The TBPod

Associate Professor Nicolas Alan Menzies, from the School of Global Health and Population at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts, joins Dr Andrew Burke to discuss his research on the contribution of post-TB sequelae to life-years and quality-adjusted life-years lost due to TB disease in the United States. Drawing on data from both U.S. and Brazilian cohorts, he explores how a significant portion of TB's health burden, including elevated mortality and reduced quality of life, emerges after treatment completion with apparent cure. Together, they discuss the impact of delayed diagnosis, age-related risks, and the need for early detection and long-term care.

Dr Matthew Burman is a TB clinician and researcher from East London, Queen Mary University and the Blizzard Institute. Today he presents the data from the CATAPULT trial which randomised patients to either have their latent TB infection managed by a TB clinic in secondary care, or be managed in primary care by their GP in concert with a community pharmacist. This amazing trial re-evaluates how we think about TB preventative therapy and looks at new ways of approaching the burden of latent TB infection.REFERENCESBurman, M., et al. "Protocol for a cluster randomised control trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in recent migrants within primary care: the CATAPuLT trial." BMC Public Health 19 (2019): 1-7.Goswami, Neela D., et al. "Predictors of latent tuberculosis treatment initiation and completion at a US public health clinic: a prospective cohort study." BMC public health 12 (2012): 1-8.Loutet, Miranda G., et al. "National roll-out of latent tuberculosis testing and treatment for new migrants in England: a retrospective evaluation in a high-incidence area." European Respiratory Journal 51.1 (2018).Alsdurf, Hannah, et al. "The cascade of care in diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis." The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16.11 (2016): 1269-1278.

Dr. Stijn Deborggraeve is the Diagnostics Advisor Infectious Diseases at Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Access Campaign.In this episode we discussed GeneXpert technology including pricing, logistics, and future developments.

Dr Graeme Hoddinott is a Senior Lecturer in Global Health at the University of Sydney. He is also an Extraordinary Associate Professor in paediatrics at Stellenbosch University. Much of his research experience is on tuberculosis, especially among children, adolescents, and their families. In this episode, we explore ground-breaking research on the preferences of children and adolescents in tuberculosis (TB) treatment and management, revealing surprising insights that could lead to better patient outcomes. We also discuss the hidden long-term effects of TB treatment in younger populations and highlight areas where further research is essential. 

Associate Professor Sarah Bernays, co-director of the Masters of Global Health program at the University of Sydney, leads a social science research program focused on community engagement in infectious disease prevention, treatment, and care. Her work emphasizes understanding how individuals, households, and communities respond to health adversity, risk, and vulnerability while fostering resilience and hope. In this episode, we explored the perspectives of tuberculosis patients, the challenges they face in accessing and receiving clinical care, and methods to identify what truly matters to them. We also examined strategies for clinicians and researchers to enhance their approaches to interventions. Finally, we highlighted the importance of cultural contexts and the value of patient expertise in shaping effective care. 1. Person-centered and youth-oriented interventions to improve TB Care for adolescents and young adults: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003659

Professor Guy Marks AO FAHMS is a distinguished respiratory and public health physician and environmental epidemiologist. Currently serving as the President and interim Executive Director of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), he has led the Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology group at the Woolcock Institute since 1997. His research primarily focuses on lung health, with particular emphasis on airway diseases, air pollution, and tuberculosis. Additionally, he is dedicated to capacity building in lung health research. In this episode, we delve into the essential factors for TB elimination, emphasizing the need for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to focus on the infectious nature of TB. We explore the significance of large-scale active case finding, a strategy employed since the early 20th century, and discuss why targeted case-finding should be prioritized in middle- and low-burden countries where it proves most effective.Summary (Unfortunately not included in the audio) Despite extensive eradication efforts comparable to malaria and HIV, TB remains a persistent public health issue. Guy indicated that current metrics suggest we are not on track to meet the 2030-2035 global TB eradication targets. Professor Marks highlights the primary factors required for TB elimination, with emphasis that as clinicians, researchers, and policymakers, we need to centre our approach to TB eradication on the basis infectious nature of TB. Since its use in the early 20th century in Western countries, large-scale active case finding remains a primary strategy in the management of TB. Guy indicates that targeted case-finding should be reserved for middle and low TB burden countries where it is more effective.  Professor Mark's Vietnam-Based Research on TB Transmission shows that in high-burden TB countries: Most TB cases result from recent transmission, and are the largely responsible for driving the epidemic in these settings. Identifying and treating these recently diagnosed cases leads to a rapid reduction in TB incidence across the population.  Feasibility and cost remain as the prohibitive challenges for implementing molecular techniques widely in TB case identification. However, advances in radiographic technology are helping to bridge this gap, especially in high TB settings.  Professor Mark's suggests that the essential approach to achieving TB eradication will revolve around finding patients with TB and delivering efficient and effective healthcare.

Amanda Christensen joins us in this month's edition to discuss the critical impact of nurses in the fight against tuberculosis. Amanda is the Executive Director at the Australian Respiratory Council and is deeply experienced in the field of tuberculosis care.We explored the ideal attributes of TB nurses, offering perspectives on tuberculosis both within Australia and across the Pacific. We discussed the importance of patient advocacy, examined the structure and management of TB programs within the Australian healthcare system, and highlighted the critical role TB nurses play in clinical and research settings. We also delved into the opportunities available for nurses to enter this impactful field. Interviewer: Professor Greg Fox, ACTnet SC

Today we had the pleasure of being joined by Associate Professor Patrick Phillips from the University of California, who is the Co-Director of the UC Tuberculosis Research Advancement Center, Clinical & Population Health Science Core. Patrick has a wealth of statistical experience and specialises in the design, implementation, and optimisation of clinical trials for new treatments for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis.Join us as we explore the rapidly evolving field of TB clinical trials and drug development. Discover the latest advancements in surrogate selection, novel Bayesian phase II designs, and the future of adaptive trial designs. We also delve into the critical clinician-statistician interface, highlighting the exciting opportunities for TB clinicians today.10.1186/s12879-022-07846-w

Handaa Enkh Amgalan is an author, TB advocate and director of QA at the International Rescue Committee in Germany who has not only recently spoken at the UN TB High Level Meeting but also written an incredible memoir of her experience being diagnosed with severe pulmonary tuberculosis as a teenager growing up in Mongolia. Handaa gives an incredible insight into what it means to be diagnosed with such a stigmatising disease as a young woman; how it affect her, her family, and her dreams. This amazing story provides us insights into the devastating effects of stigma and sheds light on what we can do as health care workers to better support our patients.Find Handaa's book at:- https://www.amazon.co.uk/STIGMATIZED-Mongolian-Journey-Illness-Empowerment-ebook/dp/B0992QBHR2- https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58534082-stigmatized

Professor Adrian Martineau from the Queen Mary University London talks to us about the limitations of current latent TB infection diagnosis and how we can do better.  his research into whether we can use fragments of TB DNA found in bone marrow cells to better predict who should be treated with Tuberculosis Preventative Treatment.REFERENCESMartineau, Adrian R., et al. "Towards a molecular microbial blood test for tuberculosis infection." International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2024): 106988.Belay, Mulugeta, et al. "Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA in CD34-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asymptomatic tuberculosis contacts: an observational study." The Lancet Microbe 2.6 (2021): e267-e275.Repele, Federica, et al. "Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in CD34+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adults with tuberculosis infection and disease." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 141 (2024): 106999.

Today we discuss the MTBVAC with Dr Montañés. MTBVAC is an attenuated vaccine from a human mycobacterial isolate which has just progressed to a phase 3 trial and shown very promising results in the phase 2 study. Dr Montañés has been involved in this project for over a decade and has an incredible insight into the development and promise of this vaccine for global TB epidemiology.ReferencesMartín, Carlos, et al. "MTBVAC, a live TB vaccine poised to initiate efficacy trials 100 years after BCG." Vaccine 39.50 (2021): 7277-7285.Achkar, Jacqueline M. "Prospects and challenges of a new live tuberculosis vaccine." The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 7.9 (2019): 723-725.Arbues, Ainhoa, et al. "Construction, characterization and preclinical evaluation of MTBVAC, the first live-attenuated M. tuberculosis-based vaccine to enter clinical trials." Vaccine 31.42 (2013): 4867-4873.Tameris, Michele, et al. "Live-attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine MTBVAC versus BCG in adults and neonates: a randomised controlled, double-blind dose-escalation trial." The lancet Respiratory medicine 7.9 (2019): 757-770.Spertini, François, et al. "Safety of human immunisation with a live-attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, controlled phase I trial." The lancet Respiratory medicine 3.12 (2015): 953-962.Gonzalo-Asensio, Jesus, et al. "MTBVAC: attenuating the human pathogen of tuberculosis (TB) toward a promising vaccine against the TB epidemic." Frontiers in immunology 8 (2017): 296893.

Prof Greg Fox speaks with Prof Philip Hill about TB household contact tracing and building research capacity in TB. Prof Hill is an ID specialist and public health physician who did his PhD in TB Epidemiology. He is the current McAuley Chair in International Health as well as being Founding Direction & Co-Director of the Centre for International Health at the University of Otago.References1) Martinez, Leonardo, et al. "The risk of tuberculosis in children after close exposure: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis." The Lancet 395.10228 (2020): 973-984.2) Hill, Philip C., et al. "Incidence of tuberculosis and the predictive value of ELISPOT and Mantoux tests in Gambian case contacts." PLoS One 3.1 (2008): e1379.3) Martinez, Leonardo, et al. "Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in households and the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis." American journal of epidemiology 185.12 (2017): 1327-1339.4) Martinez, Leonardo, et al. "Paediatric tuberculosis transmission outside the household: challenging historical paradigms to inform future public health strategies." The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 7.6 (2019): 544-552.5) Hill, Philip C., and Martin OC Ota. "Tuberculosis case-contact research in endemic tropical settings: design, conduct, and relevance to other infectious diseases." The Lancet infectious diseases 10.10 (2010): 723-732.6) Alisjahbana, Bachti, et al. "Are neighbourhoods of tuberculosis cases a high-risk population for active intervention? A protocol for tuberculosis active case finding." Plos one 16.8 (2021): e0256043.

Today we speak with Dr Guglielmetti about the END-TB trial which looks at new all oral regimens for MDR-TB.REFERENCES1) https://endtb.org/2) Nyang'wa, Bern-Thomas, et al. "A 24-week, all-oral regimen for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis." New England Journal of Medicine 387.25 (2022): 2331-2343.3) Conradie, Francesca, et al. "Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis." New England Journal of Medicine 382.10 (2020): 893-902.4) Diacon, Andreas H., et al. "Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and culture conversion with bedaquiline." New England Journal of Medicine 371.8 (2014): 723-732.5) Gler, Maria Tarcela, et al. "Delamanid for multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis." New England Journal of Medicine 366.23 (2012): 2151-2160.6) Ahmad, Nafees, et al. "Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis." The Lancet 392.10150 (2018): 821-834.7) Lan, Zhiyi, et al. "Drug-associated adverse events in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis." The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8.4 (2020): 383-394.APA | 

Today we delve into the world of TB diagnostics and the future of leveraged TB technologies with Dr Morten Ruhwald. Dr Ruhwald is a the head of the TB programme over at FIND, an institution dedicated to accelerating equitable access to reliable diagnosis around the world. Dr Ruhwald elaborates on the current state of TB diagnostics, new clinical strategies, usability factors,  and future TB perspectives.https://www.finddx.org/what-we-do/programmes/tuberculosis/https://www.actnet.org.au/

Today we speak with Dr Chris Lowbridge about the amazing work of the TB teams in the Northern Territory. Chris talks about the challenges of controlling tuberculosis across 1.42 million square kilometres, more than 100 local languages, and some very isolated communities.ReferencesMeumann, Ella M., et al. "Tuberculosis in Australia's tropical north: a population-based genomic epidemiological study." The Lancet Regional Health–Western Pacific 15 (2021).Vigneswaran, Nilanthy, et al. "Factors leading to diagnostic delay in tuberculosis in the tropical north of Australia." Internal Medicine Journal (2023).Coorey, N. J., et al. "Risk factors for TB in Australia and their association with delayed treatment completion." The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 26.5 (2022): 399-405.Francis, J. R., et al. "Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Australia, 1998–2012." The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease 22.3 (2018): 294-299.

Today we speak with Dr Clifton Barry from NIH in Bethesda, Maryland who is head of the most highly cited research group in the field of TB over the past year and has made extraordinary contributions to TB drug development. Dr Barry speaks about his involvement in the PREDICT TB study, the TB Drug Accelerator and some of the most exciting drug developments in recent years.REFERENCESGreen, Simon R., et al. "Lysyl-tRNA synthetase, a target for urgently needed M. tuberculosis drugs." Nature communications 13.1 (2022): 5992.https://predict-tb.com/Lange, Christoph, Clifton E. Barry III, and C. Robert Horsburgh Jr. "Treatments of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: light at the end of the tunnel." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 205.10 (2022): 1142-1144.Khan, RM Naseer, et al. "Distributable, metabolic PET reporting of tuberculosis." bioRxiv (2023).Cole, STea, et al. "Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence." Nature 396.6707 (1998): 190-190.Finin, Peter, et al. "Chemical approaches to unraveling the biology of mycobacteria." Cell Chemical Biology 30.5 (2023): 420-435.Libardo, M. Daben J., et al. "Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to indole 4-carboxamides occurs through alterations in drug metabolism and tryptophan biosynthesis." Cell Chemical Biology 28.8 (2021): 1180-1191.Barry, Clifton E., Helena IM Boshoff, and Cynthia S. Dowd. "Prospects for clinical introduction of nitroimidazole antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis." Current pharmaceutical design 10.26 (2004): 3239-3262.Xie, Yingda L., et al. "Fourteen-day PET/CT imaging to monitor drug combination activity in treated individuals with tuberculosis." Science Translational Medicine 13.579 (2021): eabd7618.

Today we get an update on where the TB Vaccine pipeline is up to, how TB vaccines work and what exciting candidates might be on the horizon. We speak with Professor Jamie Triccas from the University of Sydney about his work as the principal investigator on the Advancing Vaccine Adjuvant Research for Tuberculosis (AVAR-T) which is an NIH funded project to identify the most promising adjuvant-TB immunogenicity candidates for development.REFERENCESStewart, Erica, James A. Triccas, and Nikolai Petrovsky. "Adjuvant strategies for more effective tuberculosis vaccine immunity." Microorganisms 7.8 (2019): 255.Counoupas, Claudio, James A. Triccas, and Warwick J. Britton. "Deciphering protective immunity against tuberculosis: implications for vaccine development." Expert Review of Vaccines 18.4 (2019): 353-364.Triccas, James A., and Jonathan K. Nambiar. "Challenge of developing new tuberculosis vaccines to generate life-long protective immunity." Expert Review of Vaccines 8.7 (2009): 823-825.Counoupas, Claudio, et al. "Mucosal delivery of a multistage subunit vaccine promotes development of lung-resident memory T cells and affords interleukin-17-dependent protection against pulmonary tuberculosis." npj Vaccines 5.1 (2020): 105.Counoupas, Claudio, and James A. Triccas. "The generation of T‐cell memory to protect against tuberculosis." Immunology and Cell Biology 97.7 (2019): 656-663.Triccas, James A., and Claudio Counoupas. "Novel vaccination approaches to prevent tuberculosis in children." Pneumonia 8 (2016): 1-7.Counoupas, Claudio, et al. "Protective efficacy of recombinant BCG over-expressing protective, stage-specific antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Vaccine 36.19 (2018): 2619-2629.Counoupas, Claudio, et al. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis components expressed during chronic infection of the lung contribute to long-term control of pulmonary tuberculosis in mice." npj Vaccines 1.1 (2016): 1-11.

Today we have the pleasure of speaking with Professor Giovanni Migliori about TB Elimination. Professor Migliori is the director of the WHO collaborating centre for TB and lung disease and is the current chief editor for the international journal of TB and lung disease. He was formerly the secretary general of the ERS and president of the Union's European region. Today he speaks about his recent viewpoint publication regarding how different countries should be approaching TB control and elimination and why it's important for different countries to target different objectives.References:Migliori, Giovanni Battista, et al. "The path to tuberculosis elimination: a renewed vision." European Respiratory Journal 61.6 (2023).Chiara, Ippoliti. "WHO targets elimination of TB in over 30 countries." Central European Journal of Public Health 22.3 (2014): 158-163.Lönnroth, Knut, et al. "Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries." European Respiratory Journal 45.4 (2015): 928-952.D'Ambrosio, Lia, et al. "Tuberculosis elimination: theory and practice in Europe." European Respiratory Journal 43.5 (2014): 1410-1420.Matteelli, Alberto, et al. "Tuberculosis elimination: where are we now?." European Respiratory Review 27.148 (2018).Diel, Roland, et al. "Old ideas to innovate tuberculosis control: preventive treatment to achieve elimination." European Respiratory Journal 42.3 (2013): 785-801.Matteelli, Alberto, et al. "Tuberculosis elimination and the challenge of latent tuberculosis." La Presse Médicale 46.2 (2017): e13-e21.Voniatis, Constantia, et al. "Tuberculosis elimination: dream or reality? The case of Cyprus." European Respiratory Journal 44.2 (2014): 543-546.Rendon, Adrian, et al. "Roadmap for tuberculosis elimination in Latin American and Caribbean countries: a strategic alliance." European Respiratory Journal 48.5 (2016): 1282-1287.Al Yaquobi, Fatma, et al. "Tuberculosis elimination: a dream or a reality? The case of Oman." European Respiratory Journal 51.1 (2018).

Today we speak with Prof Mola, Dr Welch and Dr Visiliu about their amazing work tackling TB in pregnancy in Papua New Guinea. They talk about the epidemiological, geographical and social challenges of providing maternal TB care in PNG along with some insights into treatment and control.REFERENCES:Hamada, Yohhei, et al. "The safety of isoniazid tuberculosis preventive treatment in pregnant and postpartum women: systematic review and meta-analysis." European Respiratory Journal 55.3 (2020).Gupta, Amita, et al. "Timing of maternal isoniazid preventive therapy on tuberculosis infection among infants exposed to HIV in low-income and middle-income settings: a secondary analysis of the TB APPRISE trial." The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 7.10 (2023): 708-717Lotia Farrukh, Ismat, et al. "Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes in Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treated With Regimens That Include New and Repurposed Drugs." Clinical Infectious Diseases (2023): ciad445.Arvidsson, Åsa, et al. "The cascade of care for pregnant women with latent tuberculosis infection in a high-income country." Infectious Diseases 55.9 (2023): 635-645.Gupta, Amita, et al. "Isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women." New England Journal of Medicine 381.14 (2019): 1333-1346.Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Akilew Awoke Adane, and Alemken Jegnie. "Impact of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and its medications on adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ open 9.12 (2019): e034821.

Today we speak with Professor Justin Denholm about his work with the National TB Advisory Committee in Australia and the role whole genome sequencing (WGS) has in public health. Professor Denholm talks about how WGS is expanding the way we think about tuberculosis and how this WGS can bring us into a new age of TB elimination strategy.REFERENCES1. Ferdinand, Angeline S., et al. "An implementation science approach to evaluating pathogen whole genome sequencing in public health." Genome Medicine 13 (2021): 1-11.2. Dale, Katie, et al. "Whole genome sequencing for tuberculosis in Victoria, Australia: A genomic implementation study from 2017 to 2020." The Lancet Regional Health–Western Pacific28 (2022).3. Donnan, Ellen J., et al. "The use of whole genome sequencing for tuberculosis public health activities in Australia: a joint statement of the National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee and Communicable Diseases Genomics Network." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 47 (2023).4. Al Abri, Seif, et al. "Tools to implement the World Health Organization End TB Strategy: Addressing common challenges in high and low endemic countries." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 92 (2020): S60-S68.5. Migliori, Giovanni Battista, et al. "The path to tuberculosis elimination: a renewed vision." European Respiratory Journal61.6 (2023).

In this extraordinary episode we speak with renowned historian Professor Christoph Gradmann about the life and work of German physician Robert Koch. In this episode we look at how Koch came to discover tuberculosis and what it meant for the field of medicine in the late 19th century.REFERENCES:Gradmann, Christoph. "Robert Koch and the pressures of scientific research: tuberculosis and tuberculin." Medical history 45.1 (2001): 1-32.Gradmann, Christoph. "Robert Koch and the white death: from tuberculosis to tuberculin." Microbes and Infection 8.1 (2006): 294-301.Gradmann, Christoph. "Robert Koch and the invention of the carrier state: tropical medicine, veterinary infections and epidemiology around 1900." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 41.3 (2010): 232-240.Gradmann, Christoph. "Money and microbes: Robert Koch, tuberculin and the Foundation of the Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin in 1891." History and philosophy of the life sciences (2000): 59-79.Gradmann, Christoph. "A spirit of scientific rigour: Koch's postulates in twentieth-century medicine." Microbes and infection 16.11 (2014): 885-892.Gradmann, Christoph. "A harmony of illusions: clinical and experimental testing of Robert Koch's tuberculin 1890–1900." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 35.3 (2004): 465-481.Gradmann, Christoph, Mark Harrison, and Anne Rasmussen. "Typhoid and the Military in the Early 20th Century." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69.Supplement_5 (2019): S385-S387.Gradmann, Christoph. "The traveling laboratory: Robert Koch investigates cholera 1883/84." Medizinhistorisches Journal38.1 (2003): 35-56.Gradmann, Christoph. "Laboratory disease: Robert Koch's medical bacteriology." Isis 102 (2011).

Today we have the pleasure of speaking to both Professor Leonard (Respiratory physician and director of the sarcoidosis service for Manchester Foundation Trust) and Dr Montero (director of cellular pathology for Wythenshawe Hospital) about the complex interplay between these two illnesses and how best to approach complex patients with uncertain diagnosis of granulomatous disease.REFERENCES:Agrawal, Rupesh, et al. "Tuberculosis or sarcoidosis: opposite ends of the same disease spectrum?." Tuberculosis 98 (2016): 21-26.Baughman, Robert P., et al. "ERS clinical practice guidelines on treatment of sarcoidosis." European respiratory journal58.6 (2021).Fang, Chuling, Hui Huang, and Zuojun Xu. "Immunological evidence for the role of mycobacteria in sarcoidosis: a meta-analysis." PLoS One 11.8 (2016): e0154716.Malkova, Anna, et al. "The opposite effect of human leukocyte antigen genotypes in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: A narrative review of the literature." ERJ Open Research 6.3 (2020).Mortaz, Esmaeil, Ian M. Adcock, and Peter J. Barnes. "Sarcoidosis: Role of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis." International journal of mycobacteriology 3.4 (2014): 225-229.

Today I had the privilege of speak with Professor Christoph Lange, Secretary General of the Union, founding chairman of TBNet and is the clinical lead for the Unite4TB Consortium. Professor Lange spoke to us about where we're up to with our EndTB Goals. Professor Lange spoke about the significant barriers that remain, where our shortfalls have come, where our successes have arisen, and what exciting opportunities lay in the years ahead for tuberculosis.REFERENCESLange, Christoph, et al. "Perspective for precision medicine for tuberculosis." Frontiers in Immunology 11 (2020): 566608Lange, Christoph, et al. "Management of patients with multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement." (2014): 23-63.Günther, Gunar, et al. "Relative cost of multidrug-resistant TB medicines in Europe." The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease 27.5 (2023): 341-344.Koehler, Niklas, et al. "Pretomanid-resistant tuberculosis." Journal of Infection 86.5 (2023): 520-524.Domínguez, José, et al. "Clinical implications of molecular drug resistance testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a 2023 TBnet/RESIST-TB consensus statement." The Lancet Infectious Diseases 23.4 (2023): e122-e137.Heyckendorf, Jan, et al. "Method for diagnosis and treatment monitoring and individual therapy end decision in tuberculosis infection." U.S. Patent Application No. 17/904,544Villar-Hernández, Raquel, et al. "Tuberculosis: current challenges and beyond." Breathe 19.1 (2023)Günther, Gunar, et al. "Availability and costs of medicines for the treatment of tuberculosis in Europe." Clinical microbiology and infection 29.1 (2023): 77-84DiNardo, Andrew R., et al. "Gene expression signatures identify biologically and clinically distinct tuberculosis endotypes." European Respiratory Journal 60.3 (2022).Günther, Gunar, et al. "Cost and availability of drugs and treatment regimens and availability of drug resistance testing for tuberculosis in Europe." medRxiv (2022): 2022-02Boeree, M. J., et al. "UNITE4TB: a new consortium for clinical drug and regimen development for TB." The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 25.11 (2021): 886Lönnroth, Knut, N. Sarita Shah, and Christoph Lange. "State-of-the-art series on tuberculosis and migration." The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease 20.10 (2016): 1280-1281.DiNardo, Andrew R., et al. "Tuberculosis endotypes to guide stratified host-directed therapy." Med 2.3 (2021): 217-232.

Today I had the pleasure of speaking with Dr Emily MacLean about the exciting modern tests both commercially available and in research development for diagnosing tuberculosis. Emily talked to us about how GeneXpert has evolved and how we can get the most out of this amazing test but also about the extraordinary diagnostic tests being investigated at the moment from blood tests of host response to bacilli to AI learning cough acoustic markers of tuberculosis!REFERENCES:MacLean, Emily, et al. "Diagnostic accuracy of stool Xpert MTB/RIF for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of clinical microbiology 57.6 (2019): e02057-18.Singhroy, Diane N., et al. "Adoption and uptake of the lateral flow urine LAM test in countries with high tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS burden: current landscape and barriers." Gates open research 4 (2020).MacLean, Emily Lai-Ho, et al. "Integrating tuberculosis and COVID-19 molecular testing in Lima, Peru: a cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study." The Lancet Microbe (2023).Zifodya, Jerry S., et al. "Xpert Ultra versus Xpert MTB/RIF for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 (2021).APA | Mishra, Hridesh, et al. "Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF for diagnosis of tuberculosis in an HIV-endemic setting with a high burden of previous tuberculosis: a two-cohort diagnostic accuracy study." The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8.4 (2020): 368-382.APA | Kohli, Mikashmi, et al. "Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (2021).APA | Branigan D. Tuberculosis Diagnostics. Nov 2022. Available at:https://www.treatmentactiongroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/pipeline_TB_diagnostics_2022.pdfMacLean, Emily, et al. "Advances in molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis." Journal of clinical microbiology 58.10 (2020): e01582-19.Sweeney, Timothy E., et al. "Genome-wide expression for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a multicohort analysis." The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 4.3 (2016): 213-224.Sutherland, Jayne S., et al. "Diagnostic accuracy of the Cepheid 3-gene host response fingerstick blood test in a prospective, multi-site study: interim results." Clinical Infectious Diseases 74.12 (2022): 2136-2141.Moreira, Flora Martinez Figueira, et al. "Blood-based host biomarker diagnostics in active case finding for pulmonary tuberculosis: A diagnostic case-control study." EClinicalMedicine 33 (2021): 100776.Peter, Jonny G., et al. "Effect on mortality of point-of-care, urine-based lipoarabinomannan testing to guide tuberculosis treatment initiation in HIV-positive hospital inpatients: a pragmatic, parallel-group, multicountry, open-label, randomised controlled trial." The Lancet 387.10024 (2016): 1187-1197.

Today I had the pleasure of speaking with Dr Geoff Eather from the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane about his work and research on TST and IGRA screening for tuberculosis. This was a fantastic experience to learn more about these incredibly common tests from an expert in this field of research. REFERENCES:Auguste, Peter, et al. "Comparing interferon-gamma release assays with tuberculin skin test for identifying latent tuberculosis infection that progresses to active tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis." BMC infectious diseases 17 (2017): 1-13.Campbell, Jonathon R., Nicholas Winters, and Dick Menzies. "Absolute risk of tuberculosis among untreated populations with a positive tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay result: systematic review and meta-analysis." bmj 368 (2020).Dobler, Claudia C., et al. "Risk of tuberculosis in patients with solid cancers and haematological malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis." European Respiratory Journal 50.2 (2017).Mulenga, Humphrey, et al. "Performance of diagnostic and predictive host blood transcriptomic signatures for Tuberculosis disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLoS One 15.8 (2020): e0237574.Rangaka, Molebogeng X., et al. "Predictive value of interferon-γ release assays for incident active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis." The Lancet infectious diseases12.1 (2012): 45-55.Tagmouti, Saloua, et al. "Reproducibility of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assays. A systematic review." Annals of the American Thoracic Society 11.8 (2014): 1267-1276.

Today I had the pleasure of speaking to Hojoon Sohn, an associate professor in infectious disease epidemiologist at the Seoul National University College of Medicine. Hojoon is an expert in TB modelling and speaks to us about his research in decentralised models of testing. This was a fascinating podcast about an area of Tuberculosis not often encountered in the clinical sphere and Hojoon gives a wonderful insight into how and why we implement diagnostic testing.REFERENCESSohn, Hojoon, et al. "Informing decision-making for universal access to quality tuberculosis diagnosis in India: an economic-epidemiological model." BMC medicine 17 (2019): 1-11.XPEL-TB: Cattamanchi, Adithya, et al. "Multicomponent strategy with decentralised molecular testing for tuberculosis." New England Journal of Medicine 385.26 (2021): 2441-2450.Mungai, Brenda Nyambura, et al. "‘If not TB, what could it be?'Chest X-ray findings from the 2016 Kenya Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey." Thorax 76.6 (2021): 607-614.Vessière, Aurélia, et al. "Impact of systematic early tuberculosis detection using Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra in children with severe pneumonia in high tuberculosis burden countries (TB-Speed pneumonia): a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial." BMC pediatrics 21 (2021): 1-12.Thompson, Ryan R., et al. "Multicomponent strategy with decentralised molecular testing for tuberculosis in Uganda: a cost and cost-effectiveness analysis." The Lancet Global Health 11.2 (2023): e278-e286.

Today we speak to Professor Jan-Willem Alffenaar from Westmead Hospital and the University of Sydney about Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Tuberculosis. Professor Alffenaar reviews the PK/PD issues with common TB medications, the strengths and weaknesses of TDM and how best to utilise TDM in the treatment of TB patients. REFERENCES1) personalised dosing of TB drugsClinical standards for the dosing and management of TB drugsAlffenaar JW, Stocker SL, Forsman LD, Garcia-Prats A, Heysell SK, Aarnoutse RE, Akkerman OW, Aleksa A, van Altena R, de Onata WA, Bhavani PK. Clinical standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2022 Jun 1;26(6):483-99.Population Pharmacokinetics and Bayesian Dose Adjustment to Advance TDM of Anti-TB Drugs.Sturkenboom MG, Märtson AG, Svensson EM, Sloan DJ, Dooley KE, van den Elsen SH, Denti P, Peloquin CA, Aarnoutse RE, Alffenaar JW. Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian dose adjustment to advance TDM of anti-TB drugs. Clinical pharmacokinetics. 2021 Jun;60:685-710.2) drug exposure - pathogen susceptibility - treatment outcomeDrug exposure and susceptibility of second-line drugs correlate with treatment response in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicentre prospective cohort study in China.Zheng X, Forsman LD, Bao Z, Xie Y, Ning Z, Schön T, Bruchfeld J, Xu B, Alffenaar JW, Hu Y. Drug exposure and susceptibility of second-line drugs correlate with treatment response in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicentre prospective cohort study in China. European Respiratory Journal. 2022 Mar 1;59(3).Drug Exposure and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Predict Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment Response.Zheng X, Bao Z, Forsman LD, Hu Y, Ren W, Gao Y, Li X, Hoffner S, Bruchfeld J, Alffenaar JW. Drug exposure and minimum inhibitory concentration predict pulmonary tuberculosis treatment response. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021 Nov 1;73(9):e3520-8.3) TDM frameworkTherapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anti-infective Drugs: Implementation Strategies for 3 Different Scenarios.Kim HY, Byashalira KC, Heysell SK, Märtson AG, Mpagama SG, Rao P, Sturkenboom MG, Alffenaar JW. Therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-infective drugs: implementation strategies for 3 different scenarios. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2022 Feb 1;44(1):3-10.4) point of care TDMA mobile microvolume UV/visible light spectrophotometer for the measurement of levofloxacin in saliva.Alffenaar JW, Jongedijk EM, van Winkel CA, Sariko M, Heysell SK, Mpagama S, Touw DJ. A mobile microvolume UV/visible light spectrophotometer for the measurement of levofloxacin in saliva. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2021 Feb;76(2):423-9.Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics in saliva as measured by a mobile microvolume UV spectrophotometer among people treated for rifampicin-resistant TB in Tanzania.Mohamed S, Mvungi HC, Sariko M, Rao P, Mbelele P, Jongedijk EM, van Winkel CA, Touw DJ, Stroup S, Alffenaar JW, Mpagama S. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics in saliva as measured by a mobile microvolume UV spectrophotometer among people treated for rifampicin-resistant TB in Tanzania. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2021 Jun;76(6):1547-52.

Today we speak with Professor Jann-Yuan Wang, a clinician and researcher in Taiwan, about his work in latent tuberculosis. Professor Wang speaks about his experience using 3HP and the challenges of systemic drug reactions. Professor Wang talks about his research into predicting which patients will experience systemic drug reactions based on research algorithms of clinical characteristics, plasma drug levels and transcriptomic factors.REFERENCES:1) Lee, Ming‐Chia, et al. "Isoniazid level and flu‐like symptoms during rifapentine‐based tuberculosis preventive therapy: A population pharmacokinetic analysis." British journal of clinical pharmacology (2022).2) Peng, Tzu-Rong, et al. "Advantages of short-course rifamycin-based regimens for latent tuberculosis infection: an updated network meta-analysis." Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 29 (2022): 378-385.3) Huang, Hung-Ling, et al. "Whole-blood 3-gene Signature as a Decision Aid for Rifapentine-based TB Preventive Therapy." Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2022).4) Huang, Hung-Ling, et al. "Impact of age on outcome of rifapentine-based weekly therapy for latent tuberculosis infection." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73.5 (2021): e1064-e1071.5) Lee, Meng-Rui, et al. "Isoniazid concentration and NAT2 genotype predict risk of systemic drug reactions during 3HP for LTBI." Journal of clinical medicine 8.6 (2019): 812.6) Sun, Hsin-Yun, et al. "Twelve-dose weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection: A multicentre randomised controlled trial in Taiwan." Tuberculosis 111 (2018): 121-126.7) Lee, Meng-Rui, et al. "Plasma Concentration of Isoniazid and Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of N-Acetyltransferase 2 Predict Risk of Systemic Drug Reactions During Weekly Rifapentine and Isoniazid Therapy for Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study." Available at SSRN 3297903 (2018).

Drug Resistant TB is a growing problem with some exciting advances over the past decade. With the recent Rapid Communication from the WHO and the advent of the B-PALMS regimen, drug resistant TB is a changing and exciting field of tuberculosis around the world.In this episode Professor Greg Fox from the University of Sydney speaks with Dr Jack Callum about the latest changes in the treatment of Drug Resistant TB in light of the WHO Rapid Communication as well as the NIX, ZeNIX and TB Practecal Trials. Professor Fox also addressing the implications for clinical practice and what the future might hold in this ever challenging field of TB.REFERENCES:1) Gegia, Medea, et al. "Treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis with first-line drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis." The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17.2 (2017): 223-234.2) NIX Study: Conradie, Francesca, et al. "Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis." New England Journal of Medicine382.10 (2020): 893-902.3) ZeNIX Study: Conradie, Francesca, et al. "Bedaquiline–pretomanid–linezolid Regimens for drug-resistant tuberculosis." New England Journal of Medicine 387.9 (2022): 810-823.4) TB Practecal Trial (not yet published but study protocol available):  Berry, Catherine, et al. "TB-PRACTECAL: study protocol for a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase II–III trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of regimens containing bedaquiline and pretomanid for the treatment of adult patients with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis." Trials 23.1 (2022): 1-16.5) WHO Guidelines for DR TB Update: World Health Organization. Rapid communication: key changes to the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. No. WHO/UCN/TB/2022.2. World Health Organization, 2022. 6) Commentary on the WHO Update: Migliori, G. B., and S. Tiberi. "WHO drug-resistant TB guidelines 2022: what is new?." The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease: the Official Journal of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease26.7 (2022): 590-591.

BCG has long been the only widely used vaccination strategy since it's initial use over 100 years ago. In high TB burden settings it is still recommended in children to protect against disseminated disease though the lasting protection offered by BCG vaccination has been poor at best.Today, Emeritus Professor Warwick Britton AO FAHMS from the Centenary Institute and the University of Sydney speaks with Professor Greg Fox about how the BCG vaccine works and where it's utility lies. Professor Britton also explores exciting research in tuberculosis vaccines and what developments may be required to control tuberculosis in the future.REFERENCES:Hart, D'Arcy, and Sutherland. "BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life." Br Med J 2.6082 (1977): 293-295.Nemes, Elisa, et al. "Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with H4: IC31 vaccine or BCG revaccination." New England Journal of Medicine 379.2 (2018): 138-149. Darrah, Patricia, et al. "Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization." Nature 577.7788 (2020): 95-102.

How does stigma impact treatment in tuberculosis? Has the COVID-19 pandemic enabled high income countries to commiserate with lower middle income countries who have high infectious disease burden? Are antimicrobials impacting the way some countries treat tuberculosis? Dr Paul Mason explores these questions while addressing other ethical issues in tuberculosis.Dr Paul Mason is an anthropologist who has conducted community-based research in Indonesia, India and Brazil, behaviour change research in Vietnam and Brazil, and laboratory research in Australia and France.  Paul's research interests include a deep fascination with biological and cultural diversity, social and multispecies justice, and interdisciplinary and cross-cultural efforts towards establishing long-lasting planetary health.

Tuberculosis is a global health priority and a major cause of child and adolescent morbidity and mortality.  Approximately 1.5 million children and adolescents are infected with tuberculosis each year. Tuberculosis in children and adolescence is often overlooked by health providers and can be difficult to treat and diagnose. Professor Steve Graham will provide an overview of the current state of play in child and adolescent tuberculosis including the scale of the problem and our progress in reaching global targets.Prof Graham is a Paediatrician with 20 years' experience in international child health including African and Asia-Pacific regions. He is a founding member of the Child Tuberculosis (TB) subgroup of World Health Organization (WHO) Stop TB Partnership, as well as being a member of the Strategic Technical Advisory Group on TB for the WHO, as well as research committees for Wellcome Trust, UK, and National Institutes of Health, USA.

Philipp is the co-head of the Burnet Institute Tuberculosis Elimination and Implementation Science Group. He is an infectious diseases specialist with more than 15 years of extensive clinical and public health experience, and over 10 years' experience in the management of TB/HIV programs. He has worked as a TB/HIV advisor, and supported program implementation and research in a range of settings. He has worked with MDR TB programs across Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Myanmar, Uganda, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. A current project is the TB Practecal Study.The TB Practecal study is a phase two, phase three study that aims to improve the treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis by reducing the time and using shorter treatment and less toxic regiments. Trial sites have been established working in conjunction with national health ministry's and national TB programs in Uzbekistan, Belarus and South Africa. Using new drugs, bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomamandid the treatment for TB lasts for 6 months and does not include injections. The Practecal study also carries out public outreach programs for tuberculosis and how the public can seek effective treatment. 

Dr Andrew Burke and Dr Ramdeep Bajwa discuss clinical cases consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, the risk of tuberculosis reactivation and management of tuberculosis. 

What are the broader issues for TB control at present? How has COVID-19 impacted TB programs? What are the longer term prospects for TB control over the coming decade in the post pandemic era? Dr James Trauer and Professor Guy Marks answer these questions and discuss the areas requiring focus.Guy Marks is a respiratory physician and epidemiologist and a public health physician. He is the President of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung disease and has led the Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology group at the Woolcock since 1997. The major focus of his research interest is lung health with specific focus on airways disease, air pollution and tuberculosis. He also has a strong commitment to capacity building for lung health research. 

What are the broader issues for TB control at the moment? How has COVID-19 impacted TB programs? What are the longer term prospects for TB control over the coming decade in the post pandemic era? Dr James Trauer and Professor Guy Marks answer these questions and discuss the areas requiring focus.Guy Marks is a respiratory physician and epidemiologist and a public health physician. He is the President of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung disease and has led the Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology group at the Woolcock since 1997. The major focus of his research interest is lung health with specific focus on airways disease, air pollution and tuberculosis. He also has a strong commitment to capacity building for lung health research.

Molecular testing in Tuberculosis (TB) is broad and complex.  Dr Andrew Burke and Dr Chris Coulter discuss the utility/ advantages of Ultra GeneExpert, different types of line probe assays and WGS/ NGS in the future. Dr Chris Coulter uses his expertise to explain these diagnostic tools for physicians, nurses, policy makers and public health professionals.Dr Chris Coulter is a Microbiologist, the Chair of TB Expert Advisory Group for Tuberculosis in QLD, and the Director of the Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory.

What are the issues with active case finding? What is the trajectory and the way forward to obtain tangible differences in reducing TB globally? Professor Greg Fox and Dr Kavi Velen explore the answers to these  questions and discuss why active case finding has not shown the anticipated level of progress predicted by the literature and the World Health Organisation.Associate Professor Greg Fox a respiratory physician, epidemiologist and clinical trialist committed to using research to improve health care among disadvantaged populations. He is clinical Academic Lead (Research) for the Faculty of Medicine and Health at Cumberland Campus.

TB clinical presentation is complex. This is because TB may involve any tissue or organ, the severity of symptoms range from none to overwhelming, the tempo of the illness ranges from indolent to rapid, symptoms/ findings may be local or systematic, the presentation varies in immunocompromised and diagnostic tests such as TST or IGRA cannot provide an official diagnosis alone. Due to the complexity of TB, clinician's may find difficulty in recognising. TB presentation. Dr Hazel Goldberg provides an insight into understanding TB clinical presentation. Dr Hazel Goldberg is a Respiratory Consultant who runs the Tuberculosis clinic at the Prince of Wales Hospital in Randwick, Sydney. She oversees services which include diagnosing and managing active TB, screening for latent TB infection (LTBI) among health care workers, those exposed to TB, migrants and the immune suppressed and treating LTBI, organising radiology surveillance as well as BCG vaccination service. 

COVID-19 and TB respiratory illnesses share both significant similarities and differences. At first glance, the viruses appear to be very different infections. However, perhaps one of the most important similarities is how the infections affect communities epidemiologically. Dr James Trauer and Dr Anna Coussens discuss the similarities and differences between the two infections.Dr Anna Coussens is an infectious disease immunologist with a keen interest in host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis (TB), the interaction with HIV-1, and other non-communicable diseases, including vitamin D deficiency and diabetes. Anna was the 2014-2015 Sydney Brenner Fellow, awarded by the Academy of Science of South Africa. In 2014 she was elected to the Global Young Academy, where she now sits on the Executive Board and is the southern Africa lead on a project to investigate the Global State of Young Scientists. 

 TB is in the global top 10 leading causes of death in children under five. Migration and international travel have caused TB rates to have risen even in typically low burden countries. A child with infected TB may not have active disease. As a result, children are at risk of becoming reservoirs where TB may become reactivated in adulthood thus fuelling the future epidemic.  Professor Ben Marais from the Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, discusses paediatric TB testing, diagnosis, epidemiology, COVID-19, drug resistance in a resource-limited setting, and general TB treatment. 

Post TB lung disease is am important yet, difficult area to research. The number of those affected by post TB lung disease is unknown however, is thought to be significant. Additionally, those affected by post TB lung disease are associated with an increased burden of symptoms along with an economic cost. Dr Anthony Bryne discusses the importance of post TB lung disease.Dr Anthony Byrne is a thoracic physician and clinical lead for tuberculosis at St Vincent's Hospital in Sydney. Dr Byrne has a strong interest in respiratory infections, asthma, and structural lung disease. His doctoral studies focused on the link between tuberculosis and chronic respiratory disease including chronic pulmonary disease and asthma among patients in Lima, Peru.

Dr Kerry Viney from the Australian National University and Mr Neil Heron a Clinical Nurse Consultant from NSW Health TB Program, discuss the controversial yet, important topic on patient TB treatment adherence. 

What is latent tuberculosis infection? How does it affect patients? How should we treat it? These questions are addressed by Associate Professor Justin Denholm and Dr James Trauer in this podcast.Associate Professor Justin Denholm is the Medical Director of the Victorian Tuberculosis Program. Justin is an infectious diseases physician and ethicist, and is actively involved in clinical and public health tuberculosis research and supervision. Dr James Trauer is a practising respiratory, sleep, general and public health physician with a primary interest in tuberculosis. He is the head of the Epidemiological Modelling Unit for the School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine at Monash University.