is unwell and got out of bed in the afternoon, he can and should still recite Birkot Ha'shahar. These Poskim include the Zera Emet (Rav Yishmael of Modena, Italy, 1723-1811), the Ma'amar Mordechi (Rav Mordechai Karmi, 1749-1825), the Ben Ish Hai (in Rav Pe'alim), and the Erech Ha'shulhan (Rav Yishak Tayeb, Tunis, 1786-1830). In light of these different opinions, the Kaf Ha'haim writes that we should follow the rule of "Safek Berachot Le'hakel," and thus if a person, for whatever reason, did not recite Birkot Ha'shahar until after the fourth hour of the day, he should not recite the blessings. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, however, disagrees, noting that the vast majority of Poskim allows reciting the Berachot the entire day. Those who rule otherwise are a very small minority, such that their dissenting view is not sufficient to create a situation of Safek. Hacham Ovadia also draws our attention to the practice followed by the Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 1720-1797) to recite one of the morning blessings – "She'asa Li Kol Sorki" – on the night after Yom Kippur. This Beracha is recited to express gratitude over the ability to wear shoes, and so the Gaon felt that it should not be recited on Yom Kippur, when we do not wear normal shoes. On Mosa'eh Yom Kippur, however, when he put on his shoes, the Gaon recited the Beracha. According to the Gaon, then, Birkot Ha'shahar could be recited even past sundown, in the evening. Although we do not follow this opinion, it is another indication of the large consensus allowing the recitation of Birkot Ha'shahar throughout the day. Therefore, Hacham Ovadia writes, one who did not recite Birkot Ha'shahar in the morning can do so throughout the day, until sunset. Birkot Ha'shahar may be recited as early as Hasot (halachic midnight), but only if the person had gone to sleep before midnight and then woke up without intending to go back to sleep (such as those who wake up for Tikun Hasot). If a person goes to sleep after Hasot, he may not recite Birkot Ha'shahar before going to sleep. Likewise, a person who woke up after Hasot but plans to go back to sleep should not recite Birkot Ha'shahar at that point. Somebody who remains awake throughout the night should not recite Birkot Ha'shahar until daybreak (Alot Ha'shahar).

​1)      Discuss the variations in minhag for Haftorah when the past Shabbos coincides with Rosh Chodesh: [1]2)      On fast-days we incorporate the Selichos within Tachanun. Should there be a Baal Simcha present we won't say Tachanun. What is the format then for Selichos?[2]3)      I want to buy a property for investment, but I've heard that one should avoid selling his first acquired property. So, please advise:[3]4)      I run a kosher restaurant in a resort town where there are many Jewish tourists. During the Nine Days I still sell meaty foods because some of the clients are Sefardim. But our chefs aren't Jewish, so I light the fire each morning. That arrangement isn't sufficient for Sefardim.[4] So is it wrong for me to sell kosher meaty foods this week?[5] 5)      Are the rules for interruption during Hallel different when only ‘half' Hallel is said?[6]6)      What's our custom re. beginning of Sheini of Parshas Devorim?[7]7)      Torah allows annulment of vows either due to a פתח or חרטה. What's the difference?[8]8)      Feedback re. need for Chazoras haShatz: CR Sacks ז"ל: Daily tefilos correspond to: a) the Ovos; b) the Tomid; a) is personal, b) is communal. We now have both forms. 9)      Feedback re. opening cartons: At the Rebbe's farbrengen, the soda bottle (Cotts Half & Half) had a screw-cap, and was opened on Shabbos. [9][1] בס' המנהגים ע' 43 מכריע לומר 'שמעו', לא 'השמיםכסאי'. תוספת פסוק ראשון ואחרון של שבת ר"ח נתחדשה בתשל"ד. בקביעות זובשנת תשמ"א לא קרא כ"ק אדמו"ר זי"ע הפסוקים הנוספים. בפ' ואראתשמ"ב התייחס הרבי למה שרשמו שאמר הפסוקים, ואמר להד"מ. בקו' 'בניהיכלא' לאחרונה כותב רמ"מ רייצס נ"י שכן הדבר בכמה עניינים שחידש הרבי,שעשה ב"פ, ובפ"ג נרתע, ואח"כ המשיך בהנהגה המחודשת.[2] בסליחות לצום גדלי' מעיר כ"ק אדמו"רזי"ע שכאשר אומרים הסליחות באמצע סדר התפלה יש לדלג "לך ה' הצדקה, שומעתפלה, סלח לנו" – כי הם נתקנו כנגד פסוד"ז – והרי אמר פסוד"ז,ע"כ. ולא מצאתי קשר 'סלח לנו' לפסוד"ז. וב'ליקוטי טעמים והערות' לסליחותכתוב שהיא הקדמה ל"א-ל ארך אפים". ואולי ציון 2 שייך אחר "שומעתפלה".   גם: בימי התענית, "סלח לנו" הוא צמודל"א-ל ארך אפים". ועניינו לחבר הסליחות עם ברכת "חנון המרבה לסלוח"שבחזרת הש"ץ, ראה שו"ע או"ח סי' תקסו ס"ד.[3]  קידושין נטע"א. ס' שמירת הגוף והנפש סי' ריד ס"א.[4]  ראה שו"ע יו"ד סי' קיגס"ז.[5]  בשו"ת יביע אומר (ח"טיו"ד סי' ו:ד) מתיר לספרדים לאכול הבישול במסעדה תחת הכשר אשכנזי, אע"פשסומכים על הדלקת התנור ועוד, מכיון שיש כמה ספיקות לקולא: בית הישראל, שפחההשכורה לישראל, שגירת התנור.[6]  בספר 'הפסק בתפלה' (להרביואב למברג נ"י) מסיק שאין הבדל, דלא כהרב עובדי' ז"ל. מעיןדמיון לדבר: שם שמים חל על הסוכה, מדאורייתא. סוכה שישבה בה אשה, האם חל על זה דיןסוכה? שי"ל: אכן היא פטורה, אבל על המצוה יש שם מצוה גמורה. ויש לחלק דשאניהכא שמדלג חלק. לאידך, אין מקום להכניס דברים אחרים במסגרת הלל זה, ראה בספרהנ"ל. וראה שקלים פ"א מ"ג בפיה"מ שמכיון ששקל האב על בנו,מחוייב לעשות כן גם בשנה הבא, הואיל "וחייבת אותו במצוה זו"![7]  ראה דברי ר"מ שוסטרמן ע"הבס' למען ידעו ע' 138 ואילך.[8]  ראה  ס' כל נדריפכ"ג ס"ב.[9] ביררתי: במכסה של מתכת,ה-THREADINGנעשה כשהמכסה כבר מורכב על הבקבוק. משא"כ במכסה של פלסטיק.​ 

Today on Table Talk with BBYOInsider, we sat down with Hallel Silverman, Israeli activist and digital strategist. Recorded live at International Kallah 2025 during the Israel 360 Seminar, this episode explores what it means to be a proud Zionist, how social media can be a force for advocacy, and how Jewish teens can speak up in a digital world. From identity and justice to Israel and activism, Hallel shares her experience navigating tough conversations, building community, and using her voice to make a difference.

Gratitude changes everything! In this powerful message from our Important Words series, we learn the language of “THANKS” — not just after the miracle, but before it and for generations to come. Discover how Hallel (praise after), Todah (trusting thanks before), and Zakar (remembrance) can transform your mindset, relationships, health, and faith. Don't just say thank you — live it!Scripture: Exodus; Psalm 150:6

Welcome back to Just For This. Each week, host Rabbi Liz P.G. Hirsch interviews women in leadership about women and leadership. Inspired by the story of Esther, we feature powerful stories of women who stand out in their fields, who have stepped up just for this moment.   This week, we are joined by both Yochi Rappeport and Hallel Silverman. Yochi Rappeport is Executive Director of Women of the Wall, where she advocates for the right of Jewish women of all denominations to pray, wear prayer shawls, and read from the Torah at the Western Wall (Kotel). Women of the Wall is also a long-time grantee through the YES (Youth, Education, Special Projects) Fund, WRJ's philanthropic arm. Hallel Silverman is a leading content creator for Liberal Zionism across social media as @justhallel and a prominent figure in Israel's protest movement for democracy. In this moment when Israel is under continued threat, we stand with the people of Israel and must remember that the Jewish people are one people.   We discuss the journeys that led Yochi and Hallel to Women of the Wall, the parallels between the fight for women's inclusion in religious spaces in Israel and the United States, and the importance that personal connections play in organizing.   Follow Just For This on Instagram: @justforthispodcast  

Shapiro and Rabbi Lorch

* You can get the sermon note sheet at: http://family-bible-church.org/2025Messages/25May04.pdf * As Jesus came to Jerusalem, the people began to sing the Psalms of the Hallel and to call out the Messiah praise contained in them. * As we considered that portion of Luke three weeks ago, we looked at the Messianic declarations from Psalm 118. chiefly: v. 22-23 22 "The stone which the builders rejected has become the chief cornerstone. 23 This was the LORD's doing; it is marvelous in our eyes." * In today's passage, we see Jesus refer back to this Messianic passage and clearly infer that He was the fulfillment this "cornerstone." Additionally, He reiterates His prophetic declaration that Israel would be punished for it's rejection of Him. * This message was presented by Bob Corbin on May 4, 2025 at Family Bible Church in Martinez, Georgia.

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** On the first day of Pesach, we recite before Musaf the special "Tikun Tal" service, marking the transition to the new season in which we recite "Morid Ha'tal" in place of "Mashiv Ha'ru'ach" in the Amida. We begin reciting "Morid Ha'tal" during Musaf on the first day of Pesach. Somebody who mistakenly recited "Mashiv Ha'ru'ach" instead of "Morid Ha'tal," and realized his mistake only after concluding the Beracha of "Mechayei Ha'meitim," must return to the beginning of the Amida. If somebody is uncertain whether he recited "Morid Ha'tal" or "Mashiv Ha'ru'ach," then during the first month after the first day of Pesach he must assume that he recited "Mashiv Ha'ru'ach," and must therefore repeat the Amida. One can avoid this situation by reciting on the first day of Pesach the passage "Mechayei Meitim Ata Rav Le'hoshi'a Morid Ha'tal" ninety times, thereby training his tongue to recite "Morid Ha'tal." One who trains his tongue in this fashion may then assume that he recited the proper text and will thus not be required to repeat the Amida if he cannot remember which text he recited. Preferably, one who wishes to employ this technique should repeat this passage a hundred and one times, rather than just ninety. The Gemara in Masechet Chagiga (9) comments that studying material one hundred and one times ensures that it will not be forgotten, and thus here, too, reciting the correct text of the Amida a hundred and one times helps guarantee that one will recite the Amida properly. Furthermore, since familiarity is obtained after a month of reciting the new text, it is preferable to recite it one hundred and one times to include not only the ninety daily Amida recitations, but also the recitations of Musaf on Shabbat and Rosh Chodesh. Throughout the festival of Pesach, including Hol Ha'mo'ed, one adds "Ya'aleh Ve'yavo" in Shacharit, Mincha and Arvit. One who forgot to add this paragraph and realizes his mistake only after concluding the Amida must repeat the entire Amida. Hallel is recited throughout the festival of Pesach. However, after the first two days of Pesach (or after the first day in Israel), Hallel is recited "Be'dilug" – meaning, omitting the sections that are omitted on Rosh Chodesh – and without a Beracha. Musaf is recited on each of day of Hol Ha'mo'ed; however, when reciting Musaf on Hol Ha'mo'ed – as opposed to Yom Tov – the words "Yom Tov" are omitted from the phrase, "Yom Tov Mikra Kodesh Ha'zeh." Nevertheless, one who mistakenly recited "Yom Tov Mikra Kodesh Ha'zeh" on Hol Ha'mo'ed is not required to repeat the Amida. The second day of Pesach, or the 16th of Nissan, is the day on which Haman was killed during the Purim story. It is therefore proper to make some commemoration of this event during one's meal on this day, a practice often referred to as "Se'udat Ester." At this meal one should speak words of Torah relevant to Ester and the Purim story, to commemorate the Jews' miraculous salvation that took place on the 16th of Nissan. (Based on Chacham Ovadia Yosef's rulings in Chazon Ovadia – Laws of Pesach, p. 247-249)

**Today's Halacha is dedicated f or the refuah and haslacha of Ronnie, Sharon, Eli and all the children of CARE** The Afikoman must be eaten with Heseba – meaning, while leaning on the left side. The Sages forbade eating after the Afikoman so that the taste of the Afikoman will remain in one's mouth for the duration of the night. Therefore, after one finishes eating the Afikoman, he may not eat anything else, and should immediately recite Birkat Ha'mazon. Furthermore, one may not drink anything after eating the Afikoman besides the final two cups of wine. It is permissible, however, to drink water after the Afikoman, including carbonated water, and the Halachic authorities rule that one may also drink tea or coffee. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909), in Od Yosef Hai, writes that if one needs to add some sugar to the tea or coffee in order to be able to drink it, he may do so. Hacham Abraham Antebe (Aleppo, 1765-1858) was likewise lenient in this regard, and this was also the practice among the Jewish communities in Egypt, as documented in the work Nehar Misrayim. This ruling is mentioned by the Hid"a (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806), as well, and this is the position of Hacham Ovadia Yosef. Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Israel, 1923-1998) recommends drinking the tea or coffee without sugar, but he rules that one may add sugar if necessary. (This is also the Halacha regarding drinking before Shaharit in the morning; one may drink tea or coffee, and he may add sugar if he needs.) Other beverages, however, may not be drunk after eating the Afikoman. In the "Ha'rahaman" section of Birkat Ha'mazon, we add the special "Ha'rahaman" for Yom Tob ("Hu Yanhilenu Le'yom She'kulo Tob"). It should be noted that the custom in Halab (Aleppo), as documented in the work Derech Eretz, was not to add special "Ha'rahaman" prayers on Shabbat or Yom Tob, and to recite only the standard prayers that are included in the regular weekday Birkat Ha'mazon. Clearly, however, our community has since adopted the widespread custom to add the special "Ha'rahaman" prayers for Shabbat and Yom Tob. Immediately after Birkat Ha'mazon, one drinks the third cup of wine while leaning on his left side. One who drank without leaning must drink another cup of wine. After drinking the third cup, some have the custom to pour a special cup in honor of Eliyahu Ha'nabi and to leave it on the table throughout the remainder of the Seder. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles of Cracow, 1525-1572) cites a custom among Ashkenazim to then open the door as an expression of faith that Hashem will protect us on this special night, in the hope that Mashiah will come in the merit of our faith. As Eliyahu will come to herald our redemption, a special cup is poured in his honor. However, although this is the custom in many communities, the custom among Syrian Jews is to neither pour this cup for Eliyahu nor open the door. The Hallel is then recited, slowly and with festive song. The Shulhan Aruch writes that it is preferable to arrange for a Zimun (three or more men) to be present at the Seder so that the Hallel can be recited responsively, as it was in ancient times, when one person would recite "Hodu L'Hashem Ki Tob," and the others would respond, "Ki Le'olam Hasdo." Nevertheless, if a Zimun is not present, the Hallel may still be recited. The custom among Syrian Jews is to recite the regular full Hallel, followed by the chapter of Tehillim (136) "Hodu' Le'Hashem" ("Hallel Ha'gadol"), "Nishmat," "Yishtabah" (until just before the end), and then the Beracha of "Yehalelucha." The Tur (Rabbenu Yaakob Ben Asher, Germany-Spain, 12269-1343) ruled that "Yehalelucha" should be recited immediately after the standard chapters of Hallel, but our custom follows the view of the Bet Yosef (commentary to the Tur by Maran, author of the Shulhan Aruch) to recite "Yehalelucha" at the very end. After reciting the concluding Beracha of "Melech Mehulal Ba'tishbahot," we drink the fourth cup of wine, without first reciting "Boreh Peri Ha'gefen." One must drink a Rebi'it and then recite the Beracha Aharona. Some people do not drink the fourth cup until the very end of the Seder, after singing the traditional songs, but this is improper; the fourth cup should be drunk upon the conclusion of Hallel. The Shulhan Aruch writes that if one forgot to lean while drinking the fourth cup of wine, and he must therefore drink another cup, he recites a new Beracha of "Boreh Peri Ha'gefen," as this cup was not covered by the Beracha recited earlier. However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef (Hazon Ovadia – Teshubot, Siman 49) clarifies that this applies only if one realized his mistake after drinking the entire cup of wine. If some of the wine was left in the cup, then he adds some wine and drinks a new cup while leaning without first reciting a new Beracha.

Unlock the profound spiritual essence of the Pesach Seder as we embark on a journey through its intricate laws and timeless customs. Together, we'll uncover the symbolic depth behind Marror, or bitter herbs, which poignantly connect us to the historical hardships of the Jewish people in Egypt. Learn about the specific forms and quantities of Maror, and how these traditions continue to resonate today, even in the absence of the Pesach offering. As we explore the dual themes of slavery and freedom within the Seder, discover why Maror is consumed while sitting upright, reflecting the complex interplay of remembrance and celebration.We then transition into the heart of the Seder meal, emphasizing the importance of timing and ritual precision. Explore the detailed customs surrounding the consumption of matzah and Maror, and understand the significance of completing the meal before halachic midnight. Through this journey, we offer insights into the balance between adhering to religious obligations and accommodating individual circumstances—a testament to the flexibility embedded within tradition. The episode also covers the customs for the Afikoman and the four cups of wine, ensuring listeners are well-equipped to partake in the full expressive beauty of the Seder.As we conclude, heartfelt blessings guide us into the spiritual significance of Pesach, encouraging a deeper connection with Hashem. Discover how opening the door during the Seder symbolizes divine protection, and partake in the rich tradition of reciting "Pour out Your wrath." Through responsive readings of the Hallel and concluding rituals, this episode promises to prepare you for a Pesach filled with strength, redemption, and spiritual growth. Embrace the holiness of the holiday with us, and may your Pesach journey be both enlightening and enriching._____________The Everyday Judaism Podcast is dedicated to learning, understanding and appreciating the greatness of Jewish heritage and the Torah through the simplified, concise study of Halacha, Jewish Law, thereby enhancing our understanding of how Hashem wants us to live our daily lives in a Jewish way._____________This Podcast Series is Generously Underwritten by Marshall & Doreen LernerDownload & Print the Everyday Judaism Halacha Notes:https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1RL-PideM42B_LFn6pbrk8MMU5-zqlLG5This Bonus episode of the Everyday Judaism Podcast by Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe of TORCH is dedicated to my dearest friends, Marshall & Doreen Lerner! May Hashem bless you and always lovingly accept your prayer for good health, success and true happiness!!!Recorded in the TORCH Centre - Levin Family Studio (B) to a live audience on April 8, 2025, in Houston, Texas.Released as Podcast on April 10, 2025_____________DONATE to TORCH: Please consider supporting the podcasts by making a donation to help fund our Jewish outreach and educational efforts at https://www.torchweb.org/support.php. Thank you!_____________SUBSCRIBE and LISTEN to other podcasts by Rabbi Aryeh Wolbe: NEW!! Prayer Podcast: https://prayerpodcast.transistor.fm/episodesJewish Inspiration Podcast: https://inspiration.transistor.fm/episodesParsha Review Podcast: https://parsha.transistor.fm/episodesLiving Jewishly Podcast: https://jewishly.transistor.fm/episodesThinking Talmudist Podcast: https://talmud.transistor.fm/episodesUnboxing Judaism Podcast: https://unboxing.transistor.fm/episodesRabbi Aryeh Wolbe Podcast Collection: https://collection.transistor.fm/episodesFor a full listing of podcasts available by TORCH at https://www.TORCHpodcasts.com_____________EMAIL your questions, comments, and feedback: awolbe@torchweb.org_____________Please visit www.torchweb.org to see a full listing of our outreach and educational resources available in the Greater Houston area!_____________#Law, #Mitzvah, #Pesach, #Seder, #Maror, #BitterHerbs, #JewishTraditions, #Halacha, #Matzah, #Afikoman, #FourCupsofWine ★ Support this podcast ★

The Exodus Way E7 — In Mark 14, we're told that Jesus and his disciples celebrated Passover and sang a hymn before going out to the garden of Gethsemane. So what hymn did they sing? Rabbinic tradition going back to the time of Jesus records that during Passover, Jewish people sang Psalm 113-118, a collection of songs known as the Passover Hallel. In this episode, Jon and Tim explore these six psalms' references to the Exodus story and what they might have meant to Jesus on the night of the last supper.CHAPTERSWhat Hymn Did Jesus and His Disciples Sing at Passover? (0:00-:6:15)Psalm 113: Seeing With Exodus Glasses (6:15-14:53)Psalms 114-115: Yahweh's Power Among the Nations (14:53-25:46)Psalms 116-118: Reflecting on Our Own Exodus Journey (25:46-34:58)OFFICIAL EPISODE TRANSCRIPTView this episode's official transcript.REFERENCED RESOURCESThe Babylonian TalmudThe ToseftaYou can view annotations for this episode—plus our entire library of videos, podcasts, articles, and classes—in the BibleProject app, available for Android and iOS.Check out Tim's extensive collection of recommended books here.SHOW MUSIC“Small Town Palm Trees” by Mama Aiuto - Topic“Penpals Perhaps” by Sleepy Fish & Coa“Where the Streets Are Cold & Lonely” by Mama AiutoBibleProject theme song by TENTSSHOW CREDITSProduction of today's episode is by Lindsey Ponder, producer, and Cooper Peltz, managing producer. Tyler Bailey is our supervising engineer. Frank Garza and Aaron Olsen edited today's episode. Aaron Olsen and Tyler Bailey provided the sound design and mix. JB Witty does our show notes, and Hannah Woo provides the annotations for our app. Our host and creative director is Jon Collins, and our lead scholar is Tim Mackie. Powered and distributed by Simplecast.