HVAC School - For Techs, By Techs

In this candid conversation, Nathan and Bryan dive deep into the often-misunderstood world of sales in the construction and HVAC trades. Nathan, who has transitioned from fieldwork to spending roughly 60% of his time in sales, offers a unique perspective on why sales professionals are necessary despite the skepticism they face from tradespeople. The discussion tackles head-on the negative perceptions surrounding salespeople while making a compelling case for their essential role in growing and sustaining a trades business. The conversation explores the fundamental differences between residential and commercial sales, revealing insights that anyone in the industry will find valuable. Nathan explains that residential sales requires quick relationship-building, subject matter expertise, and the ability to emotionally connect and disconnect rapidly from customers you may only see every few years. It's essentially retail sales with a technical component. Commercial B2B sales, on the other hand, is far less transactional and much more relational—it's about building confidence, managing accounts effectively, and ensuring clients can focus on their core business while you handle their facility problems seamlessly. One of the most refreshing aspects of this discussion is Nathan's honesty about the unglamorous side of sales. He emphasizes that the job isn't about fancy lunches or golf outings—it's about being the person who answers their phone, follows through on commitments, and doesn't shy away from uncomfortable conversations. The guys share frustrating examples of poor salesmanship, from ghosting potential clients to making promises that can't be kept, illustrating how these failures give the entire profession a bad reputation. Nathan stresses that good sales is fundamentally about managing expectations, delivering on promises, and serving as the crucial liaison between customer needs and production capabilities. The conversation concludes with practical advice for tradespeople considering a move into sales: if you're motivated by the chase, enjoy solving people's problems, and find satisfaction in knowing your work directly impacts the bottom line, sales might be for you. But if you're just looking for an easier path with less physical labor, think again—great salesmanship is mentally demanding work that requires constant follow-through and resilience. Topics Covered: Why tradespeople are often critical of sales and the misconceptions about the profession The difference between "good" and "bad" salespeople and the moral use of sales skills Essential traits for successful residential HVAC salespeople, including product knowledge and emotional agility How commercial B2B sales differs from residential—less transactional, more relational The critical importance of follow-through, responsiveness, and keeping promises in account management Why sales serves as the essential "oil in the machine" that prevents business breakdowns The role of salespeople in managing customer expectations and protecting production teams The unsexy reality of sales work: constant uncomfortable conversations and problem-chasing When entertaining clients (golf, lunches) is appropriate versus when it becomes buying work Advice for tradespeople considering transitioning into sales roles   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan takes us on a history journey back to when ammonia ruled the world. In the mid-1800s, before R-12, many inventors and scientists experimented with vapor-compression refrigeration systems to make ice. They used a variety of refrigerants in their patents, including ether, ethyl ether, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, and ammonia. Each one had tradeoffs, but ammonia was the favorite because it was inexpensive, very good at moving heat, and useful because its odor made leaks obvious (although it was toxic and irritated the lungs and mucus membranes). Toxic refrigerants, particularly sulfur dioxide and methyl chloride, were common refrigerants but had plenty of negative press due to the many deaths they caused. In response to the public's reservations about toxic refrigerants, Thomas Midgley from General Motors (who developed leaded gasoline) teamed up with Charles Kettering and DuPont to find a refrigerant that was non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-corrosive. In 1930, they announced dichlorodifluoromethane, also known as R-12 (a CFC) and trademarked as Freon. This refrigerant was non-toxic, non-flammable, and had no odor, and it effectively replaced the methyl chloride, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia. However, many decades later, scientists discovered that chlorine-bearing compounds were destroying the ozone layer. To combat the environmental damage, many nations signed the Montreal Protocol in the 1980s, which would effectively phase out R-12, R-11, and other CFC refrigerants. Over time, the regulations have tightened on HCFCs and high-GWP HFCs, leading us to where we are now with lower-GWP A2L HFCs and HFO blends. As with the old refrigerants, each refrigerant had a tradeoff. Meanwhile, this whole time, ammonia never became truly obsolete and quietly remained the lifeblood of industrial refrigeration, and it also had no global warming potential OR ozone-depletion potential. Ammonia systems run with relatively little charge, especially when paired with CO2, and ammonia is still a powerhouse today because of its chemical formula (NH3), good compression ratio, and excellent latent heat of vaporization. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan and Nathan dive deep into the challenges of humidity control in grocery stores and other refrigerated environments. While the conversation takes several entertaining detours (including discussions about morning radio shows, Indian weddings with elephants, and imaginary lava-heated homes), the core content provides valuable insights for HVAC and refrigeration technicians dealing with condensation and moisture issues in commercial refrigeration spaces. The hosts explain why humidity management is critical in grocery environments, where refrigerated cases and displays must maintain cold temperatures while preventing condensation on doors, frames, and floors. They discuss the evolution from traditional solutions—like energy-intensive frame heaters that kept surfaces above dew point—to modern strategies involving dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS), strategic use of waste heat from refrigeration racks, and various dehumidification approaches. Nathan emphasizes that the key is maintaining proper dew point levels (typically targeting 45% relative humidity at around 72°F) while keeping the building under positive pressure to control moisture infiltration. A significant portion of the discussion focuses on airflow management and its impact on refrigeration equipment. The hosts explain how air curtains in display cases work on Bernoulli's principle to maintain cold temperatures, and why even minor disruptions to airflow patterns can cause product spoilage or increased energy consumption. They stress the importance of understanding building pressure dynamics, especially considering makeup air requirements for exhaust systems in sculleries and loading docks. The episode concludes with practical troubleshooting advice for technicians dealing with sweating cases and humidity problems. Nathan recommends systematically checking building pressure with a manometer, measuring dew point at multiple locations throughout the store, and verifying that door and frame heaters are functioning properly. He also suggests looking for intermittent fresh air sources and exhaust fans that might be disrupting the carefully balanced airflow patterns that keep moisture under control. Topics Covered: Dew Point vs. Relative Humidity: Why focusing on dew point (50-55°F typical target) is more important than relative humidity in grocery environments Condensation Prevention Strategies: Evolution from energy-intensive frame heaters to modern DOAS systems with reheat capabilities Airflow and Air Curtains: How Bernoulli's principle creates invisible barriers in refrigerated display cases and why disrupting these patterns causes problems Reheat Methods: Various approaches, including waste heat from refrigeration racks, electric reheat, and desiccant dehumidification systems Building Pressure Management: Importance of maintaining positive pressure while managing fresh air requirements and exhaust systems Radiant Heat Effects: How surface temperatures, not just air temperature, affect condensation on refrigerated cases Troubleshooting Humidity Issues: Systematic approach to diagnosing moisture problems, including pressure testing, dew point measurement, and identifying intermittent airflow sources Return Air Placement: Benefits of pulling return air from underneath cases to capture the most humid air for dehumidification   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explores the history of the finned-tube coil, which is what we use for heat exchange in air-source air conditioners and heat pumps. Air-source HVAC systems have copper tubes threaded through thin metal fins. This design was optimized to ensure the greatest possible surface area for heat exchange to occur. However, prior to the finned-tube coil, HVAC coils looked more like plumbing projects with bare copper loops, which were heavy, costly, and inefficient.  In the early 1900s, HVAC was essentially plumbing with higher expectations; capacity was dictated purely by size and charge. In the 1910s and 1920s, early air conditioning pioneers were already attempting to increase surface area with metal discs or pipes, which evolved to continuous sheet fins. The tube would move refrigerant, and the fins would collect heat from the air and pass it into the tube; the finned-tube coil was born. The added weight was minimal, but the contact area was increased by almost 3000%, meaning coils and charges could be smaller with added efficiency. This move was necessary because while we already knew that heat can indeed move without touching molecules (radiant transfer), radiant cooling had a unique challenge: dew point. Finned-tube coils rely on convection and only have temperatures below the dew point in a small area, which allows us to have a small drain pan. Aluminum was also plentiful after WWII, enabling finned-tube technology to evolve to louvered fins and reach the masses. By the 1960s, finned-tube coils were in all sorts of applications. However, it became clear that aluminum was fragile, and we have since innovated to overcome that challenge. There are three barriers that heat transfer must overcome: air-side film resistance (air is a poor conductor), wall conduction through the tube and fins, and refrigerant-side film resistance (oil inside or laminar flow). The fins help with air-side film resistance, so we want to clean and straighten them as much as possible.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this comprehensive episode of the HVAC School podcast, host Bryan Orr sits down with three experts from Copeland to demystify tandem and trio compressor systems. Joining him are Gina Kahle (Multiples Engineering Manager with 12+ years at Copeland), Tyler Daniels (Product Management team member), and James Stevenson (Technical Sales veteran with 28 years of field experience). Together, they provide both the engineering perspective and real-world service insights that technicians need to understand these increasingly common systems. The conversation begins with the fundamentals: tandem and trio systems represent an evolution in compression modulation, allowing multiple compressors to work together on a single circuit rather than requiring separate circuits for each compressor. This design philosophy delivers significant advantages, including energy savings through better modulation, simplified system design, reduced costs, and the ability to meet stringent minimum modulation requirements (such as the 25% threshold for units under 60,000 BTUs per hour). The team emphasizes that tandems aren't just about pairing any two compressors together—Copeland engineers carefully consider application requirements, flow characteristics, and stress testing to ensure reliable oil management and system resonance control. A major focus of the discussion centers on practical service considerations that every technician needs to understand. James provides invaluable guidance on identifying whether a failed compressor in a tandem system can be replaced individually or requires replacing the entire tandem assembly. The "rule of thumb" is clear: compressors small enough to fit in residential systems (typically under 10 horsepower or about 7 inches in diameter) generally require full tandem replacement, while larger units may allow single compressor replacement. The distinction between "tandem ready" and non-tandem ready compressors becomes critical here—larger compressors (10+ horsepower) are typically sold tandem ready at wholesalers with the necessary oil equalization ports and sight glass connections, while smaller units are not. The episode also explores advanced topics, including the integration of Enhanced Vapor Injection (EVI) technology with tandem systems, particularly for cold climate heat pump applications. Gina explains how EVI extends the operating envelope down to -40°F, opening new markets and applications. The team discusses the transition to A2L refrigerants and how Copeland continues to innovate despite changing regulatory landscapes. Throughout the conversation, they emphasize the critical importance of proper oil management through oil equalization lines (OEL) and two-phase transfer lines (TPTL), and why maintaining these connections exactly as designed is non-negotiable for system longevity. Key Topics Covered: Tandem and Trio Basics: Definition and benefits, including energy savings, cost reduction, and design simplification Modulation Requirements: Meeting state-mandated minimum modulation thresholds (25% for units under 60,000 BTU/hr) Applications: Data centers, DOAS units, rooftops, chillers, and various commercial spaces Compressor Pairing Options: Fixed speed, digital, variable speed, two-stage, and mixed configurations Oil Management: Critical importance of oil equalization lines (OEL), two-phase transfer lines (TPTL), and gas equalization lines (GEL) Service and Replacement: How to identify tandem-ready vs. non-tandem-ready compressors; when to replace individual compressors vs. full tandem assemblies Visual Identification: Using compressor size (7" vs 9" diameter), port configuration, and horsepower ratings to determine replacement strategy Piping Configurations: Three-pipe vs. four-pipe designs and when each is necessary Installation Considerations: Importance of keeping oil equalization lines level (parallel to ground) and using proper mounting spacers Enhanced Vapor Injection (EVI): How EVI technology extends operating envelopes to -40°F for cold climate heat pump applications Energy Efficiency Standards: Meeting IEER, IPLV, and upcoming IVEC standards through strategic tandem use Copeland Mobile App: Features, including parts lookup, resistance specifications, amperage mapping, AI Scout assistant, and technical bulletins   Learn about the Copeland Mobile app at https://www.copeland.com/en-us/tools-resources/mobile-apps/copeland-mobile.  Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan tells the story of the technology that tried to beat the compressor... and still may someday. We associate cooling with refrigerant... and all the things that come with it, including compressor noise, oil, recovery machines and tanks, leaks, superheat, and regulations. However, there is a means of providing cooling with two pieces of metal and several semiconductors; current runs through it, and one side becomes cold, and the other side becomes hot. This technology is called thermoelectric cooling, associated with the Peltier effect. In 1834, French watchmaker and amateur physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier was experimenting with electricity and dissimilar metals. When he joined two wires of different materials and ran current through the junction, one got colder, and the other one got hotter. This phenomenon was named the Peltier effect, and it describes how passing electrical current through two dissimilar conductors causes heat to move from one side to the other, like a tiny reversible heat pump. However, it didn't have any practical use at the time. Semiconductors arrived in the mid-1900s, and engineers could make thermoelectric devices strong enough to move meaningful amounts of heat. In the 1960s, NASA even began using the technology in spacecraft for precision temperature control, which was hardy and allowed them to stabilize sensors and electronics in space. We began using them on Earth in some specialized applications, including portable coolers, wine chillers, and CPU coolers in computers. However, this technology didn't replace vapor-compression refrigeration due to efficiency constraints and the need to reject heat. Thermoelectric modules are only 5-10% as efficient as vapor-compression systems, and they need heat sinks or fans to give the heat somewhere to go. We've still been pursuing a comfort cooling use of the Peltier effect, and we've gotten closer, but most applications still have the efficiency block. When efficiency isn't a problem, we encounter difficulties with moisture and latent heat removal. Nevertheless, thermoelectric cooling is still making a difference for sensors and in localized cooling applications.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this comprehensive episode, Bryan and Roman dive deep into one of the most challenging topics in modern HVAC: making VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) and ductless systems perform effectively in humid climates like Florida. The conversation tackles a common misconception that inverter-driven equipment automatically handles humidity well simply because it can "turn down." Roman emphasizes that successful application of VRF technology in humid environments requires skilled professionals who understand building science, envelope integrity, and proper system sizing. The biggest takeaway? If you're going to err on sizing, undersize rather than oversize - these systems will run longer and maintain better humidity control when properly sized. The hosts explore the three critical factors for dehumidification: runtime, coil temperature, and surface condensation. They explain how traditional inverter systems were programmed for energy efficiency by allowing coils to warm up as they approached the set point, which unfortunately sacrifices latent capacity. Modern systems with active dehumidification capabilities use expansion valve control to "starve" the coil, lowering saturation temperature to around 35-37 degrees while extending runtime. Roman shares his personal experience with a 7,000 BTU unit serving his 700 square foot master bedroom suite, demonstrating how proper application and understanding of equipment capabilities can deliver excellent humidity control without oversizing. The discussion takes a practical turn as Bryan presents a comprehensive troubleshooting checklist for humidity problems, starting with bulk water leaks and progressing through envelope integrity, duct sealing, equipment selection, and pressure balancing. They debunk common "solutions" that actually make problems worse, like adding attic insulation or solar attic fans without addressing root causes. The conversation reveals a counterintuitive truth: reducing sensible load through excessive insulation can worsen humidity problems by reducing equipment runtime. They explain why "active dehumidification" through overcooling isn't true dehumidification, and why another solution - reheat - requires adding sensible heat back to spaces to maintain longer equipment runtime. Topics Covered: VRF and inverter sizing misconceptions - Why undersizing is often better than oversizing in humid climates Three factors of dehumidification - Runtime, coil temperature, and surface condensation explained Active dehumidification technology - How expansion valve control creates longer runtime and colder coils Equipment capacity ratings - Understanding that a "12K" unit may actually perform at 18,000 BTU Latent vs. sensible capacity - Why checking engineering specifications is critical for humid climate applications VRT (Variable Refrigerant Temperature) - When this energy-saving feature should be disabled in humid climates Fan operation strategies - Why continuous fan operation can worsen humidity problems Duct and envelope leakage - How pressure imbalances drive moisture problems Surface condensation - Why vents and ducts sweat and how to prevent it The overcooling trap - Why lowering the set point creates interstitial space moisture problems Humidity sensors in thermostats - Understanding what they do (and don't do) Load diversity and zone control - How multiple smaller units can outperform single large systems Reheat strategies - From electric resistance to passive solar gain Common mistakes - Why attic insulation and solar fans often worsen humidity issues Troubleshooting checklist - A systematic approach from bulk water to equipment selection   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this short podcast, Bryan gives another history lesson and goes over the history of the thermostat. Before 1883, automatic temperature control simply did not exist; we shoveled fuel into the furnace and opened windows. If a room got too hot in a commercial building, the janitor would go downstairs to choke the draft damper; this person was responsible for manually controlling comfort. Warren S. Johnson, a Milwaukee-based college professor, sought to do something about his classroom's sweltering heat. He created a pneumatic thermostat that mounted to the wall, sensed temperature, and used air pressure and mechanical systems to control dampers. This invention grew in popularity, and he founded Johnson Controls. Compressed air ran entire HVAC networks by adjusting dampers and valves before electricity went mainstream. Engineers experimented with bi-metallic strips, which could open or close an electrical circuit based on temperature changes, which made thermostats smaller and cheaper. Honeywell came on the scene by hiring industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss, who invented the mercury thermostat: the T87 round thermostat. When the bimetal coil tilted, mercury rolled from one end to the other to complete or open the circuit. These thermostats had a heat anticipator, which kept them from overshooting the temperature. Unfortunately, when these thermostats were disposed of, the mercury polluted the environment and affected the central nervous system. The digital thermostat came on the scene to replace the mercury thermostat, which led to the development of the Nest smart thermostat. However, all this time, comfort has been associated with the number on the thermostat; smart comfort controls that learn our routines and monitor dew point, relative humidity, and IAQ are the next step to create true comfort and health.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this candid and comprehensive episode, Bryan sits down with Roman to tackle one of the most frustrating yet crucial aspects of the HVAC industry: technical support. What starts as a conversation about their own tech support nightmares quickly evolves into a deep dive examining the entire ecosystem—from manufacturers and distributors to technicians and sales reps—and how each player can improve the support experience. Roman opens up about his recent tech support struggles, including having to search Russian websites just to find service manuals for major brand equipment. This leads to a broader discussion about the fundamental problem: as HVAC equipment becomes increasingly complex with proprietary controls and advanced technology, manufacturers have simultaneously made it harder to access the information needed to service that equipment. The conversation highlights how the old "I never called tech support" mentality of veteran technicians is no longer viable when you're dealing with VRF systems, building automation, and equipment-specific protocols that require specialized knowledge. The hosts emphasize that good documentation isn't just helpful—it's essential, and manufacturers who hide behind "brand protection" are actually damaging their reputation in the long run. The episode doesn't just complain about problems; it offers real solutions. Bryan and Roman discuss what technicians need to do before calling tech support (hint: know your superheat, subcooling, and basic electrical readings), what makes great tech support personnel, and why investing in these roles pays dividends. They share inspiring examples of distributors and reps who go above and beyond, like the Johnstone team in Louisiana who actively seek out field experts when manufacturers can't provide answers. The conversation also touches on why tech support and education roles are chronically underpaid, and how properly compensating and supporting these positions could transform the industry. Perhaps most importantly, the hosts emphasize that everyone in the HVAC ecosystem is working toward the same goal: keeping end clients comfortable and satisfied. When manufacturers, distributors, reps, contractors, and technicians recognize this shared objective and work collaboratively rather than defensively, everyone wins. The episode concludes with practical advice for sales professionals, including the importance of ride-alongs and adopting the "I got it" mentality that turns good salespeople into indispensable partners. Topics Covered Service Manual Accessibility: The critical need for manufacturers to make documentation easily searchable and available online, not hidden behind outdated processes Manufacturer Responsibilities: Why "protecting the brand" often backfires and how transparency builds loyalty Technician Preparation: What basic measurements and troubleshooting steps should be completed before calling tech support Tech Support Personnel: The importance of properly compensating and supporting tech support staff to reduce burnout and turnover Distributor and Rep Excellence: How the best wholesalers and reps go beyond just forwarding emails to actively solve problems The "I Got It" Sales Approach: Why taking ownership of customer problems is the key to building lasting relationships Cross-Brand Part Referencing: The need for universal parts cross-referencing across sister brands and product lines Field Ride-Alongs: Why B2B sales professionals should spend at least one day per month in the field with technicians Legacy Product Support: The frustration when manufacturer partnerships dissolve and orphaned equipment becomes unsupportable AI in Tech Support: Why throwing technology at support problems without understanding the root issues is a waste of money   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan is back for yet another history lesson. This time, the subject is the current war with Tesla, Edison, and Westinghouse. The current war was fought in the late 1800s with lightbulbs, electrocutions, and a World's Fair that dazzled the entire world. Edison didn't necessarily invent the lightbulb, but he made it commercially viable by inventing the infrastructure needed to make it work; electricity worked one way and performed well in small cases. However, voltage drop was a problem with direct current (DC) circuits; Edison was okay with decentralized (localized) power generation with centralized control under the Edison Electric Light Company.  Tesla proposed a system using alternating current (AC), which could be sent hundreds of miles with minimal loss thanks to a transformer (which could step down high voltages from the utility source). AC power steps up at the utility and then down at several points between the utility source and the end user. This vision was at odds with Edison's DC system. Tesla, who had worked under Edison, sold his patents to George Westinghouse. Edison began a propaganda campaign against AC power, emphasizing its dangers. However, Tesla harnessed the powers in his lab to demonstrate its potential; while impressive, it didn't necessarily prove the safety to the public. The Chicago World's Fair was the battleground of the current war: both Edison and Westinghouse submitted bids, and the latter's was half the price. The World's Fair was lit purely by AC power and proved its usefulness to the world (primarily to Westinghouse's financial benefit). DC faded into obscurity as a means of powering cities, and although Edison was a showman and salesman, his invention was upstaged when it mattered most. However, DC made a comeback over a century later, particularly with the rise of electronics, LED drivers, and solar power. It can now move power over ultra-long distances, too.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this raw and unfiltered episode, Bryan sits down with Elliot, a senior service tech and newly minted install supervisor, to discuss the realities of working with R-454B refrigerant in the field. What starts as a technical discussion about the new A2L refrigerant quickly evolves into a candid conversation about industry frustrations, manufacturer accountability, and the practical challenges technicians face with the latest refrigerant transition. With four years of hands-on experience, Elliot brings fresh perspectives on everything from charging procedures to equipment reliability issues. The conversation takes an honest look at the R-454B rollout, which Bryan describes as a massive industry failure. Unlike typical manufacturer talking points, this episode dives into real problems technicians are experiencing: extended charging times, subcooling drift, and equipment component failures. Bryan and Elliot discuss how R-454B systems can take up to an hour to stabilize compared to the 15-20 minutes they were accustomed to with R-410A. This isn't just an inconvenience—it's affecting how technicians approach charging procedures and follow-up visits. The episode also explores theoretical explanations for R-454B's unusual behavior. Bryan presents two hypotheses about why the refrigerant takes so long to reach equilibrium: either density differences between R-32 and R-1234yf are causing stratification in the condenser, or one component is settling at the top and acting like a non-condensable. While admitting he's "not a mathy details guy," Bryan encourages field technicians to investigate these phenomena using thermal imaging cameras and careful observation. This practical, boots-on-the-ground approach to understanding new technology exemplifies the podcast's commitment to real-world problem-solving. Beyond technical discussions, the conversation touches on broader industry issues, including the politics behind refrigerant selection, manufacturer warranty support (or lack thereof), and the challenges faced by contractors trying to maintain fair pricing while dealing with new equipment failures. Bryan and Elliot also address the reliability concerns with new A2L safety components like dissipation boards and refrigerant sensors, noting that while failure rates aren't dramatically higher than other components, they represent additional potential failure points that weren't previously necessary. Topics Covered R-454B Charging Behavior: Extended stabilization times (up to 1 hour vs. 15-20 minutes for R-410A) and subcooling drift over time Field Charging Strategy: Why technicians are intentionally undercharging slightly and relying more on line length specifications A2L Safety Components: Dissipation boards and refrigerant leak sensors—their function, failure rates, and nuisance alarms Refrigerant Stratification Theory: Potential explanations for delayed equilibrium involving density differences and non-condensable behavior Industry Politics: The R-454B vs. R-32 debate, GWP legislation, and lobbying efforts that shaped current refrigerant standards Manufacturer Accountability: Warranty support issues, untested components, and the financial burden on contractors Recovery and Reuse Concerns: Questions about blend consistency when recovering R-454B and tank contamination issues Future of HVAC: Discussion of heat recovery chillers, secondary fluid systems, and emerging refrigerant-free technologies Pressure Testing Requirements: New legislation requiring extended pressure tests and improved brazing practices Practical Field Advice: Using thermal imaging to diagnose condenser behavior and verify proper refrigerant distribution   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan talks about psychrometrics and the magic line inside a messy-looking chart. The psychrometric chart is a key tool for understanding the relationship between air and water. "Psychrometric" comes from the Greek roots for "cold" and "measurement." As such, a tool called the psychrometer (with paired wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometers) could measure two different temperatures, and we could use these to determine how much water vapor the air can hold (even though the air doesn't "hold" water vapor; it's all about vapor pressures).  The psychrometric chart was developed with the contributions of James Apjohn and William Ferrell in the 1800s, but Willis Carrier was the one who drafted the paper titled "Rational Psychrometric Formulae" in 1911. He created a chart that plotted temperature, humidity, and enthalpy on a single piece of paper. The horizontal axis represents the dry-bulb temperatures, the curved lines represent relative humidity, the left axis represents humidity ratios, the diagonal lines represent wet-bulb temperatures, and the other angled lines represent enthalpy. Every possible air condition can be plotted on the chart. Moving horizontally changes sensible heat (temperature), and moving vertically changes latent heat (moisture content); both are critical to human comfort. The "magic line" is the dew point. When this line is crossed, that's when surfaces like ducts or HVAC coils begin to sweat, as air can't hold any more moisture. You can use this information and the psychrometric chart to help you make sense of customer complaints (e.g., "clammy") and predict how air and moisture will behave if you adjust airflow or add insulation.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan sits down with Ray Wohlfarth, a seasoned HVAC contractor and prolific author who has dedicated over 30 years to mastering the art and science of boiler systems. What began as a competitive disadvantage—competitors claiming he knew nothing about boilers—became Ray's driving passion. Through daily reading, countless mistakes, and an unwavering commitment to learning, Ray transformed himself into one of the industry's most respected voices on hydronics and steam systems. Ray shares the personal story of how legendary author Dan Holohan literally "saved his marriage" with his book on one-pipe steam systems. When Ray and his wife moved into their first house with steam heat, mysterious banging sounds threatened domestic harmony until Dan's book provided the answers Ray desperately needed. This experience inspired Ray to pay it forward, eventually authoring 14 technical books himself—all written with the vision of a technician stuck in a boiler room at 9 PM on a Friday night, frantically searching for solutions. The conversation dives deep into practical wisdom earned through experience. Ray emphasizes the critical importance of safety in boiler rooms, recounting a harrowing story of a hospital engineer who bypassed safety controls and manually lit a boiler with a flaming broom—resulting in dangerous explosions. He stresses that technicians should always identify escape routes before beginning work, as a lifting relief valve can quickly fill a room with steam, displacing oxygen and eliminating visibility. Beyond safety, Ray shares diagnostic techniques like listening for dripping, hissing, or the "Rice Krispies" sound that indicates scaling, and visually inspecting for soot streaks that reveal combustion problems and potential carbon monoxide issues. Throughout the episode, Ray's philosophy shines through: humility, continuous learning, and the joy of solving complex problems. Whether discussing the holistic nature of steam system troubleshooting, the importance of water quality treatment, or the surprising efficiency of properly designed steam systems (like the LEED Gold-certified Empire State Building), Ray's expertise and passion are evident. His advice for aspiring boiler techs is simple but profound: read 15 minutes daily about your industry, engage with online communities like HeatingHelp.com, and never stop learning from every service call. Topics Covered Ray's Journey: Transitioning from Carrier air conditioning to boiler expertise over 30+ years The Writing Process: Creating 14 technical books designed specifically for technicians in the field Dan Holohan's Influence: How Dan's books and mentorship shaped Ray's career and literally saved his marriage Boiler Room Safety: Critical importance of identifying escape routes and recognizing dangerous practices Diagnostic Techniques: Using your senses—listening for dripping, hissing, and scaling sounds; looking for soot, leaks, and discoloration Near-Boiler Piping: Why 90% of steam boiler installations have incorrect piping and the importance of proper insulation Steam vs. Hydronic Systems: Key differences in troubleshooting approaches and why steam operates more like air conditioning than hydronic One-Pipe vs. Two-Pipe Steam: Fundamentals of steam system design, traps, and venting behavior Condensing Boilers: The reality of "conditional condensing" and why 95% efficiency requires specific return water temperatures Radiant Heat Comfort: Why hydronic radiant heating provides superior comfort compared to forced air Water Quality Issues: The critical importance of water treatment, the mystery of deteriorating fittings, and potential chlorine impacts Learning Resources: The value of HeatingHelp.com, reading 15 minutes daily, and engaging with online communities Ray's Book Series: Overview of his "Lessons Learned" series and specialized books on brewery boilers and wiring diagrams Common Mistakes: Real-world troubleshooting stories including the mystery of the 2-degree delta T and lessons in humility   Check out some of Ray's boiler books on Amazon HERE. His latest book, Lessons Learned: Understanding Boiler Wiring Diagrams, is available HERE. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explains how duct tape got its name and why it shouldn't actually be used on ducts. Duct tape is a versatile home DIY-fix tool, but despite its name, it wasn't initially made to seal ducts at all. In 1943, we were in the thick of World War II, and ammo shipments were sealed with wax and paper tape. These were often not durable or difficult to open. Johnson & Johnson developed a tape with rubber adhesive on a cotton duck cloth backing (which was already widely used for military uniforms and tent fabrics). This new tape was nicknamed "duck" tape due to the material and its waterproof abilities (like the waterfowl). A woman named Vesta Stoudt informed President FDR about duct tape, and the War Production Board began using it in wartime supply packaging. After the war, America had a housing boom in the 1950s, which included the demand for forced-air heating and cooling systems. Marketers thought the tape could seal the ducts in those homes, so they changed the color to match sheet metal and rebranded it as "duct tape." In the 1960s, this tape was available in retail outlets with the "duct tape" branding. Unfortunately, in tests by the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, duct tape failed miserably at sealing the ducts because the rubber adhesive dries out under heat, and dust weakens the adhesive. As a result, many building codes ban duct tape on ducts (spearheaded by California). Instead, UL-listed foil tape and mastic are approved for sealing ducts. However, duct tape still became famous for its versatility as a patching material. It's prevalent in pop culture and has been used in television shows and even in space.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

In this comprehensive discussion, Bryan and Bert tackle one of the most critical yet underdeveloped skills in the trades: conflict resolution and de-escalation. They argue that poor conflict management is one of the primary reasons technicians lose jobs, damage team dynamics, and limit their career advancement. The conversation explores both customer-facing conflicts and internal team disputes, offering practical strategies grounded in real-world experience. The hosts distinguish between rational and irrational customer anger, noting that both require similar approaches—taking clients seriously, listening fully, and resisting the urge to immediately correct or defend. Bert emphasizes the importance of body language, describing how he physically leans into difficult conversations rather than backing away, making eye contact, and allowing customers to repeat themselves until they feel genuinely heard. Bryan adds that the "slow is smooth, smooth is fast" military principle applies perfectly to people problems—rushing to fix the emotional situation often prolongs the conflict, while patient listening typically resolves issues more quickly. When addressing internal team conflicts, they stress going directly to the person involved rather than gossiping or complaining to management. Both hosts acknowledge that ego, the need to be right, and past trauma can trigger fight-or-flight responses that sabotage productive conversations. They advocate for approaching conflicts with humility and a willingness to be wrong, focusing on the single most important issue rather than bringing up a laundry list of grievances. Bert shares that preventing conflict often means letting minor issues go while addressing patterns before they fester into major problems. The conversation concludes with practical advice about maintaining relationships after difficult conversations, recognizing that drawing back creates rejection while intentionally staying connected demonstrates genuine care. They emphasize that mastering conflict resolution isn't just about keeping your job—it's about becoming invaluable in your career and developing skills that serve you in every area of life. Topics Covered: Common sources of customer anger: feeling dismissed, not taken seriously, fear around property damage, and frustration with time and money The difference between rational emotions (legitimate grievances) and expectation gaps (perceived as "irrational") Body language techniques for de-escalation: leaning in, maintaining eye contact, staying present rather than fleeing Why interrupting customers to prove you're right backfires and escalates conflict Managing fight-or-flight responses and recognizing when fear drives aggressive reactions The importance of letting customers repeat themselves until emotional release occurs Internal team conflict triggers: lack of recognition, perceived unfair workloads, misinterpreted communication Why going directly to the person involved beats gossiping or complaining to management The danger of storytelling and assigning motives to others' actions Practical conflict resolution framework: prepare both parties, choose private settings, listen twice as much as you speak, and be willing to be wrong How mastering conflict resolution makes you invaluable and accelerates career advancement Maintaining relationships after difficult conversations to avoid creating rejection Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this spooky Halloween short podcast episode, Bryan tells the story of the cooling tower killer: Legionnaires' disease. In the summer of 1976, the nation celebrated its bicentennial anniversary. The American Legion was holding its 58th annual convention at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, PA. In the days following the convention, doctors in Philadelphia started noticing dozens of Legionnaires in their hospitals with high fevers, chills, coughs, and difficulty breathing. Their symptoms resembled those of pneumonia, but patients deteriorated quickly, and antibiotics didn't work as expected. People became more ill, and 34 of them died. There were many theories, from food poisoning to novel viruses to bioterrorist attacks. The CDC investigated biological samples from patients and swabs from the hotel alike, but their findings were inconclusive. As news outlets sensationalized speculation over the cause of the illnesses, the disease was named after the unfortunate Legionnaires who suffered from it. However, the speculation would come to a close months later when CDC scientist Joseph McDade reviewed the samples and found a tiny, round-shaped bacterium living in the lung tissue of the victims. The bacteria would be named Legionella pneumophila. Investigators traced the bacteria back to the hotel's cooling towers. Cooling towers are essentially giant evaporative coolers and can create a mist. Legionella can thrive in the warm water of cooling towers, and the cooling towers dispersed the mist throughout the area, making hundreds ill. When water stagnates, bacteria can fester, but temperature is just as important as movement. As contractors, our maintenance procedures can save lives. In cooling towers, that maintenance entails regular cleaning, chemical treatment, and monitoring water temperature and flow. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan Orr sits down with Bert and Leanna to discuss Kalos's first official cohort apprenticeship program, dubbed the "Launch Program." What started as Bryan's persistent idea—one that the team initially resisted as too expensive and logistically challenging—evolved into a transformative three-month training experience that brought 15 green apprentices through intensive classroom, lab, and field work across HVAC, electrical, and building automation systems. Bert, who graded himself a B for his first attempt at leading the program, shares candid insights about the challenges of planning and execution. While he meticulously mapped out the first two weeks hour-by-hour, the remaining time was far less structured, leading to valuable lessons about the importance of ongoing planning and verification. Leanna, who came to Kalos with both teaching experience and a commercial HVAC background, brought crucial support that Bert initially didn't think he needed. Her contribution proved essential in managing the group of 15 and ensuring hands-on engagement. Of the original cohort, nine graduated, with two additional apprentices added later who showed exceptional promise. The conversation reveals critical insights about what makes training effective in the trades. Both trainers emphasize the importance of hands-on experience over lecture, with Bert noting his biggest mistake was spending an entire day lecturing on refrigerant circuits before showing apprentices actual equipment. The most successful exercises involved real-world scenarios, like Leanna's mock dispatch day where apprentices handled service calls from start to finish, including customer communication. The program also incorporated broader trade skills beyond HVAC—carpentry, ladder safety, and tool confidence—recognizing that many young workers today lack the tactile experience that builds confidence in using tools and solving problems independently. Perhaps most importantly, the discussion highlights the value of verification and confidence-building over knowledge dumping. Bert learned that making diagnostic exercises too complex early on destroyed apprentice confidence, while starting simple and building up created self-motivated learners. The cohort model's unique advantage lies in its competitive yet supportive environment, where apprentices can gauge their progress against peers who started at the same level, creating natural motivation to improve. While expensive and demanding, the program represents a long-term commitment to developing well-rounded tradespeople who can think critically and solve problems—not just perform repetitive tasks. Topics Covered: The origins and initial resistance to implementing a cohort-style apprenticeship program Structuring a 90-day training program with classroom, lab, and field components The critical importance of planning and having adequate instructor support Selecting apprentices: key traits including self-motivation, adaptability, and humility Balancing lecture, hands-on training, and real-world field experience The power of verification and skills checklists over pure knowledge transfer Teaching broader trade skills (carpentry, ladder work) to build overall confidence Creating realistic scenarios like mock service calls for soft skills development Managing group size and the challenges of keeping all apprentices engaged The role of confidence-building in safety and long-term success Starting simple with diagnostic exercises and building complexity gradually Using field feedback and peer comparison as motivational tools The cost and commitment required to run effective cohort training programs   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explores an interesting story in the history of HVAC: how air conditioning saved the movies. In the summer of 1925 in NYC, a new film was set to appear on the big screen... but the theater was stuffy with no fan that could cool down the sheer mass of people packed into the room. People were uncomfortable, and theater attendance plummeted in the summer. The movie industry struggled to fill seats in the summer. Willis Carrier, who had solved humidity problems in factories and printing plants, was called on by the theater owners to cool a 2000-seat auditorium in July. Carrier had used cold water up to that point, but his team installed a refrigeration-based cooling system, and the response was sensational. Theaters were able to sell comfort AND relief all at once, drawing record crowds. What was once the slow season for the movies became the prime time for new film releases; the summer blockbuster was born, and Carrier had changed the movie industry forever.  However, Carrier's system wasn't perfect straight out of the gate; orchestra seats near supply vents were very cold, and the balcony was still warm. It became clear that tonnage meant nothing if the air couldn't move and mix properly. Carrier had to think about air distribution to keep people comfortable and make the invention reach its full potential. Air distribution problems are still common issues we see in homes today; capacity has to work hand in hand with duct design in order to deliver comfort.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this candid conversation recorded live at the NCI Summit in Austin, Bryan Orr sits down with Chad Simpson, owner of Simpson Solutions, for an unexpectedly revealing discussion about the reality of building a successful HVAC business. What makes this episode particularly compelling is Simpson's refreshing honesty about his struggles, failures, and the gradual transformation from a struggling contractor making $8 an hour to running a $28.5 million operation with healthy profit margins. Simpson's journey began unusually early—he wrote a paper in his freshman year of high school (1996) declaring his intention to own an HVAC company. After graduating from trade school and working for a residential replacement contractor, he started his own business with his father, who had just retired from building interstates and bridges. For the first eight years, Simpson made virtually no money despite working 12-hour days, falling into the common trap of thinking he could "outrun" financial problems by simply working harder and hiring more people. The turning point came around 2008 when mentor Brad Hohn discovered Simpson calling receivables on a golf course to make payroll—and offered to help departmentalize his finances with the promise of a Vegas golf trip once Simpson hit 10% net profit. The most striking aspect of Simpson's story is his emphasis on process documentation and his willingness to admit what he didn't know. After finally achieving profitability, he hired a business coach who refused to write processes for him, insisting Simpson had to "own" them himself. This led to the creation of Simpson's now-famous process book, which started with simple one-page job descriptions and grew to encompass every aspect of the business. Simpson's approach to callbacks changed dramatically after 2021, when his company's callback rate hit 23% following rapid growth. Working with Jim Bergmann and implementing Measure Quick transformed his operation from quick-fix service calls to thorough 2.5-3 hour diagnostics that actually prevent future problems rather than creating false urgency. Perhaps most impressive is Simpson's Fast Track training lab, which he built initially just to train his own technicians but has evolved into a resource for competitors, universities, and the entire industry. His philosophy centers on finding real problems through proper diagnostics rather than making up issues or pushing unnecessary replacements. Simpson emphasizes that service technicians should educate, not sell—and that when you deploy the right tools and probes, you'll find plenty of legitimate problems without resorting to dishonest tactics. Today, Simpson's company maintains a 2% service callback rate and 3% install callback rate while continuing to grow and expand into plumbing services. Topics Covered: Starting an HVAC business straight out of high school with minimal capital and business knowledge The reality of struggling financially for the first eight years despite long hours and hard work The critical importance of understanding financial KPIs and departmentalized accounting How mentorship from Brad Hohn transformed Simpson's approach to business financials Building comprehensive process documentation and job descriptions for every role The difference between being teachable versus being controlling as a business owner Transitioning from quick-fix service calls to thorough diagnostic work using Measure Quick and True Flow tools Reducing callback rates from 23% to 2-3% through proper commissioning and diagnostics Creating the Fast Track training lab and training competitors at no cost The philosophy of finding real problems versus creating false urgency with customers Why service technicians should focus on education rather than sales tactics Scaling from $3.5 million to $28.5 million while maintaining healthy profit margins Expanding into plumbing services using the same process-driven approach developed for HVAC The importance of celebrating wins as a team and taking responsibility for losses as a leader   News for next year's High-Performance HVAC Summit will be available at gotosummit.com.  Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short business-oriented podcast, Bryan breaks down the differences between three commonly confused positions/roles: analyst vs. PM (project management) vs. operations. When you own or work in a small business, you might wear a lot of hats: estimating, writing proposals, troubleshooting, being a customer or coworker's therapist, etc. This work can be organized, and problem-solving roles include analysts, project managers (PMs), and directly responsible individuals (DRIs). Sometimes, the same person might do more than one of these (or all of them), but separate people can do these as long as you know what success looks like for each of these. Analysts gather data (such as costs, labor hours, inventory, and SME interviews) and ask big questions. They don't try to fix the problem right away; their job is to seek ideas, pay attention, document, and organize. They think in terms of stories and problem statements, and technicians can benefit from this type of mindset on service calls. Project managers translate the data, goals, and even the plans, and these people organize those items so that they can be executed in real life: creating checklists, gathering manuals, scheduling, and implementing basic SOP. PMs set a plan, but they have to maintain flexibility and drive execution (but may not be responsible for the outcome). The DRI owns the outcome; this person may or may not be the project manager. If there's a new program, software, or procedure, this person drives those. They are the operator and may not be involved in the analysis or planning, but they own the execution and are responsible for those results.     Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this powerful episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan sits down with Nate Agentis, third-generation plumber and author of Get Shit Done: How to Build a Strong Team, A Profitable Business, and a Lasting Legacy. Their conversation explores the intersection of personal health, business success, and meaningful leadership in the trades industry. Nate's journey from technician to business owner wasn't easy. After his grandfather built the family plumbing business from nothing, only to lose it to the IRS, and his father rebuilt it from scratch, Nate found himself thrust into leadership at age 33 when his mother was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The tragedy of losing his mother while simultaneously taking over the business created a perfect storm that eventually led to burnout and a period of deep reflection during COVID-19. This experience became the foundation for his leadership philosophy and his book. The conversation delves into the generational divide in the trades, where older workers view younger employees as lazy while younger workers see their elders as slaves to their jobs. Nate argues that healthy leadership requires bridging this gap through understanding and practical solutions. His approach centers on five pillars: healthy owner, sticky culture, skilled technicians, efficient operations, and clear metrics. However, he emphasizes that without the foundation of personal health and self-awareness, the other pillars crumble. Perhaps most compelling is Nate's emphasis on humility and accountability as twin keys to success. He challenges the "self-made man" mentality prevalent in trades culture, arguing that true leadership requires vulnerability, community, and the willingness to seek help. This philosophy extends beyond business into his nonprofit work with Hope for the Trades, which provides educational resources, retreat opportunities, and humanitarian mission trips for tradespeople seeking both professional development and personal renewal. Key Topics Covered Generational Business Transitions - Navigating the challenges of taking over a family business during crisis and the unique pressures of third-generation ownership The Burnout Epidemic in Trades - Understanding why skilled tradespeople burn out and how to create sustainable career paths that don't sacrifice family and personal health Bridging Generational Divides - Addressing the tension between older workers who prioritize work ethic and younger workers who emphasize work-life balance The Five Pillars Framework - Healthy owner, sticky culture, skilled technicians, efficient operations, and clear metrics as the foundation for sustainable business growth Humility and Accountability in Leadership - Why admitting weakness and seeking help are actually signs of strength and keys to long-term success The Balance Wheel Concept - A practical tool for evaluating different areas of life (marriage, parenting, health, spirituality, etc.) and identifying areas needing attention Community and Isolation in Trades - Addressing the epidemic of loneliness among tradespeople and the importance of genuine relationships for personal and professional growth Metrics Without Depression - How to implement business measurement systems as tools for clarity rather than sources of shame or discouragement Hope for the Trades Nonprofit - Educational resources, retreat programs, and humanitarian missions designed to support the whole person, not just the business owner Legacy vs. Profit Mentality - Shifting focus from purely financial success to creating lasting positive impact on employees, families, and communities Practical Life Planning - Applying strategic planning principles to personal life, marriage, and parenting with the same intentionality used in business planning   Sign up for Hope for the Trades at https://hopeforthetrades.com/ and get a free copy of Nate's book. You can also order Get Shit Done on Amazon at https://a.co/d/56QyjLQ. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast, Bryan talks about the hidden cost of killing radiant load, especially when it comes to installing radiant barriers in attics.  We sometimes get service calls about ducts sweating when they never used to sweat. If there are no problems with the system (i.e., the refrigerant charge, static pressure, airflow, supply air temperature, and blower speeds are all good), this type of situation can be a head-scratcher. Ask a customer if they've made any changes to the attic or equipment since the last service call, and there's a great chance they'll say something about adding a radiant barrier to keep the attic cooler. Ducts pick up heat from the surfaces in the attic. Radiant heat can come from the sun, but visible light isn't required for radiation to happen, and it can occur between objects. A radiant barrier prevents solar heat absorbed by the roof decking from radiating onto attic surfaces, but it doesn't change the dew point. When attic surfaces are cooler and the cool air passes through, the surface temperature drops below the dew point. Condensation happens on the surface; when moisture accumulates, it can lead to other problems, like the dirty M word. Moisture issues happen with low sensible load and high latent load, especially in times like hurricane season in Florida. Adding heat to a space also makes it drier because it acts as a reheat source and drops the relative humidity. It also adds to the sensible load, leading to longer runtimes (better for comfort but more expensive in terms of energy). When we remove that radiant heat, we increase the risk of condensation and short runtimes. If moisture problems are caused by a radiant barrier, then the barrier will need to come out or the attic will need to be encapsulated and dehumidified.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

This comprehensive episode dives deep into one of the most critical yet misunderstood concepts in HVAC: balance point calculations for heat pump systems. Jim and Bryan break down the complexities of dual fuel systems, explaining why proper sizing and balance point calculations are essential for both comfort and efficiency. The discussion moves beyond basic definitions to provide practical guidance that contractors can immediately apply in the field. The conversation begins with fundamental principles, emphasizing that heat pumps must be sized for cooling loads rather than heating loads to avoid moisture problems and ensure optimal performance. The hosts clarify the crucial distinction between dual fuel systems (where it's either the heat pump or backup fuel source) versus supplemental heat systems (where both can run simultaneously). This difference drives entirely different installation approaches and system configurations. A significant portion of the episode focuses on the two types of balance points that contractors encounter: capacity balance point and economic balance point. The capacity balance point represents the outdoor temperature at which the heat pump can no longer meet the heating demand, and backup heat must engage. The economic balance point, while more complex to calculate, determines when it becomes more cost-effective to run backup heat instead of the heat pump based on fuel costs and equipment efficiency. The technical discussion includes practical applications using modern thermostats like the Sensei Touch 2, which offers programmable balance point settings and lockout features. Jim introduces Copeland's new Equipment Interface Module (EIM), which simplifies heat pump retrofits by utilizing existing two-wire systems while maintaining full functionality, including balance point control and A2L refrigerant safety compliance. Key Topics Covered Load Calculations and System Sizing - Why heat pumps must be sized for cooling loads, not heating loads, and the critical role of Manual J calculations in dual fuel applications Dual Fuel vs. Supplemental Heat Systems - Technical differences between systems where backup heat replaces the heat pump versus systems where both operate simultaneously Capacity Balance Point Calculation - Step-by-step methodology for determining when backup heat engagement is necessary based on equipment capacity versus heating load Economic Balance Point Analysis - Complex calculations involving fuel costs, equipment efficiency ratings, and coefficient of performance (COP) to optimize operational costs Installation Constraints and Safety - Why coils cannot be installed upstream of gas furnaces, head pressure concerns, and proper placement of electric heat strips Thermostat Programming and Controls - Advanced features in modern thermostats including outdoor temperature sensors, lockout settings, and automated balance point management Equipment Interface Module (EIM) - New technology for simplifying heat pump retrofits using existing wiring while maintaining safety compliance for A2L refrigerants Coefficient of Performance (COP) - Understanding efficiency metrics and why heat pumps typically outperform electric resistance heat until extremely low temperatures Practical Field Applications - Real-world scenarios, common mistakes, and troubleshooting approaches for balance point issues Copeland Resources - Mobile apps and tools, including Copeland Scout for compressor replacement and WR Mobile for controls and thermostats   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan talks about history and HVAC science: how to dehumidify the air with a waterfall and how cold water became the first air conditioner. In 1902, Willis Carrier worked for a printing company in Brooklyn, New York. There was a huge humidity problem during the summer: the printing plant got damp, causing paper to swell and ink to smudge. Carrier realized that he could wring water out of the air if he brought the air's temperature below the dew point. His solution was to spray chilled water into the airstream; he filed a patent for an invention that would pass air through a mist of cool water, which caused it to cool down and shed its moisture. He called it the "apparatus for treating air." This invention applies basic psychrometric principles. Air holds water vapor up to a certain point. The dew point defines that point. If the air is full of water vapor and its temperature drops below that dew point, excess water vapor condenses to liquid water (such as when it passes over an evaporator coil). In the case of Carrier's invention, the cold water in the spray chamber acted as a giant cooling coil. However, if the water is warm, the opposite effect would happen. We do NOT dehumidify with liquid water due to the requirement for water treatment (to prevent algae and scale buildup). Cold water is less prone to bacterial and algal growth than warm water, but it's still essentially an indoor science experiment. Water is also messy and causes corrosion, and pumping it is expensive. Carrier's experiment evolved to the chilled water coil, which then evolved to the DX coils we see today.     Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this comprehensive session, Eric Kaiser walks through the critical importance of establishing proper user requirements before making equipment purchases. Drawing from real-world experiences in the HVAC industry, he demonstrates how poor upfront planning leads to costly mistakes, buyer's remorse, and multiple equipment purchases. The discussion covers everything from selecting simple tools like screwdrivers to complex HVAC system installations for residential and commercial applications. Eric begins with relatable examples that everyone can understand - like buying screwdrivers that don't do the job you need them for, leading to accumulating multiple tools over time. He then escalates to more serious scenarios, sharing a story about a company that spent significant money switching business software twice because they failed to identify a crucial missing feature upfront. This pattern of inadequate planning costs businesses and homeowners thousands of dollars and countless hours of frustration. The heart of the presentation focuses on a structured approach to equipment selection that prioritizes needs over wants. Eric introduces a step-by-step process that includes defining intended use, conducting thorough assessments, categorizing requirements as needs versus wants, and performing systematic candidate evaluation. He demonstrates this methodology using electrical meter selection, showing how 38 potential options can be narrowed down to just two viable candidates through careful analysis of features like amperage capability, True RMS measurement, and accuracy requirements. The session expands into HVAC system selection, where the stakes are much higher. Participants share valuable insights about customer expectations, from wanting to know when quiet systems are running (leading to flag solutions on registers) to dealing with customers who expect their new heat pump to feel as warm as their old poorly-designed system. Eric emphasizes that understanding customer expectations often differs from understanding their stated wants, requiring skilled questioning to uncover the real requirements for comfort, noise levels, and operational preferences. Key Topics Covered The Cost of Poor Planning: Real examples of expensive mistakes from inadequate user requirements, including business software failures and HVAC mismatches Structured Selection Process: Step-by-step methodology for equipment selection from initial use definition through final verification and purchase Needs vs. Wants Prioritization: Framework for distinguishing between essential requirements and desirable features to avoid decision paralysis Electrical Meter Selection: Detailed walkthrough showing how to narrow 38 options to 2 viable candidates using systematic evaluation criteria HVAC System Selection Complexities: Load calculations, customer expectation management, and the importance of understanding actual usage patterns Customer Psychology and Expectations: Understanding why customers may want noise from systems, visual confirmation of operation, and familiar operational feel Commercial Equipment Considerations: Rooftop unit replacement challenges, curb adapters, crane access, and the complexity of retrofit installations Installation and Commissioning: The critical role of proper system setup, customer training, and setting realistic expectations for new equipment operation Risk Assessment in Selection: How complexity and potential failure costs should determine the formality and thoroughness of your selection process Data Collection for Future Decisions: The value of documenting system performance during routine maintenance to inform future replacement decisions Hidden Costs and Considerations: Factors like electrical requirements, ductwork compatibility, equipment accessibility, and service support that impact long-term ownership costs   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explains the science behind a common HVAC simile: static pressure is like blood pressure. He covers the similarities and differences between measuring static pressure during a service call or maintenance and a doctor measuring your blood pressure at a checkup. Total external static pressure (TESP) should be measured every time you perform service or maintenance on a unit. The exact test port location will vary between air handlers and furnaces; the coil adds extra pressure drop in furnace applications. You need to pick a coil that has the lowest static pressure drop (same consideration as filters). Typically, the lower the pressure drop, the better. Make sure you use proper ports for static pressure testing when you do make those holes. Static pressure isn't airflow itself. It can help diagnose airflow issues or give indications, but it doesn't measure the CFM. Static pressure is a balloon-type pressure exerted on the walls of the duct. Just as high blood pressure doesn't mean your heart is pumping more blood than it should, a high static pressure doesn't mean your blower is moving a lot of air; both can indicate restrictions. You also don't want an extremely low static pressure, either. It could indicate that airflow is weak, just like a very low blood pressure indicates that the heart isn't pumping as it should. If you want to know your system airflow, you should use TEC's TrueFlow grid. However, static pressure is particularly good at measuring trends so that you can see where the numbers deviate from the norm for each individual system.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this comprehensive episode, Bryan Orr sits down with Tim De Stasio to explore the world of comfort consulting and performance contracting in HVAC. Tim, who sold his contracting company to focus on this specialized field, shares his methodical approach to diagnosing home performance issues that go far beyond traditional HVAC troubleshooting. Working primarily in the humid coastal North Carolina market, Tim has developed a thorough process that treats the house as a complete system rather than just focusing on equipment. Tim's journey into comfort consulting began when he recognized the value of comprehensive home performance testing after seeing the work of practitioners like Michael Housh. His approach combines ethical selling with rigorous testing and data collection, allowing him to stand behind his recommendations with confidence. Unlike traditional HVAC service calls that might only involve checking refrigerant levels, Tim's comfort consultations can take an entire day and involve extensive testing protocols that examine everything from building pressure to thermal imaging. The conversation reveals how this type of work requires a fundamental shift in thinking - from being an equipment-focused technician to becoming more like a field engineer or building scientist. Tim emphasizes the importance of having repeatable processes and comprehensive checklists, using tools like Safety Culture app to document findings with photos, notes, and annotations. His methodology starts with a detailed pre-visit questionnaire and includes preparing clients for what will be a very different experience from typical HVAC service calls. Perhaps most importantly, Tim demonstrates how proper diagnostics can lead to ethical sales opportunities. By using tools like blower door tests, thermal imaging, building pressure measurements, and comprehensive system evaluations, he can provide clients with data-driven recommendations prioritized by impact and return on investment. His approach includes a two-week period for analysis before delivering final recommendations, ensuring thoughtful conclusions rather than rushed judgments. Topics Covered The Business Model of Comfort Consulting - How Tim structures his three-pronged business: home performance testing/comfort consultations, HVAC design for contractors, and training Preparing Clients for the Process - Using pre-visit questionnaires, YouTube videos, and setting proper expectations for an all-day, disruptive home evaluation Comprehensive Visual Assessment - The "hands in pockets" approach, starting with exterior building examination including gutters, downspouts, vent terminations, and moisture issues Interior Documentation Process - Room-by-room photo documentation, thermal imaging for missing insulation and thermal bridging, and moisture meter readings Crawl Space and Attic Inspections - What to look for in foundation issues, vapor barriers, insulation conditions, and air sealing problems Ventilation System Testing - Using flow boxes to measure bathroom fan performance, checking kitchen exhaust, and verifying dryer connections Building Pressure Testing Protocols - Stack effect measurements, worst-case depressurization testing, dominant duct leakage assessment, and building pressure balance testing Blower Door Testing Procedures - Proper setup, safety considerations, CFM50 vs ACH50 measurements, and using results for Manual J calculations Thermal Imaging During Depressurization - Advanced techniques for identifying air leakage paths and problem areas throughout the building envelope HVAC System Performance Analysis - Using Measure Quick for comprehensive system evaluation, comparing load calculations to nameplate capacity and delivered performance Indoor Air Quality Monitoring - Integration of Haven Central monitors for long-term data collection and analysis Report Generation and Client Communication - Creating field reports vs. final reports, prioritizing recommendations by impact and ROI Testing Out and Verification - The importance of return visits to quantify improvements and validate work performed   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan talks about non-bleed TXVs and whether they need hard starts. A non-bleed (hard shutoff) TXV is a metering device that shuts off during the off cycle; it closes shut when there is no superheat. This strategy prevents refrigerant migration, especially in cases where we have long line sets. Liquid refrigerant stays in the condenser and is kept out of the evaporator, suction line, and compressor crankcase. When we have a non-bleed TXV, the compressor may have a hard time starting under the conditions created by the hard shutoff TXV (high head pressure, low suction pressure). Reciprocating compressors are more likely to have this problem than a scroll or rotary compressor. If you have a short line set, 230+ voltage, and a scroll compressor, you probably won't need a hard start kit. You may need a hard start kit if you have a reciprocating compressor, a longer line set, or 208V power.  The OEM will recommend a hard start kit that is suitable for the equipment. Aftermarket hard start kits are okay if a compressor is old and struggling, but they're not the preferred option and should be as close to the OEM's recommendation as possible. Hard start kits typically consist of a start capacitor and a potential relay. Positive-temperature coefficient resistors (PTCRs) also exist, and these have a resistor that heats up and eventually takes them out of the circuit. Hard start kits should not be added to inverter-driven equipment and are not meant to compensate for voltage drop issues; they can cause more harm than good if they're used when they're not necessary or not used correctly.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this essential episode, Bryan sits down with Jeff and Tom from Copeland to dive deep into the world of scroll compressors and the critical topic of refrigerant compatibility. As the HVAC industry navigates new refrigerant standards and regulations, understanding how compressors are specifically designed and optimized for different refrigerants has never been more important. The conversation begins with a comprehensive overview of refrigerant classifications, focusing on the A1, A2L, and A3 categories that technicians are encountering in the field. Jeff and Tom dispel common misconceptions, particularly around A2L refrigerants and their relationship to propane (R-290), clarifying that A2L refrigerants like R-454B and R-32 do not contain propane despite widespread confusion in the industry. They explain how regulatory pressures around Global Warming Potential (GWP) limits are driving the transition to these new refrigerants, with targets under 700 GWP for air conditioning applications. The technical discussion covers the fundamental operating principles of scroll compressors and why they've become the dominant technology in HVAC applications. With over 200 million scroll compressors sold by Copeland, the technology has proven its reliability and efficiency. However, the guests emphasize a crucial point that many in the industry overlook: each compressor is specifically optimized for particular refrigerants. This isn't just about basic compatibility – it's about precision engineering to meet efficiency requirements and ensure long-term reliability. The scroll geometry, oil viscosity, and internal components are all carefully matched to each refrigerant's unique properties. Safety takes center stage throughout the discussion, with both guests stressing that while A2L refrigerants are "mildly flammable," they require heightened safety practices that were previously considered best practices but are now mandatory. This includes nitrogen purging during brazing, proper evacuation procedures, comprehensive leak testing, and thorough documentation. The conversation also touches on the practical challenges contractors have faced, including refrigerant availability issues, while maintaining the importance of following proper procedures regardless of supply chain difficulties. Topics Covered: Refrigerant Classifications: A1 (non-flammable), A2L (slightly flammable), and A3 (flammable) categories and their safety implications Compressor Optimization: How scroll compressors are specifically engineered for each refrigerant, including R-454B and R-32 applications New Compressor Naming Conventions: Introduction of "Y" series compressors for A2L and A3 refrigerants, replacing the traditional "Z" series Oil Viscosity Requirements: Different POE oil specifications (32 vs 46 viscosity) for various refrigerants and temperature conditions Safety Protocols: Enhanced safety requirements for A2L refrigerants, including mandatory nitrogen purging and leak testing procedures Glide Characteristics: Understanding temperature glide in R-454B (2.4 degrees) versus single-component R-32 Refrigeration Applications: Multi-refrigerant capability in commercial refrigeration compressors and natural refrigerant trends Service Compressor Strategy: LX series compressors designed to cover multiple R-410A applications for aftermarket needs Regulatory Timeline: Upcoming January 1, 2026 GWP limits for supermarket refrigeration systems Tools and Resources: Copeland Mobile app for compressor selection, cross-referencing, and technical specifications Training Importance: Critical need for enhanced technician education and OEM-specific training programs   Visit the EPA's website to stay up to date on the latest HFC phasedown rulings and information at https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction.  Keep up with Copeland at https://www.copeland.com/ and on their Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explains how leaky ducts can lead to sweaty, uncomfortable houses. Moisture issues are common all across humid and "green-grass" climates in the United States. Hot, unconditioned attics and crawl spaces also often have high dew points, which can cause moisture problems in those spaces. Plants also release moisture, so agricultural communities also have those special considerations. There are several HVAC and building design factors that can prevent or worsen growth from moisture problems. Duct leakage is one of those factors. Return and supply leaks can cause moisture to enter the ductwork. Return leaks suck in air from around the leak. Supply leaks create a pressure differential that can cause mechanically-driven infiltration (MAD-AIR); when a supply duct leak puts the attic under positive pressure, somewhere else has to go under negative pressure. There are lots of gaps and cracks around boots and can lights, which provides pathways for hot, moist air to seep into the envelope. Longer runtimes and keeping the fan on will worsen these conditions. We need to control the source of moisture and then seal the ducts and boots before we focus on the equipment. Visual inspections at the connections and boots will go a long way, but there are also plenty of tools for testing duct leakage, especially by Retrotec and TEC. You can also measure house pressure to the outdoors with the air handler running and all the doors closed, but that's a qualitative measurement that has a lot of other variables to consider.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this insightful episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan Orr sits down with successful small business owner Matt Bruner to discuss how to build and maintain a thriving HVAC business without the typical stress and overwhelming challenges that many entrepreneurs face. Matt, who has been running his own HVAC company for about two and a half years, shares his refreshingly honest perspective on small business ownership and debunks many of the common myths about entrepreneurial stress. Matt's journey from technician to business owner offers a compelling alternative to the traditional "grow fast or fail" mentality that pervades much of the business world. His approach centers on building a business aligned with personal values, particularly the desire to maintain work-life balance while still delivering excellent technical service. Rather than focusing on rapid expansion, fancy equipment, or impressive marketing, Matt chose to start lean, borrow minimal money (only $10,000 from his father for a van down payment), and grow organically while keeping overhead low and stress manageable. The conversation delves deep into the financial discipline required for successful business ownership, emphasizing the critical importance of separating personal and business finances, understanding your true hourly costs, and charging appropriately from day one. Matt candidly discusses his learning curve with business finances, from initially relying on advice from online communities to eventually working with a business coach and reading key books like "Profit First" to truly understand the numbers behind his operation. Both hosts stress that financial literacy isn't optional for business owners—it's a learnable skill that requires dedication but isn't as intimidating as many people believe. Throughout the discussion, both Bryan and Matt emphasize that there's no single "right" way to build a successful contracting business. While some entrepreneurs thrive on rapid growth, multiple locations, and eventual private equity buyouts, others find fulfillment in staying small, maintaining direct customer relationships, and focusing on technical excellence. The key is knowing yourself, understanding your values, and building a business structure that supports your personal and professional goals rather than chasing someone else's definition of success. Topics Covered Personality traits that support successful small business ownership - The importance of being naturally critical, curious, and willing to take control of your destiny Financial discipline and money management - Separating personal and business finances, understanding billable hours vs. total work time, and charging appropriately from the start Starting lean and avoiding debt - Matt's approach of borrowing minimal money, using magnets instead of van wraps, and subcontracting initially to build capital The learning curve of business finances - Books and resources that helped Matt understand accounting basics, profit margins, and business financial planning Work-life balance in business ownership - How to build a business that serves your lifestyle goals rather than consuming your entire life Choosing your business model - The difference between lifestyle businesses and growth-focused companies, and why both approaches can be successful Technical work vs. business management - Balancing hands-on HVAC work with administrative tasks and knowing when to delegate or systematize Pricing strategies and customer relationships - How proper pricing from the beginning actually reduces customer complaints and builds a sustainable business model Common mistakes to avoid - Poor financial decisions, mixing personal and business expenses, undercharging, and chasing other people's business models Building systems and staying organized - Using checklists, scheduling business development time, and creating processes to prevent important tasks from falling through the cracks Partnership considerations - The challenges and benefits of starting a business with partners or family members versus going solo Long-term sustainability - How to avoid burnout, maintain quality standards, and build a business you can operate for decades   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this business and building-oriented short podcast episode, Bryan discusses the limitations and downsides of intentionality. He also talks about the differences between people who act, think, and work quickly and those who are a bit slower, more detailed, and more methodical; there are upsides and downsides to both. People often talk about being intentional, but those intentions have little impact on the world unless they lead to action. Intentionality feels productive, but it doesn't make a difference unless the execution piece is also there. Likewise, skills come from action, not aspiration. Books and podcasts are tools that support efforts to improve, but you can't improve skills without practicing.  There is also the career paradox: we expect people, especially kids, to know what they want to do when they grow up. Their answers aren't backed by any real-life experience. People do the same as adults; we expect them to know what they truly want to do when they haven't necessarily been challenged (or physically made something real or fixed something with their hands). In many of these cases, opportunism and trying new things out, even if it means messing up or being criticized, are more important than intentionality. It helps to think of opportunism in terms of "hat" decisions, "hairstyle" decisions, and "tattoo" decisions. "Hat" decisions are things you can try out without consequences; be opportunistic. "Hairstyle" decisions have longer-lasting effects and require a bit more intentionality, but it's still good to make some of these decisions. "Tattoo" decisions have lasting effects and require intentionality. Intentionality is most useful when we have the experience already; act first and reflect later.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this fascinating episode, Bryan welcomes back longtime friend and nuclear industry veteran Bill Nowicki to discuss a recently released document from DHS and NUSTL that provides new recommendations for HVAC operations during nuclear events. Bill brings over 40 years of nuclear experience, starting as a 19-year-old Navy nuclear operator (after being deemed "not ready for the grill" at Friendly's restaurant) and progressing through various roles, including lead engineer on critical control systems at nuclear facilities. Bill shares his journey from nuclear plant evaluator to leadership trainer, now working internationally to help nuclear professionals develop their skills. His current podcast, "The Nuclear Leader," continues this mission alongside his passion project, "Navigating Mental Illness: Parent Stories." Bill provides an accessible explanation of nuclear reactor operations, using the analogy that "contamination is the poop and radiation is the smell" to help listeners understand the difference between radioactive material and radiation itself. He walks through the three-barrier system in nuclear plants: fuel cladding, reactor coolant system, and containment structures. The discussion covers how fission works, the controlled chain reaction process, and what happens when these systems fail, using examples from Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima to illustrate different failure modes. The episode explores the current nuclear renaissance driven by AI data centers and industrial companies seeking clean baseload power. Bill explains how private industry is now directly funding nuclear projects, bypassing traditional utility structures, with companies like Microsoft and ExxonMobil investing billions in new nuclear facilities. This represents a dramatic shift from the post-Three Mile Island era when nuclear construction essentially stopped in the United States. The core discussion focuses on updated emergency guidance that reverses previous recommendations. Instead of the old "shelter in place and shut off your AC" advice, the new guidance suggests keeping HVAC systems running while eliminating outdoor air intake. This approach recognizes that modern, well-sealed buildings with high-efficiency filtration can provide better protection by maintaining positive pressure and filtering recirculated air rather than allowing uncontrolled infiltration. Bill and Bryan discuss how building characteristics dramatically affect the best response strategy. High-performance homes with tight construction, MERV 13+ filters, and controlled ventilation systems offer significant advantages, requiring only the ability to shut off outdoor air intake. Conversely, older, leaky buildings may still benefit from complete system shutdown to prevent contamination circulation. The conversation highlights how lessons learned during COVID-19 about airborne contamination and filtration directly apply to nuclear emergency preparedness, emphasizing the importance of case-by-case analysis rather than one-size-fits-all approaches. Topics Covered Nuclear industry career paths - From Navy nuclear training to civilian plant operations and leadership roles Basic nuclear physics - Fission process, chain reactions, and the difference between contamination and radiation Nuclear plant safety systems - Three-barrier containment approach and historical accident analysis Current nuclear renaissance - AI-driven power demand and private industry investment in new reactors Emergency preparedness evolution - How COVID-19 research influenced nuclear emergency HVAC guidance Building performance factors - Impact of construction quality, filtration, and ventilation design on safety HVAC system modifications - Importance of outdoor air shutoff capability and high-efficiency filtration Case-by-case response strategies - Why building characteristics determine optimal emergency procedures Podcasting journey - Early days of niche podcasting and building communities around specialized topics Leadership development - International nuclear industry training and professional development Personal stories - Navy submarine experiences and nuclear plant operational challenges   Here is the full document from the DHS: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2425/ML24250A059.pdf Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode about a bigger-picture topic, Bryan talks about making stuff real. He talks about how to make ideas, businesses, podcasts, and other large projects come to life based on his experiences with HVAC School, Kalos, and several other current and past projects.  Understanding yourself and the thing you want to do is the first key to making things real. You need to be able to speak intelligently about a topic (without sounding pretentious); mastery isn't always the goal, but you need to have some level of understanding of the general topic and your own strengths and weaknesses. Starting a business requires you to acquire at least a working knowledge of software, compliance, insurance, licenses, and other items related to that particular business. You also want to avoid relying solely on someone else's vision or advice for your project.  Then, curiosity and exploration are key; you need to get practice and immerse yourself in the work to get an understanding of the process and your strengths and weaknesses. It's okay if your work doesn't look good; you just need experience, not affirmation, early on.  Hiring good people also matters; these people don't need to be perfect, but they need to be growth-oriented and reliable. You'll also likely work with people who are poor fits before finding the right person for your business or project. When you have the right people on your team, you need to be consistent, communicate clearly, pay well and on time, and provide plenty of meaningful work.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this comprehensive discussion, Bryan sits down with Brad Cooper, an experienced HVAC instructor from Arkansas, and JD Kelly, a trade school graduate, to tackle one of the most pressing questions in the HVAC industry: Is trade school worth it? Rather than offering a simple yes or no answer, the trio dives deep into the nuanced factors that determine whether trade school provides real value for aspiring HVAC technicians. The conversation begins with Brad's unique perspective as both a field technician with over 20 years of experience and a current instructor who transitioned to teaching five years ago. His father's business background and the common frustration of having to "go behind people and fix stuff" motivated Brad to enter education, believing that proper training from the start could eliminate many field problems. JD brings the student perspective, having attended trade school while working full-time, which gives him insight into both the challenges and benefits of formal HVAC education. A significant portion of the discussion focuses on what to look for when evaluating trade schools. The guests emphasize that the investment in laboratory equipment and facilities often reflects the school's commitment to the program - you can tell immediately upon walking into a lab whether the institution truly prioritizes HVAC education. They stress the importance of accreditation, particularly from organizations like HVAC Excellence, which provides regular oversight and ensures schools meet industry standards. The conversation reveals that accreditation isn't just about having a certificate on the wall; it represents a school's willingness to submit to external scrutiny and maintain educational quality. The discussion also addresses the critical balance between theoretical knowledge and practical application. All three speakers agree that the most valuable trade school experiences combine classroom learning with real-world field exposure through partnerships with local contractors, apprenticeship programs, or internship opportunities. They emphasize that instructor quality matters more than having the latest equipment - a humble, field-experienced teacher who can adapt to different student skill levels and learning styles proves far more valuable than someone with extensive theoretical knowledge but limited practical experience. Topics Covered School Evaluation Criteria Laboratory equipment quality and investment levels Accreditation importance (particularly HVAC Excellence) Modern tools vs. traditional equipment balance Manufacturer partnerships and industry connections Instructor Qualifications Field experience vs. teaching credentials Importance of humility and adaptability Managing diverse skill levels in the classroom Storytelling and practical application methods Program Length and Structure Comparison of certificate programs vs. associate degrees Benefits of two-year programs for comprehensive learning Integration of on-the-job training and apprenticeships Realistic expectations for different program lengths Hands-On Learning Importance of repetition and practical experience Managing consumable materials and budget constraints Real-world equipment exposure vs. lab simulations Peer mentoring and collaborative learning approaches Student Readiness and Expectations Managing diverse student backgrounds and skill levels Realistic employer expectations for graduates The value of combining school with field experience Personal responsibility in education and continuous learning Industry Connections Importance of school-contractor partnerships Field trip opportunities and manufacturer relationships Bridging the gap between classroom and real-world application The role of apprenticeships in comprehensive training   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan breaks down the differences between split-phase and 3-phase power in HVAC systems. Split-phase is a form of single-phase power, and it's common in residential HVAC. Three-phase power is more common in commercial and industrial applications. Single-phase power uses only one of the three phases of power produced by the power company. When there is a neutral and two sides of 120V power, that is split-phase power. Transformers on power poles for residential service only have one line going into them (and only one sine wave). That power gets stepped down to ~240V. Most household appliances and electronics we use are rated for 120V or 240V power. However, we use split-phase power by tapping the center of the transformer secondary; there are two 120V halves. We can see the "differences" between split-phase and single-phase power with an oscilloscope. These halves may look like two different sine waves if we use neutral as a reference, but an oscilloscope will only show one 240V sine wave from leg to leg (without neutral). Therefore, split-phase power really is just single-phase power with a center reference point, and split-phase power doesn't matter to the HVAC unit. We get three-phase power when all three phases of power come in from the utility, not just one. Each individual phase is 120V, and all three can make up 208V power because the phases are 120 degrees out of phase.     Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this episode from the 6th Annual HVACR Training Symposium, Brynn Cooksey, a home performance contractor from Michigan and technical training business owner, reveals how indoor air quality (IAQ) testing transformed his contracting business from a commodity service into a profitable specialty. Cooksey shares his proven methodology for turning IAQ into an "instant profit center" by implementing systematic testing on every service call. Cooksey opens with a striking reality check: according to the EPA, Americans spend 90% of their time indoors, yet indoor air quality is 2-5 times worse than outdoor air. This presents a massive opportunity for HVAC contractors, as he explains that consumers are already spending $10 billion annually on air quality products at big box stores - but they're treating symptoms rather than addressing root causes. His approach involves educating contractors on how to position themselves as the solution providers rather than letting customers self-diagnose with retail products. The presentation dives deep into six critical IAQ parameters that every contractor should measure: particles (especially dangerous PM 2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, humidity, and temperature. Cooksey emphasizes his "test in, implement solution, test out" methodology, demonstrating how this systematic approach not only ensures customer satisfaction but also provides concrete proof of value delivered. He shares real-world examples, including a dramatic case where routine IAQ testing during a water heater service call revealed a cracked heat exchanger that could have been life-threatening. The episode concludes with extensive coverage of ventilation strategies, which Cooksey calls the "silver bullet" for IAQ improvement. He walks through the differences between supply-only, exhaust-only, and balanced ventilation systems, strongly advocating for Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) as the optimal solution. His practical approach includes using DOE's free REDCalc tool for proper ventilation sizing and emphasizes the importance of controlled ventilation over relying on natural air leakage - debunking the myth that "houses need to breathe." Topics Covered The IAQ Business Case: How testing indoor air quality on every service call creates new revenue streams and differentiates contractors in a commoditized market Six Critical IAQ Parameters: Detailed explanation of particles (PM 2.5), VOCs, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, humidity, and temperature - what they are, how to measure them, and health impacts Systematic Testing Methodology: The "test in, implement solution, test out" approach that provides measurable results and customer proof of value Particle Control Strategies: Source control, enhanced filtration (MERV 13-16), duct cleaning benefits, and duct sealing with Aeroseal technology Chemical and VOC Management: Understanding formaldehyde and benzene sources, proper storage techniques, and why PCO devices aren't recommended Carbon Monoxide Detection: The life-saving importance of testing every home, understanding chronic vs. acute exposure, and why standard CO detectors aren't sufficient Ventilation as the Silver Bullet: Comprehensive coverage of supply-only, exhaust-only, and balanced ventilation strategies, with strong emphasis on ERV systems Practical Implementation Tools: Using DOE's REDCalc tool for ventilation sizing, integrating IAQ testing into service calls, and customer communication strategies Real-World Case Studies: Multiple examples of IAQ testing uncovering dangerous conditions, from cracked heat exchangers to improper combustion appliance installation Building Science Integration: How IAQ testing leads to broader building performance improvements, including duct sealing, insulation, and equipment sizing corrections   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan covers some basics on bi-metal and magnetic switches. Bi-metal switches are made of two dissimilar metals that are bonded together and are often integrated into motors. When the temperature changes, the metals bend. In an overload circuit, they're designed to bend and open the circuit in an overheat condition. Mercury thermostats also use these; they have a bulb attached to a bi-metallic coil, which causes it to wind or unwind when heated or cooled. Fan limit switches also use bi-metallic coils. Bi-metallic discs also exist, and they snap open to make or break a circuit. Bi-metallic switches have a time delay and often auto-reset (with exceptions like rollout switches on furnaces), which is advantageous in some applications. However, they're also affected by the ambient temperature and are more likely to trip in warm weather and less likely to trip in cold weather. Nuisance trips are more common than in magnetic switches, and they may weld themselves shut and fail closed (though failing open is relatively common as well).  Magnetic switches are usually more external to the equipment or parts they're protecting (such as in the contactor or starter assembly instead of inside a motor itself). These switches are also more instantaneous and are better for mission-critical applications. These also respond to amperage and aren't affected by ambient temperature. They're more likely to fail open than closed. Compared to bi-metallic technology, magnetic switches trip faster and are better for sudden issues rather than long-term operational overheating. In many cases, we use both of them to get the benefits of each.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this educational session, Adam from National Comfort Institute (NCI) delivers a comprehensive deep dive into Fan Law 2 and its practical applications for residential HVAC systems at the 6th Annual HVACR Training Symposium.  Adam begins by establishing the fundamental concepts of CFM (cubic feet per minute) and static pressure, explaining how these measurements relate to system performance. He shares a humbling personal story about learning to measure gas pressure from a homeowner, emphasizing that even experienced technicians can benefit from understanding basic measurement principles. The presentation focuses heavily on Fan Law 2, which allows technicians to predict how changes in airflow will affect static pressure in a non-proportional relationship - a critical concept for equipment sizing and replacement decisions. The core of the presentation revolves around practical applications of Fan Law 2 in real-world scenarios. Adam demonstrates how to calculate pressure drops across filters, evaporator coils, and entire duct systems when airflow changes occur. He emphasizes that static pressure increases exponentially when airflow increases, which explains why oversized systems often perform poorly. Through detailed examples using actual field measurements, he shows how a 16% increase in airflow can result in a 33% increase in static pressure, highlighting the importance of proper system sizing. Perhaps most importantly, Adam presents a systematic approach to equipment selection that goes beyond simply matching tonnage. He demonstrates how contractors can "back into" total external static pressure calculations by carefully selecting low-pressure-drop components like evaporator coils and filters. This methodology allows technicians to predict system performance before installation, preventing the common scenario where new equipment sounds "like a rocket ship" due to excessive static pressure. The presentation concludes with a compelling comparison showing how proper component selection can reduce system static pressure from over 1.0 inches to 0.64 inches while maintaining the same capacity and airflow. Topics Covered Static Pressure Fundamentals Definition and measurement using manometers Inches of water column explained Relationship between static pressure and system performance Fan Law 2 Mathematics Breaking down the intimidating formula into simple terms Step-by-step calculation examples Common mistakes when squaring numbers in calculations Practical Applications Filter pressure drop calculations at different airflows Evaporator coil pressure drop analysis Total External Static Pressure (TESP) predictions Duct system pressure calculations Equipment Selection Strategy How to select evaporator coils based on pressure drop ratings Filter sizing for optimal pressure drop Using manufacturer data sheets effectively AHRI matchup considerations beyond just capacity Real-World Problem Solving Preventing "rocket ship" installations Retrofitting existing systems with proper calculations Downsizing benefits for static pressure reduction System commissioning and performance verification Professional Development Moving beyond equipment replacement guesswork Using measurement tools like True Flow Grid Understanding manufacturer specifications Elevating installation quality through proper system design   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan drops some knowledge to help with understanding voltage drop, a few different causes of it, and NEC recommendations. Voltage is electrical potential or "pressure," and voltage drop is the reduction in electrical potential energy. We often think of it happening across conductors (which add resistance), but it also happens across loads (like contactor coils). Voltage drop across loads is usually designed, but voltage drop across conductors is usually undesigned and undesirable.  Several factors contribute to conductor resistance. Length is a major one; long runs of wire introduce more resistance to the circuit than shorter runs. Size/gauge also matters; smaller-gauge wire has more resistance than larger-gauge wire. Copper is the most common material for wiring, but we use other materials (including steel or aluminum), and those have different resistance values. Temperature also affects resistance, as they both increase and decrease as the other one does.  When we measure voltage drop, we want to make sure we're doing it under load, NOT on startup. Voltage drops that happen on startup can be mitigated with more suitable infrastructure (including larger wires) or soft starts.  Undersized conductors don't have sufficient cross-sectional area for the applied load. To avoid voltage drop due to undersized conductors, we should size conductors based on minimum circuit ampacity (MCA), not breaker size (MOCP). Poor connections can also cause resistance to jump, which reduces voltage; we need to pay attention to the connection design (including torque specs and proper lugging) to avoid making mistakes. Long wires don't cause overheating by themselves, but they still contribute to voltage drop and cause reduced performance (including drawing higher current on startup).   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this enlightening presentation, Alex Meaney breaks down the fundamental concepts of airflow in HVAC systems using practical analogies and real-world examples. Rather than diving straight into complex mathematics, Alex focuses on helping technicians and contractors understand what's actually happening inside ductwork and why traditional design methods may be falling short in modern residential systems. Alex begins by addressing one of the most critical yet misunderstood aspects of ductwork: the exponential relationship between duct size and airflow capacity. He explains that the difference between a 6-inch and 7-inch duct isn't just 17% more capacity—it's actually 36% more, because airflow is determined by cross-sectional area (which increases geometrically) rather than linear measurements. This fundamental misunderstanding leads to significant underperformance in many HVAC installations. The presentation tackles the confusion surrounding pressure terminology in the HVAC industry, where the single word "pressure" is used to describe four distinct concepts: static pressure, velocity pressure, pressure loss, and external static pressure. Alex uses creative analogies, including a memorable demonstration with an inflatable tube dancer (referencing the "used car lot" in his title), to illustrate how static pressure and velocity pressure are always in balance—when one increases, the other decreases proportionally. A major focus of the discussion centers on why the traditional 0.1 inches of water column per 100 feet friction rate, long considered standard in residential duct design, is no longer adequate for modern systems. Alex explains that today's homes have evolved significantly: they're larger, use more restrictive filters for air quality, have more complex coil designs, and often place equipment in suboptimal locations. These factors combine to create much higher system resistance than the 0.1 standard was designed to handle. He advocates for using lower friction rates (like 0.06) and emphasizes that proper duct sizing is more critical than ever. The presentation concludes with practical insights about system design philosophy, emphasizing that while homeowners may not complain about poorly performing systems, HVAC professionals should use objective measurement tools rather than customer satisfaction as the primary indicator of system performance. Alex stresses that craftsmen in the field will make systems work regardless of design flaws, but this shouldn't excuse poor initial design practices. Key Topics Covered Duct Sizing Fundamentals The geometric relationship between duct diameter and airflow capacity Why linear measurements can be misleading when calculating system performance The critical importance of proper duct sizing in modern installations Pressure Concepts Demystified Static pressure vs. velocity pressure and their inverse relationship How pressure and friction work together in ductwork systems External static pressure as a measure of fan capability The role of pressure in airflow generation and control Friction and Resistance in Ductwork Understanding friction as the primary enemy of airflow How fittings create equivalent lengths of straight duct The impact of direction changes and system components on airflow Comparing flex duct vs. metal duct friction characteristics Modern System Design Challenges Why traditional 0.1 friction rates no longer work effectively The evolution of residential systems: larger homes, better filters, complex coils Equipment placement strategies and their impact on system performance The "war on sensible" and "war on blowers" affecting modern HVAC design Measurement and Verification Methods Tools for measuring static pressure and velocity pressure The importance of using objective measurement tools over customer satisfaction Available static pressure calculations and their practical applications Manual D design principles and their real-world limitations Practical Design Philosophy Working backwards from blower capacity rather than arbitrary friction rates Balancing system performance with budget constraints The importance of central equipment placement for optimal airflow Professional standards vs. "good enough" mentality in system design   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android  

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan Orr sits down with Adam and Matt to tackle one of the most misunderstood aspects of HVAC system design: return air systems. The conversation dives deep into the common myths surrounding returns, particularly the widespread belief that adding returns to rooms will automatically improve comfort and air mixing. The hosts explore why returns are often seen as mysterious - sometimes helping when added to a room, sometimes making things worse - and work to clarify the actual science behind how returns function versus how many technicians think they work. The discussion reveals a fundamental misunderstanding in the industry about the difference between supply and return air behavior. While supply air creates significant mixing effects through entrainment and the Coanda effect, returns have a much more limited impact on room air patterns. According to Manual T, laboratory tests show that return air intake influence is limited to just a few feet around the grille, even at high velocities. This leads to the key insight that returns serve primarily as pressure relief mechanisms rather than air mixing devices, which explains why their placement and sizing strategies differ significantly from supply air design principles. The hosts examine real-world scenarios, including Matt's experience with a two-story home where the homeowner requested an additional return on the second floor despite having adequate return pathways. They discuss the Manual D recommendation for returns on each floor while sharing field experiences where single central returns have successfully maintained temperature differentials within two degrees across multiple floors. The conversation emphasizes that proper system design, including accurate load calculations and right-sized equipment, often eliminates the need for complex return strategies. A significant portion of the discussion focuses on the practical considerations of passive versus active returns. The hosts lean toward passive return strategies (transfer grilles, jumper ducts, and door undercuts) for their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reduced ductwork requirements. However, they acknowledge the challenges of proper sizing - passive returns must be significantly larger than their active counterparts since they rely on minimal pressure differentials rather than mechanical assistance. The conversation also addresses privacy concerns with transfer grilles and the benefits of oversized jumper ducts for noise attenuation. Key Topics Covered Common Return Myths Debunked The belief that adding returns automatically improves room comfort Misconceptions about returns mixing air effectively The difference between supply air entrainment and return air influence Pressure Relief vs. Air Mixing Returns function primarily for pressure balancing, not air circulation How to measure pressure problems using flow hoods and micromanometers The impact of door closure on supply air delivery Manual D Guidelines and Field Reality Manual D recommendations for returns on each floor Real-world examples of successful single central return systems When to follow guidelines versus when field conditions allow flexibility Passive Return Strategies Transfer grilles, jumper ducts, and door undercuts as alternatives to active returns Proper sizing considerations for low-resistance return pathways Privacy and noise concerns with different passive return methods System Design Fundamentals The importance of accurate load calculations in reducing return requirements How right-sizing equipment reduces airflow and pressure management challenges The relationship between static pressure and airflow changes Zoning Considerations Whether to add dampers to returns in zoned systems Potential depressurization issues when zones are closed Passive solutions for zoned system return air management Practical Installation Tips Avoiding short-cycling by maintaining proper supply-to-return distances The risks of undersized return pathways Balancing damper selection and sealing strategies Advanced Concepts Destratification strategies using ceiling fans versus high returns The impact of conditioned versus unconditioned return air pathways Energy efficiency considerations in return system design   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

If you're a fan of fans, this is the podcast for you! In this short podcast episode, Bryan shares how installing ceiling fans can be a smart HVAC design strategy (even though he wasn't a fan of fans!). Ceiling fans break the "don't blow air on people" rule we usually refer to in duct design, but they can solve quite a few basic comfort problems, especially in homes with lower loads than we've historically seen. They're great for creating high-velocity airstreams and mixing air. Low-load homes have systems with lower tonnages; they don't move as much air and could use a little bit of help from a ceiling fan. Air mixing is also poor in homes that have a greater distance between the air and the ceiling. Stratification of the air causes comfort problems due to temperature differences, and hot or cold surfaces can also contribute to these issues for similar reasons. Moisture and eventual growth are also concerns when we allow rooms to have those temperature differences (especially on the ceiling, as water vapor is lighter than air). Ceiling fans disrupt the stratification of air and water vapor. They solve air mixing problems while they dispel odors and maintain more consistent dew points throughout the air. Modern fans with ECMs can also run at a low speed without taking a large energy efficiency hit. Ceiling fans are great and relatively inexpensive solutions that can solve comfort and IAQ problems in high-performance homes.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan Orr sits down with Roman Baugh, a leading VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) specialist and co-host of the VRF Tech Talk podcast, for an in-depth exploration of VRF system maintenance. The conversation begins with some lighthearted back-and-forth before shifting to the technical realities of maintaining VRF equipment. Roman immediately addresses a common misconception: the idea that VRF systems are “maintenance free.” He explains that, contrary to some marketing claims, these systems require regular, specialized attention to ensure longevity and reliable performance. Roman shares real-world stories that highlight the consequences of poor installation and lack of serviceability. He describes situations where VRF units are installed in hard-to-reach locations—like cabinets or hard-lid ceilings—making even basic maintenance a costly and invasive process. This lack of foresight often leads to significant expenses for property owners, especially when major repairs require extensive drywall work just to access failed components. Roman emphasizes that proper maintenance starts with ensuring that systems are accessible and serviceable, a step too often neglected during installation. The discussion delves into the specifics of VRF maintenance, moving beyond the basics of filters and drain lines. Roman explains how improper drain line installation can lead to persistent error codes and system shutdowns, particularly when condensate pumps are forced to exceed their design limitations. He goes on to detail the critical role of temperature sensors (thermistors), which are prone to failure from corrosion, moisture, and environmental factors—especially in challenging locations like laundry rooms. These sensor failures can cause misleading error codes and even compressor damage if not addressed promptly. Roman recommends regular sensor checks, especially as components age past their typical five-year lifespan. A significant portion of the episode is dedicated to electronic expansion valves (EEVs), which are susceptible to rust, dried grease, and mechanical binding. Roman advocates for proactive inspection and, when necessary, preemptive replacement of EEVs to prevent catastrophic compressor failures. He introduces tools developed by technicians for technicians, such as the EEV Mate and custom EEV magnets, which allow for manual manipulation and diagnostics of expansion valves in the field. These innovations help HVAC professionals quickly triage and resolve issues, minimizing downtime and protecting expensive system components. The episode wraps up with a strong endorsement for ongoing education, technician communities, and the use of specialized tools and software to ensure VRF systems are maintained to the highest standard. Topics Covered: Debunking the “maintenance-free” VRF myth Access and serviceability challenges in VRF installations Proper drain line design, installation, and common failure points The role and failure modes of temperature sensors (thermistors) Environmental impacts on sensor and component reliability Electronic expansion valve (EEV) maintenance and troubleshooting Field-developed tools for EEV diagnostics (EEV Mate, EEV magnets) The importance of commissioning and using service software Application and installation quality as a foundation for long-term reliability Technician communities, podcasts, and resources for VRF learning and support This episode is essential listening for HVAC professionals seeking to deepen their understanding of VRF systems, avoid common pitfalls, and stay ahead with practical, field-tested maintenance strategies. For more insights, check out Roman Baugh's VRF Tech Talk podcast and YouTube channel for additional resources on VRF technology and troubleshooting.   Check out the VRF Tech Talk podcast on YouTube HERE, or search for it on your favorite podcast app. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explores the maintenance mindset. Maintenance procedures require a different skill set from troubleshooting, especially the customer service mindset and dedication to execution. Good maintenance is important, and it may be "boring" to some techs, but it provides value and is worth doing well. Clients purchase maintenance plans for better reliability and efficiency. Several also enjoy the health benefits of cleaner HVAC systems. The key to maintenance is having a "do no harm" mindset and a commitment to delivering value. A sales-oriented mindset should take a back seat to giving the equipment a thorough cleaning and making sure it's in proper working order; we don't want to upsell bolt-on IAQ products. Maintenance procedures are really about preventing problems and cleaning.  To give the equipment a thorough cleaning, you must pull the top off the condenser and wash it well. You may have to pull a blower wheel (which may be a quotable procedure). Good maintenance techs take pride in these types of cleaning procedures and ensure that they leave the equipment in better condition than they found it. Problem prevention is another aspect of the maintenance mindset. When you're thorough, you find things that can be fixed or adjusted to benefit the system, whether it's a wire rubout, a failing crankcase heater, a poorly fitted filter with significant bypass, or something else. Spotting and addressing these issues early requires technical expertise (just like troubleshooting) and is of excellent value to the customer.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan welcomes back Brynn Cooksey from Air Doctors and HVAC U to discuss critical topics facing the HVAC industry today. Brynn brings his unique perspective as both a successful contractor in southeast Michigan and an industry educator who has made the transition to focusing primarily on workforce development and training. The conversation begins with a deep dive into indoor air quality (IAQ), where Brynn challenges the common industry approach of throwing products at problems without proper testing. He emphasizes that effective IAQ solutions start with comprehensive testing to identify specific issues like high particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or excessive carbon dioxide levels. Rather than relying on "magic bullet" products, Brynn advocates for a holistic approach that prioritizes ventilation strategies, source control, and proper filtration. He particularly stresses the importance of the "V" in HVAC, ventilation, which he believes is often overlooked in favor of flashier solutions. His company's protocol of testing on every customer visit, from first encounters to maintenance calls, has created a culture where technicians become comfortable discussing IAQ solutions based on actual data rather than assumptions. The discussion transitions into ethical sales practices, a topic that resonates strongly in an industry where pressure to sell can sometimes conflict with customer needs. Brynn defines unethical sales as pressuring customers into products that won't benefit them or failing to provide complete information about benefits and consequences. His approach centers on thorough customer surveys to understand actual problems and budget constraints, followed by tying specific solutions to identified issues. This methodology puts the customer in control of decisions while positioning the contractor as a trusted advisor rather than a high-pressure salesperson. Brynn argues that price alone doesn't determine ethics - rather, it's the intent behind recommendations and the transparency of communication that matters most. The final segment focuses on workforce development, an area where Brynn has found significant success. His company's registered apprenticeship program, developed through the Department of Labor, has become a competitive advantage in attracting talent while providing structured, in-house training. The program requires minimal cost beyond commitment to ethical treatment of apprentices and systematic tracking of their progress. Brynn's transition from contractor to educator demonstrates the growing need for comprehensive training programs that go beyond basic technical skills to include building science, customer service, and ethical business practices. His ongoing weekly training sessions focus on field trends and callback prevention, contributing to an impressive callback rate of less than 0.5%. Topics Covered Indoor Air Quality Testing and Assessment Using monitors like Air Advice for comprehensive IAQ evaluation Implementing testing protocols on every customer interaction Moving beyond product-focused solutions to holistic approaches Ventilation Strategies and Building Science The importance of mechanical ventilation and ERV systems Understanding the relationship between building envelope leakage and humidity issues Source control as the foundation of effective IAQ management Ethical Sales Practices Defining unethical sales and pressure tactics Customer survey techniques and solution-tying methodologies The concept of fiduciary duty in HVAC contracting Equipment Sizing and System Design The impact of oversized equipment on IAQ and comfort Proper load calculations and duct system design Static pressure testing and airflow optimization Workforce Development and Training Implementing registered apprenticeship programs Weekly training sessions focused on field trends and callback prevention Transitioning from contractor to educator and industry trainer Building Envelope and Duct System Integrity Air sealing strategies for improved humidity control The relationship between leaky envelopes and indoor air quality Duct modifications and system upgrades Customer Education and Professional Positioning Using testing data to support recommendations Overcoming price objections through professional credibility Building long-term customer relationships through transparency   Learn more about Brynn's work at hvactrain.com. You can also read his article in Forbes at https://www.forbes.com/sites/brynncooksey/2025/02/19/rescuing-children-from-traditional-post-k-12-school-paths/. Learn more about the GRIT Foundation at https://www.thegritfoundation.com/.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan talks about crankcase heaters, including their different types, what they do, and when we need to use them. Crankcase heaters usually come in belly band varieties, but some can be inserted into the sump of the compressor. As their name suggests, crankcase heaters heat the crankcase when the compressor is off. They prevent flooded starts since the heat keeps refrigerant from condensing to a liquid in the compressor when the system isn't running. Long off times, long line sets, and cold temperatures all increase a system's risk of flooded starts. Hard shutoff TXVs, liquid line solenoid valves, and crankcase heaters are all ways to reduce these risks; the valves hold liquid refrigerant back, and crankcase heaters merely prevent refrigerant from condensing. Crankcase heaters have to be wired to the line side of the contactor or starter. They're often wired around one of the contacts (with a single-pole contactor). When the contact opens, there is a circuit from one leg, through the crankcase heater and compressor windings, to the other leg. This method does NOT use the compressor winding itself as a crankcase heater. When you use a crankcase heater on a compressor with a seam, you want the part of the heater that does the tensioning near the seam. Crankcase heaters should be installed at the base of the compressor, and you'll usually use OEM crankcase heaters.   "Crankcase Heaters and Single-Pole Contactors" tech tip: https://www.hvacrschool.com/crankcase-heaters-and-single-pole-contactors/  Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan welcomes back Jim to discuss the groundbreaking SureSwitch contactor technology from Copeland. This isn't just another incremental improvement - it's a complete reimagining of how contactors should work in modern HVAC systems. Jim brings his expertise and even demonstrates the technology with a special cutaway camera setup, giving listeners and viewers an inside look at this innovative solution. The conversation begins with the evolution of contactors in the HVAC industry, explaining how manufacturers moved backward from heavy-duty two-pole contactors to lighter, more cost-effective one-and-a-half pole designs. While this cost reduction made sense for manufacturers, it often left technicians dealing with more frequent failures and replacements. The SureSwitch represents a leap forward, combining the reliability of traditional heavy-duty contactors with modern electronic intelligence and enhanced protection features. One of the most compelling aspects of the SureSwitch is its multi-voltage coil capability, supporting 24V, 110V, and 240V applications with a single unit. This flexibility dramatically reduces inventory requirements for contractors and service companies, allowing one contactor to handle residential HVAC, refrigeration cases, ice machines, and pool heaters. The universal application makes it particularly valuable for smaller businesses that need to stock fewer SKUs while maintaining the ability to handle diverse applications. The technical innovation behind the SureSwitch's longevity is fascinating. Using an optical sensor (described as a "little eye" in the sealed chamber), the contactor monitors for electrical arcing during contact opening and closing. The built-in microprocessor analyzes the 60Hz AC sine wave and times the contact operation to occur at the zero-crossing point, eliminating destructive arcing. This "no-arc zone" operation, combined with latching contacts that prevent chatter during brownout conditions, results in contacts that remain clean and functional even after a million cycles - five times longer than traditional contactors. Key Topics Covered ·        Contactor Evolution and Industry Innovation o   Historical perspective on contactor design changes from heavy-duty to cost-optimized o   Why the HVAC industry needed to innovate forward rather than continue cost-cutting ·        Multi-Voltage Flexibility o   Single contactor handles 24V, 110V, and 240V coil applications o   Reduces inventory requirements and simplifies contractor operations o   Applications include residential HVAC, refrigeration, ice machines, and pool heaters ·        Arc-Free Contact Technology o   Optical sensor monitoring system for detecting electrical arcing o   Microprocessor-controlled timing to operate at AC sine wave zero-crossing o   Five times longer contact life compared to traditional contactors ·        Chatter Elimination and Latching Mechanism o   Internal power supply eliminates dependency on weak control voltage o   Magnetic latching system prevents contact bouncing during brownout conditions o   Protection against undersized control wiring and long wire runs ·        Sealed Contact Chamber Design o   100% sealed contact chamber prevents insect and debris contamination o   Eliminates common failure modes from ants, earwigs, and lizards o   Reduces need for pest control interventions ·        Built-in Compressor Protection Features o   Brownout protection with automatic voltage monitoring (184V threshold) o   Random start delay (0-90 seconds) for multiple unit installations o   Short cycle timer protection working independently of thermostat timers ·        Installation and Compatibility Considerations o   Compatible mounting holes with standard contactors o   Proper crankcase heater wiring configurations o   Training considerations for technicians adapting to new terminal layout ·        Warranty and Business Applications o   10-year warranty vs. standard 1-year contactor warranties o   Good-better-best selling scenarios for contractor businesses o   Applications in high-end residential and commercial installations   Learn more at the SureSwitch at http://www.hvacrschool.com/SureSwitch.  Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 6th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan goes through the process of testing and replacing a run capacitor.  Run capacitors provide continuous phase-shifted current to the start winding, allowing the motor to run in the right direction and with the appropriate amount of torque. These capacitors are needed in most of the single-phase PSC motors we work with. Run capacitors are in the circuit all the time and are connected in series with the start winding (compared to start capacitors, which need to be taken out of the circuit after startup). They don't actually "boost" voltage. The bigger the capacitor, the more current can move in and out of the start winding. Run capacitors are made of foil and oil (and the manufacturing quality usually correlates to the capacitor's lifespan), and they usually fail due to overvoltage or overheating. Capacitors may also be replaced with one of a higher voltage rating but not a lower one. Before you test a capacitor, perform a visual inspection. Bloated tops and oil leakage are signs of failure. You'll also want to measure the microfarads and make sure it's within range. An under load test occurs while the system is running (and should NOT be done on blower capacitors for safety reasons). Bench testing happens while the system is off and the capacitor is disconnected and discharged. We have calculators for testing on our app. To test under load, measure the amperage on the start wire and multiply it by 2652. Then, divide that number by the voltage to find the capacitance in microfarads. If the capacitance is over 10% low, replace the capacitor. When replacing a capacitor, make sure the system is off, the capacitor is discharged, and that you tighten the strap and wire it up correctly. It's also a good idea to bench test the new capacitor.   "Capacitor Testing and Replacement Procedure" tech tip: https://www.hvacrschool.com/capacitor-testing-and-replacement-procedure/  "What Is Up With Blower Amps & Watts w/ Steve Rogers" podcast: https://www.hvacrschool.com/podcasts/what-is-up-with-blower-amps-watts-w-steve-rogers/  Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this comprehensive episode of the HVAC podcast, Bryan hosts an in-depth discussion about dehumidification technologies with two industry experts: David Schurk, National Sales Manager for Innovative Air Technologies, and Nikki Krueger from Santa Fe Products. The conversation explores the fundamental differences between compression refrigeration dehumidification and solid desiccant systems, providing valuable insights for HVAC professionals dealing with moisture control challenges. David Schurk brings 44 years of industry experience and serves as an ASHRAE Life Member and Distinguished Lecturer, teaching humidity control professional development courses. His expertise focuses on solid desiccant dehumidification systems for industrial and heavy commercial applications. Nikki represents Santa Fe Products, pioneers of whole-house ventilating dehumidification technology since the mid-1990s, and discusses the growing residential and light commercial market demands driven by tighter building construction and stricter energy efficiency requirements. The discussion delves into the critical importance of understanding dewpoint versus relative humidity measurements, a fundamental concept that often confuses technicians in the field. The experts explain how the dew point remains consistent throughout a space while relative humidity can vary dramatically based on temperature differences between rooms, floors, and ceilings. This understanding is crucial for proper system design, troubleshooting, and customer education, especially as homeowners become increasingly aware of indoor air quality concerns. The conversation also addresses the intersection of building science and dehumidification technology, emphasizing that proper moisture control requires both well-designed building envelopes and appropriate mechanical systems. From residential applications dealing with tighter construction and mechanical ventilation requirements to industrial processes like lithium battery manufacturing requiring extremely low humidity levels, the experts highlight how different technologies serve specific market segments while sometimes overlapping in commercial applications. Key Topics Covered Fundamentals of moisture control  Compression refrigeration dehumidification Solid desiccant technology  Market applications and demand drivers Building envelope importance  Measurement and troubleshooting  Water activity levels and mold prevention Technology boundaries  Energy considerations Installation challenges   Learn more about Santa Fe's products at https://www.santa-fe-products.com/, and learn more about David's work at https://www.dehumidifiers.com/. Both David Schurk and Nikki Krueger are active on LinkedIn, too.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 6th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan talks about learning styles and gives some tips for "learning better" and getting more out of continuing education opportunities. The first step to getting more out of educational opportunities is to know your learning style. There are three main styles: visual, kinesthetic (hands-on), and auditory. Most tradespeople will probably fall into the kinesthetic category, but not everybody is; you need to figure out if you're most comfortable working with your hands, listening to podcasts, watching videos, or reading. It's also a good idea to try the practical knowledge first and then study the theory. Most people can learn via all of these media, though, and preferences in learning styles aren't excuses not to seek knowledge via the other pathways. Some people also do better with different instructional styles. Instructors can be more or less structured and outgoing, and you may have a preference. Find instructors who explain concepts and conduct their classes or seminars in ways that you understand best. Teaching is also a great way to get a better understanding of a concept, as is incorporating hands-on opportunities and quizzes when you read, watch videos, or listen to podcasts. When you can teach and be taught in non-judgmental environments, you can get a lot more out of the learning experience. Comprehension comes before retention, so memorization is usually not going to be too helpful for HVAC education. Understanding should be the main focus, not memorizing facts or test answers, and that includes challenging your assumptions and finding hard problems to solve. You can also discover HVAC/R concepts in unexpected places, including scientific or lifestyle YouTube channels and podcasts.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 6th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android