Podcasts about Kaddish

Shiur given by Rabbi Bezalel Rudinsky on the Sugya of Saying Tefilla or Kaddish on behalf of a gentile. Context of shiur is passing of Senator Lindsey Graham.

​1)      Explanation of a passage in Yechezkel's description of the Third Beis haMikdosh.[1]2)      May I - due to a possible allergy to wine - make Kiddush on wine but have someone else drink it; for the night Kiddush and for the day Kiddush?[2]3)      I called up a Levi for the 2nd Aliya but then realisedthat he's davening Shmoine Esrei. So, I motioned to another Levi instead. Should Levi #2 be called up by name?[3]4)      Do chick-peas need to be Bishul Yisroel?[4]  5)      Is it proper to sing the Hu Elokeinu tune while the chazan sings his repetition? Similarly, re. Atta V'chartonu or other, when people sing and hence can't hear the Chazan.[5]6)      How important is it to have Kaddish said after each Sefer of Tehilim on Shabbos Mevorchim?[6] 7)      Should we be saying ברכות התורה before saying Shema with a yid on mivtzoim?[7] 8)      Most kids in the day-camp where I work are from non-frum homes. They bring their own food. Should we say brochos with the children over [probably] non-kosher food?[8]9)      If we don't have a Minyan of men fasting: 1) should the Chazan include Aneinu; 2) should we have Krias haTorah? [9]10)  Feedback about knocked over wine-spill on to someone's clothing:[10]To sponsor a Shiur – to honour a special occasion -contact: dayan@lubavitchuk.com[1] פרק מב, ה-ו. [2] מפורש בשוע"ר סי'ערב סי"ב. [3] ראה שערי אפרים שער א'ס"ה וס"כ שיש לקרותו בשם, כי הלוי הוא נוכח ואין חשש לעז. ורק כשאינו שםאז לא יקראו לב' בשם, משום לעז (שם סי"ט). [4] אף שנאכל חי, הרי אחרהייבוש צריך בישול (ערוך השלחן יו"ד סי' קיג סט"ו). ולכאורה הוא גם עולהעל שלחן מלכים. וכל שכן כשנעשה חומוס – ראה פסקים ותשובות (יו"ד שם אות חוהע' 81 שם). אך במקום הצורך חזי לאצטרופי שיטת מו"ר ב'חשב האפוד' (ח"אסי' ) להקל בירקות בשימורים כעין ההיתר של פת פלטר. [5]  מנהג שירת הצבור בעת התפלה מובאבשו"ע או"ח סי' תקס ס"ג ובמשנ"ב שם ס"ק יד. וראה דברינוב'סדור רבינו הזקן עם ציונים מקורות והערות' [ח"ג ע' א'נג] בהלל הע' 26.וי"ל: א) ט' שומעים הקרובים לש"ץ שומעים את קולו; ב) אין חובה לצבורלשמוע קטעים אלו.[6] ראה קובץ מכתבים שבסוףתהלים 'אהל יוסף יצחק'. [7] בשו"ע או"ח סי' מז ס"ח מסתפקהמחבר אם קר"ש נחשבת כלימוד התורה – לדין הצמדת לימוד התורה אחרי ברכת 'אהבתעולם'.[8] מחלוקת רמב"ם וראב"ד, הל' ברכותפ"א הי"ט. דיון בצמח צדק – פס"ד (או"ח ע' ו, טור ג-ד). נתיביםבשדה השליחות ח"ג סי' ו.[9] בשו"ע סי' תקסו ס"ג מצריך י' מתענים.בשערי תשובה הביא י"א שבת"צ כיון דקביע א"צ י'. אבל הוא מצריך רובעכ"פ. וי"א דדי בג' מתענים. הצ"צ אולי סמך עליהם לצירוף. ראהנתיבים בשדה השליחות ח"ב ע' 54-5.   [10]העירני אחד התלמידים שאין זו גרמא,רק כח-כחו. נחלקו הראשונים אם הפטור של כח-כוחו נאמר רק ברוצח בשגגה – אם חייבגלות, או גם בנזיקין בכלל. ראה פתחי חושן – נזיקין פ"ג הע' א:ה (ע' נט). עודראיתי (מחנה אפרים הל' שומרים סי' לט) שבדבר הנופל מידו מבלי שהרפה ידו ממנו, אינונחשב אדם המזיק (הובא בפסקי המשפט סי' שפד:ג). והרי כאן נפלה הכוס של יין.​

Rabbi Feiner shiurim

​1)      From the newly-released notes of the Rebbe Rashab נ"ע on the Kaf haChayim (Falagy): The sequence of bowing at end of Shmoine Esrei and end of Kaddish:[1]2)      May one cater an indoor event during Succos – for people who would otherwise use a non-kosher caterer?[2]3)      To be able to light candles on the eve of the 2nd day of Yomtov we light a Yohrzeit candle before Yomtov starts, to last until the following night. The flame went out - but I haveanother candle alight: may I light another Yohrzeit candle for the said purpose?[3]4)      May I Daven on the bus that is full of people dressed like they're going to the beach?[4] 5)      Our custom is to wash Mayim Acharonim just the fingertips. Some quote the Arizal to say it is imperative to wash the entire fingers.[5]6)      Feedback on Havdolo for children on Sunday morning:[6]7)      Clarification of widows-peak dilemma:8)      Feedback re. Voice to Text: Video streaming is not affected by the changes in scenery; voice-recognition is affected. Also, there's the technology that does the conversion from voice to text. [Upon reflection: it is at leastcreating short-term script].9)      Feedback to the bearing of torches in the Beis haMikdosh on Shabbos: Their torches were made of cloth doused in oil, not a lamp filled with oil. 10)  Feedback to a recent Ribbis question: Two well-known Lubavitch Chassidim had a doubt about a debt of $5k. This was resolved by giving that amount to Tzedoko and in Heaven the merit would be given to whoever was entitled to themoney. To sponsor a Shiur – to honour a special occasion -contact: dayan@lubavitchuk.com[1] ע' סח. ובהערותהמו"ל מציין לדברינו ב'מילואים' לסדור רבינו הזקן (ח"ג ע' א'תקמדואילך). על ההבדל בין סיום קדיש לסיום תפלה רצה המו"ל לומר שבקדיש אינוכ"עומד לפני השכינה". [ודבריו תואמים המנהג שהבאתי משו"ת ישכילעבדי, להבחין בין קדיש תתקבל לשאר קדישים]. הארכתי בנושא שלהי מנ"אתשפ"ד.[2] ראה שוע"ר סי' תרמס"ד (בדין אם ובנה הקטן שהגיע לחינוך) שלהניח מאכל לפניו בתוך הבית לא הויכמאכיל דבר איסור בידיים. ולענין מסעדה בשרית למכור בשר מן ר"ח אב ואילך, ראההצדדים לקולא בשערים מצויינים להלכה סי' קכב סק"ו. בנדו"ד זה גם לאמאכיל, רק מאשר הכשרות. לאידך זה חילול השם וכו'. ומצד שני, יש חשש שיוותרו עלכשרות לגמרי. ידוע שהנו"ב התיר לספרים היהודים שבעירו לישאר פתוחיםבחוה"מ "מטעם כמוס". שמועה רווחה דהיינו בגלל שהיהודים המגלחיםזקנים במועד בלאו הכי, אם אין ספר יהודי פתוח, ילכו לספר גוי והוא יגלח להם בתער.ושמעתי שאדה"ז אמר על פסק זה "יפה כיוון". [3] ראה שוע"ר סי' תקכזסכ"ט. היתר שבות דשבות לצורך מצוה – סי' שז סי"ב. היתר זה הוא רק בשעתהדחק – סי' שג קו"א א'. [4] ראה שוע"ר סי' עהס"א-ב; נתיבים בשדה השליחות ח"א פ"ז. [5] בכף החיים (סי' קפא אות טו"ב) כתב לשפוך עלי"ד פרקי האצבעות. גם המשנה ברורה (שם סק"י) קרא תגר על הממעטים בנטילהזו (הובא בקצות השלחן סי' מג הע' ח). אבל כמנהגנו (היום יום ד' כסלו) כן הוא בכףהחיים להר"ח פאלאג'י (סי' כה), וכבר כתב כן החיד"א (הגדה ש"פ שמחתהרגל) – ליטול רק ראשי האצבעות.[6] אכן יש שתלו זאת בזה שהבדלה באיחור היא בגדרהשלמה (כדעת שו"ת חתם סופר, או"ח סי' קיז), משא"כ לאדה"ז (רצזס"ח) – שגם המזיד יכול להבדיל ביום ראשון. ברם בשו"ת שבט הקהתי(ח"ו סי' קנב) מקיל מכיון שאין זה הרגילות להבדיל ביום ראשון. ואין להרגילהקטן בכך.​

The Three Weeks: Beginning with the End in Mind There is a well-known rule: סוף מעשה במחשבה תחילה (Sof ma'aseh b'machshava techilah) "The end of an action must first be conceived in thought." In other words: Begin with the end in mind. The Three Weeks culminate with Tisha B'Av. The specific text our Sages instituted for us to read on Tisha B'Av is Eicha (Lamentations). How does Eicha end? "Take us back, O Hashem, to Yourself, and we will return; renew our days as of old." (Eicha 5:21) These are the final words we recite. The Real Final Verse: A Deeper Reading Now, hold on. Someone might argue that this isn't actually the final verse of Eicha . The technical final verse is: "For even if You had utterly rejected us, You were only exceedingly angry with us." (Eicha 5:22) We normally repeat the previous verse ( Hashiveinu ) because we don't want to conclude on a negative note. However, the truth is that the absolute last verse is not actually negative. The Reishit Chochma ( Sha'ar HaTeshuva , Chapter 7) explains that the verse should be read like this: "If You were truly disgusted with us, You would have destroyed us completely in Your extreme anger. But we see that You did not destroy us completely." We are not wiped out; we are still here. We still have a remnant. Therefore, it is obvious that the purpose of the exile and the destruction was never to eliminate us, but rather to direct us to return to Him in teshuvah (repentance). Why then do we repeat the second-to-last verse ( Hashiveinu )? I saw once—though I don't recall the exact source—that the average person reading the literal text might misunderstand the final verse. They might mistakenly think it means God is genuinely and permanently disgusted with us. Therefore, we repeat Hashiveinu so nobody walks away with a mistaken impression of what Tisha B'Av is truly about. It is about Hashiveinu —returning. "Renew Our Days as of Old" The verse says: חדש ימינו כקדם ( Chadesh yameinu k'kedem ) — "Renew our days as of old." We want to go back to the old days. What does "the old days" mean? It means the era when Hashem dwelt among us in an open, revealed way. God still dwells with us today, but His presence is hidden. That is the core theme: We want to rejuvenate that old relationship. There is a fascinating Gemara in Masechet Berachot 3a that describes what happens when the Jewish people gather in Batei Knesiyot (synagogues) and Batei Midrashot (study halls) and declare: יהא שמיה רבא מברך ( Yehei Shmei Rabba Mevarach ) — "May His great Name be blessed..." The Gemara states that Hashem, so to speak, shakes His head back and forth and says: "Fortunate is the king whose children praise him in his house! What is there for a father whose children have been exiled from his table? And woe to the children who have left their father's table!" Hashem, as it were, bemoans the fact that we are not at His table, that we are scattered among the nations. Tur, Orach Chaim, Siman 56 ומה שאנו אומרין הקדיש בלשון תרגום And regarding that which we recite the Kaddish in the Aramaic language ( Lashon Targum ): יש אומרים מפני המלאכים שלא יתקנאו בנו שאנו משבחים שבח נאה כזה There are those who say it is on account of the angels, so that they should not become jealous of us because we are praising [Hashem] with such a beautiful praise. וגם שע"י זה הקב"ה נזכר לחורבן הבית וגלות ישראל And furthermore, because through this [praise], the Holy One, Blessed be He, recalls the destruction of the Temple and the exile of Israel, כדאיתא בפ"ק דברכות as it is brought down in the first chapter of Berachot (3a): בשעה שישראל עונין אמן יש"ר הקב"ה מנענע בראשו ואומר "At the hour when Israel responds, 'Amen, Yehei Shmei Rabba...', the Holy One, Blessed be He, shakes His head and says: אוי לבנים שגלו מעל שלחן אביהם 'Woe to the children who have been exiled from their Father's table, ומה לו לאב שככה מקלסין אותו בניו ורחקם מעל שלח נו and what is there for a Father whose children praise Him in this way, yet He has distanced them from His table?'" וכביכול שיש דאגה לפניו Thus, kavyachol (so to speak, as it were), there is distress and anguish before Him. ואם יבינו המלאכים זה יקטרגו עלינו And if the angels were to understand this, they would prosecute (bring accusations) against us [out of jealousy or judgment over our survival despite our failings]. ע"כ אומרים אותו בלשון שלא יבינו שאינן מכירין ארמית . Therefore, we recite it in a language they do not understand, as [the ministering angels] are not familiar with Aramaic. The Father-Child Connection Hashem "cries" for us daily. Think of a child who goes away to summer camp or to Israel; the child might be perfectly happy in their new environment and might not even miss home, but the parents back home are miserable. We have been in Galut (exile) for so many years that we have forgotten what it actually means to sit at our Father's table. The Zohar explains that we perform the mitzvah of sending away the mother bird ( Shiluach HaKen ) to arouse Hashem's mercy for His children. He hears the mother bird's cry and remembers His own children. Similarly, when a child says Kaddish for a deceased parent, they deeply miss that parent, and that act arouses Hashem's own "feelings." He sees an orphan reciting Kaddish , and it invokes— kavyachol (so to speak, since God does not possess human emotions)—that deep, intrinsic Father-son connection. Rav Nosson Wachtfogel, in his commentary on Tisha B'Av, notes the specific language used: the children were exiled from the Father's table. The table itself is still there. We still receive our sustenance from it; we are just no longer sitting directly at it. As we say in Birkat HaMazon : Shulchan aruch lakol —the table is set for everyone. We are still being fed from our Father's table. And that is the profound difficulty of life: We can have everything in the world, but our Father isn't openly there with us. That is what is missing. Avel vs. Aval : The Life of "But" The Hebrew letters for a mourner ( lo aleinu —may it not happen to us) are א-ב-ל ( Avel ). Often, when people are learning, they encounter this word and accidentally read it as אֲבָל ( Aval ), which means "but." There is an underlying homiletical truth here: The avel (mourner) lives a life defined by a "but." Lo aleinu , a person is at a beautiful wedding, but their father or mother is missing. The wedding is gorgeous, but the parent isn't there to see it. In semantics, there is a major difference between the words "and" and "but." If I say, "I like the cake, but it has blueberries in it," the "but" inherently detracts from or negates the first part of the sentence. If I say, "I like the cake, and blueberries are not my favorite," I am still holding onto the first statement while simply adding context. "And" adds; "but" subtracts. Our lives in exile are a life of "but." Everything can be fine—the wedding is beautiful— but we still break the glass to remember Jerusalem: "If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget its skill." (Tehillim 137:5) There is always something vital missing. The job of the Three Weeks is to start missing our Parent again and to realize just how much He loves us. Correcting the Mistake of the Spies This dynamic traces back to the mistake of the very first Tisha B'Av. In Devarim 1:27 , when reviewing the tragic episode of the Spies, Moshe reminds the nation of what they grumbled in their tents: "Because Hashem hated us, He brought us out of the land of Egypt [to destroy us]." This verse appears in Parshat Devarim , which we always read on the Shabbat immediately preceding Tisha B'Av, specifically to remind ourselves of this foundational error. Just a few verses later, the Torah states: "...and in the wilderness, where you saw how Hashem your God carried you, just as a man carries his son..." (Devarim 1:31) Yet the very next verse admonishes: "Yet in this matter, you do not believe..." (Devarim 1:32) What does it mean that they didn't believe? Rashi explains that they didn't believe in God's promise to bring them into Eretz Yisrael. But the Ohr HaChaim HaKadosh offers a alternative explanation: "You don't believe that God carried you like a father carries his son." That is what they failed to believe. Notably, the Hebrew month in which Tisha B'Av falls is called Av ( אָב ) —which literally means "Father." Our goal, beginning with these Three Weeks, is to re-internalize that reality. The Parable of the Father and Son The Ohr HaChaim connects this back to Shemot 17:7 , where the Jewish people questioned: "Is Hashem among us or not?" Rashi there provides a famous parable: A father is carrying his son on his shoulders during a journey. The son meets a passerby and asks, "Have you seen my father anywhere?" The father responds, "I have been carrying you on my shoulders the entire time, and you ask where I am?" The father sets the child down, and immediately a dog comes and bites him—which symbolizes the sudden attack of Amalek. Moshe continues to recount how God went before them on the road with a pillar of fire by night and a pillar of cloud by day. All of these expressions of care are still happening. We are still being led by the cloud and the pillar of fire; we just don't visually see it. Creating the Yemei Ratzon (Days of Favor) I will conclude with a powerful quote from the Be'er Mayim Chaim ( Parshat Bo , Chapter 10). He writes that a person must constantly tell themselves: "Nothing in this world happens on its own; everything is decreed by Heaven. As our Sages taught, a person does not even stub their toe below unless it was decreed from Above. So why is God doing this specific thing to me? Isn't God good to all, as it says: 'Hashem is good to all, and His mercies are over all His works' (Tehillim 145:9)? It must be that God is doing this precisely because He wants me to remember Him and return to Him in teshuvah." The Be'er Mayim Chaim continues that when a person internalizes this—realizing that God's challenges are merely reminders to connect—then (to quote his exact words): שש ושמח ( Sas v'same'ach ) — "He becomes happy and joyful," filled with immense awe and pride seeing how much God supervises him individually to bring about that reconnection, כחיבת אב על בנו ( k'chibat av al b'no ) — "like a father's deep endearment for his son." As the verse in Mishlei 3:12 states: "For whom Hashem loves He rebukes, even as a father the son in whom he delights." This insight is unbelievable: We are the ones who create the Yemei Ratzon (the Days of Favor). The upcoming month of Elul is known as a time of Ratzon (Divine favor). How do we activate that favor? When we recognize that Hashem is actively watching over us, and we realize that even His rebuke stems from love, we awaken our own ratzon (desire to connect). That alignment brings about genuine joy ( sas v'same'ach ), leading right into the uplifting holiday season of Tishrei. Ultimately, these three weeks are the days designated for us to focus on the enduring truth that God is still our Father , and to genuinely yearn to return to the days of old. That is the true theme of the Three Weeks.

The Rebbe addresses whether a mourner (avel) should lead Hallel in prayer, referencing established Chabad custom and halachic sources. He also discusses who should say Kaddish for a deceased grandmother when there are no sons, and the appropriateness of saying Kaddish after eleven months. https://www.torahrecordings.com/rebbe/igroskodesh/012/004/4008

The meaning and purpose of the most famous Jewish memorial prayer.

Chatzi Kaddish - חצי קדיש by Romemu: Jewish Life, Elevated

The Rebbe addresses whether one may interrupt Pesukei DeZimra to say Kaddish and discusses the risks of allowing youth to skip parts of prayer. He warns that permitting skipping leads to diminished respect for prayer and advises discreetly minimizing awareness of such leniencies. https://www.torahrecordings.com/rebbe/igroskodesh/007/005/1998

After we recite in the morning the section of the Ketoret and the passage of "Abayeh Hava Mesader," we recite a very special prayer – Ana Be'cho'ah. This prayer was composed by one of the great Tanna'im – Rabbi Nehunya Ben Ha'kaneh, whom the Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) describes as one of the earliest Kabbalists, preceding even Rabbi Shimon Bar Yohai. The Ana Be'cho'ah prayer is so significant that the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) and many others write that if a person arrives late to Shaharit, and needs to skip the introductory portions of the prayer service, he should not skip Ana Be'cho'ah. This prayer consists of seven lines, each of which with six letters, for a total of 42 letters, and these 42 letters spell the special 42-letter Name of Hashem. This Name is the "elevator," the Name associated with rising to the upper worlds. It is critically important to recite Ana Be'cho'ah as part of our introduction to Shaharit because it elevates us to the heavens so we can present our Tefilot to G-d. By the time we recite the Amida, we want to be standing before the Heavenly Throne, so we can speak directly to the Almighty. The recitation of Ana Be'cho'ah elevates us to the higher spheres so we can speak to Hashem while standing in front of His Throne. It is proper to recite this Tefila slowly and to take note of the first letters of the words. This Name is alluded to also in the first paragraph of Shema, which consists of 42 words (from "Ve'ahabta" through "U'bi'sh'arecha"), corresponding to the 42 letters of this Name. For this reason, some Siddurim feature the letters of this divine Name alongside the words of this paragraph of Shema. Another allusion to this Name is found in Kaddish – specifically, in the phrase "Ve'yishtabah Ve'yitpa'ar Ve'yitromam Ve'yitnaseh Ve'yit'hadar Ve'yit'aleh Ve'yit'halal," which consists of seven words that each contains six letters, for a total of 42. Some have the custom to recite Ana Be'cho'ah each night before going to sleep. The soul departs and rises to the heavens when one sleeps, and so it is appropriate to recite this prayer which, as mentioned, is associated with elevation and ascent. Likewise, it is customary to recite Ana Be'cho'ah at funerals, Heaven forbid, as the coffin is being taken for burial, and the soul is ready to rise to the heavens. In some communities, Ana Be'cho'ah is recited before Lecha Dodi on Friday night, as we elevate ourselves to the higher plane of Shabbat. Likewise, many recite this prayer after counting the Omer, as the Omer counting is intended to elevate us in preparation for Matan Torah on Shabuot. The custom to read Ana Be'cho'ah following the recitation of "Abayeh Hava Mesader" was taught by the Arizal, as brought in Sha'ar Ha'kavanot. This is cited by the Kaf Ha'haim (Rav Yaakob Haim Sofer, Baghdad-Jerusalem, 1870-1939). The Seder Ha'yom (Rav Moshe Ben Machir, Safed, 16 th century), by contrast, writes that it is better to recite Ana Be'cho'ah later, just before Baruch She'amar. He explains that the world was created with the power of this 42-letter Name, and so it is appropriate to allude to this Name just before reciting "Baruch She'amar Ve'haya Ha'olam," when we give praise to Hashem who created the world. However, we follow the Arizal's teaching, that Ana Be'cho'ah should be recited after the section of "Abayeh Hava Mesader." One possible explanation for the Arizal's custom is that the section of "Abayeh Hava Mesader," which lists the various Abodot (services) performed daily in the Bet Ha'mikdash, omits Birkat Kohaim (the priestly blessing), which was recited each day in the Bet Ha'mikdash. In the Bet Ha'mikdash, the Kohanim reciting Birkat Kohanim would use the Shem Ha'meforash – the divine Name that is normally forbidden to utter, and according to some, this was the 42-letter Name. Perhaps, then, we add Ana Be'cho'ah – which is associated with this Name – after the section of "Abayeh Hava Mesader" to allude to the daily recitation of Birkat Kohanim in the Bet Ha'mikdash. The Ana Be'cho'ah prayer concludes with the pronouncement of "Baruch Shem Kebod Malchuto Le'olam Va'ed," giving praise to the exalted Name of G-d, which this prayer expresses.

Classes on Rambam, divided according to the daily schedule.

Teach Us To Pray — “Father In Heaven” Introduction: Why We Need to Learn to Pray Coleton begins with a simple but relatable picture: his son Teddy not enjoying golf because he doesn't know how to play. “I'd enjoy it more if I knew how to hit it.” That insight becomes the doorway into the entire series—many people don't enjoy prayer because they don't know how to do it. The goal of this teaching is not just to inform people about prayer, but to help them experience joy in it. Coleton introduces the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9–13) as the foundation—a short, 31-word prayer in its original language, yet deep enough to shape a lifetime of communion with God. Key Quote: “The Lord's prayer is simple enough to be memorized by small children and yet profound enough to sustain a whole lifetime of prayer.” — Justin Welby Coleton explains that this prayer is both: A pattern (Matthew: “pray like this”) A prayer to be repeated (Luke 11:2: “when you pray, say…”) Key Quote: “We can either use each phrase as a handrail… or pray exactly these words thoughtfully.” — Frederick Dale Bruner This series will walk through the prayer line by line, beginning with the first phrase: “Our Father in heaven.” 1. Remember Who You're Talking To (Matthew 6:9) Coleton emphasizes that Jesus begins prayer by reshaping our understanding of God. Before anything else, we must remember: we are speaking to a Father. A Radical Shift in Prayer Jesus adapts a traditional Jewish prayer (the Kaddish), which begins by magnifying God's name—but instead of starting there, Jesus begins with relationship: Father. This is intentional. Jesus is not removing God's holiness—He is making Him personally accessible. Key Quote: “Pray to God more intimately than you think you're allowed.” — Tyler Staton The word Abba reflects deep closeness—not childish, but deeply personal. Coleton illustrates this with his son calling him “pop-pop”—a name that reflects relationship, not just title. Why This Matters How we perceive God determines how we pray: If we think He's angry → we become guarded If we think He's disappointed → we withdraw If we think He's distant → we disengage Key Quote: “Most people's biggest problem with prayer is God Himself… scowling, perpetually disapproving…” — Pete Greig Jesus corrects this: you are approaching the safest, most loving presence you've ever known. If we don't start here, we won't pray freely, consistently, or joyfully. 2. Because He is Father — It Shapes How We Talk to God Coleton addresses a common barrier: “I don't know what to say.” Through a deeply personal story about his son's speech delay, he reveals a powerful truth: a father doesn't care how polished the words are—he just wants to hear his child's voice. That becomes the central image Jesus wants us to carry into prayer. Freedom Over Formula While tools like A.C.T.S. or P.R.A.Y. can help, Coleton warns against turning prayer into a rigid system. We don't talk to people we love using formulas—so why would we do that with God? Prayer is meant to be: Natural Relational Honest Free You can: Talk about your day Share your highs and lows Express frustration or confusion Sit in silence Even biblical examples support this: The Psalms are full of raw emotion Job questions and wrestles with God Coleton makes a key distinction: Complaining to God is prayer Complaining about God is grumbling God desires the first. 3. Because He is Father — It Shapes What We Expect from God Coleton then shifts from how we speak to what we expect. Expectation #1: We Should Expect More Scripture: “How much more will your Father in heaven give good gifts to those who ask him!” — Matthew 7:9–11 Jesus teaches that God's generosity surpasses even the best human parents. Coleton challenges a common hesitation: feeling guilty for asking God for things. Many people hold back because they think their needs are too small or too selfish. But a loving father doesn't shame his child for asking. He shares a powerful story of rock climbing with his dad—choosing independence over accepting help. Instead of pride, it brought hurt. Why? Because relationship invites dependence. Key Quote: “Jesus is trying to bring us… to the Father with hands out.” — C.H. Dodd Not asking isn't humility—it can actually be distance. Expectation #2: We Should Expect “No” A good Father doesn't give everything His children ask for. God's “no” is not rejection—it is protection and love. He sees what we don't He knows what will harm or shape us He gives both yes and no as gifts Coleton reminds us: don't let unanswered prayers convince you God doesn't care. Sometimes His refusal is His deeper kindness. 4. Practicing Prayer as Children of the Father Coleton ends with practical application: What does it actually look like to pray this way? You can: Pray the Lord's Prayer word-for-word Or use it as a starting point But most importantly, relate to God as a Father. Practical Ways to Pray Talk to Him about your day (even though He already knows) Share what you're thinking and feeling Bring your worries and desires Celebrate what's good and process what's hard Sit quietly with Him Even fall asleep while talking to Him Coleton uses the image of his son talking as he falls asleep—what some might feel is “bad prayer,” a father sees as a gift. That's how God sees you. Key Quote: “What comes into our minds when we think about God is the most important thing about us.” — A.W. Tozer If we see Him as Father, we will move toward Him—not away. Conclusion Coleton brings the message full circle: prayer begins not with technique, but with identity and relationship. When Jesus teaches us to pray “Our Father,” He is inviting us into: Freedom instead of fear Relationship instead of ritual Trust instead of hesitation God is not waiting for perfect prayers—He is waiting for His children. Discipleship Group Questions When you think about God, what is your immediate emotional response—and how does that affect your prayer life? Why do you think Jesus chose to begin prayer with “Father” instead of focusing first on God's holiness or power? What tends to hold you back from praying honestly and freely with God? Which is harder for you to accept: that God wants to give you more, or that He lovingly says “no”? Why? What is one practical way you can begin relating to God more like a Father this week? Culture of Gospel Share this with someone in your life who doesn't know Jesus What if God isn't distant or disappointed in you—but actually wants a real relationship with you like a loving Father who enjoys hearing your voice? Jesus teaches that prayer isn't about getting it right—it's about coming home to Someone who already wants you.

The Midrash says at the beginning of Parashat Tazriya, regarding a woman giving birth to a baby boy: give praise to the name of Avraham Avinu, who came from afar, as it says, וַיִּרְא אֶת הַמָּקוֹם מֵרָחֹק . The Mefarshim are bothered: what does Avraham Avinu have to do with this parasha, and why do Chazal refer to him as "the one who came from afar"? The Chidushei Harim explains that starting with the woman who gives birth, the parasha speaks about different individuals who may feel pushed away by Hashem. The woman who gives birth to a boy has a certain form of tum'a. She is not allowed to eat korbanot for forty days, which means if she gave birth before Pesach, she would not be able to bring the korban Pesach—not on Pesach Rishon, nor on Pesach Sheni. She may think to herself: I was involved in performing a great mitzvah, and now I am banned from the Beit HaMikdash. The next parasha speaks about someone who contracts tzara'at. The Gemara says tzara'at is a mizbe'ach kapara—a mizbe'ach that gives the person kapara. Some explain that it is yesurin shel ahava —afflictions of love. Not every case of tzara'at comes as a result of a sin. When a person is suspected of having tzara'at, he must be in quarantine for a week or two. If it is confirmed, he must be isolated away from everyone. He cannot attend shul, pray with a minyan, or answer Kaddish. He may feel: why is Hashem pushing me away like this? Further on, the parasha speaks about other people who become tameh through no fault of their own. They may feel the same sentiments. Imagine a family on their way up to Yerushalayim for one of the shalosh regalim, attempting to bring a korban to Hashem on the Chag, and after their long travels, they arrive at the Beit HaMikdash and discover that the man of the house has become tameh and cannot participate at all. It will definitely feel like Hashem is rejecting him. For those instances, the Midrash tells us to see what Avraham Avinu would do under such circumstances. Avraham spent his entire life teaching the world about Hashem. All he wanted was a child who would continue in the same path. After decades of waiting, he finally received a miracle child at an advanced age. Imagine the love Avraham had for this child. As the child grew, Avraham was able to teach himTorah and the ways of Hashem. Imagine the love Avraham had for Yitzchak at age five—much greater than at his birth. The love he had at age ten was even greater. He invested so much time and energy into Yitzchak, who was to continue his life's mission. Then, when Yitzchak was thirty-seven, in the prime of his life, Hashem told Avraham to slaughter him. In one second, all of Avraham's hopes and dreams were being denied. All of the love he had for his son was about to make this task extraordinarily difficult. He could have felt, "All I am trying to do is promote the name of Hashem in the world, and now He is pushing me away." Yet Avraham said to himself: if this is what Hashem wants me to do, then this is what I want. Instead of feeling rejected, he marched forward with zerizut and did Hashem's will to the best of his ability. This was one of the greatest acts of service of all time. Hashem was not distancing Avraham. He was elevating him. Hashem never distances anyone. A person may feel distanced, but that is only because he does not understand the ways of Hashem. When a person becomes tameh, it is not Hashem saying, "I do not want your korban." It is Hashem saying: "I want a different service from you now. I want you to accept that this is what is best for you, and serve Me from the place I have placed you." For that, a person will gain far more than he would have from bringing the korban. When people feel that Hashem is not interested in their service, yet they still do the best they can, that service elevates them enormously. Hashem may appear to be far from us at times, but He is always close. He always wants our avodah, no matter how it may seem. If we strengthen ourselves during those times and continue to serve Him joyfully, to the best of our ability, we will rise to the greatest levels.

durée : 01:54:03 - Fictions / Théâtre et Cie - Récit d'une existence confisquée par le souvenir de la tragédie concentrationnaire par le Prix Nobel de littérature Imre Kertész, cette magnifique oraison funèbre affirme l'impossibilité d'assumer le don de la vie dans un monde définitivement traumatisé par l'Holocauste. - réalisation : Jacques Taroni

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

Learn the Amidah and Kaddish with simple and straightforward recordings of Ashkenazi tradition. how to say kaddish how to daven learn amidah amidah prayer guide kaddish tutorial jewish prayer for beginners tefillah guide daily prayer jewish how to pray jewish learn jewish prayers kaddish pronunciation amidah step by step guided tefillah orthodox prayer guide

The word "Yahrtzeit" comes from the Yiddish word "Yahr," which means "year," and it is of course used in reference to the date on which a loved one had passed away. It is customary for a person who observes a Yahrtzeit for a parent to recite Kaddish from the Shabbat preceding the Yahrtzeit. Thus, for example, if the Yahrtzeit falls on Tuesday, then the individual begins reciting Kaddish from the Kaddish Al Yisrael following "Bameh Madlikin" on Friday night, and he continues through Minha on Tuesday afternoon. It is customary for the person to also receive an Aliya on the Shabbat preceding the Yahrtzeit, and the Hashkaba prayer is recited at that time. Preferably, he should receive the Aliya of Maftir, which brings the greatest benefit to the parent's soul. Importantly, though, one must not fight to receive the Aliya of Maftir – or any Aliya – as the merit of foregoing for the sake of peace far exceeds the merit of any Aliya. Different customs exist regarding the case of a Yahrtzeit that falls on Shabbat. Some recite Kaddish from the preceding Shabbat and throughout the week, whereas others recite Kaddish only on the Shabbat of the Yahrtzeit. One should consult with his Rabbi for practical guidance in such a situation. Some have the custom to fast on a parent's Yahrtzeit. This is due to the tradition that a deceased soul is judged each year on his Yahrtzeit. Although a person obviously can no longer perform Misvot after he leaves this world, he is judged on the basis of his offspring's conduct. Therefore, by fasting, learning Torah, praying and giving Sedaka on the Yahrtzeit, one benefits the departed parent's soul by helping to ensure a favorable judgment. A Yahrtzeit is to be observed even many years – and even many decades – after a parent's passing. The Sages teach that the righteous "have no rest, neither in this world nor in the next world," as here in our world, they constantly work and strive for greater spiritual heights, and in the next world, they are constantly being elevated through the good deeds of their progeny. Therefore, a child should continue observing the parent's Yahrtzeit throughout his life. If, for whatever reason, a person did not recite Kaddish on a parent's Yahrtzeit, he can make it up the next day, or on whichever day he remembers. This is the ruling of Hacham Ovadia Yosef.

When one concludes the twelve-month mourning period following a parent's passing, an event called an "Arayat" is customarily held. The word "Arayat" means "reading," and the event is so named because portions of Tehillim and of certain Kabbalistic works are read. Food is normally served as the event. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that if a person wishes to continue reciting Kaddish even after the twelve-month mourning period, he may do so, and this will bring benefit to the deceased's soul. Although the standard punishment in Gehinam lasts for only twelve months, Rav Haim Vital (1543-1620) writes that some wicked people are not even ready to be brought to Gehinam immediately after their death, and thus their period of suffering in Gehinam – which could last up to twelve months – might begin only some time after death. Therefore, there is benefit to the Kaddish recitation even beyond the twelve-month mourning period. In fact, the Hesed La'alafim (Rav Eliezer Papo, 1785-1828) instructed his sone to recite Kaddish after his passing at least once a day for the rest of their lives. Nevertheless, this is not the commonly accepted practice. Generally speaking, people recite Kaddish for their parents after the first twelve months only following a Torah class or Tehillim reading, but not during the prayer service. Sometimes, a Rabbi might advise a congregant to continue reciting Kaddish after the first year of mourning in order to encourage the congregant to continue attending the prayers. Summary: Although there is benefit to reciting Kaddish for a deceased parent even after the twelve-month mourning period, it is customary not to, except after a Torah class or Tehillim reading.

After the passing of a parent, Heaven forbid, the child observes a twelve-month period of mourning, and thus, fundamentally, Kaddish should be recited for that entire period. However, the Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Poland, 1530-1572) brings (Y.D. 376) Poskim who ruled that the mourner should stop reciting Kaddish after eleven months. This is due to the Mishna's teaching in Masechet Eduyot (2:10) that the wicked are punished in Gehinam for twelve months. If a mourner recites Kaddish for a parent for twelve months, this might give the impression that he considers his parent a wicked person, Heaven forbid, such that the parent requires twelve months of Kaddish to be spared the punishments of Gehinam. Therefore, some Poskim rule that the child should recite Kaddish for only eleven months. A second custom is mentioned by the Kenesset Ha'gedola (Rav Haim Benvenisti, Turkey, 1603-1673), who writes that he instructed people to stop reciting Kaddish one week before the culmination of the twelve-month mourning period. By contrast, the Sha'ar Ha'kavanot (Rav Haim Vital, 1542-1620) cites the Arizal's teaching that a mourner should recite Kaddish for a parent throughout the year of mourning. The Arizal emphasized that Kaddish is recited even on Shabbat and Yom Tob, when the wicked receive a respite from the punishments of Gehinam. This demonstrates, the Arizal explained, that reciting Kaddish does more for the deceased parent than simple extricate the soul from Gehinam; it also elevates the soul to higher levels in Gan Eden. Publicly declaring G-d's greatness fulfills the Misva of Kiddush Hashem – glorifying the Name of G-d, which is the greatest Misva a person can perform. In fact, some Kabbalists teach that the Misva of Kiddush Hashem can rectify even the most grievous sins. The merit of the Kaddish recitation, then, brings immense benefits to the deceased parent's soul, beyond protecting the soul from the punishments of Gehinam. Therefore, the Arizal maintained that reciting Kaddish for the entire year of mourning does not necessarily give the indication that one considers his parent a wicked person. Accordingly, the Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) writes that the custom in Italy, Egypt and Jerusalem was to recite Kaddish for twelve full months. Nevertheless, the Hida recommended refraining from reciting Kaddish for one week. Similarly, the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim Baghdad, 1833-1909), in his Rav Pe'alim, writes that the custom in Baghdad was to conduct a memorial service (Arayat) after eleven months to signify that the deceased is not considered a sinner, after which the mourners would refrain from reciting Kaddish for one week, and then resume reciting Kaddish until the end of the twelfth month. This is, indeed, the common practice in our community – to refrain from Kaddish for one week at the beginning of the twelfth month, and to then resume the Kaddish recitation until the end of the month. It should be noted that this entire discussion applies only to the Kaddish recitations in the prayer service. The Kaddish recited after Torah learning or after the reading of Tehillim is recited by a mourner throughout the twelve months, even during the week when he abstains from Kaddish during the prayer service. Additionally, Hacham David Yosef, in Halacha Berura, cites his father, Hacham Ovadia, as ruling that if a mourner serves as Hazzan, then he recites all the Kaddishim included in the prayer service, even during the first week of the twelfth month. Summary: Different customs exist as to when a mourner stops reciting Kaddish for a deceased parent. The generally accepted custom in our community is to stop reciting Kaddish during the first week of the twelfth month, and to then resume reciting Kaddish until the end of the month. Even during that week, the mourner recites Kaddish after Torah learning and Tehillim reading, and if he serves as Hazzan, then he recites all the Kaddishim that are part of the prayer service.

If a mourner is reciting Pesukeh De'zimra when the congregation reaches the point where the mourners recite Kaddish – just before Alenu, at the end of the service – is the mourner allowed to interrupt his Pesukeh De'zimra recitation to say Kaddish? As a rule, it is forbidden to interrupt Pesukeh De'zimra, and the question thus arises whether reciting Kaddish for a parent qualifies as an exception where interrupting Pesukeh De'zimra is justified. The Mishna and Gemara in Masechet Berachot address the situation where a person is reciting Shema, or the blessings before or after Shema, when his father passes by. Strictly speaking, Halacha permits the person to interrupt his recitation for the sake of extending a greeting his father. As a practical matter, this Halacha does not apply nowadays, because protocols for greeting parents are not as formal as they were in the past, and thus it is not necessary to interrupt one's prayer in order to extend a greeting to a parent. However, the concept underlying this Halacha is relevant with regard to the Kaddish recitation. Reciting Kaddish for a parent fulfills the Misva of Kibbud Ab Va'em (honoring parents), and we therefore apply the rule that was observed in the past regarding respectful greetings to one's parent during the prayer service. The benefit brought to the deceased parent's soul through the recitation of Kaddish indeed justifies interrupting Pesukeh De'zimra, and thus the person in this case should recite the mourners' Kaddish together with the congregation. If the person sees that the congregation will soon arrive at the point of the mourners' Kaddish, he should, if possible, complete the Mizmor (chapter) that he is currently reciting, as it is preferable to make an interruption in between two Mizmorim instead of interrupting a Mizmor. Summary: If a mourner is reciting Pesukeh De'zimra when the congregation reaches the point of the mourners' Kaddish, he should interrupt Pesukeh De'zimra to recite Kaddish. Preferably, he should try to complete the Mizmor (chapter) that he currently recites before Kaddish need to be recited, so he does not interrupt a Mizmor.

When a non-Jew undergoes conversion and becomes a Jew, he is, halachically speaking, no longer related to his biological parents. Nevertheless, if a convert's parent passes away, it is appropriate for him to recite Kaddish to benefit the parent's soul. He of course owes his parents a debt of gratitude for bringing him into the world and caring for him, and so it is proper recite Kaddish to benefit their soul. Although the parents are not Jewish, nevertheless, the Kaddish recitation enables their souls to rest peacefully in the afterlife, and it spares them from punishment. This is the ruling of Hacham Ovadia Yosef, who noted the discussion of Tosafot (Sota 10b) regarding King David's prayers for the soul of his son, Abshalom. Tosafot establish that although a person's Misvot cannot benefit the soul of his deceased child (the way a person's Misvot benefit the soul of a deceased parent), a person's prayers can benefit his deceased child's soul. And thus King David's prayers to elevate his son's soul from Gehinam were effective. Hacham Ovadia applied this principle to the case of a convert. Since Halacha does not regard the convert as the biological parent's child, his Misvot cannot benefit the parent's soul, but his prayers can benefit the parent's soul. Therefore, it would be appropriate for the convert to recite Kaddish for the deceased parent. An adopted child should recite Kaddish for the parents who adopted him and raised him. He of course owes them an enormous debt of gratitude for all they did for him, raising him, caring for him, and assuming responsibility for him, and so he should recite Kaddish after their passing to benefit their souls. Summary: It is appropriate for a convert to recite Kaddish for his deceased parent. Likewise, a person who was adopted should recite Kaddish for the parents who adopted him and cared for him.

The Gemara in Masechet Yebamot (62b) teaches that grandchildren are considered like children. One application of this principle is the ruling of the Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Poland, 1530-1572) that the obligation of Kibbud Ab Ve'aem (honoring parents) includes a requirement to give honor to one's grandparents. Accordingly, Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that there is a Misva to recite Kaddish for a deceased grandparent, as this benefits the grandparent's soul and thus fulfills the Misva of Kibbud Ab Va'em. Indeed, the Kensset Ha'gedola (Rav Haim Benvenisti, Turkey, 1603-1673) writes that he instructed his sons to recite Kaddish for their grandmother. However, if one's parent is still alive, he should first request the parent's permission, as some people do not feel comfortable with their children reciting Kaddish. Although it is a Misva to recite Kaddish for a grandparent, this is not commonly done, unless there is nobody else to recite Kaddish for the grandparent. Hacham Ovadia cites Rav Menahem Azarya Mi'Fano (Italy, 1548-1620) as stating that there is no obligation to recite Kaddish for one's deceased wife. Nevertheless, it is customary to do so, and a husband's recitation of Kaddish for his wife brings greater benefit to her soul than Kaddish recited by somebody who is not related to her. Summary: It is a Misva to recite Kaddish for a deceased grandparent, provided that one's living parents allow him to do so, though this is not customarily done unless there is nobody else to recite Kaddish for the grandparent. It is customary to recite Kaddish for one's deceased wife, even though this is not strictly required.

If a person who had a daughter but no sons passed away, may the daughter recite Kaddish for her deceased parent? The Shebut Yaakob (Rav Yaakob Reischer, 1661-1733) ruled that a daughter may recite Kaddish for a parent if ten men assembled in her home, but not in the synagogue. Likewise, the Teshuba Me'ahaba (Rav Elazar Fleckeles, 1754-1826) writes that this was done in Amsterdam, with the approval of the local Rabbis. He adds that it was customary in Prague for elderly men and women to sit in the Ezrat Nashim (women's section) of the synagogue and recite Tehillim all morning, and if there was a girl whose parent had passed away without sons, the daughter would recite Kaddish after the Tehillim reading. This was done in the Ezrat Nashim, but not in the main section of the synagogue. The Teshuba Me'ahaba explained that women are no less obligated in the Misva of honoring parents than men, and so they should have the opportunity to benefit the soul of their departed parent through the recitation of Kaddish. Although this should not be done in the public setting of the synagogue, it is permissible if a private Minyan is formed. Hacham Ovadia Yosef concurred with this ruling. A solution in such a case is for the family to appoint a man to recite Kaddish for the deceased. Rav Yosef Kolon (France, 15 th century) ruled that one may recite Kaddish for somebody who was not a relative. He adds, based on an earlier source, that one may recite Kaddish for the souls of several different people, and so even if somebody is already reciting Kaddish for a parent, he may be asked to recite Kaddish also for a person who left the world without sons. Similarly, the Elya Rabba (Rav Eliyahu Spira, Prague, 1660-1712) writes that if somebody needs to travel during the year of mourning, and will be unable to recite Kaddish for a period of time, he should hire somebody to recite Kaddish on his behalf during that period. It should be noted that there was a custom that the Rabbi would recite the final Kaddish – the Kaddish before Alenu – for the benefit of all those who had passed away without sons. Although this is not our custom, it demonstrates that when there are no men to recite Kaddish, this can be assigned to somebody else, even a person who is not related to the deceased. Summary: If a person passed away without sons, and the daughter wishes to recite Kaddish for the parent, she may if a private Minyan is assembled in her home. The preferred solution, however, is for the family to appoint somebody – even someone who is not related to the deceased – to recite Kaddish for the deceased. This may be done even by someone who is already reciting Kaddish for his own parent.

Rav Shmuel Vital (1598-1677) writes that the custom in his time was to permit even young children to recite Kaddish for a deceased parent, Heaven forbid. Others, however, opposed this practice. Some Poskim permitted a child to recite Kaddish only if he is at least six years old and understands the concept of praying to Hashem. There were also Poskim who forbade any child under the age of Bar-Misva from reciting Kaddish for the congregation. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that strictly speaking, if a child is at least six years old and understands the general concept of prayer, he may recite Kaddish for the congregation for a deceased parent, Heaven forbid. Preferably, however, an adult should recite the Kaddish with the child. Hacham Ovadia made an exception in the case of the Kaddish recitation following the reading of Tehillim, which to begin with is not obligatory. Since this Kaddish recitation is not an outright requirement, it may be recited by a child even if no adult recites it with him. Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) ruled more leniently, allowing a youngster age six and above to recite Kaddish alone even during the prayer service. He noted the Halacha permitting a child at this age to receive an Aliya, which includes leading the recitation of Barechu. By the same token, then, a child may recite Kaddish. Summary: A child age six or above, who understands the concept of prayer, may recite Kaddish for a deceased parent, Heaven forbid, though according to some opinions, there should preferably be an adult reciting Kaddish with him. When it comes to the Kaddish recited after the reading of Tehillim, according to all opinions a child age six or above may recite this Kaddish alone.

Following the Torah reading on Monday and Thursday, it is customary for the Kaddish to be recited by somebody who is observing the year of mourning for a parent. There is considerable controversy surrounding the question of asking the cantor to recite the Hashkaba prayer for a deceased parent beyond the year of mourning. Rav Yaakob Molcho (Jerusalem, 17 th century) is cited as asserting that it is improper to make a Hashkaba except during the year of mourning and during the week of the Yahrtzeit. He explained that when the Hashkaba is made, the deceased's soul descends from the heavens, and it cannot return unless a charitable donation is made in the deceased's merit. It is therefore not to the deceased's benefit to recite the Hashkaba prayer outside the usual times. However, the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909), in his Rav Pe'alim, disagreed. He writes that there is no source in the Kabbalistic works for such a notion, that the departed soul descends from the heaven as a result of the Hashkaba and then requires charity to return, and so there is no reason for concern. In fact, the Ben Ish Hai brings a passage from the writings of the Arizal that appears to contradict the theory advanced by Rav Yaakob Molcho. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, his Hazon Ovadia – Abelut, accepts the Ben Ish Hai's position, and writes that it is proper to occasionally have the Hashkaba prayer recited in memory of a deceased parent, even after the first year, and not only on the Yahrtzeit. By contrast, Hacham Baruch Ben-Haim discouraged this practice. One should consult with his Rabbi for practical guidance. Summary: Different opinions exist as to whether the Hashkaba prayer should be recited only during the first year after a parent's passing, and during the week of the Yahrtzeit, or if it is commendable to recite the Hashkaba occasionally even beyond the first year, and even when it is not the Yahrtzeit. One should consult with his Rabbi for guidance on this matter.