Podcasts about Microprocessor

As April 2025 marks the 40th anniversary of the Arm architecture, I am re-releasing my episode with Steve Furber. What began as an ambitious project in a small corner of Cambridge, U.K., has grown into the world's most widely adopted computing architecture, now powering billions of devices – from sensors, smartphones and laptops to vehicles, datacenters and beyond.It was at 3pm on 26th April 1985, the chip that led to the world's first commercial RISC processor powered up... and changed the world!Steve Furber is a seminal computer scientist, mathematician and hardware designer whose work includes the BBC Microcomputer and the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor which can be found in over 100 billion devices today.Steve studied both Maths followed by a PhD in Aerodynamics at Cambridge University before joining Herman Hauser and Chris Curry at Acorn Computers. For the next decade, he would work with a first-class team of engineers and designers to revolutionise the home computer market before he and Sophie Wilson went on to design the ARM processor with a relatively small team and budget and with little inkling of the consequence it might bring to the world.In 1990, Steve left Acorn moved to Manchester where he is now Professor of Computer Engineering at the university there. He was charged with leading research into asynchronous systems, low-power electronics and neural engineering which  led to the SpiNNaker project - a super computer incorporating a million ARM processors which are optimised for computational neuroscience. He is basically trying to reverse engineer the brain – a lofty ambition even by his own admission.In this wide-ranging conversation, we discuss Steve's life journey from studying maths with professors such as the famed John Conway and Sir James Lighthill to the highs and lows of building the BBC Micro and the story behind the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor.I thoroughly enjoyed talking to Steve and am overly excited about his SpiNNaker project which we also discuss today.Enjoy!--------------Steve Furber info / SpiNNaker info / Micro Men filmDanielle on Twitter @daniellenewnham and  Instagram @daniellenewnham   / Newsletter Watch Steve and Sophie talk about those early arm days tomorrow - buy your tickets here.

After developing the first commercially-produced microprocessor for Intel more than a half-century ago, physicist and engineer Federico Faggin has seen it all in the world of computing.That is, until Federico spent many years working on creating a conscious computing experience before concluding such a thing was impossible.Federico shares his journey from creating some of the world's first microprocessors to a sharp detour into the mysteries of the consciousness (that began with an amazing experience during a vacation in Lake Tahoe) along with his thoughts about the creeping encroachment of artificial intelligence (AI) in everything we do, this week on Spirit Gym.Learn more about Federico on his website and the Faggin Foundation website. Find him on social media via Facebook, Instagram, Twitter/X and LinkedIn.Timestamps8:10 Federico built the world's first commercially produced microprocessor (the Intel 4004) in 1971.11:32 Federico's curiosity about consciousness blooms.20:16 “Matter is an expression of consciousness.”32:37 “Once you understand that consciousness is a property of quantum field and so is free will, you can begin to rethink the foundation of physics.”43:03 What is the mind?49:37 “A judgement is a conscious decision of a field.”55:32 Consciousness and free will are parts of one's spirit, not of mind or body.1:05:40 The reality of consciousness.1:16:33 Potential does exist.1:27:32 “In quantum physics, the sum of the parts — which is the superposition of parts — is not the same.”1:38:20 Panpsychism: The only explanation for solving the hard problem of consciousness.1:44:40 “The principle of the survival of the fittest is a crime against humanity.”1:52:51 Can AI achieve consciousness like a human?2:01:46 Self-destruction.2:13:35 What can humanity do collectively to bring itself back into harmony?ResourcesIrreducible by Federico FagginSilicon by Federico FagginFederico's appearance on the Know Thyself podcast on YouTube Hilbert spaceFind more resources for this episode on our website.Music Credit: Meet Your Heroes (444Hz) by Brave as BearsAll Rights Reserved MusicFit Records 2024Thanks to our awesome sponsors:PaleovalleyBiOptimizers US and BiOptimizers UK PAUL10Organifi CHEK20Wild PasturesWe may earn commissions from qualifying purchases using affiliate links.

Send us a text In this episode, Hector Amador shares his expertise in the semiconductor industry, covering topics such as IC packaging, microchip assembly, cost optimization, emerging trends, and leadership in engineering. He provides insights into the technical skills and mindset required for success in the semiconductor field.Main Topics:Understanding IC packaging and the complexity of microchip assemblyHector's journey into the semiconductor industry and his impactful projectsCrucial technical skills for semiconductor engineers that are often overlookedStrategies for staying ahead of emerging trends in the semiconductor industryHector's approach to cost optimization and process improvementChallenges and future directions in semiconductors, including quantum computingThe importance of leadership skills and management techniques for engineersAbout the guest: Hector Amador is a seasoned semiconductor R&D professional with over 13 years of experience at Intel Corporation. He has made groundbreaking contributions to IC and packaging design, reliability, manufacturing, and supply chain optimization. Notably, Hector holds a U.S. patent for innovations in high-capacity memory packages, and he has a track record of delivering cost-saving solutions and advancing "industry-first" capabilities in IC packaging and system integration. His expertise spans IC design, design rule ownership, and high-performance packaging engineering, making him a thought leader in the semiconductor space. Hector's insights into the intersection of academia and industry are invaluable for aspiring engineers aiming to bridge the gap between education and real-world engineering challenges.Links:Hector Amador - LinkedIn About Being An Engineer The Being An Engineer podcast is a repository for industry knowledge and a tool through which engineers learn about and connect with relevant companies, technologies, people resources, and opportunities. We feature successful mechanical engineers and interview engineers who are passionate about their work and who made a great impact on the engineering community. The Being An Engineer podcast is brought to you by Pipeline Design & Engineering. Pipeline partners with medical & other device engineering teams who need turnkey equipment such as cycle test machines, custom test fixtures, automation equipment, assembly jigs, inspection stations and more. You can find us on the web at www.teampipeline.us

Quando guardate una protesi, una gamba, una mano, avete davanti un rimedio, uno spiraglio che permette di poter risolvere una disabilità fisica. Ogni protesi racconta una storia, la storia di una persona e di un dramma, di una difficoltà ma anche una storia di rinascita. Inoltre, è incredibile pensare come le più grandi innovazioni nel campo delle protesi siano scaturite da persone che avevano perso un arto.In questo episodio speciale, Luca e Valeria vi portano in un viaggio nel tempo. Partendo dalla guerra civile americana, ripercorreremo insieme la storia delle protesi, di come siano diventati, da costrutti semplici e cigolanti per amputati di guerra, a strumenti dalla tecnologia avanzatissima, in grado di poter addirittura permetterci di superare le capacità umane.Per approfondire:Mayhew, E. (2013). Wounded: A New History of the Western Front in World War I. Oxford University Press.Mayhew, E. (2017). A heavy reckoning: war, medicine and survival in Afghanistan and beyond. Profile Books.Microprocessor knee and LINXGailey, R. S., & Clemens, S. M. (2017). Sacrifice, science, and support: a history of modern prosthetics. Full Stride: Advancing the State of the Art in Lower Extremity Gait Systems, 35-54.Khatchadourian, R. (2018). Degrees of freedom. The New Yorker, 26.Next-generation prosthetics aim to rewire the brain and the bodyHerr, H., & Wilkenfeld, A. (2003). User‐adaptive control of a magnetorheological prosthetic knee. Industrial Robot: An International Journal, 30(1), 42-55.MIT Media Lab, Hugh HerrQuesto episodio è stato reso disponibile in anteprima a chi ci ha sostenuto e per chi fa parte del supporters club di Spreaker. Diventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/scientificast--1762253/support.

Making Peace with Technology and Evolution Guest: Federico Faggin, Visionary Inventor of the Microprocessor, Global Idealist, Transformational Technologist It's easy to write words and accolades about an extraordinary person but challenging to express the meaning of their contribution when the impact changes the world. The unprecedented role that Federico Faggin has played in artificial intelligence and technological advancement continues to break global paradigms. The immersive journey and speed of transformation are evolving as it relates to the science of being human and the impact mass consciousness will have on Mother Earth and the Universe.   Available on Amazon, Audible, and Paperback: "Silicon: From the Invention of the Microprocessor to the New Science of Consciousness" "Irreducible: Consciousness, Life, Computers, and Human Nature" Learn more: FedericoFaggin.com  

What is an MPU, and how is it different from an MCU? Today's innovations keep blurring the dividing lines between the two. That's why it's more critical than ever to understand their differences and what applications they serve best.

Description:This week on Hardly Working, Brent Orrell talks with David Hernandez, Vice President of Education at IPC, the Global Association for Electronics Manufacturing.Brent and David discuss domestic electronics manufacturing, workforce education and training, and the global supply chain. Mentioned During the Show:IPC International, Inc.The CHIPS and Science Act

This episode dives into Nvidia's stock struggles amid rising competition, while also unpacking Meta's AI blunders and the implications of "hallucinations" in tech. We explore cutting-edge superconducting microprocessors that promise unprecedented energy efficiency and highlight groundbreaking AI research, including eavesdropping techniques and advancements in reinforcement learning. Contact:  sergi@earkind.com Timestamps: 00:34 Introduction 01:50 Nvidia Sank Again Today -- Time to Buy the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Growth Stock Hand Over Fist? 03:09 Meta blames hallucinations after its AI said Trump rally shooting didn't happen 04:52 Superconducting Microprocessors? Turns Out They're Ultra-Efficient 06:07 Fake sponsor 07:48 Deep-TEMPEST: Using Deep Learning to Eavesdrop on HDMI from its Unintended Electromagnetic Emanations 09:22 SAPG: Split and Aggregate Policy Gradients 10:45 MindSearch: Mimicking Human Minds Elicits Deep AI Searcher 12:44 Outro

Is technology out to get us, Slackers?With the looming threat of AI, I wanted to take a look at all of the technological advancements that have happened just in our lifetime. Remember your first computer? Or your first cell phone?With the 1971 introduction of the Intel 4004 microprocessor, the pace in which tech has moved is terrifying. Even something that now seems so quaint, like the Sony Walkman, was the first big leap forward for personal, portable devices. Apple and Microsoft have been at this since the 70's and still going strong today, while so many others have fallen by the wayside. Remember Netscape or when Compaq was the computer brand in the 90's? I remember my first real accounting job and falling in love with Lotus 1-2-3 - despite needing to save my data to a floppy disk and bring it to another machine that was running Windows 2.1 - just to produce our nightly reports!PCs. The Internet. Email. Cell phones. GPS systems. All of these entered into daily life within about 20 years. Now all of that those elements are available on phones that fit in the palms of our hands. Not to mention the fact that we now have self driving cars! What does the future have in store?

Fawn Bergen leads Intel Corporation's Corporate Sustainability Group. In her role, Fawn directs the implementation of Intel's sustainability goals across their manufacturing operations and office facilities around the world, including Intel's commitments to reach net zero GHG emissions by 2040, 100% renewable electricity by 2030, net positive water by 2030, and zero waste to landfill by 2030. Fawn's 24+ years of experience in the environmental field has spanned multiple industries and specialties including air quality engineering, environmental engineering, global strategy, and environmental management roles. Prior to leading Intel's sustainability group, she led their climate change, water stewardship, and corporate air programs globally. In this episode, we discuss: ●      Intel's ESG Framework called RISE ●      Why water is a key sustainability focus for Intel ●      How Intel has reached 93% renewable energy across its global operations  Key Takeaways: ●      Gone are the days of vertical integration, which meant a business handled all aspects of production internally, from raw materials to final assembly. The Ford River Rouge complex, completed in 1928 in Dearborn, Michigan, was the largest vertically integrated factory in the world. River Rouge was a mile long and 1.5 miles wide. It contained over 100 miles of internal railroad tracks and housed everything from its own energy plant to an integrated steel mill. The factory took raw materials like iron and turned them into fully assembled Fords. Today companies rely on expansive supply chains to create their products, a horizontal integration across many companies. This change in business structure means there is an interconnectedness across companies and stakeholders when it comes to reaching individual corporate ESG goals. Take greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as an example. There are 3 different scopes for GHG. Scope 3 emissions tend to be the largest emissions category because it covers all the companies up and down your supply chain whose emissions you are indirectly responsible for. A company can't reduce Scope 3 emissions without collaborating across the supply chain. ●      If your company is just beginning its ESG journey, consider starting where you have the most control. To be a great corporate partner requires cleaning up your own operations first. Today no company is an island, and the improvements you make to your own operations will benefit the footprint of the companies you work with across the supply chain. ●      Communities are asking for transparency and accountability from the corporations that operate near their homes. Fawn shared great examples of the questions Intel gets from the communities they operate in, as well as the work they're doing within these communities.  If you don't know the role your company is playing locally, ask. Challenge your leaders on how your organization can leave the community better off by virtue of being there.   References: ●      Connect with Fawn on LinkedIn ●      Intel's RISE Strategy and Goals ●      The 2022 CDP A-List ●      The Nature Conservancy ●      National Forest Foundation ●      Trout Unlimited ●      World Resources Institute Aqueduct page ●      WRI's fact sheet on Renewable Energy Certificates Connect & Share: If you enjoy the podcast, would you please consider leaving a short review on Apple Podcasts/iTunes? It takes less than 60 seconds, and it really makes a difference in helping to convince hard-to-get guests. I also love reading them! If this episode resonated with you, I ask you to send it to a friend. Help bring even more visibility to these leaders that are using business as a force for good! Subscribe to the Purpose and Profit newsletter to make sure you don't miss future episodes.  This podcast is for you, the listener. I'd love to hear what resonated with you, or if you have a suggestion on who would be a great guest for this show. Please send me a note at info@KathyVarol.com.

Huawei quietly launched the Mate 60 Pro in China. The big feature that's creating a buzz? It has 5G somehow despite the U.S. government's best efforts to stop Huawei getting its hands on the tech. We explore why this is potentially a big deal and what it might mean for Apple in China.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Intel and AMD have a common history, but each company has gone its own way in chip design. Why are Intel chips and AMD chips not compatible? And is there one type of chip that's better than all the rest? See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Beloved by Bitcoin maxis, The Sovereign Individual (1997) is a book which details the collapse of nation states and rise of a self-sovereign, extranational class of optimised individuals. The cause of all this? Microprocessors. Patreon: www.patreon.com/TheBookClubfromHellJoin our Discord (the best place to interact with us): discord.gg/ZMtDJ9HscrWatch us on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0n7r1ZTpsUw5exoYxb4aKA/featuredTwitter: @bookclubhell666

Join Dr. Steve Gard, editor-and-chief for the Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, as he chats with Laura Murray, BSc, a teaching fellow at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, United Kingdom, about her research on microprocessor knees and evidence of their influence on psychosocial health. The two discuss the motivation behind the research, primary findings, and clinical takeaways.   Show Notes JPO article: A Retrospective Review of Psychosocial Outcomes After Microprocessor Knee Prescription Co-Authors: Dunlop, Fraser (FD) BSc; Aranceta-Garza, Alejandra (AAG) PhD; Munjal, Ramesh (RM) MD; McGarry, Anthony (AM) PhD; Murray, Laura (LM) BSc Referenced articles: Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16(9):606–613 Möller S, Rusaw D, Hagberg K, Ramstrand N. Reduced cortical brain activity with the use of microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees during walking. Prosthet Orthot Int 2019;43(3):257–265 This episode is produced by Association Briefings.

Steve Furber is a seminal computer scientist, mathematician and hardware designer whose work includes the BBC Microcomputer and the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor which can be found in over 100 billion devices today.Steve studied both Maths followed by a PhD in Aerodynamics at Cambridge University before joining Herman Hauser and Chris Curry at Acorn Computers. For the next decade, he would work with a first-class team of engineers and designers to revolutionise the home computer market before he and Sophie Wilson went on to design the ARM processor with a relatively small team and budget and with little inkling of the consequence it might bring to the world.In 1990, Steve left Acorn moved to Manchester where he is now Professor of Computer Engineering at the university there. He was charged with leading research into asynchronous systems, low-power electronics and neural engineering which  led to the SpiNNaker project - a super computer incorporating a million ARM processors which are optimised for computational neuroscience. He is basically trying to reverse engineer the brain – a lofty ambition even by his own admission.In this wide-ranging conversation, we discuss Steve's life journey from studying maths with professors such as the famed John Conway and Sir James Lighthill to the highs and lows of building the BBC Micro and the story behind the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor.I thoroughly enjoyed talking to Steve and am overly excited about his SpiNNaker project which we also discuss today.Enjoy!--------------Steve Furber info / SpiNNaker info / Micro Men filmDanielle on Twitter @daniellenewnham and  Instagram @daniellenewnham   / Newsletter 

Techish is back with another episode! Abadesi & Michael break down their 2023 predictions:  The next big conflict  (01:45)Microprocessor shortage (02:40)The economic downturn (03:35)Generative AI hype bubble  (03:55)TikTok ban or change of ownership (06:05)Tech founders out, day jobs in (07:55)FAANG's transition from 'cool' culture  (12:20)Cost of living, YOLO capitalism & bubbles (16:15)—————————————————————The episode is sponsored by Hubspot:Learn how Hubspot can help your business grow better at https://www.hubspot.comExplore the Inclusion and Marketing Podcast: https://inclusivemarketing.co/category/podcast/————————————————————Use the hashtag #Techish on Twitter & IGSupport Techish at https://www.patreon.com/techishAdvertise on Techish: https://goo.gl/forms/MY0F79gkRG6Jp8dJ2————————————————————Stay In Touch:https://www.twitter.com/michaelberhane_https://www.twitter.com/abadesihttps://www.twitter.com/hustlecrewlivehttps://twitter.com/techishpodEmail us at techishpod@gmail.com

Episode: 2865 Computer Divide: The Future of Microprocessors.  Today, two roads.

Just about any new electronic product requires some sort of “brains”. The question though is what type of brains does your product really need? There are two choices: a microcontroller unit (MCU) or a microprocessor unit (MPU). In this episode you will discover how to determine which of these processor choices is right for your specific product.

In this week's episode, we are joined by Snell Prosthetics & Orthotics' President and CEO Frank Snell, CPO, LPO, FAAOP, and his daughter Chief Financial Officer Melissa Snell, CFm. SPS Regional Sales Manager Christina Cox also stops by to chat with Frank and Melissa about the intricacies of managing a family owned O&P clinic. Click here to learn more about Snell Prosthetics and Orthotics. Click here to join our email list.Thank you Becker Orthopedic for sponsoring this episode! Click here to learn more about the Triple Action.  The Microprocessor promotion is back at SPS. From October 1 – December 31, 2022, purchase a qualifying microprocessor product and receive a Solo Stove Campfire! Learn more.  Visit spsco.com Also, email us!   The O&P Check-in is a bi-monthly podcast featuring the latest orthotics and prosthetics news, trends, best practices, regulations and policies. Designed for O&P professionals, join Brendan Erickson and Jacki Green as they interview guests and share the latest advancements in the industry. 

Microprocessor Simulations : 8-bit Retro

A promiser gets seized by the Inquisition for microprocessor research. A tierceron pontifex makes a decision that could shake the very foundations of the Church. And a fatima is answered by a girl in Hungary.

The 107th State of the Fleet Industry video produced by Automotive Fleet offers insights into the state of the fleet market as presented by AF Editor Mike Antich. Today's topics include: The fact that more than half of the global production of microprocessor chips are concentrated in two countries — Taiwan and South Korea —which is a growing concern because people fear that a future China-Taiwan conflict could lead to a catastrophic worldwide semiconductor shortage. A U.S. Army War College paper recommends a “scorched earth” strategy that calls for the U.S and Taiwan to threaten to destroy the facilities of the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. if China threatens to invade Taiwan. For the first half of calendar-year 2022, the microchip shortage did improve but it didn't improve as much as the auto industry expected. Pat Gelsinger, the CEO of Intel, expects the shortage of semiconductors to continue until calendar-year 2024, which puts us into the 2025 model-year. Make sure you're signed up for the AF newsletter so you don't miss another State of the Fleet Industry video.

This week we are joined by Julius Adebayo. Julius is a CS PhD student at MIT, interested in safe deployment of ML based systems as it relates to privacy/security, interpretability, fairness and robustness.He is motivated by the need to ensure that ML based systems demonstrate safe behaviour when deployed.On this weeks episode we discuss how the evolution of hardware has progressed overtime and what that means for deep learning research. We also analyse how microprocessors can aid developments in neuroscience understanding.Underrated ML Twitter: https://twitter.com/underrated_mlJulius Adebayo Twitter: https://twitter.com/julius_adebayoPlease let us know who you thought presented the most underrated paper in the form below: https://forms.gle/97MgHvTkXgdB41TC8Links to the papers:"Could a Neuroscientist Understand a Microprocessor?" [paper]"When will computer hardware match the human brain?" - [paper]

Embedded systems find themselves in many applications today, where low power and small size are requirements, along with the ability to perform complex tasks like vision or machine learning, are important. In this episode, Todd Speaks to Rick Dudley, Business Development Manager at Microchip about how engineers can make the choice to move from a microcontroller to a microprocessor for their applications. Also, learn how we can take advantage of their performance capabilities for these advanced tasks without sacrificing end product size or battery life.

Intel has helped power the rise of the personal computer, birthing the microprocessor and bringing computers to life.  Today we're studying the history, business model, and financials of Intel Corporation ($INTC).0:00 - Start0:56 - How Did Intel Get Started?4:08 - Intel's Business Model8:16 - Financials10:40 - Buy, Sell, or Hold?

Donald Hoffman is a cognitive scientist at UC Irvine and author of The Case Against Reality. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Calm: https://calm.com/lex to get 40% off – LMNT: https://drinkLMNT.com/lex to get free sample pack – InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off – MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex to get 15% off – Indeed: https://indeed.com/lex to get $75 credit EPISODE LINKS: Donald's Twitter: https://twitter.com/donalddhoffman Donald's Website: http://cogsci.uci.edu/~ddhoff/ Documents & Articles: 1. Could a Neuroscientist Understand a Microprocessor?: https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005268 2. Conscious Agent Networks: https://chrisfieldsresearch.com/CA-circuits-CSR-rev2.pdf 3. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-epr/ Books: 1. The Case Against Reality: https://amzn.to/3MhW4Wt

In this episode, Dr. Tony Nader sits down with Dr. Federico Faggin to talk about the relationship of matter to consciousness, exploring quantum weirdness, including entanglement or spooky action at a distance, as Albert Einstein famously called it. Is there an underlying meaning to all that there is? What is the difference between meaning and symbols? How can consciousness bridge gaps in our understanding of reality? Dr. Nader and Dr. Faggin discuss how we can grasp ultimate reality and how, from this ultimate reality we can build up our universe as we see it. Dr. Federico Faggin is a physicist, engineer, inventor, entrepreneur, and author of his autobiography, “Silicon: From the Invention of the Microprocessor to the New Science of Consciousness.” In 2009, he received the highest honor the United States confers for achievements related to technological progress, the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, presented to him by then US President Barack Obama for his invention of the first microprocessor. Dr Federico Faggin | Twitter https://twitter.com/fedefaggin Dr Federico Faggin | Book https://siliconthebook.com Dr Federico Faggin | Foundation http://www.fagginfoundation.org Dr Tony Nader | Instagram http://instagram.com/drtonynader Dr Tony Nader | LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/dr-tony-nader Dr Tony Nader | Facebook http://facebook.com/DrTonyNader Dr Tony Nader | Twitter http://twitter.com/drtonynader

Cell phones and tablets have become indispensable tools that help us stay connected with our families and the world over the past two decades. However, our bodies pay a huge price for all that convenience, thanks to exposure from electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted from those devices.If you're staring at your phone or tablet for hours every day without a worry, you may think twice about it after listening to Aires Tech CEO Dimitry Serov describe the problems our bodies face from the cumulative effect of EMF exposure in this Living 4D conversation.Learn more about Aires Tech's LifeTune EMF/EMR protection devices on their website (save 15 percent on any purchase you make by using the code CHEK15 at checkout) and on social media via Facebook and Instagram.Show NotesAires Tech spent $2 million over two years on technical due diligence required by Canadian regulators to take the company public in 2019. (7:21)The two types of electromagnetic fields. (13:15)An example of a passive microprocessor: A chip in the average credit card. (19:32)Ever touched a rainbow? (28:16)There's no accounting for the cumulative effects of EMF exposure by federal regulators. (31:52)Comparing 4G to 5G. (44:49)Electromagnetic hypersensitivity. (56:46)Passive ways to protect your health from EMFs, like turning off your Wi-Fi router at night. (1:05:57)Electromagnetic pollution derived from electric cars. (1:12:35)The military connection to EMF protection tools. (1:23:39)The Internet of Things (IoT). (1:31:13)Brain fog. (1:42:16)Exposing water to 5G. (1:53:27)The seriously negative effects of exposing your child to EMFs before age 13. (2:02:55)ResourcesThe Invisible Rainbow: A History of Electricity and Life by Arthur FirstenbergA Practical Guide to Vibrational Medicine: Energy Healing and Spiritual Transformation by Richard GerberPaul's Living 4D conversation with Dolf ZantingeMore show notes and resources for this episode are available on our website.Thanks to our awesome sponsors: CHEK Institute/IMS 1 Online, Organifi (save 20 percent on your purchase by using the code CHEK20 at checkout), Paleovalley (save 15 percent on your purchase by using the code chek15 at checkout), BiOptimizers (save an extra 10 percent on your purchase by using the code PAUL10 at checkout), Cymbiotika (save 15 percent on your purchase by using the code CHEK15 at checkout) and Airestech (save 15 percent on any purchase you make by using the code CHEK15 at checkout).We may earn commissions from qualifying purchases using affiliate links.

Intel® Arc™ is the world's first GPU with hardware-accelerated encoding for AV1, the next-gen and royalty-free video codec. To tell us more about the importance of AV1 and what it means for the future of video, we're joined by Matt Frost, the Chairman of the Board at the Alliance for Open Media, and Director of Product Management at Google. Notices & Disclaimers Intel technologies may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. No product or component can be absolutely secure. Your costs and results may vary. © Intel Corporation. Intel, the Intel logo, and other Intel marks are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

A conversation with Michael S. Malone, author of The Big Score, on the history of the semiconductor industry and silicon valley Topics include (but not limited to): Fred Terman, Hewlett-Packard, Stanford, Vacuum Tubes, Varian Brothers, Fairchild, Intel, AMD, National Semiconductor, Bob Noyce, Gordon Moore, Arthur Rock, Andy Grove, Jerry Sanders, Charlie Sporck, Bob Widlar, Transistor, Microprocessor, Ted Hoff, Planar Manufacturing Process, Venture Capital, Eugene Kleiner, Nolan Bushnell, and More! Bio (from Big Score)Michael S. Malone has covered Silicon Valley and tech for over 30 years. His articles and editorials have appeared in the San Jose Mercury-News, Wall Street Journal, Economist, Fortune, and New York Times. He has written or co-authored more than 25 award-winning books, including Bill and Dave and The Intel Trinity, and co-produced The New Heroes, an Emmy-nominated miniseries on social entrepreneurs. He lives in Palo Alto, California. LinksBuy The Big ScoreMichael's podcast  — Silicon Insidernarrativemonopoly.comtwitter

Marcian Ted Hoff 130 Creating the Microprocessor and beyond with Marcian "Ted" Hoff BIOGRAPHY OF MARCIAN E. HOFF   Dr. Marcian Edward "Ted" Hoff was born in Rochester, New York.  His degrees include a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York,  (1958) and  an MS (1959) and a Ph.D. (1962), both in Electrical Engineering, from Stanford University, Stanford, California.  In the 1959-1960 time frame he and his professor, Bernard Widrow, co-developed the LMS adaptive algorithm which is used in many modern communication systems, e.g. adaptive equalizers and noise-cancelling systems.   In 1968 he joined Intel Corporation as Manager of Applications Research and in 1969 proposed the architecture for the first monolithic microprocessor or computer central processor on a single chip, the Intel 4004, which was announced in 1971.  He contributed to several other microprocessor designs, and then in 1975 started a group at Intel to develop products for telecommunications.  His group produced the first commercially- available monolithic telephone CODEC, the first commercially-available switched-capacitor filter and one of the earliest digital signal processing chips, the Intel 2920.  He became the first Intel Fellow when the position was created in 1980.   In 1983 he joined Atari as Vice President of Corporate Research and Development.  In 1984 he left Atari to become an independent consultant.  In 1986 he joined Teklicon, a company specializing in assistance to attorneys dealing with intellectual property litigation, as Chief Technologist, where he remained until he retired in 2007.   He has been recognized with numerous awards, primarily for his microprocessor contributions.  Those awards include the Kyoto Prize, the Stuart Ballantine Medal and Certificate of Merit from the Franklin Institute, induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame and the Silicon Valley Engineering Hall of Fame, the George R. Stivitz Computer Pioneer Award, the Semiconductor Industry 50th Anniversary Award, the Eduard Rhein Foundation Technology Award, the Ron Brown Innovation Award, the Davies Medal and induction into their Hall of Fame from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.   He has been recognized with several IEEE awards including the Cledo Brunetti Award (1980), the Centennial Medal (1984), and the James Clerk Maxwell Award (2011).   He was made a Fellow of the IEEE in 1982 "for the conception and development of the microprocessor" and is now a Life Fellow.  He is a named inventor or co-inventor on 17 United States patents and author or co-author of more than 40 technical papers and articles.       We talk about   How do you see the value of IP? what should investors be thinking when they are studying a company's IP?   What technologies were developed long ago that we are just now starting to see or as a society to adopt? What was it like being one the inventors of the microprocessor? How did Intel grow after the invention of the 4004 How have “Innovation” in Silicon Valley Changed over the decades   And much more...   Connect with Marcian “Ted” Hoff Best to connect through Mike, President of Intel Alumni (2) Mike Trainor | LinkedIn  

The invisible bones holding up the Internet are its hardware. One of the most prominent benefits we are reaping from hardware innovations is cloud services. And as you may have guessed, the cloud isn't actually just somewhere up in space: physical data centers services are necessary to keep them up and running.  In this episode of Traceroute, we take a closer look at hardware and why its advancement is crucial to the development of the internet. We discuss the importance and benefits of optimization for hardware to suit the needs of software. Joined by our guests Amir Michael, Rose Schooler, and Ken Patchett, we explore the synergy of software and hardware in data center services and its effects on the connected world.  Episode Highlights The important Relationship Between Hardware and Software Efficiency depends on understanding how software uses hardware and vice versa Software consumes every just like hardware depending on the way it's written People want software and hardware “out of sight/out of mind,” but hardware is increasing in visibility due to data centers and the cloud As the internet increases, so does the need for better hardware Amir Michael: “There are thousands of people at large companies that are driving not only the design of the hardware, but the supply chains behind them as well. And if you just look at the financial reporting from these companies, they spend billions and billions of dollars on infrastructure.” The Building Blocks Of Getting Online Intel started in 1968, specializing in bulky but efficient memory chips. Now they lay transistors on top of atoms. Microprocessors are in every device now, from cell phones to servers to routers, making foundational microprocessor capability critical The biggest breakthrough came when Intel was able to use their infrastructure to support networking, and could then scale up to data centers and cloud architecture This began the transformation of networking, with storage moving from big fixed function hardware over to software-defined More growth in hardware is on the horizon with things like Artificial Intelligence, 5G, and edge computing  The Birth Of The Cloud The “Metal Rush” of the early 2000s saw companies like Google and Yahoo building their own data centers For smaller companies, this infrastructure development didn't make sense Small business turned to companies like Amazon, which had server resources to spare, and the cloud was born Data centers have scaled in size, but now the need is to optimize efficiency  More and more, hardware is now tailored for specific software applications Unlike software, developing hardware requires a longer production schedule and a more consistent supply chain, which can be difficult The next step is density, where more computing power is packed into less space but with greater efficiencies. Amir Michael: “You know, no one really goes into a bank anymore. Everything's just done over the network over these cloud resources today. It's how we've become accustomed to getting a lot of work done today. And so you need all that infrastructure to drive that. And I think it's just going to become more and more so in the future as well. The Nuts & Bolts Of Data Centers The cloud is simply a combination of data centers of various sizes across the globe that are all connected through a network The first data centers relied on redundancy and stability, so they were built like bomb shelters with backup systems Data centers started redesigning hardware to optimize it for different uses,  depending on who's renting the server space Open compute is the next phase for data centers, where engineers figure out how to get bigger, better, faster and more resilient with existing servers and components Ken Patchett: “Data and the usage of data has become much like a microwave in a home,  it is simply required, is expected. Most people don't look for it, they don't need it,...

Join Dr. Steve Gard, editor-and-chief for the Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, as he chats with Brian Kaluf about his research surrounding hydraulic- and microprocessor-controlled ankle-foot prostheses for limited community ambulators with unilateral transtibial amputation. The two discuss the experimental protocol of the research, data collection, primary findings, unanticipated surprises, and clinical takeaways.    Show Notes JPO article: Hydraulic- and Microprocessor-Controlled Ankle-Foot Prostheses for Limited Community Ambulators with Unilateral Transtibial Amputation: Pilot Study   Dr. Gard and Mr. Kaluf alludes to the body of evidence regarding microprocessor-controlled knees and transfemoral amputees with a K2 functional level classification. Here's the full article: The effect of microprocessor controlled exo-prosthetic knees on limited community ambulators: systematic review and meta-analysis (tandfonline.com)     Mr. Kaluf mentions a previous study he conducted with a similar protocol with transtibial amputees in the K3 and K4 functional levels: Comparative Effectiveness of Microprocessor-Controlled and Carbon-Fiber Energy-Storing-and-Returning Prosthetic Feet in Persons with Unilateral Transtibial Amputation: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures     Mr. Kaluf speaks about a systematic review that was published around the time of the design of the study described in the podcast. That review was performed by AHRQ and one of the aims was "comparison of component effects by subgroups": Lower Limb Prostheses: Measurement Instruments, Comparison of Component Effects by Subgroups, and Long-Term Outcomes | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program (ahrq.gov)

In this special Chip Chat crossover with Talking Tech, we go in depth with two of the lead engineers responsible for 12th Gen Intel Core processors. Chief architect Arik Gihon and platform program manager Tomer Sasson join our virtual CES 2022 set remotely from Israel to provide behind-the-scenes perspective on what it took to develop the innovative Alder Lake architecture. Learn about how they scaled a versatile design from thin and light devices to ultra-powerful desktops, combined P-cores and E-cores with the Intel Thread Director, and led the industry's adoption of both DDR5 and PCI Express 5 technology — all during a global pandemic. Notices & Disclaimers Intel technologies may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. No product or component can be absolutely secure. Your costs and results may vary. © Intel Corporation. Intel, the Intel logo, and other Intel marks are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Copper is a metal that has been with us since the dawn of civilisation. The Romans used it to build their empire, and its high thermal and electrical conductivity led to the 19th century discovery of how to generate electricity and a revolution in telecommunications. Copper was even used to build the Statue of Liberty in New York, and it's because of copper's tendency to oxidise that the statue is no longer shiny brown but green. Today we still depend on this 'eternal metal', so called because it doesn't decay or rust, and it has become a staple and necessary component in new green technologies like solar power and electric cars. But extracting copper has always been very damaging to human health and the environment - so how has our relationship with copper changed over the centuries? Joining Rajan Datar to find out more about copper past and present is Nikita Sud, Professor of Development studies at Oxford University and the author of The Making of Land and The Making of India; the archaeologist Dr William Parkinson, who is a curator at the Field Museum, and Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois at Chicago; and Andrea Sella, Professor of Chemistry at University College, London. Produced by Anne Khazam for the BBC World Service. (Image: Stripped copper cables. Credit: Christoph Burgstedt/Science Photo Library via Getty Images)

This is the third episode in our three-part series on Intel Evo. Our guest is Sudha Ganesh, VP of Client Platform Experience at Intel, who for the past few years has devoted her time to redefining the metrics for PCs that deliver exceptional experiences to users. Notices & Disclaimers Intel technologies may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. No product or component can be absolutely secure. Your costs and results may vary. © Intel Corporation. Intel, the Intel logo, and other Intel marks are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

This is the second of a three-part series talking about Intel Evo, a designation earned by some of the best laptops on the market today. Here we hear from Wendy March, a principal engineer and research director at Intel, about what goes into designing future generations of Intel Evo PCs -- and spoiler alert, our conversation did not mention any core count or clock speeds! The teams that March works with looks at everything that goes on around the PC, particularly the user and environment. Notices & Disclaimers Intel technologies may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. No product or component can be absolutely secure. Your costs and results may vary. © Intel Corporation. Intel, the Intel logo, and other Intel marks are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Viatron's System 21 was the computer of the 1970s! ...At least that's what their marketing claimed. Started in 1967 Viatron was set to be one of the most exciting companies of the coming decade. They were offering a desktop sized computing machine, the System 21, that promised to break IBM's domination of the office. The System 21's heart, the so-called "micro-processor", was slated to be built from cutting edge LSI chips. It could automate data processing, replace bulky IBM hardware, and do away with the punch card. And this marvel could be yours for just $39 a month. Sounds like a good deal, right? Maybe too good. According to some Viatron was strait up stock fraud. Selected sources: http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/viatron/ViatronSystem21Brochure.pdf - 1969 Viatron Brochure http://vintagecomputer.ca/viatron-system-21-model-2111-restoration/ - The beast itself https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80-01794R000100200043-2/mode/2up - CIA review of System 21

This is the first of a three-part series talking about Intel Evo, a designation earned by some of the best laptops on the market today. You may have seen the Intel Evo badge on some of the laptops you're considering, or perhaps you already have one. We'll be diving deeper into the origins of Intel Evo and what it means for the future of portable PCs. Today, we're kicking off the series with Josh Newman, Intel's VP and GM of Mobile Innovation, with an overview on the vision behind Intel Evo. Notices & Disclaimers Intel technologies may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. No product or component can be absolutely secure. Your costs and results may vary. © Intel Corporation. Intel, the Intel logo, and other Intel marks are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

No matter how you cut it the MOS Technology 6502 is an important chip. The chip was cheap, simple, and plentiful. This made it perfect for the home computing boom of the late 1970s. But how was this classic created? Today we are looking at Motorola's earliest attempts to seize the microprocessor market, how economic factors impact history, and how trends and forces can conspire to create better technology. Selected sources: https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2015/06/102702020-05-01-acc.pdf - 6800 Oral History Panel https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2014/08/102739939-05-01-acc.pdf - Check Peddle Oral History

Part of my history is attending and teaching at University of Denver in the Emerging Digital Practices program. One of the professors in this department is Chris Coleman, and he was a fascinating person to be around – he was always digging into new technologies, checking out both software and hardware opportunities, and inspiring people to try things outside their comfort zone. In our discussion, we dive into microprocessors, open source software, physical vs. digital concerns and NFT's. And, of course, we dig into Chris' background to find out more about what makes him the artist – and professor – that he is. I really appreciate this discussion because we are able to dig into some technical issues (like NFT minting) that I needed to learn about, and Chris is sharing-first when it comes to everything. I'm sure you'll get that from this interview! You can check out DU's EDP program here: https://liberalarts.du.edu/emergent-digital-practices Enjoy! Transcription available at http://www.darwingrosse.com/AMT/transcript-0370.html Exclusive extra content on the Patron page: https://www.patreon.com/darwingrosse

On the Weekly Briefing podcast: Exactly 50 years ago, one of the most significant products in electronics history was introduced: the microprocessor. It was inevitable that someone would invent one. It was hardly inevitable that it would be Intel. The story of the first microprocessor.

As we hit critical levels of clout fuckery, obsession, pile-climbing and boredom I asked the man, the mirror, the artist formally known as Kanye (now, Ye) to spend some on the pod. Please forgive the audio quality, I did not have a long time with him and the room was noisy

Flexible Microprocessor Could Enable an 'Internet of Everything' -- is this the technological checkmate that is already in motion? And what of the larger implications for freedom of thought and expression...and control of your soul...Who really runs this thing?http://www.troubledminds.org ⬇⬇⬇ Support The Show! ⬇⬇⬇➡ https://www.rokfin.com/troubledminds ⬅➡ https://teespring.com/stores/troubled-minds-store ⬅#aliens #conspiracy #paranormalFacebook - https://bit.ly/2CVEsySRadio Schedule Mon-Tues-Wed-Thurs 7-9pst - https://fringe.fm/iTunes - https://apple.co/2zZ4hx6Spotify - https://spoti.fi/2UgyzqMStitcher - https://bit.ly/2UfAiMXTuneIn - https://bit.ly/2FZOErSTwitter - https://bit.ly/2CYB71Uhttps://youtu.be/ZiBnr_glUIwhttps://www.amazon.com/Stories-Fractured-Mind-Robert-Collection-ebook/dp/B07D1RVX7Yhttps://www.instagram.com/tamlbam/https://salsidoparanormal.podbean.com/----------------------------------------------------------------------------https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/flexible-microprocessor-could-enable-an-internet-of-everything/https://ioe.org/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/technology/digital-world/the-internet-of-everything-ioe/http://markbeast.com/https://informationsecuritybuzz.com/articles/conspiracy-theory-and-the-internet-of-things/https://gnosticwarrior.com/microelectronics.htmlhttps://gnosticismexplained.org/archons/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)https://thegodabovegod.com/how-the-archons-destroy-your-life-2/

Researchers have developed a microprocessor built on high-performance plastic rather than silicon—and they say it could enable smarter food labels and supply chain management.

Federico Faggin has led what he calls four lives: as a physicist, engineer and inventor, entrepreneur, and author. He developed the MOS silicon gate technology at Fairchild (1968) and designed the world's first microprocessor at Intel (1971). Faggin also founded and led Zilog, Synaptics, and other high-tech companies. The Zilog Z80 microprocessor (1976), and the Z8 microcontroller (1978) are still in volume production in 2021. At Synaptics he pioneered the Touchpad (1994) and the Touchscreen (1999), - solutions that have revolutionized the way we interface with mobile devices.Federico has received many prizes and awards in the United States, Europe, and Japan. These include the Marconi Prize (1988), the Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology (1997), and the National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2009), from President Barack Obama. In 1996, Faggin was inducted in the National Inventor's Hall of Fame. He has also received many honorary degrees in Computer Science and Electronic EngineeringFederico is currently president of the Federico and Elvia Faggin Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the scientific study of consciousness, an interest that has become a passionate full-time activity. In 2019, Federico published his autobiography SILICON, through Mondadori, Italy's premier book publisher, where it has been a bestseller. Imaginal Inspirations is hosted by David Lorimer, Programme Director of the Scientific and Medical Network and Chair of the Galileo Commission, an academic movement dedicated to expanding the evidence base of a science of consciousness.scientificandmedical.net galileocommission.orgbeyondthebrain.org Works and links mentioned:Federico and Elvia Faggin FoundationSilicon: From the Invention of the Microprocessor to the New Science of Consciousness by Federico Faggin.Godel, Escher, Bach : An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas HofstadterThe Enniads by Plotinus Production: Martin RedfernArtwork: Amber HaasMusic: Life is a River, by Magnus Moone

Shubhika Taneja talks in great detail about her career switches from Engineer into Product Management and eventually into Product Marketing! This podcast shares real life experiences of individuals who have successfully switched careers and excelled in their new role.

The Microchip Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because understanding the past prepares us for the innovations of the future! Todays episode is on the history of the microchip, or microprocessor. This was a hard episode, because it was the culmination of so many technologies. You don't know where to stop telling the story - and you find yourself writing a chronological story in reverse chronological order. But few advancements have impacted humanity the way the introduction of the microprocessor has. Given that most technological advances are a convergence of otherwise disparate technologies, we'll start the story of the microchip with the obvious choice: the light bulb. Thomas Edison first demonstrated the carbon filament light bulb in 1879. William Joseph Hammer, an inventor working with Edison, then noted that if he added another electrode to a heated filament bulb that it would glow around the positive pole in the vacuum of the bulb and blacken the wire and the bulb around the negative pole. 25 years later, John Ambrose Fleming demonstrated that if that extra electrode is made more positive than the filament the current flows through the vacuum and that the current could only flow from the filament to the electrode and not the other direction. This converted AC signals to DC and represented a boolean gate. In the 1904 Fleming was granted Great Britain's patent number 24850 for the vacuum tube, ushering in the era of electronics. Over the next few decades, researchers continued to work with these tubes. Eccles and Jordan invented the flip-flop circuit at London's City and Guilds Technical College in 1918, receiving a patent for what they called the Eccles-Jordan Trigger Circuit in 1920. Now, English mathematician George Boole back in the earlier part of the 1800s had developed Boolean algebra. Here he created a system where logical statements could be made in mathematical terms. Those could then be performed using math on the symbols. Only a 0 or a 1 could be used. It took awhile, John Vincent Atanasoff and grad student Clifford Berry harnessed the circuits in the Atanasoff-Berry computer in 1938 at Iowa State University and using Boolean algebra, successfully solved linear equations but never finished the device due to World War II, when a number of other technological advancements happened, including the development of the ENIAC by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert from the University of Pennsylvania, funded by the US Army Ordinance Corps, starting in 1943. By the time it was taken out of operation, the ENIAC had 20,000 of these tubes. Each digit in an algorithm required 36 tubes. Ten digit numbers could be multiplied at 357 per second, showing the first true use of a computer. John Von Neumann was the first to actually use the ENIAC when they used one million punch cards to run the computations that helped propel the development of the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The creators would leave the University and found the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Out of that later would come the Univac and the ancestor of todays Unisys Corporation. These early computers used vacuum tubes to replace gears that were in previous counting machines and represented the First Generation. But the tubes for the flip-flop circuits were expensive and had to be replaced way too often. The second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes for logic circuits. The integrated circuit is basically a wire set into silicon or germanium that can be set to on or off based on the properties of the material. These replaced vacuum tubes in computers to provide the foundation of the boolean logic. You know, the zeros and ones that computers are famous for. As with most modern technologies the integrated circuit owes its origin to a number of different technologies that came before it was able to be useful in computers. This includes the three primary components of the circuit: the transistor, resistor, and capacitor. The silicon that chips are so famous for was actually discovered by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824. He heated potassium chips in a silica container and washed away the residue and viola - an element! The transistor is a semiconducting device that has three connections that amplify data. One is the source, which is connected to the negative terminal on a battery. The second is the drain, and is a positive terminal that, when touched to the gate (the third connection), the transistor allows electricity through. Transistors then acts as an on/off switch. The fact they can be on or off is the foundation for Boolean logic in modern computing. The resistor controls the flow of electricity and is used to control the levels and terminate lines. An integrated circuit is also built using silicon but you print the pattern into the circuit using lithography rather than painstakingly putting little wires where they need to go like radio operators did with the Cats Whisker all those years ago. The idea of the transistor goes back to the mid-30s when William Shockley took the idea of a cat's wicker, or fine wire touching a galena crystal. The radio operator moved the wire to different parts of the crystal to pick up different radio signals. Solid state physics was born when Shockley, who first studied at Cal Tech and then got his PhD in Physics, started working on a way to make these useable in every day electronics. After a decade in the trenches, Bell gave him John Bardeen and Walter Brattain who successfully finished the invention in 1947. Shockley went on to design a new and better transistor, known as a bipolar transistor and helped move us from vacuum tubes, which were bulky and needed a lot of power, to first gernanium, which they used initially and then to silicon. Shockley got a Nobel Prize in physics for his work and was able to recruit a team of extremely talented young PhDs to help work on new semiconductor devices. He became increasingly frustrated with Bell and took a leave of absence. Shockley moved back to his hometown of Palo Alto, California and started a new company called the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. He had some ideas that were way before his time and wasn't exactly easy to work with. He pushed the chip industry forward but in the process spawned a mass exodus of employees that went to Fairchild in 1957. He called them the “Traitorous 8” to create what would be Fairchild Semiconductors. The alumni of Shockley Labs ended up spawning 65 companies over the next 20 years that laid foundation of the microchip industry to this day, including Intel. . If he were easier to work with, we might not have had the innovation that we've seen if not for Shockley's abbrasiveness! All of these silicon chip makers being in a small area of California then led to that area getting the Silicon Valley moniker, given all the chip makers located there. At this point, people were starting to experiment with computers using transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The University of Manchester created the Transistor Computer in 1953. The first fully transistorized computer came in 1955 with the Harwell CADET, MIT started work on the TX-0 in 1956, and the THOR guidance computer for ICBMs came in 1957. But the IBM 608 was the first commercial all-transistor solid-state computer. The RCA 501, Philco Transac S-1000, and IBM 7070 took us through the age of transistors which continued to get smaller and more compact. At this point, we were really just replacing tubes with transistors. But the integrated circuit would bring us into the third generation of computers. The integrated circuit is an electronic device that has all of the functional blocks put on the same piece of silicon. So the transistor, or multiple transistors, is printed into one block. Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first miniaturized electronic circuit in 1959, which used germanium and external wires and was really more of a hybrid integrated Circuit. Later in 1959, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor invented the first truly monolithic integrated circuit, which he received a patent for. While doing so independently, they are considered the creators of the integrated circuit. The third generation of computers was from 1964 to 1971, and saw the introduction of metal-oxide-silicon and printing circuits with photolithography. In 1965 Gordon Moore, also of Fairchild at the time, observed that the number of transistors, resistors, diodes, capacitors, and other components that could be shoved into a chip was doubling about every year and published an article with this observation in Electronics Magazine, forecasting what's now known as Moore's Law. The integrated circuit gave us the DEC PDP and later the IBM S/360 series of computers, making computers smaller, and brought us into a world where we could write code in COBOL and FORTRAN. A microprocessor is one type of integrated circuit. They're also used in audio amplifiers, analog integrated circuits, clocks, interfaces, etc. But in the early 60s, the Minuteman missal program and the US Navy contracts were practically the only ones using these chips, at this point numbering in the hundreds, bringing us into the world of the MSI, or medium-scale integration chip. Moore and Noyce left Fairchild and founded NM Electronics in 1968, later renaming the company to Intel, short for Integrated Electronics. Federico Faggin came over in 1970 to lead the MCS-4 family of chips. These along with other chips that were economical to produce started to result in chips finding their way into various consumer products. In fact, the MCS-4 chips, which split RAM , ROM, CPU, and I/O, were designed for the Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation and Intel bought the rights back, announcing the chip in Electronic News with an article called “Announcing A New Era In Integrated Electronics.” Together, they built the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor that fit on a single chip. They buried the contacts in multiple layers and introduced 2-phase clocks. Silicon oxide was used to layer integrated circuits onto a single chip. Here, the microprocessor, or CPU, splits the arithmetic and logic unit, or ALU, the bus, the clock, the control unit, and registers up so each can do what they're good at, but live on the same chip. The 1st generation of the microprocessor was from 1971, when these 4-bit chips were mostly used in guidance systems. This boosted the speed by five times. The forming of Intel and the introduction of the 4004 chip can be seen as one of the primary events that propelled us into the evolution of the microprocessor and the fourth generation of computers, which lasted from 1972 to 2010. The Intel 4004 had 2,300 transistors. The Intel 4040 came in 1974, giving us 3,000 transistors. It was still a 4-bit data bus but jumped to 12-bit ROM. The architecture was also from Faggin but the design was carried out by Tom Innes. We were firmly in the era of LSI, or Large Scale Integration chips. These chips were also used in the Busicom calculator, and even in the first pinball game controlled by a microprocessor. But getting a true computer to fit on a chip, or a modern CPU, remained an elusive goal. Texas Instruments ran an ad in Electronics with a caption that the 8008 was a “CPU on a Chip” and attempted to patent the chip, but couldn't make it work. Faggin went to Intel and they did actually make it work, giving us the first 8-bit microprocessor. It was then redesigned in 1972 as the 8080. A year later, the chip was fabricated and then put on the market in 1972. Intel made the R&D money back in 5 months and sparked the idea for Ed Roberts to build The Altair 8800. Motorola and Zilog brought competition in the 6900 and Z-80, which was used in the Tandy TRS-80, one of the first mass produced computers. N-MOSs transistors on chips allowed for new and faster paths and MOS Technology soon joined the fray with the 6501 and 6502 chips in 1975. The 6502 ended up being the chip used in the Apple I, Apple II, NES, Atari 2600, BBC Micro, Commodore PET and Commodore VIC-20. The MOS 6510 variant was then used in the Commodore 64. The 8086 was released in 1978 with 3,000 transistors and marked the transition to Intel's x86 line of chips, setting what would become the standard in future chips. But the IBM wasn't the only place you could find chips. The Motorola 68000 was used in the Sun-1 from Sun Microsystems, the HP 9000, the DEC VAXstation, the Comodore Amiga, the Apple Lisa, the Sinclair QL, the Sega Genesis, and the Mac. The chips were also used in the first HP LaserJet and the Apple LaserWriter and used in a number of embedded systems for years to come. As we rounded the corner into the 80s it was clear that the computer revolution was upon us. A number of computer companies were looking to do more than what they could do with he existing Intel, MOS, and Motorola chips. And ARPA was pushing the boundaries yet again. Carver Mead of Caltech and Lynn Conway of Xerox PARC saw the density of transistors in chips starting to plateau. So with DARPA funding they went out looking for ways to push the world into the VLSI era, or Very Large Scale Integration. The VLSI project resulted in the concept of fabless design houses, such as Broadcom, 32-bit graphics, BSD Unix, and RISC processors, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor. Out of the RISC work done at UC Berkely came a number of new options for chips as well. One of these designers, Acorn Computers evaluated a number of chips and decided to develop their own, using VLSI Technology, a company founded by more Fairchild Semiconductor alumni) to manufacture the chip in their foundry. Sophie Wilson, then Roger, worked on an instruction set for the RISC. Out of this came the Acorn RISC Machine, or ARM chip. Over 100 billion ARM processors have been produced, well over 10 for every human on the planet. You know that fancy new A13 that Apple announced. It uses a licensed ARM core. Another chip that came out of the RISC family was the SUN Sparc. Sun being short for Stanford University Network, co-founder Andy Bchtolsheim, they were close to the action and released the SPARC in 1986. I still have a SPARC 20 I use for this and that at home. Not that SPARC has gone anywhere. They're just made by Oracle now. The Intel 80386 chip was a 32 bit microprocessor released in 1985. The first chip had 275,000 transistors, taking plenty of pages from the lessons learned in the VLSI projects. Compaq built a machine on it, but really the IBM PC/AT made it an accepted standard, although this was the beginning of the end of IBMs hold on the burgeoning computer industry. And AMD, yet another company founded by Fairchild defectors, created the Am386 in 1991, ending Intel's nearly 5 year monopoly on the PC clone industry and ending an era where AMD was a second source of Intel parts but instead was competing with Intel directly. We can thank AMD's aggressive competition with Intel for helping to keep the CPU industry going along Moore's law! At this point transistors were only 1.5 microns in size. Much, much smaller than a cats whisker. The Intel 80486 came in 1989 and again tracking against Moore's Law we hit the first 1 million transistor chip. Remember how Compaq helped end IBM's hold on the PC market? When the Intel 486 came along they went with AMD. This chip was also important because we got L1 caches, meaning that chips didn't need to send instructions to other parts of the motherboard but could do caching internally. From then on, the L1 and later L2 caches would be listed on all chips. We'd finally broken 100MHz! Motorola released the 68050 in 1990, hitting 1.2 Million transistors, and giving Apple the chip that would define the Quadra and also that L1 cache. The DEC Alpha came along in 1992, also a RISC chip, but really kicking off the 64-bit era. While the most technically advanced chip of the day, it never took off and after DEC was acquired by Compaq and Compaq by HP, the IP for the Alpha was sold to Intel in 2001, with the PC industry having just decided they could have all their money. But back to the 90s, ‘cause life was better back when grunge was new. At this point, hobbyists knew what the CPU was but most normal people didn't. The concept that there was a whole Univac on one of these never occurred to most people. But then came the Pentium. Turns out that giving a chip a name and some marketing dollars not only made Intel a household name but solidified their hold on the chip market for decades to come. While the Intel Inside campaign started in 1991, after the Pentium was released in 1993, the case of most computers would have a sticker that said Intel Inside. Intel really one upped everyone. The first Pentium, the P5 or 586 or 80501 had 3.1 million transistors that were 16.7 micrometers. Computers kept getting smaller and cheaper and faster. Apple answered by moving to the PowerPC chip from IBM, which owed much of its design to the RISC. Exactly 10 years after the famous 1984 Super Bowl Commercial, Apple was using a CPU from IBM. Another advance came in 1996 when IBM developed the Power4 chip and gave the world multi-core processors, or a CPU that had multiple CPU cores inside the CPU. Once parallel processing caught up to being able to have processes that consumed the resources on all those cores, we saw Intel's Pentium D, and AMD's Athlon 64 x2 released in May 2005 bringing multi-core architecture to the consumer. This led to even more parallel processing and an explosion in the number of cores helped us continue on with Moore's Law. There are now custom chips that reach into the thousands of cores today, although most laptops have maybe 4 cores in them. Setting multi-core architectures aside for a moment, back to Y2K when Justin Timberlake was still a part of NSYNC. Then came the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium III, Xeon, Pentium M, Xeon LV, Pentium 4. On the IBM/Apple side, we got the G3 with 6.3 million transistors, G4 with 10.5 million transistors, and the G5 with 58 million transistors and 1,131 feet of copper interconnects, running at 3GHz in 2002 - so much copper that NSYNC broke up that year. The Pentium 4 that year ran at 2.4 GHz and sported 50 million transistors. This is about 1 transistor per dollar made off Star Trek: Nemesis in 2002. I guess Attack of the Clones was better because it grossed over 300 Million that year. Remember how we broke the million transistor mark in 1989? In 2005, Intel started testing Montecito with certain customers. The Titanium-2 64-bit CPU with 1.72 billion transistors, shattering the billion mark and hitting a billion two years earlier than projected. Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced Apple would be moving to the Intel processor that year. NeXTSTEP had been happy as a clam on Intel, SPARC or HP RISC so given the rapid advancements from Intel, this seemed like a safe bet and allowed Apple to tell directors in IT departments “see, we play nice now.” And the innovations kept flowing for the next decade and a half. We packed more transistors in, more cache, cleaner clean rooms, faster bus speeds, with Intel owning the computer CPU market and AMD slowly growing from the ashes of Acorn computer into the power-house that AMD cores are today, when embedded in other chips designs. I'd say not much interesting has happened, but it's ALL interesting, except the numbers just sound stupid they're so big. And we had more advances along the way of course, but it started to feel like we were just miniaturizing more and more, allowing us to do much more advanced computing in general. The fifth generation of computing is all about technologies that we today consider advanced. Artificial Intelligence, Parallel Computing, Very High Level Computer Languages, the migration away from desktops to laptops and even smaller devices like smartphones. ULSI, or Ultra Large Scale Integration chips not only tells us that chip designers really have no creativity outside of chip architecture, but also means millions up to tens of billions of transistors on silicon. At the time of this recording, the AMD Epic Rome is the single chip package with the most transistors, at 32 billion. Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the second most in the crust of the planet earth. Given that there's more chips than people by a huge percentage, we're lucky we don't have to worry about running out any time soon! We skipped RAM in this episode. But it kinda' deserves its own, since RAM is still following Moore's Law, while the CPU is kinda' lagging again. Maybe it's time for our friends at DARPA to get the kids from Berkley working at VERYUltra Large Scale chips or VULSIs! Or they could sign on to sponsor this podcast! And now I'm going to go take a VERYUltra Large Scale nap. Gentle listeners I hope you can do that as well. Unless you're driving while listening to this. Don't nap while driving. But do have a lovely day. Thank you for listening to yet another episode of the History of Computing Podcast. We're so lucky to have you!

Rob Black talks about FANG stocks, donuts, Uber, the Microprocessor Industry, and higher interest rates.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.