Podcasts about Science Translational Medicine

Send us a textThis week we look to deunk myths about rising autism rates and explain the genetic and environmental factors at play, while exploring the resurrection of dire wolves through genetic engineering and how puppy cognition predicts adult dog behavior.• CDC data shows autism diagnoses increased from 1 in 150 children in 2000 to 1 in 31 in 2022• Approximately 80% of autism cases stem from inherited genetic variations with 200+ genes linked to early brain development• Better screening, diagnosis, and awareness accounts for much of the increase in autism rates• Scientists have genetically engineered puppies with dire wolf traits using DNA from ancient remains• The three pups—Romulus, Remus, and Khaleesi—received 20 gene edits targeting coat color, body size, and facial features• Study of 1,400+ puppies shows early cognitive traits persist into adulthood• Puppies good at following pointing gestures became more trainable adults, while those with better impulse control grew into calmer dogs• Understanding puppy cognition allows for customized training approaches that support lifelong well-beingSome Links and Studies:https://www.sciencenews.org/article/autism-adhd-risk-not-linked-prenatal-exposure-antidepressantsS. Gilman et al. Rare de novo variants associated with autism implicate a large functional network of genes involved in formation and function of synapses. Neuron, Vol. 70, June 9, 2011. DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.021D. Levy et al. Rare De Novo and Transmitted Copy-Number Variation in Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Neuron, Vol. 70, June 9, 2011. DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.015Y. Sakai et al. Protein interactome reveals converging molecular pathways among autism disorders. Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 3, June 8, 2011. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002166Sanders et al. Multiple Recurrent De Novo CNVs, Including Duplications of the 7q11.23 Williams Syndrome Region, Are Strongly Associated with Autism. Neuron, Vol. 70, June 9, 2011. DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.015C. Schaaf et al. Oligogenic heterozygosity in individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Human Molecular Genetics. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr243. Available online: [Go to]C.P. Schaaf and H.Y. Zoghbi. Solving the autism puzzle a few pieces at a time. Neuron, Vol. 70, June 9, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.025I. Voineagu et al. Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular pathology. Nature. doi: doi:10.1038/nature10110Our links:Our Website!  www.bunsenbernerbmd.comSign up for our Weekly Newsletter!Bunsen and Beaker on Twitter:Bunsen and Beaker on TikTokSupport the showFor Science, Empathy, and Cuteness!Being Kind is a Superpower.https://twitter.com/bunsenbernerbmd

durée : 00:05:06 - Avec sciences - par : Alexandre Morales - Des scientifiques affirment avoir découvert une nouvelle population de ces cellules souches de la rétine chez des fœtus. Elle pourrait permettre de soigner certaines maladies de la rétine. Leurs résultats sont parus dans la revue Science Translational Medicine.

Watch this episode ad-free & uncensored on Patreon: https://patreon.com/dannyjones Kevin McKernan has pioneered the genomics of cannabis based therapeutics, human tumor sequencing & has initiated an R&D project to investigate chemFET semiconductor based DNA sequencing. Kevin's work has resulted in hundreds of publications and 7 Journal covers from Science Translational Medicine to Nature. SPONSORS https://mintmobile.com/danny - Get the 3 month plan for only $15 / month. https://publicrec.com/dannyjones - Get 20% off w/ code DANNYJONES. https://buy.ver.so/danny - Get 15% off your first order. https://whiterabbitenergy.com/?ref=DJP - Use code DJP for 20% off EPISODE LINKS https://twitter.com/Kevin_McKernan https://anandamide.substack.com https://medicinalgenomics.com FOLLOW DANNY JONES https://www.instagram.com/dannyjones https://twitter.com/jonesdanny OUTLINE 00:00 - Florida's Amendment 3 10:32 - Diseases linked to THC 15:16 - Human genome project 22:55 - Plant & Human DNA 29:28 - Genome sequencing to treat cancer 35:37 - Sequencing cannabis genomes 43:22 - PCR tests 56:06 - SV-40 01:06:42 - FDA 01:10:16 - New tumor research 01:15:54 - Contagious cancers 01:23:56 - Bio-defense & health 01:26:09 - Pharma & fraud 01:41:36 - Turbo cancers 01:45:43 - Decentralized medicine 01:50:20 - EMF's 01:54:08 - Defense grants & viruses 02:04:12 - Peer review process 02:15:39 - Casey & Calley Means 02:24:51 - Psychedelics & cancer treatments Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Send us a Text Message.In this episode, we explore the impact of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) on vision and overall quality of life. Dr. Armstrong and Corbin Bruton are joined by Drs. Kai Chan and Andrew Dick, founders of Cirrus Therapeutics, to discuss the complexities of AMD, its risk factors, and current treatment options. They delve into a groundbreaking novel therapy developed by Cirrus Therapeutics that uses genetic instructions to produce the protein IRAK-M, offering new hope for protecting against retinal degeneration. Tune in to learn more about AMD, its prevention, the promising advancements in ocular immunology that aim to restore vision for millions, and the complex interactions between vision health and… aging well.Related Articles:Researchers unveil pioneering approach to combat age-related vision lossJian Liu et al. (2024). Replenishing IRAK-M expression in retinal pigment epithelium attenuates outer retinal degeneration. Science Translational Medicine, 16: eadi4125. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.adi4125  TruDiagnostic epigenetic testingGet a 12% discount using promo code (AGEWELL) and track your pace of aging well.Disclaimer: This post contains affiliate links. If you make a purchase, I may receive a commission at no extra cost to you.Support the Show.Have questions you want answered and topics you want discussed on the Aging Well Podcast? Send us an email at agingwell.podcast@gmail.com or record your question for us to use in an upcoming episode:https://www.speakpipe.com/AgingWellPodcast

A new study suggests that people infected with COVID-19 in the past may receive protection against some kinds of common colds.一项新的研究表明，以前感染过COVID-19的人可能会对某些类型的普通感冒产生保护作用。COVID-19 is one of several coronaviruses known to affect humans. The new research found that past COVID-19 infections can lower the risk of getting colds caused by other coronaviruses. Studies have shown coronaviruses account for about one in five colds.COVID-19是已知会影响人类的几种冠状病毒之一。新的研究发现，过去感染过COVID-19的人患其他冠状病毒引起的感冒的风险较低。研究表明，冠状病毒占了大约五分之一的感冒病例。Researchers involved in the study say their results could support future efforts to improve COVID-19 vaccines or develop new ones.参与这项研究的研究人员表示，他们的结果可能会支持未来改进COVID-19疫苗或开发新疫苗的努力。The study examined COVID-19 tests from more than 4,900 people who sought medical care between November 2020 and October 2021.这项研究检查了2020年11月至2021年10月期间寻求医疗护理的超过4900人的COVID-19检测结果。It showed that people previously infected with COVID-19 had a 50 percent lower chance of having a coronavirus-caused cold than those who were fully vaccinated and had not gotten COVID-19.研究显示，以前感染过COVID-19的人患冠状病毒引起的感冒的几率比那些完全接种疫苗但没有感染过COVID-19的人低50%。The research recently appeared in the publication Science Translational Medicine. The lead writer of the study was Dr. Manish Sagar. He is an infectious disease specialist at Boston Medical Center and a professor at Boston University in Massachusetts.这项研究最近发表在《科学转化医学》杂志上。研究的主要作者是马尼什·萨加尔博士。他是波士顿医疗中心的传染病专家，也是马萨诸塞州波士顿大学的教授。Sagar told the Associated Press, “We think there's going to be a future outbreak of a coronavirus.” He said current coronavirus vaccines might be improved if researchers could copy some of the immune reactions “provided by natural infection.”萨加尔告诉美联社，“我们认为未来会爆发另一种冠状病毒。”他说，如果研究人员能够复制“自然感染提供的”某些免疫反应，目前的冠状病毒疫苗可能会得到改进。Researchers linked the protection against coronavirus-caused colds to virus-killing cell reactions for two viral proteins. These proteins are not currently used in most vaccines. But the researchers have proposed adding them in the future.研究人员将对冠状病毒引起的感冒的保护作用与两种病毒蛋白的杀病毒细胞反应联系起来。目前大多数疫苗中并未使用这些蛋白质。但研究人员提出将来可以添加这些蛋白质。Sagar said this development may lead to future vaccines that could target not only current coronaviruses, but also new ones that might appear.萨加尔表示，这一发展可能会导致未来的疫苗不仅能针对当前的冠状病毒，还能针对可能出现的新冠状病毒。Dr. Wesley Long is a pathologist at Houston Methodist in Texas. He was not involved in the study. Long noted that the findings should not be seen as a weakness of current vaccines. These vaccines target a so-called “spike protein” contained in the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.韦斯利·朗博士是德克萨斯州休斯顿卫理公会医院的一名病理学家。他没有参与这项研究。朗指出，这些发现不应被视为当前疫苗的弱点。这些疫苗针对的是导致COVID-19的SARS-CoV-2病毒中所谓的“刺突蛋白”。Long said those vaccines are “still your best defense against severe COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and death.”朗说，这些疫苗“仍然是防止严重COVID-19感染、住院和死亡的最佳防御措施。”But Long added that new targets could be added to existing vaccines in an effort to “cross-protect against multiple viruses.” This process, he said, could result in wider immunity from a single vaccine.但朗补充说，可以在现有疫苗中添加新的目标，以“交叉保护多种病毒”。他说，这一过程可能会使单一疫苗产生更广泛的免疫力。

În cadrul ediției de pe 28 mai 2024 a emisiunii Știința360 de pe Radio România Cultural, Dr. Marius Geantă, Președintele Centrului pentru Inovație în Medicină, a comentat cele mai recente noutăți din domeniul medical publicate pe Raportuldegardă.ro. Puteți asculta emisiunea live, în fiecare marți, ora 14:00. PheNet este un algoritm de învățare automată care poate identifica pacienții cu imunodeficiențe comune variabile (CVID), pe baza informațiilor provenite din dosarele medicale electronice ale acestora. Din cauza eterogenității fenotipurilor CVID, pot trece oriunde între 5 și 15 ani de la apariția primelor simptome și până la diagnosticarea corectă a unei boli din această categorie. PheNet încearcă să adreseze acest dezavantaj, putând scădea timpul de diagnostic cu cel puțin un an. Algoritmul de inteligență artificială filtrează datele medicale din dosarele electronice ale pacienților, identificând anumite tipare fenotipice corespunzătoare unui diagnostic de CVID, și clasifică ulterior persoanele în funcție de riscul de a prezenta o boală rară. Testele efectuate au demonstrat că PheNet poate depista corect mai mult de jumătate din pacienții cu CVID, cu cel puțin un an înainte de diagnosticul oficial. Rezultatele studiului sunt publicate în jurnalul Science Translational Medicine. Mai multe detalii despre subiectele discutate: ▶ Un algoritm AI identifică rapid pacienții cu boli rare nediagnosticate pe baza dosarelor medicale electronice ▶ Poluarea aerului, factor de risc pentru dezvoltarea cancerului colorectal prin modificări epigenetice ▶ Diabetul zaharat, poluarea și alcoolul, principalii factori de risc modificabili pentru boala Alzheimer ▶ Reacţiile adverse la imunoterapie pot fi evitate la pacientele cu cancer de sân triplu negativ prin utilizarea testului genetic ImPrint

A review of the laters mental health news. We'll discover a controversial way of treating addiction and Mexico is the example. Let's Connect --> https://drmatmonharrell.bio.link/Episode written by Dr. Matmon HarrellMusic provided by PodcastleReferencesGarcia A, Anderson B. Violence, addiction, recovery: An anthropological study of Mexico's anexos. Transcult Psychiatry. 2016 Aug;53(4):445-64. doi: 10.1177/1363461516662539. Epub 2016 Aug 17. PMID: 27535824; PMCID: PMC5531188.Molzahn C, Rodriguez Ferreira O, Shirk D. Drug violence in Mexico: Data and analysis through 2012. Transborder Institute, University of San Diego; 2013. Retrieved from https://justiceinmexico.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/130206-dvm-2013-final.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2014. Author; 2014. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2014/World_Drug_Report_2014_web.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Ackerman, D., & Chakrabarti, M. (2024). Underground addiction care in mexico - and its spread to the U.S. NPR. https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2024/04/29/underground-addiction-care-mexico-rehab Anna Sancho-Balsells, Sara Borràs-Pernas, Francesca Flotta, Wanqi Chen, Daniel del Toro, Manuel J. Rodríguez, Jordi Alberch, Guillaume Blivet, Jacques Touchon, Xavier Xifró, Albert Giralt. Brain–gut photobiomodulation restores cognitive alterations in chronically stressed mice through the regulation of Sirt1 and neuroinflammation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024; 354: 574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.075University of Barcelona. (2024, May 2). Low intensity light to fight the effects of chronic stress. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 4, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/05/240502141226.htmBrian L. Edlow, Mark Olchanyi, Holly J. Freeman, Jian Li, Chiara Maffei, Samuel B. Snider, Lilla Zöllei, J. Eugenio Iglesias, Jean Augustinack, Yelena G. Bodien, Robin L. Haynes, Douglas N. Greve, Bram R. Diamond, Allison Stevens, Joseph T. Giacino, Christophe Destrieux, Andre van der Kouwe, Emery N. Brown, Rebecca D. Folkerth, Bruce Fischl, Hannah C. Kinney. Multimodal MRI reveals brainstem connections that sustain wakefulness in human consciousness. Science Translational Medicine, 2024; 16 (745) DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj4303Massachusetts General Hospital. (2024, May 1). Brain imaging study reveals connections critical to human consciousness. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 4, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/05/240501152947.htm Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/themindfulpharmd. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to identify patients with rare diseases years before traditional diagnoses, according to a study published in Science Translational Medicine. The study found that an AI program successfully identified individuals at risk of a rare immune disorder, with 74 out of 100 high-risk individuals confirmed to have the disorder. The use of AI tools can help speed up the diagnosis process, reducing the delays and health complications associated with rare diseases. The researchers are hopeful that AI algorithms can be applied to other rare diseases, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/tonyphoang/message

Heute in unseren Wissensnachrichten: +++ Verlängerte Hitzewellen in Städten +++ Wo kommen Cyber-Kriminelle her? +++ Mondeinfluss auf Menstruation +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Persistent urban heat, Science Advances, 10.04.2024Mapping the global geography of cybercrime with the World Cybercrime Index, Plos One, 10.04.2024Evidence that the woman's ovarian cycle is driven by an internal circamonthly timing system, Science Advances, 10.04.2024Contribution of the patient microbiome to surgical site infection and antibiotic prophylaxis failure in spine surgery, Science Translational Medicine, 10.04.2024Effect of schooling on flow generated sounds from carangiform swimmers, iop Science, 03.04.2024Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

In this episode of “At the Bench”, we are interviewing one of our show's co-hosts, Dr. David McCulley. David is a neonatologist and developmental biologist at the University of California, San Diego and in this show he talks about what motivated him to build a research program investigating the genetic and developmental mechanisms responsible for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). David directs an NIH-supported study to determine the genetic mechanisms responsible for abnormal lung and pulmonary vascular development in patients with CDH. He describes the mentorship and collaborative research experiences that have shaped his career path. David also talks about the work that he is doing along with the Society for Pediatric Research and the co-hosts of this program, Dr. Misty Good and Dr. Betsy Crouch, to encourage and promote pediatric physician-scientist career development. Some highlighted papers: Stokes, G., Li, Z., Talaba, N., Genthe, W., Brix, M.B., Pham, B., Wienhold, M.D., Sandok, G., Hernan, R., Wynn, J., Tang, H., Tabima, D.M., Rodgers, A., Hacker, T.A., Chesler, N.C., Zhang, P., Murad, R., Yuan, J.X., Shen, Y., Chung, W.K., McCulley, D.J. Rescuing lung development through embryonic inhibition of histone acetylation. Science Translational Medicine. 2024 Jan 31;16(732). Epub 2024 Jan 31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38295182/Qiao, L., Wynn, J., Yu, L., Hernan, R., Zhou, X., Duron, V., Aspelund, G., Farkouh-Karoleski, C., Zygumunt, A., Krishnan, U.S., Nees, S., Khlevner, J., Lim, F.Y., Crombleholme, T., Cusick, R., Azarow, K., Danko, M.E., Chung, D., Warner, B.W., Mychaliska, G.B., Potoka, D., Wagner, A.J., Soffer, S., Schindel, D., McCulley, D.J., Shen, Y., Chung, W.K. Likely damaging de novo variants in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients are associated with worse clinical outcomes. Genetics in Medicine. 2020 Dec;22(12):2020-2028. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32719394/McCulley, D.J., Wienhold, M.D., Hines, E.A., Hacker, T.A., Rogers, A., Pewowaruk, R.J., Zewdu, R. Chesler, N.C., Selleri, L., Sun, X. PBX transcription factors drive pulmonary vascular adaptation to birth. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2018 Feb 1;128(2):655-667. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29251627/Kardon, G., Ackerman, K., McCulley, D.J., Shen, Y., Wynn, J., Shang, L., Bogenschutz, E.L., Sun, X., Chung, W.K. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias: from genes to mechanisms to therapies. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2017 Aug 1;10(8):955-970. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28768736/McCulley, D., Wienhold, M.D., Sun, X. “The pulmonary mesenchyme directs lung development.” Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2015 Jun;32:98-105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25796078/As always, feel free to send us questions, comments, or suggestions to our email: nicupodcast@gmail.com. You can also contact the show through Instagram or Twitter, @nicupodcast. Or contact Ben and Daphna directly via their Twitter profiles: @drnicu and @doctordaphnamd. The papers discussed in today's episode are listed and timestamped on the webpage linked below. Enjoy!

There was so much to talk about—this is the longest Ground Truths podcast yet. Hope you'll find it as thought-provoking as I did!Transcript, with audio and external links, edited by Jessica Nguyen, Producer for Ground TruthsVideo and audio tech support by Sinjun Balabanoff, Scripps ResearchEric Topol (00:00:05):This is Eric Topol from Ground Truths, and I am delighted to have with me Holden Thorp, who is the Editor-in-Chief of the Science journals. We're going to talk about Science, not just the magazine journal, but also science in general. This is especially appropriate today because Holden was just recognized by STAT as one of the leaders for 2024 because of his extraordinary efforts to promote science integrity, so welcome Holden.Holden Thorp (00:00:36):Thanks Eric, and if I remember correctly, you were recognized by STAT in 2022, so it's an honor to join a group that you're in anytime, that's for sure, and great to be on here with you.Eric Topol (00:00:47):Well, that's really kind to you. Let's start off, I think with the journal, because I know that consumes a lot of your efforts and you have five journals within science.Holden Thorp (00:01:02):Oh, we have six.Eric Topol (00:01:03):Oh six, I'm sorry, six. There's Science, the original, and then five others. Can you tell us what it's like to oversee all these journals?Overseeing the Science JournalsHolden Thorp (00:01:16):Yeah, we're a relatively small family compared to our commercial competitors. I know you had Magdalena [Skipper]on and Nature has I think almost ninety journals, so six is pretty small. In addition to Science, which most people are familiar with, we have Science Advances, which also covers all areas of science and is larger and is a gold open access journal and also is overseen by academic editors, not professional editors. All of our other journals are overseen by professional editors. And then the other four are relatively small and specialized areas, and probably people who listen to you and follow you would know about Science Translational Medicine, Science Immunology, Science Signaling and then we also have a journal, Science Robotics which is something I knew nothing about and I learned a lot. I've learned a lot about robotics and the culture of people who work there interacting with them.Holden Thorp (00:02:22):So we have a relatively small family. There's only 160 people who work for me, which is manageable. I mean that sounds like a lot, but in my previous jobs I was a provost and a chancellor, and I had tens of thousands of people, so it's really fun for me to have a group where I at least have met everybody who works for me. We're an outstanding set of journals, so we attract an outstanding group of professionals who do all the things that are involved in all this, and it's really, really fun to work with them. At Science, we don't just do research papers, although that's a big, and probably for your listeners the biggest part of what we do. But we also have a news and commentary section and the news section is 30 full-time and many freelancers around the world really running the biggest general news operation for science that there is. And then in the commentary section, which you're a regular contributor for us in expert voices, we attempt to be the best place in the world for scientists to talk to each other. All three of those missions are just really, really fun for me. It's the best job I've ever had, and it's one I hope to do for many years into the future.Eric Topol (00:03:55):Well, it's extraordinary because in the four and a half years I think it's been since you took the helm, you've changed the face of Science in many ways. Of course, I think the other distinction from the Nature Journals is that it's a nonprofit entity, which shows it isn't like you're trying to proliferate to all sorts of added journals, but in addition, what you've done, at least the science advisor and the science news and all these things that come out on a daily basis is quite extraordinary as we saw throughout the pandemic. I mean, just reporting that was unparalleled from, as you say, all points around the world about really critically relevant topics. Obviously it extends well beyond the concerns of the pandemic. It has a lot of different functions, but what I think you have done two major things, Holden. One is you medicalized it to some extent.Eric Topol (00:04:55):A lot of people saw the journal, particularly Science per se, as a truly basic science journal. Not so much applied in a medical sphere, but these days there's more and more that would be particularly relevant to the practice of medicine, so that's one thing. And the other thing I wanted you to comment on is you're not afraid to speak out and as opposed to many other prior editors who I followed throughout my career at Science, there were pretty much the politically correct type and they weren't going to really express themselves, which you are particularly not afraid of. Maybe you could comment about if you do perceive this medicalization of science to some extent, and also your sense of being able to express yourself freely.Capturing the Breakthroughs in Structural BiologyHolden Thorp (00:05:48):Yeah, well, you're kind to say both of those things are certainly things we have worked at. I mean, I do come from a background, even though I'm trained as a chemist, most of what I did towards the latter end of my career, I mean, I did very basic biochemistry when I was a researcher, but the last part of my research career I worked in on development of a drug called Vivjoa, which is an alternative to the fluconazole family that doesn't have the same toxicity and is currently on the market for chronic yeast infection and hopefully some other things in the future when we can get some more clinical trials done.Holden Thorp (00:06:35):And I've hung around biotech startups and drug development, so it is part of the business that I knew. I think the pandemic really gave us an opening because Valda Vinson, who's now the Executive Editor and runs all of life sciences for us and policies for the journal, she was so well known in structural biology that most of the first important structures in Covid, including the spike protein, all came to us. I mean, I remember crystal clear February of 2020, she came in my office and she said, I got the structure of the spike protein. And I said, great, what's the spike protein? Turned out later became the most famous protein in the world, at least temporarily. Insulin may be back to being the most famous protein now, but spike protein was up there. And then that kind of cascaded into all the main protease and many of the structures that we got.Holden Thorp (00:07:45):And we seized on that for sure, to kind of broaden our focus. We had the Regeneron antibodies, we had the Paxlovid paper, and all of that kind of opened doors for us. And we've also, now we have two clinical editors at Science, Priscilla Kelly and Yevgeniya Nusinovich, and then the Insights section, somebody that you work with closely, Gemma Alderton, she is very fluent in clinical matters. And then of course we've had Science Translational Medicine and we seek continue to strengthen that. Science Immunology was very much boosted by Covid and actually Science Immunology is now, I think probably if you care about impact factors, the second highest specialized immunology journal after Immunity. I've put some emphasis on it for sure, but I think the pandemic also really helped us. As far as me speaking out, a lot of people maybe don't remember, but Don Kennedy, who was the editor in the early 2000s who had been the Stanford president, he was similarly outspoken.Confronting ControversiesHolden Thorp (00:09:15):It's funny, sometimes people who disagree with me say, well, Don Kennedy would never say anything like that. And then I can dig up something that Don Kennedy said that's just as aggressive as what I might've said. But you're right, Bruce Alberts was very focused on education, and each one of us has had our own different way of doing things. When Alan Leshner hired me and Sudip Parikh reinforced this when he came on, I mean, he wanted me to liven up the editorial page. He explicitly told me to do that. I may have done more of it than he was expecting, but Alan and Sudip both still remain very supportive of that. I couldn't do what I do without them and also couldn't do it without Lisa Chong, who makes all my words sound so much better than they are when I start. And yeah, it kind of fed on itself.Holden Thorp (00:10:21):It started with the pandemic. I think there was an inflection when Trump first said that Covid was just the flu, and when he said some really ridiculous things about the vaccine, and that's where it started. I guess my philosophy was I was thinking about people who, they've got a spouse at home whose job might be disrupted. They got children they've got who are out of school, and somehow they managed to get themselves to the lab to work on our vaccine or some other aspect of the pandemic to try to help the world. What would those people want their journal to say when they came home and turned the news on and saw all these politicians saying all this ridiculous stuff? That was really the sort of mantra that I had in my head, and that kind of drove it. And now I think we've sort of established the fact that it's okay to comment on things that are going on in the world. We're editorially independent, Sudip and the AAAS board, treat us as being editorially independent. I don't take that for granted and it's a privilege to, as I sometimes tell people, my apartment's four blocks from the White House, sometimes I'm over there typing things that they don't like. And that tradition is still alive in this country, at least for the time being, and I try to make the most of it.Eric Topol (00:12:11):Well, and especially as you already touched on Holden, when there's a time when the intersection of politics and science really came to a head and still we're dealing with that, and that's why it's been so essential to get your views as the leader of such an important journal that is publishing some of the leading science in the world on a weekly basis. Now, one of the things I do want to get into this other track that you also alluded to. You went from a chemist, and you eventually rose to Dean and chancellor of University of North Carolina (UNC) and also the provost of Washington University, two of our best institutions academically in the country. I would imagine your parents who were both UNC grads would've been especially proud of you being the chancellor.Holden Thorp (00:13:05):It's true. Yeah. Unfortunately, my father wasn't there to see it, but my mother, as I always tell people, my mother very much enjoyed being the queen mother of her alma mater.On Stanford University's President ResignationEric Topol (00:13:16):Yeah, I would think so, oh my goodness. That gives you another perspective that's unique having been in the senior management of two really prestigious institutions, and this past year a lot has been going on in higher education, and you have again come to the fore about that. Let's just first discuss the Stanford debacle, the president there. Could you kind of give us synopsis, you did some really important writing about that, and what are your thoughts looking back on the student who happens to be Peter Baker's and Susan's son, two incredible journalists at the New York Times and New Yorker, who broke the story at the Stanford Daily as a student, and then it led to eventually the President's resignation. So, what were your thoughts about that?Holden Thorp (00:14:16):Yeah, so it's a complicated and sad story in some ways, but it's also fascinating and very instructive. Two of the papers were in Science, two of the three main ones, the other one was in Cell. And we had made an error along the way because Marc had sent a correction in which for some reason never got posted. We searched every email server we had everything we had trying to find exactly what happened, but we think we have a website run by humans and there was something that happened when the corrections were transmitted into our operations group, and they didn't end up on the website. So, one of the things I had to do was to say repeatedly to every reporter who wanted to ask me, including some Pulitzer Prize winners, that we had looked everywhere and couldn't find any reason why somebody would've intentionally stopped those corrections from posting.Holden Thorp (00:15:36):And one thing about it was I didn't want, Marc had enough problems, he didn't need to be blamed for the fact that we botched that. So I think people were maybe impressed that we just came out and admitted we made a mistake, but that's really what this area needs. And those things happened before I became the editor in chief, but I was satisfied that where that error happened was done by people who had no idea who Marc Tessier-Lavigne even was, but because of all that, and because we had to decide what to do with these papers, I talked to him extensively at the beginning of this, maybe as much as anybody, now that I look back on it. And I think that for him, the error that happened is very common one. You have a PI with a big lab.Holden Thorp (00:16:33):There are many, many incentives for his coworkers and yours to want to get high profile publications. And what we see is mostly at the end when you kind of know what's happening, some corners get cut doing all the controls and all of the last things that have to be done to go into the paper. And someone in his lab did that, and he didn't notice when the jails were sent in. The committee that investigated it later found something that I was certain at the beginning was going to be true, which is he didn't have any direct involvement in and making the problematic images or know that they were there. Every time we see one of these, that's almost always the story.Holden Thorp (00:17:32):And if he hadn't been the president of Stanford, he probably would've, I mean, a couple of the papers that were attracted might even could have been just big corrections. That's another topic we can talk about in terms of whether that's the right thing to do but because he was the president of Stanford, it triggered all these things at the university, which made the story much, much more complicated. And it is similar to what we see in a lot of these, that it's the institution that does the most to make these things bigger than they need to be. And in this case, the first thing was that young Theo Baker who I've talked on the phone extensively with, and I just had a long lunch with him in Palo Alto a couple weeks ago, it's the first time we ever met in person. He's finishing up his book, which has been optioned for a movie, and I've told him that I want Mark Hamill to play me in the movie because I don't know if you saw this last thing he did, Fall of the House of Usher but he was a very funny curmudgeonly.Holden Thorp (00:18:46):And so, I think he would be a lot like me dealing with Theo, but Theo did great work. Did everything that Theo write add up precisely. I mean, he was teaching himself a lot of this biochemistry as he went along, so you could always find little holes in it, but the general strokes of what he had were correct. And in my opinion, and Marc would've been better served by talking to Theo and answering his questions or talking to other reporters who are covering this and there are many excellent ones. This is something I learned the hard way when I was at North Carolina. It's always better for the President to just face the music and answer the questions instead of doing what they did, which is stand up this long and complicated investigation. And when the institutions do these long investigations, the outcome is always unsatisfying for everybody because the investigation, it found precisely what I think anybody who understands our world would've expected that Marc didn't know about the fraud directly, but that he could have done more to create a culture in his laboratory where these things were picked up, whether that's making his lab smaller or him having fewer other things to do, or precisely what it is, people could speculate.Managing a Crisis at a UniversityHolden Thorp (00:20:37):But of course, that's what always happens in these. So the report produced exactly what any reporter who's covered this their whole lives would've expected it to produce, but the people who don't know the intimate details of how this works, were not satisfied by that. And he ended up having to step down and we'll never know what would've happened if instead of doing all of that, he just said, wow, I really screwed this up. I'm responsible for the fact that these images are in here and I'm going to do everything I can to straighten it out. I'd be happy to take your questions. That's always what I encourage people to do because I was in a similar situation at North Carolina with a scandal involved in athletics and an academic department, and we did umpteen investigations instead of me just saying, hey, everybody, we cheated for 30 years. It started when I was in middle school, but I'm still going to try to clean it up and I'll be happy to answer your questions. And instead, we get lawyers and PR people and all these carefully worded statements, and it's all prolonged. And we see that in every research integrity matter we deal with and there are a lot of other things in higher education that are being weighed down by all of that right now.Eric Topol (00:22:06):Yeah. One of the things that is typical when a university faces a crisis, and we're going to get into a couple others in a moment, is that they get a PR firm, and the PR firm says, just say you're going to do an investigation because that'll just pull it out of the news, take it out of the news. It doesn't work that way. And what's amazing is that the universities pay a lot of money to these PR companies for crisis management. And being forthright may indeed be the answer, but that doesn't happen as best as we can see. I think you're suggesting a new path that might be not just relevant, but the way to get this on the right course quickly.Holden Thorp (00:22:58):Just on that, there's a person in that PR space who I really like. There are a few of them that are really good, and he's the person who helped me the most. And he used to refer doing the investigation as putting it on the credit card.Eric Topol (00:23:16):Yeah. Yeah, exactly.Holden Thorp (00:23:17):Okay, because you still have to pay the credit card bill after you charge something.Eric Topol (00:23:25):Yeah, better to write a check.Holden Thorp (00:23:27):It's better to write a check. Yes, because that 18% interest can add up pretty quickly.Resignations of the Presidents at Harvard and PennEric Topol (00:23:32):I like that metaphor entirely appropriate. That's a good one. Now, in the midst of all this, there's been two other leading institutions besides Stanford where the president resigned for different reasons, at least in part one was at Harvard and one at Penn. And this is just a crisis in our top universities in the country. I mean three of the very top universities. So, could you comment about the differences at Harvard and Penn related to what we just discussed at Stanford?Holden Thorp (00:24:09):Yeah, so I don't know Claudine Gay, but I've exchanged emails with her, and I do know Liz Magill and I know Sally Kornbluth even better. Our kids went to middle school together because she was at Duke. And I think Sally is in good shape, and she did a little bit better in the hearings because I think she was a little more forthcoming than Liz and Dr. Gay were but I think also Liz was in a pretty weakened state already when she went in there. And I think that what happened that day, and it was a devastating day for higher education. I cleared my calendar, and I watched the whole thing and I couldn't sleep that night. And it was, I thought, oh my goodness, my way of making a living has just taken a death blow. I just felt so much compassion for the three of them, two of whom I knew, one of whom I could imagine having been through similar things myself.Holden Thorp (00:25:20):And I think what my take on the whole thing about free speech and the war and all this stuff is that higher education has got a problem, which is that we have promised to deliver a product that we can't really deliver, and that is to provide individualized experiences for students. So, I'm back on the faculty now at GW. I have 16 people in my class, I know every single one of them. I was teaching during the fall, last fall. I teach on Monday nights, which Yom Kippur was on a Monday night, which was before October 7th. And so, I knew precisely how many Jewish kids I had in my class because they had to make up class for that Monday night.Holden Thorp (00:26:18):I was basically able to talk to each one of them and make sure. And then GW is a very liberal university, so I had a whole bunch that were all the way on the other side also. I was just able to talk to each of them and make sure they had what they needed from the university. But the institutions don't really have luxury. They don't have somebody who's been doing this for 35 years teaching 16 people who can make sure they're getting what they need, but they write letters to all their students saying, you're going to join a diverse student body where we're going to give you a chance to express yourself and explore everything, but there's too many of them to actually deliver that. And none of them want to say that out loud. And so, what happens in a situation like this?Holden Thorp (00:27:19):And everybody says, well, don't send out the statements, don't send out the statements, but how else are you going to communicate with all those people? I mean, because the truth is education is a hands-on individualized deal. And so, the students who are experiencing antisemitism at Harvard or Penn or anywhere else, were feeling distress. And the university wasn't doing what they promised and attending to that, and similarly to the students who wanted to express themselves in the other direction. And so, what really needs to happen is that universities need to put more emphasis on what goes on in the classroom so that these students are getting the attention that they've been promised. But universities are trying to do a lot of research and you're at a place that's got a little simpler mission but some of these big complicated ones are doing urban development and they're trying to win athletics competitions, and they're running hotels and fire departments and police departments, and it's really hard to do all and multi, multi-billion dollar investment vehicles.Holden Thorp (00:28:47):It's really hard to do all that and keep the welfare of a bunch of teenagers up at the top of the list. And so, I think really what we need around this topic in general is a reckoning about this very point. Now as far as how to gotten through the hearing a little better, I mean what they said was technically correct, no question about that. But where they struggled was in saying things that would cause them to admit that they had failed at doing what they promised for the people who are feeling distressed. And again, that's kind of my mantra on all these things, whether it's student affairs or research integrity or anything else, the universities have made massive commitments to do probably more things than they can, and rather than fessing up to that, they just bury the whole thing in legalistic bureaucracy, and it's time for us to cut through a lot of that stuff.Eric Topol (00:30:09):I couldn't agree more on that.Holden Thorp (00:30:10):And in Claudine's case, I think the plagiarism thing, I wrote a piece in the Chronicle that just kind of tried to remind people that the kinds of plagiarism that she was punished for, in my opinion, too much of a punishment is stuff that we routinely pick up now with authenticate and other tools in scholarly publishing, and people just get a report that says, hey, maybe you want to reward this, and that's it. If it doesn't change the academic content of the paper, we hardly ever even pay attention to that. She was being subjected to a modern tool that didn't exist when she wrote the stuff that she wrote. And it's same thing with image analysis, right? When Marc Tessier-Lavigne made his papers, Elisabeth Bik wasn't studying images, and we didn't have proof fig and image twin to pick these things up, so we're taking today's tools and applying them to something that's 20 years old that was produced when those tools didn't exist. You can debate whether that matters or not, but in my opinion it does.Generative A.I. and Publishing ScienceEric Topol (00:31:31):Yeah, that's bringing us to the next topic I wanted to get into you with, which is AI. You've already mentioned about the AI detection of image, which we used to rely on Elisabeth as a human to do that, and now it can be done through AI.Holden Thorp (00:31:51):Well, it doesn't get everything, so I keep telling Elisabeth she doesn't have to worry about being put out of business.Eric Topol (00:31:58):But then there's also, as you said about text detection, and then there's also, as you've written in Science, the overall submission of papers where a GPT may have had significant input to the writing, not just to check the spelling or check minor things. And so, I want to get your views because this is a moving target of course. I mean, it's just the capabilities of AI have just been outpacing, I think a lot of expectations. Where do you see the intersection of AI and Science publishing now? Because as you said, it changes the ground rules for picking up even minor unintended errors or self-plagiarism or whatever, and now it changes the whole landscape considerably.Holden Thorp (00:32:54):Yeah. So, I think you said the most important thing, which is that it's a moving target, and you've been writing about this for medicine for longer than just about anybody, so you've been watching that moving target. We started off with a very restrictive stance, and the reason we did that was because we knew it would keep moving. And so, we wanted to start from the most restrictive possible place and then sort of titrate in the things that we allowed because we didn't want to go through the same thing we went through with Photoshop when it first came along. Like all these altered images that we keep talking about by far the most papers that surface are from the period between when Photoshop became a tool and when we finally had sort of a consensus as a community in terms of what was okay and what wasn't okay to do with your gels when you process the images.Holden Thorp (00:33:55):And we didn't want the same thing with words where we allowed people to use ChatGPT to write, and then a few years later decided, oh, this thing wasn't permissible, and then we have to go back and re-litigate all those papers. We didn't want to do that again. So, we started off with a pretty restrictive stance, which we've loosened once and we'll probably loosen more as we see how things evolve. What we keep looking for is for entities that don't have a financial interest to issue guidelines, so if it's another journal, especially a commercial journal that makes money on the papers, well, you can imagine that these tools are going to give us even more papers. And for a lot of these entities that charge by the paper, they have a financial incentive for people to use ChatGPT to write papers. We look for societies and coalitions of academics who have come together and said these things are okay.Holden Thorp (00:35:04):And the first one of those was when we decided that it was okay, for example, if you are not an English speaker natively to have ChatGPT work on your pros. Now there are lots of people who disagree about that ChatGPT is good at that. That's a separate matter, but we felt we got to a point, I forgot when it was a couple months ago, where we could amend our policies and say that we were going to be more tolerant of text that had been done by ChatGPT. As long as the people who signed the author forms realize that if it makes one of these hallucinating errors that it makes and it gets into the paper that's on them, whether that actually saves you time or not, I don't know.Holden Thorp (00:36:03):I also have my doubts about that, but that's kind of where we're going. We're watching these things as they go. We're still very restrictive on images and there was this debacle in this Frontiers paper a couple of weeks ago with a ridiculous image that got through. So right now, we're still not allowing illustrations that were generated by the visual counterparts of ChatGPT. Will we loosen that in the future? Maybe, as things evolve, so when we did our first amendment, some of the reporters, they're just doing their jobs saying, well, you can't make your mind up about this. And I'm like, no, you don't want us to make up our mind once and for all. And by the way, science is something that changes over time also. So, we're watching this develop and we expect everybody jokes about how we spend too much time talking about this, but I think everybody's gotten to the point now where they're realizing we're going to talk about it for years to come.Eric Topol (00:37:17):Oh my goodness, yes because we're talking about truth versus fake and this is big stuff. I mean, it affects whether it's the elections, whether it's every sector of our lives are affected by this. And obviously publishing in the leading peer review journal, it couldn't be more important as to get this right and to adjust, as you said, as more evidence, performance and other issues are addressed systematically. That does get me to self-correcting science, something else you've written about, which is kind of self-correcting as to how we will understand the use of large language models and generative AI. But this, you get into science in many different ways, whether it's through the celebrity idea, how it has to adapt and correct that there's a miscue from the public about when evolves and it's actually that science. So maybe you could kind of give us your perspective about you are continuing to reassess what is science as we'll get into more about that in a moment. Where are you at right now on that?Holden Thorp (00:38:40):Yeah, so my general sort of shtick about science is to remind people that it's done by human beings. Human beings who have all different kinds of different brains who come from different backgrounds, who have all the human foibles that you see in any other profession. And I think that unfortunately a lot of, and we brought some of this on ourselves, we've kind of taken on an air of infallibility from time to time or as having the final answer when, if you go back just to the simplest Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn early writings in the philosophy of science, it's crystal clear that science is something that evolves. It's something done by sometimes thousands or even hundreds of thousands of millions of people depending on the topic. And it's not the contributions of any individual person hardly ever.Holden Thorp (00:39:54):But yet we continue to give Nobel prizes and hold up various individual scientific figures as being representative. They're usually representative of many, many people. And it's a process that continues to change. And as always point out, if you want to get a paper in science, it's not good to say, hey, here's something everybody thought and we tested it and it's still correct. That's usually not a good way to get a science paper. The right thing to do is to say, hey, the W boson might weigh more than we expected it to, or it turns out that evolution occurs in ways that we didn't expect, or that's how you get a science paper and that's how you get on the cover of Science. Those are the things that we look for, things that change the way people think about science. And so that's what we're all actively looking for, but yet we sometimes portray to the public that we always have everything completely figured out, and the journalists sometimes don't help us because they like to write crisp stories that people can get something out of. And we like to go on TV and say, hey, I got the answer.Holden Thorp (00:41:23):Don't wear a mask. Do wear a mask. This is how much the temperature is going to go up next year. Oh, we refined our, and it turns out it's another 10th of a degree this way or that way. I mean, that's what makes what we do interesting and embedded in that is also human error, right? Because we make errors in interpretation. We might see a set of data that we think mean one thing, but then somebody else will do something that helps us interpret it another way. In my opinion, that's certainly not misconduct. We hardly ever publish corrections or retractions over interpretation. We just publish more papers about that unless it's some very egregious thing. And then we also have greed and ambition and ego and lots of other things that cause people to make intentional errors that get most of the attention. And we have errors that are unintentional, but still may relate to fundamental data in the paper.Holden Thorp (00:42:36):So when you put all this together, the answer isn't to try to catch everything because there's no way in the world we're going to catch everything and we wouldn't want to, even if we could for some of it, because as John Maddox, who ran my competitor journal for many years in a brilliant way at Nature, someone once asked him how many papers in Nature were wrong? And he said, all of them, because all of them are going to be replaced by new information. And so, what we'd be better off trying to convince the public that this is how science works, which is much harder than just going to them with facts. I mean, that takes a lot of work and doing a better job of telling each other that it's okay when we have to change the record because the biggest thing that erodes trust in science is not the fact that we make mistakes, is that when it turns into a drama over whether we are going to correct the record or not, that's what all these, the Stanford case is probably the biggest in people's minds. But if you look at, we've had this behavioral economic stuff at Harvard, I have this superconductivity at Rochester, Dana Farber's having a big event right now. All of these things don't have to be this dramatic if we would do a better job of collaborating with each other on maintaining an accurate scientific record rather than letting ambition and greed and ego get in the way of all of it.Who Is A Scientist?Eric Topol (00:44:21):Well, you got some important threads in there. The one thing I just would also comment on is my favorite thing in Science is challenging dogma because there's so much dogma, and that's obviously part of what you were getting into and many other aspects as well. But that's the story of Science, that nothing stands. If it does, then you're not doing a good job of really interrogating and following up on whatever is accepted at any particular moment in time. But your writings, whether it's in Science and editorials or science forever, your Substack, which are always insightful but I think one of the most recent ones was about, who is a scientist? And I really love that one because I'll let you explain. There are some people who have a very narrow view and others who see it quite differently. And maybe you could summarize it.Holden Thorp (00:45:23):Well, I had the privilege to moderate a panel at the AAAS meeting that included Keith Yamamoto, who was our outgoing president, Willie May, who was our incoming president, Peggy Hamburg, who ran the FDA and many, many other things. Kaye Husbands Fealing who was a social scientist, and Michael Crow, who was the president of Arizona State. These are all extraordinary people. And I just asked him a simple question, so who was the scientist? Because I think one thing that I see in my work, and you probably see in the communication work and writing that you do, that not all of our colleagues who work in the laboratory think that the rest of this stuff is science.Holden Thorp (00:46:17):And the place that breaks my heart the most is when somebody says, one of our professional editors isn't qualified to reject their paper because they don't have their own lab. Alright, well you've interacted with a lot of our editors, they read more papers than either one of us. They know more about what's going on in these papers than anybody. They are absolute scholars in every sense of the word and if someone thinks they're not scientists, I don't know who a scientist is. And so, then you can extend that to science communicators. I mean, those are obviously the problems we've been talking about, the people we need the most great teachers. If someone's a great science teacher and they have a PhD and they worked in lab and they're teaching at a university, are they still a scientist even if they don't have a lab anymore?Holden Thorp (00:47:11):So in my opinion, an expansive definition of this is the best because we want all these people to be contributing. In fact, many of the problems we have aren't because we're not good in the laboratory. We seem to be able to do a good job generating that. It's more about all these other pieces that we're not nearly as good at. And part of what we need to do is value the people who are good at those things, so I pose this to the panel, and I hope people go on and watch the video. It is worth watching. Keith Yamamoto was in the group that said, it's only if you're doing and planning research that you're a scientist. He knew he was going to be outnumbered before we went out there. We talked about that. I said, Keith, you're my boss. If you don't want me to ask that question, I won't. But to his credit, he wanted to talk about this and then Michael Crow was probably the furthest on the other side who said, what makes humans different from other species is that we're all scientists. We all seek to explain things. So somewhere in the middle and the others were kind of scattered around the middle, although I would say closer to Michael than they were to Keith.Holden Thorp (00:48:33):But I think this is important for us to work out because we want everybody who contributes to the scientific enterprise to feel valued. And if they would feel more valued if we called them scientists, that suits me but it doesn't suit all of our academic colleagues apparently.Eric Topol (00:48:54):Well, I mean, I think just to weigh in a bit on that, I'm a big proponent of citizen scientists, and we've seen how it has transformed projects like folded for structural biology and so many things, All of Us program that's ongoing right now to try to get a million participants, at least half of whom are underrepresented to be citizen scientists learning about themselves through their genome and other layers of data. And that I think may help us to fight the misinformation, disinformation, the people that do their own research with a purpose that can be sometimes nefarious. The last type of topic I wanted to get to with you was the University of Florida and the state of Florida and the Surgeon General there. And again, we are kind of circling back to a few things that we've discussed today about higher education institutions as well as politics and I wonder if we get some comments about that scenario.What's Happening in Florida?Holden Thorp (00:49:59):Yeah. Well, I'm coming to you from Orlando, Florida where I have a home that I've had ever since I moved to a cold climate, and I spent the whole pandemic down here. I observed a lot of things going on in the state of Florida firsthand. And I think in a way it's two different worlds because Florida does make a massive investment in higher education more than many other states and that has really not changed that much under Governor DeSantis despite his performative views that seem to be to the contrary. And so, I think it's important to acknowledge that Florida State and Florida and UCF and USF, these are excellent places and many of them have thrived in terms of their budgets even in this weird climate, but the political performance is very much in the other direction. This is where the Stop WOKE Act happened. This is where, again, I live in Orlando. This is a company town that Ron DeSantis decided to take on the Walt Disney Corporation is the second biggest city in Orlando, and it's a company town, and he took on the employer.Holden Thorp (00:51:32):It doesn't make a whole lot of political sense, but I think it was all part of his national political ambitions. And down at the base of this was this all strange anti-vax stuff. Now I got my first vaccines down here. I went to public places that were organized by the Army Corps of Engineers that were at public properties. It was at a community college here in Orlando, was extremely well organized. I had no problem. I was there 10 minutes, got my vaccines. It was extremely well organized but at the same time, the guys on TV saying the vaccine's not any good. And he hires this person, Joseph Ladapo, to be his Surgeon General, who I think we would both say is an anti-vaxxer. I mean he just recently said that you didn't need to get a measles vaccine and then in the last couple of days said, if you're unvaccinated and you have measles, you don't have to quarantine for 21 days. Now really would be disastrous if measles came back. You know a lot more about that than I do but I'm a generation that had a measles vaccine and never worried about measles.Holden Thorp (00:52:59):So the part of it that I worry about the most is that this person, the Surgeon General, also has a faculty appointment at the University of Florida. And you can see how he got it because his academic resume has been circulated as a result of all of Florida's public records laws and he has a very strong, credible resume that would probably cause him to get tenure at a lot of places. The medical faculty at Florida have tried to assert themselves and say, we really need to distance ourselves from him, but the administration at the University of Florida has not really engaged them. Now, I did ask them last week about the measles thing. I was going to write about it again, and I wrote to them and I said, if you guys aren't going to say anything about what he is saying about the measles, then I'm going to have another editorial.Holden Thorp (00:54:05):And they sent me a statement, which I posted that you probably saw that they still didn't condemn him personally, but they did say that measles vaccination was very important, and it was a fairly direct statement. I don't know if that will portend more stronger words from the University of Florida. Maybe now that their president is somebody who's close to the governor, they'll feel a little more comfortable saying things like that. But I think the bigger issue for all of us is when we have academic colleagues who say things that we know are scientifically invalid, and this always gets to the whole free speech thing, but in my opinion, free speech, it is within free speech to say, yes, all these things about vaccines are true, but I still don't think people should be compelled to get vaccinated. That's an opinion. That's fine. But what's not an opinion is to say that vaccines are unsafe if they've been tested over and over again and proven to be effective.Academic FreedomHolden Thorp (00:55:24):That's not an opinion. And I personally don't think that that deserves certainly to be weighted equally with the totality of medical evidence. I think that it's within bounds for academic colleagues and even institutions to call out their colleagues who are not expressing an opinion, but are challenging scientific facts without doing experiments and submitting papers and having lots of people look at it and doing all the stuff that we require in order to change scientific consensus. And this happens in climate change in a very parallel way. I mean, it's an opinion to say the climate is changing, humans are causing it, but I still don't think we should have government regulations about carbon. I think we should wait for the private sector to solve it, or I don't think it's going to have as bad of an effect as people say. Those are policy debates that you can have.Holden Thorp (00:56:28):But alleging that climate scientists are falsifying their projection somehow when they're not is in my opinion, not covered by free speech. And I think the best evidence we had of this is this recent verdict with Michael Mann, where it was the people who were criticizing him were found to be defamatory when they said that he committed research fraud. They could say he's exaggerating the threat. They could say they could dislike his style. He does have a very bombastic style. They can say all kinds of things about their opinions about him personally but if you accuse him of committing research fraud, and the paper that was in question was one of the most highly litigated papers of all time. It's been investigated more times than you can count. That's not something that's protected by free speech because it's defamatory to say that, and the jury found that. I think we have a lot of work to do to get within our own world, our colleagues, to get their arms around these two forms of debate.Eric Topol (00:57:51):Right. Well, I think this is, again, another really important point you're making during the pandemic parallel to the Michael Mann climate change case is that leading universities, as we recently reviewed in a podcast with Jonathan Howard, who wrote a book about this leading universities like Stanford, UCSF, Johns Hopkins and many others, didn't come out about the people that were doing things, saying things that were truly potential public harm. Not like you're saying, expressing an opinion with the truth, but rather negating evidence that was important to keep people protected from Covid. This is a problem which is thematic in our discussion I think Holden, is that universities have to get with it. They have to be able to help not put things on the credit card, be very transparent, direct quick respond, and not hide behind worried about social media or journalists or whatever else. This has been an incredible discussion, Holden, I got into even more than I thought we would.Eric Topol (00:59:15):You're a phenom to defend the whole science landscape that is challenging right now. I think you would agree for many reasons that we've discussed, and it affects education in a very dramatic, serious way. I want to thank you all that you're doing at Science with your team there to lead the charge and stand up for things and not being afraid to stimulate some controversies here and there. It's good for the field. And so, I hope I didn't miss anything and this exhaustive, this is the longest podcast I've done on Ground Truths, I want you to know that.Holden Thorp (00:59:59):Well, I'm flattered by that because you've had some great people on, that's for sure. And thank you for all you're doing, not just in science, but to spread the word about all these things and bring people together. It means a lot to all of us.Eric Topol (01:00:15):Oh, much appreciated. And we'll convene again soon to discuss so many dimensions of what we just have been reviewing and new ones to come. Thanks very much.Holden Thorp (01:00:25):Okay. Always good talking to you.*******************************************************Thanks for listening or reading this episode of GT.Please share if you found this podcast informative.Ground Truths is open-access. All content (newsletters and podcasts) is free.All proceeds from voluntary paid subscriptions support Scripps Research and have provided major funding for our summer internship program. Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

How is measles spread? In this episode: MMR vaccine age, signs of measles, new studies on maternal COVID vaccination, who should get Paxlovid, and chronic COVID-19. AMA's Vice President of Science, Medicine and Public Health, Andrea Garcia, JD, MPH, shares what doctors need to know about why measles cases are on the rise both here and abroad. Also a look at COVID vaccination during pregnancy and its positive impact on newborns, as well as new research data on the long-term effects of COVID known as "chronic COVID". American Medical Association CXO Todd Unger hosts.

In October 2023, an international group of scientists released an impressively detailed cell atlas of the human brain, published in 21 papers in the journals Science, Science Advances and Science Translational Medicine.The human brain has roughly 171 billion cells, which makes it a herculean task to categorize them all. Scientists collected samples from different parts of the brain and have identified 3,000 different types of cells. Each cell contains thousands of genes and each cell type only expresses a small fraction of those. Cataloging cells by their gene expressions, paves the way for scientists to tailor disease treatments to target only the affected cells. This human brain cell atlas is only the first draft, but it could signal a paradigm shift in how we understand and treat neurological diseases.Ira talks with one of the researchers who helped put together the cell atlas, Dr. Ed Lein, senior investigator at the Allen Institute for Brain Science, and takes listener calls.Transcripts for each segment will be available the week after the show airs on sciencefriday.com. To stay updated on all things science, sign up for Science Friday's newsletters.

It's In the News, a look at the top stories and headlines from the diabetes community happening now. Top stories this week: a new study looks at food-as-medicine for type 2, another FDA warning about fake Ozempic, new research says gut markers may help predict who Tzield will work best for, JDRF partners with NFL and more... Happy New Year - we'll see you in 2024! Find out more about Moms' Night Out  Please visit our Sponsors & Partners - they help make the show possible! Take Control with Afrezza  Omnipod - Simplify Life Learn about Dexcom  Edgepark Medical Supplies Check out VIVI Cap to protect your insulin from extreme temperatures Learn more about AG1 from Athletic Greens  Drive research that matters through the T1D Exchange The best way to keep up with Stacey and the show is by signing up for our weekly newsletter: Sign up for our newsletter here Here's where to find us: Facebook (Group) Facebook (Page) Instagram Twitter Check out Stacey's books! Learn more about everything at our home page www.diabetes-connections.com  Reach out with questions or comments: info@diabetes-connections.com Episode transcription: Hello and welcome to Diabetes Connections In the News! I'm Stacey Simms and every other Friday I bring you a short episode with the top diabetes stories and headlines happening now. XX In the news is brought to you by Edgepark simplify your diabetes journey with Edgepark XX Our top story this week… XX You often hear people say food is medicine.. but an intensive program trying to show that's the case did NOT improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes any better than usual care. This was a randomized clinical trial. After 6 months, both groups had a similar drop in HbA1c -- 1.5 percentage points among program enrollees and 1.3 percentage points with usual care, with no significant differences in other metabolic lab values between the groups either, the researchers wrote in JAMA the food-as-medicine participants even gained some weight compared with the usual care group over 6 months (adjusted mean difference 1.95 kg, P=0.04). "I was surprised by the findings because the program is so intensive," Doyle told MedPage Today. "The health system built brick-and-mortar clinics, staffed them with a dietitian, nurse, and community health worker, had weekly food pick-up for 10 meals per week for the entire family, and participants spend a year in the program."   Costing an estimated $2,000 annually per participant, the food-as-medicine program allowed participants to choose from a variety of vegetables, fruits, and entrees each week -- enough food for two meals a day, 5 days a week. They were also provided recipes and cooking instructions and met with dietitians to track goals. On the other hand, the control group was only provided usual care, a list of local food bank locations, and the option to join the program after 6 months.     The trial was conducted at two sites, one rural and one urban, in the mid-Atlantic region. It recruited 465 adults with type 2 diabetes who completed the study, all of whom started with an HbA1c of 8% or higher. All participants were also self-reported as food insecure. The average age was 54.6 years, 54.8% of participants were female, 81.3% were white, and most resided in the urban location. Of note, all participants also resided in the program's service area and were affiliated with the health system that ran it.   "One study should not be over-interpreted," said Doyle. "It is possible that such a program could work in other contexts, among patients less connected to a health system, or in other formats. The main alternative to providing healthy groceries and education is to provide pre-made 'medically tailored meals.'"   "I hope the study raises awareness of the potential for food-as-medicine programs to increase healthcare engagement and to push researchers and policymakers to generate more evidence on ways such programs can improve health." It's worth noting that there is very little study – much less clinical trial level study on this type of thing. The researchers say they hope it spurs more research to find methods that will have a large impact. https://news.mit.edu/2023/food-medicine-diabetes-study-1227 https://www.medpagetoday.com/primarycare/dietnutrition/107998   XX New information about moderate low carb diets for people with type 1. The study published in The Lancet Regional Health - Europe is the largest of its kind to date. Participants were for different periods randomly assigned in a crossover manner to eat a traditional diet with 50% of the energy from carbohydrates, or a moderate low-carbohydrate diet with 30% of the energy from carbohydrates.   The 50 participants all had type 1 diabetes with elevated mean glucose, long-term blood sugar, and injection therapy with insulin or an insulin pump. Half were women, half men. The average age was 48 years. Participants on a moderate low-carbohydrate diet were found to spend more time in what is known as the target range, the range within which people with type 1 diabetes should be in terms of glucose levels. The increase in time within the target range was an average of 68 minutes per day compared to the traditional diet, while the time with elevated values ​​was reduced by 85 minutes per day. The researchers saw no evidence of adverse effects. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231220/Moderate-low-carb-diet-safe-and-effective-for-adults-with-type-1-diabetes.aspx   XX Researchers at Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals have identified an enzyme that blocks insulin produced in the body—a discovery that could provide a new target to treat diabetes.   Their study, published Dec. 5 in the journal Cell, focuses on nitric oxide, a compound that dilates blood vessels, improves memory, fights infection and stimulates the release of hormones, among other functions. How nitric oxide performs these activities had long been a mystery.   The researchers discovered a novel “carrier” enzyme (called SNO-CoA-assisted nitrosylase, or SCAN) that attaches nitric oxide to proteins, including the receptor for insulin action. Given the discovery, next steps could be to develop medications against the enzyme, he said. https://thedaily.case.edu/new-cause-of-diabetes-discovered-offering-potential-target-for-new-classes-of-drugs-to-treat-the-disease/ XX The Food and Drug Administration on Thursday warned consumers not to use counterfeit versions of Novo Nordisk's diabetes drug Ozempic that have been found in the country's drug supply chain.   The FDA said it will continue to investigate counterfeit Ozempic 1 milligram injections and has seized thousands of units, but flagged that some may still be available for purchase. The agency said the needles from the seized injections are counterfeit and their sterility cannot be confirmed, which presents an additional risk of infection for patients.   Other confirmed counterfeit components from the seized products include the pen label and accompanying information about the healthcare professional and patient, as well as the carton. The FDA urged drug distributors, retail pharmacies, healthcare practitioners and patients to check the drug they have received and to not distribute, use or sell the units labeled with lot number NAR0074 and serial number 430834149057.   People who have Ozempic injections with the above lot number and serial number can report it directly to the FDA Office of Criminal Investigations. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-warns-ozempic-counterfeit-diabetes-weight-loss-rcna130871 XX New research indicates that information in the gut may predict how well a person responds to Tzield. That's the medication approved earlier this year to delay the onset of type 1.  These findings reported in the journal Science Translational Medicine, casts a new spotlight on the immune system's relationship with the microbiome, revealing how gut microbes can shape the progression of type 1 diabetes. With this new knowledge in hand, clinicians may better pinpoint patients who are most likely to respond to teplizumab. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-12-gut-microbes-patients-response-drug.html   XX Experts are advocating for universal screening for type 1 diabetes. With the availability of Tzield and other medications on the horizon, there's a stronger push for screening earlier in life. At least 85% of people who are newly diagnosed do not have a family history of diabetes. Testing for autoantibodies can be completed at home through the TrialNet clinical trial program, or at a doctor's office or lab. For instance, JDRF's T1Detect program provides at-home testing for $55, with lower-cost options for people in financial need. The 2024 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Care recommend more intensive monitoring for the progression of preclinical type 1 diabetes. The Standards of Care also recommend using Tzield to delay the onset of diabetes in people at least 8 years old with stage 2 type 1 diabetes. https://diatribe.org/type-1-diabetes-it%E2%80%99s-time-population-wide-screening XX Commercial XX   https://www.healthline.com/health-news/the-years-biggest-medical-advancements-in-diabetes-treatment XX DRF, the leading global funder of type 1 diabetes (T1D) research, is recognizing the NFL stars who showcased their creativity and a remarkable show of support as part of the highly anticipated annual "My Cause My Cleats" (MCMC) campaign.   The My Cause My Cleats initiative allows NFL players to wear custom-painted cleats during selected games to raise awareness and funds for the charitable causes closest to their hearts. The unofficial start of the campaign begins on Giving Tuesday with unboxing day events showcasing the players' cleats and the stories behind them. It continues through weeks 13 and 14 of the season, culminating with the players donning their cleats on game day. After the games, some players donate their cleats to their chosen charities or the NFL auction, with all proceeds going toward their selected causes.   Type 1 Diabetes is a life-threatening autoimmune condition that affects people of all ages, regardless of family history or lifestyle choices. To live, people with T1D must carefully balance injecting or infusing insulin with their carbohydrate intake throughout the day and night. T1D impacts approximately 1.6 million people in the U.S. It is unpreventable, and there is currently no cure.   This year, JDRF is thankful for the support of several players who have T1D or are advocating for their loved ones with T1D, including Mark Andrews of the Baltimore Ravens, Orlando Brown, Jr. of the Cincinnati Bengals, Blake Ferguson of the Miami Dolphins, Collin Johnson of the Chicago Bears, Chad Muma of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Nate Peterman of the Chicago Bears, and Kevin Radar of the Tennessee Titans.   "The NFL players who support JDRF through the My Cause My Cleats exemplify the passion and determination at the heart of the type 1 diabetes community," said Kenya Felton, JDRF Director of PR and Celebrity Engagement. "They serve as inspirations for many adults and children affected by T1D, demonstrating that with an understanding of T1D, effective management, and a good support system, you can overcome the challenges of the disease. Their support helps to increase awareness and is significant in helping JDRF advance life-changing breakthroughs in T1D research and advocacy initiatives."   Since its inception in 2016, the MCMC campaign has provided a platform for many NFL players and affiliates to support JDRF's mission, including Beau Benzschawel, David Carr, Will Clarke, Keion Crossen, DeAndre Carter, Reid Ferguson, Jaedan Graham, Jarvis Jenkins, Collin Johnson, Henry Mondeaux, Jaelan Phillips, Adam Schefter, Brandon Wilds, and Jonah Williams. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nfl-stars-support-jdrf-and-champion-type-1-diabetes-awareness-through-the-my-cause-my-cleats-campaign-302022060.html   XX Join us again soon!    

On today's show, independent researchers and writers John Beaudoin Sr. and Kevin McKernan review Steve Kirsch's recent 'data bombshell' speech at MIT and take turns sharing their expert analysis of the pandemic and the subsequent jabs. John and Kevin each tell their remarkable stories of how they were able to recognize the scam of the pandemic early on, as a result of their respective fields of study. Also, John shares a profound and personal story, and Kevin explains some of his pioneering scientific work in the field of therapeutic cannabis. GUEST 1 OVERVIEW: John Paul Beaudoin, Sr. is an American author and father of three men for whom he spent all of his meaningful life caring. John has a Master's degree in Business Administration and a Bachelor's degree in Computer & Systems Engineering. After more than thirty (>30) years developing and executing campaigns for contracts in the electronics and semiconductors research and development industry, John lost his eldest son at twenty (20) years old in a motorcycle accident. Two (2) years afterward, the covid era began. John simply wanted truth and could not find it in government data, media announcements, press releases, or local conversations. He sought a signal amongst the noise. John knew that things were not as we were programmed to believe. Having been in sales and marketing, he recognized the tactics used against the populace. Three (3) and four (4) word catch phrases were repeated ad nauseam on television and social media. This is programming, marketing, advertising, manipulation, propaganda. “Two weeks to flatten the curve” “Safe and effective” “I wear my mask for you” “Six feet” “Antivaxers are selfish” “Don't kill grandma” “Correlation doesn't equal causation” John recognizes these mass manipulation tactics and strategies because he sees first-hand the outcome of such manipulation. He sees the world from a viewpoint of interrelated systems. When orders were given to lock down, social distance, mask, or vaccinate, John knew immediately the negative externalities that would ensue. Some people are frail in physical and mental health. Stark societal changes will maim or kill those at the margins of health. Given John's horizontal aptitude, he was a good fit for the problem. His insight is gleaned from his years of problem solving from an engineering point of view. This includes a unique and cursory knowledge across a wide range of disciplines including : psychology, sociology, economics, law, finance, accounting, physical sciences, electrical engineering. John is one of a handful of people with the record-level source data and the systems-level vision to pull it all together into a broad understanding of how this covid era came to be. https://substack.com/@coquindechien https://twitter.com/JohnBeaudoinSr GUEST 2 OVERVIEW: Kevin McKernan is the CSO and Founder of Medicinal Genomics and has pioneered the genomics of cannabis and hemp to build a stronger scientific environment (Kannapedia.net) for the study of cannabis based therapeutics and blockchain technologies for tracking and verifying cannabis genetics. Previously, Kevin was the CSO of Courtagen Life Sciences, Inc., and was Vice President and Director of R&D of Life Technologies where he managed the development of Life Technologies next generation SOLiD sequencing technology. Integral to the SOLiD R&D process, Kevin oversaw over 100 research collaborations exploring the new biological frontiers with next generation sequencing and saw particular excitement and traction in human tumor sequencing. Kevin initiated an R&D project to investigate chemFET semiconductor based DNA sequencing and spearheaded a process to acquire the DNA sequencing company Ion Torrent for $350M. These collaborations resulted in hundreds of publications and 7 Journal covers from Science Translational Medicine to Nature. Kevin was the President and CSO of Agencourt Personal Genomics, a startup company he co-founded in 2005 to invent revolutionary sequencing technologies that dropped the cost of sequencing a human genome from $300M to $3,000; a 100,000-fold improvement in sequencing speed and cost in a few years. In 2000, Kevin Co-Founded Agencourt Biosciences Corporation and acted as the CSO until it was acquired by Beckman Coulter. Kevin also managed the R&D for the Human Genome Project at Whitehead Institute/MIT resulting in several patents for nucleic acid purification. Kevin holds a B.S. in Biology from Emory University with a focus on cloning and expressing Norepinephrine Transporters. When not decoding DNA and unraveling the mysteries of cannabis medicine, Kevin enjoy boating, skiing, and gardening. https://substack.com/@kevinmckernan https://twitter.com/Kevin_McKernan

Teaching and Learning: In the Lab featuring Chetan Bettegowda, MD, FAANSDr. Chetan Bettegowda is currently the Jennison and Novak Families Professor of Neurosurgery and Oncology and Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Neurosurgery at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. His clinical focus is on the surgical management of brain tumors and directs and metastatic brain tumor center, meningioma center and trigeminal neuralgia. He directs the Reza Khatib Brain Tumor Center and the Physician Scientist Training Program at Johns Hopkins. As Medical Director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, his laboratory efforts have focused on the applications of cell free tumor derived DNA for the early detection and monitoring of a myriad of cancers. His research has been funded by the Burroughs Wellcome Career Award for Medical Scientists, Doris Duke Clinician Scientist Award, Department of Defense and the National Cancer Institute. He has been recognized with numerous awards including being named the 2022 William Baumgartner Johns Hopkins Physician of the Year. He has published widely with over 250 articles including in journals such as Science, Science Translational Medicine, Nature Genetics, Nature Communications, Cell Reports Medicine and PNAS. 

Drs. Diwakar Davar and Ben Boursi discuss the role of the gut microbiome in the outcome of cancer immunotherapy and the prevention of immunotherapy-related adverse events, as well as compelling research on nutritional interventions to improve response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. TRANSCRIPT   Dr. Diwakar Davar: Hello, and welcome to the ASCO Daily News Podcast. I'm your guest host, Dr. Diwakar Davar. I'm an associate professor of medicine and the clinical director of the Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program at the University of Pittsburgh's Hillman Cancer Center.   Researchers have shown that microorganisms in the gut can impact the effectiveness of immunogenic chemotherapy for patients with cancer. Although microbial therapies for cancer are still at a very early stage of clinical development, compelling research in recent years has shown that changing the gut microbiome can help improve outcomes in patients receiving treatments for cancer enduring immune checkpoint inhibition.  My guest today is Dr. Ben Boursi, a GI medical oncologist at the Sheba Medical Center at Tel Aviv University in Israel. Dr. Boursi is also an adjunct professor at the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Pennsylvania. He joins me today to discuss his pivotal research on the role of the gut microbiome in mediating its effects on immunotherapy. And again, I want to highlight that we're recording this on October 9th, and as you may well know, many recent events over the last couple of days have happened in Israel, and so Dr. Boursi has joined us at a very difficult time. So, we're very grateful for him taking time out of his suddenly very busy schedule to join us at a time that is fraught for all. You'll find our disclosures in the transcript of this episode. You'll also find the disclosures of all guests on the podcast at asco.org/DNpod. Ben, it's great to have you on the podcast today. Thank you for being here at such a difficult time, sharing what will, I think, be a great episode.  Dr. Ben Boursi: Thanks for having me, Diwakar. Dr. Diwakar Davar: Ben, the gut microbiome and its role in terms of mediating effects and side effects of cancer immunotherapy has gotten a lot of interest recently. You've done some fundamental work in this space. Why don't you briefly summarize for the audience, firstly, what is the gut microbiome and what are the major themes in relation to cancer immunotherapy?  Dr. Ben Boursi: Well, the microbiome is the ecosystem of microorganisms, bacteria, phages, fungi, that are crucial for immunologic, metabolic and hormonal homeostasis of the host. In the last decade, we began to understand the central role of the gut and tumor microbiome in tumorigenesis, metastasis, treatment efficacy and toxicities, and in 2022, polymorphic microbiomes became one of the hallmarks of cancer, in addition to previous hallmarks that focused mainly at the cellular/genetic levels. The initial studies in mice models showed that therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy depends on both the presence and composition of the microbiota (In germ-free or antibiotic treated mice, immunotherapy is ineffective), and following these studies, three observational studies in human patients showed that the gut microbiome can predict response to immunotherapy and that response to immunotherapy could be transferred to germ-free mice by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from responding patients.  These studies helped us to define three main research questions regarding the possible role of microbial modulation in cancer treatment. First, can microbial modulation overcome resistance to immunotherapy, both primary and secondary resistance? And this question was the focus of the initial proof of concept studies. Second, can microbial modulation improve response to immunotherapy in treatment-naive patients? And third, can microbial modulation prevent or treat immune related adverse events? The initial positive results of clinical trials also led to additional questions. For example, can microbial modulation induce anti-tumor immune response even in non-immunogenic tumors? And it is important to note that there are many ways to modulate the microbiota, but so far, the only reliable way that showed positive results is fecal microbiota transplantation that allows the transfer of the entire microbiota both in terms of composition and relative abundance. Dr. Diwakar Davar: That's great. Essentially with the trials that I think the data sets that you're referencing of course, are papers by Jennifer Wargo, Thomas Gajewski, and Lawrence Zitvogel, looking at the role of gut microbiota in several different cancers, primarily immune checkpoint sensitive tumors such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer and kidney cancer. And then the work from several different groups showing that essentially proof of concept experiments can be done to try to change this, certainly preclinically, and now we know that that can be done clinically.   So, I guess the failure rates of immunotherapy in some patients are quite high. And we know that the microbial composition can change the likelihood to respond to immunotherapy based on all these trials. And actually, even going back to 2015, we had two seminal papers that looked at the role of CTLA-4 blockade as well. But subsequently, many years after that, 7 years after 2015, and certainly 3 years after 2018, when the three observational PD-1 papers were published, there were 2 pivotal trials in PD-1 advanced or refractory melanoma. They demonstrated that changing the gut microbiome can reprogram the immune system to attack tumors. So, there were 2 separate trials, both published the same issue of Science. One trial was led by your group at Sheba, and another one's led by us, the University of Pittsburgh. Why don't you summarize both studies for our audience. Dr. Ben Boursi: So, both studies were Phase I clinical trials of FMT in metastatic melanoma patients who failed immunotherapy. Recipients were metastatic melanoma patients that progressed on at least one line of anti PD-1 and in BRAF mutated patients, BRAF inhibitors as well. Donors in the Sheba study were metastatic melanoma patients with durable complete responses to immunotherapy for at least one year, and in the Pittsburgh study, you also included patients with durable partial responses of more than two years as donors. It is important to note that each fecal transplant in both studies was composed of a single donor. Prior to transplantation, we performed a microbiome depletion phase using a combination of two antibiotics, vancomycin and neomycin. The goal of this phase was to assist in engraftment (by avoiding colonization-resistance by recipient bacteria) and to “reset” the immune system, which may remind some people of the logic behind bone marrow transplantation. In the Pittsburgh study, there was no bacterial eradication with antibiotics, mainly because of studies showing that response to immunotherapy is lower following antibiotic treatment.  Both studies performed FMT through colonoscopy. At Sheba, we also performed maintenance FMT using capsules in order to keep the donor's microbial composition. After the initial FMT, both studies reintroduced the same immunotherapy in which the patient progressed in the past. Clinically, we have seen a 30% response rate with durable, complete and partial responses, and in the Pittsburgh study, there was a 20% response rate and 40% disease control rate. Both studies showed following FMT, immune response in the gut and in the tumor, and tumors that were immune deserts prior to FMT became infiltrated with lymphocytes. Interestingly, in our study, there were no moderate to severe immune related adverse events following FMT and reintroduction of immunotherapy. And this is despite the fact that five of the patients had significant side effects during previous rounds of the same immunotherapy.  Dr. Diwakar Davar: So essentially, in these very early proof of concept studies, what I think is pretty remarkable is that obviously the sample sizes were very small, but remarkably, patients that appeared to respond, responded in a setting in which they were not expected to respond. So, the probability of a patient responding to attempt at giving PD-1 in patients who were PD-1 relapse refractory is on the order of about 7%, based on an FDA analysis by Viva et al. And here, two separate studies, two independent studies, investigators had not known that each paper was being published, remarkably similar results clearly demonstrating that this is perhaps one of the best pieces of evidence to suggest that microbiome modulation may actually truly be effective in reversing PD-1 refractoriness.  More recently, our colleague Dr. Bertrand Routy at University of Montreal has done a proof of concept trial in evaluating the use of healthy donor fecal microbiota transplant in addition to anti PD-1 monotherapy in PD-1 naive metastatic melanoma. In this study, published in Nature Medicine a few weeks ago, his group reported an objective response rate of 65%. What are your thoughts about this study? And specifically, what are your thoughts about some of the pharmacodynamic and translational results that were demonstrated?  Dr. Ben Boursi: This is a very interesting question, because in both the Sheba and the University of Pittsburgh studies we chose responding patients as donors. We thought that by using these patients, we provide beneficial bacteria that enhance responses to immunotherapy through several mechanisms (molecular mimicry, immunomodulatory bacterial metabolites, modulation of immune checkpoint expression, and much more), and here in the Routy paper, the researchers used FMT from healthy donors without any selection for specific beneficial bacteria, and they demonstrated a similar effect on overall response rate. So maybe FMT works actually through reducing colonization by deleterious bacteria? Another question that we should ask is whether we need to choose donors differently when we use microbial modulation in treatment resistant patients compared to treatment-naive patients? Moreover, a previous meta-analysis of FMT studies across indications that was conducted by the group of Dr. Nicola Segata, demonstrated that recipients with better engraftment were more likely to experience clinical benefit, and that increased engraftment was mainly observed in individuals receiving FMTs through multiple routes, colonoscopy and capsules, as well as recipients that received antibiotics prior to FMT. But in Routy's trial, they not only used healthy donors, they performed bacterial cleansing only prior to FMT instead of bacterial eradication with antibiotics, and used FMTs through colonoscopy only, and they didn't give maintenance FMT. Of course, such an approach is much more feasible in the clinical setting and is relevant for designing future clinical trials.  Dr. Diwakar Davar: So, many differences, relatively few similarities, but I guess one interesting point is that of engraftment, which is that in your paper, our paper, and certainly in Bertrand's paper, it is very interesting that engraftment appears to be a key pharmacodynamic biomarker of microbiome modulation. And certainly, the analogy that you used earlier, which is that it's very similar to what happens in a stem cell transplant, which is that if there's no take, there's probably not going to be any effect. So that's very interesting that engraftment is emerging as a key PD biomarker of essentially the success of any kind of microbiome modulation across multiple different settings.  Now, we've heard of certainly defined microbial consortia, of cultivated species, as an alternative gut microbiome modulation strategy that balances the benefits of the ecological complexity of FMT with the scalability and practicality of probiotics. Do you think we are ready to design consortia?  Dr. Ben Boursi: So to date there are several probiotics that use a single bacteria and several microbial consortia that were evaluated in clinical trials, and as you mentioned, they may offer more tractable solutions for widespread clinical use. If we begin with the single bacteria probiotics, two phase 2 clinical trials found that administration of the butyrate producing probiotic clostridium butyricum 588 (CBM588) to immunotherapy naive patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma led to markedly better immunotherapy responses, although the probiotic had a minimal effect on the composition of the microbiota, and the control arm of the trial responded worse than expected. In addition, in preclinical studies, probiotic strains of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium have been shown to enhance immune control of transplanted tumors and to augment anti PD-1 activity. However, a clinical trial in patients with metastatic melanoma found that the use of lactobacillus or bifidobacterium probiotics was associated with reduced microbiota diversity and worse responses to anti PD-1.  So here the conclusion is that when we try to design probiotics, we should not focus only on the composition since other factors, such as the relative abundance also matter. Too much of a beneficial bacterial species may potentially be worse than having a balanced and diverse microbiota. For example, a recent study of patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving immunotherapy found that patients with a detectable Akkermansia muciniphila in their gut microbiota (this is a beneficial bacteria) responded well to treatment, but those with relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila greater than 5% responded worse than patients lacking Akkermansia, and this is due to the mucolytic effect of the bacteria. So, the use of rationally designed consortia may be better than a single probiotic strain.  And there are currently 3 main microbial consortia that are being evaluated: the SER-401, a bacterial consortium enriched with clostridium, led in a randomized controlled trial to reduced response to immunotherapy compared to placebo control in first line metastatic melanoma patients, potentially due to a confounding effect of a vancomycin pretreatment; MET4 is a 30 bacteria consortium that was shown to be safe and to alter the gut microbiota and serum metabolome of immunotherapy naive patients. Here, the initial study was underpowered to determine the effect on treatment efficacy; And finally, VE800 is an immunotherapy enhancing 11-bacterial consortium that is currently being evaluated in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials, and we are looking forward to see the results with this agent. Dr. Diwakar Davar: So I guess where we are right now is that social design is clearly difficult because of all the reasons you've mentioned. The SER-401 data and the MET4-IO trials certainly give us pause for thought. Certainly, no pharmacodynamic changes that were seen with SER-401, MET4-IO did result in pharmacodynamic shifts metagenomically, but neither trial was positive. And certainly, the VE800 trial, which has been ongoing now for several years, and the lack of publicly reported data certainly doesn't suggest that there's a huge efficacy signal. So consortias, at least at this point, certainly do not appear to be having a significant effect, though we don't know what might happen in the future. Data from multiple groups has shown that gut microbial composition influences the development of immune related adverse events (irAEs) in both PD-1 and combination PD-1 and CTLA-4 treated patients. Unsurprisingly, as a result, there have been attempts made at evaluating the role of fecal microbiota transplants to treat refractory immune related adverse events and very specifically immune checkpoint associated colitis or IMC. So, Dr. Yinghong Wang, who is the chair of the Immunotherapy Toxicity Working Group at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center has been very prominent in this space, and in a recent paper published in Science Translational Medicine, which is a follow up paper to her early work in Nature Medicine, she reported that HDFMT, healthy donor fecal transplantation, was very efficacious in feeding early refractory immune checkpoint colitis. So, what are your thoughts on this approach and how important is this space and where else might it be efficacious?  Dr. Ben Boursi: When I talked about the Sheba clinical study, I mentioned the possible role for microbiota modulation in the prevention of immunotherapy related adverse events in general, not only colitis. But the study by Dr. Yinghong showed that FMT can actually treat immune-related colitis refractory to steroids and anti-TNF. Now, this approach is probably relevant not only for immune related colitis, but also to other immune related adverse events. We can define certain bacterial species that may be associated with different immune related events. For example, streptococci can be associated with immune related arthritis. And maybe in the future we won't need to use FMT, but we will rather be able to target these specific immunogenic strains by narrow spectrum antibiotics or phages. The main challenge would be to develop microbiotic targeting interventions that reduce immune related adverse events without compromising therapeutic efficacy.   Now, is microbial modulation relevant only for toxicity from immune checkpoint inhibitors? So, the answer is ‘no'. We know mainly from animal models of hematopoietic cell transplantation, CAR T, and immune agonist antibodies that antibiotic-treated or germ-free mice have markedly reduced immunotoxicity, such as graft versus host disease, cytokine release syndromes, and more. It is also worth mentioning that microbial modulation is relevant not only for reducing toxicity from immunotherapy, but also from chemotherapy and other anticancer modalities. And the best example is the gastrointestinal toxicity of irinotecan that is mediated by the bacterial beta-glucuronidase. And here the targeting may even be a bit less complex. Dr. Diwakar Davar: So, what we take away from that is that starting with actually your paper originally, and papers to be produced, immune-related adverse events can be prevented using microbiome modulation with FMT, and Dr. Wang's data suggesting that eventually FMT can be used to eradicate highly refractive colitis, again, this is important to keep in mind that this approach is not yet FDA-approved. It's being done under IND. It's not currently something that is a certain standard of care. One interesting area of drug development is that there's a French microbiome company named MaaT Pharma where they have an agent that is a very interestingly a pooled microbiome product from multiple different donors. Again, the trials in both Israel and Pittsburgh used individual donors. This is a pooled donor construct. The lead candidate is actually graft versus host disease. The trial is the ARES trial, A-R-E-S, as in the Roman god of war. This trial is actually ongoing in Europe, and I believe there's some effort to try to see whether or not it's going to be a trial that can be done in the United States as well. So, at this point in time, again, we don't know whether or not there are any developmental approaches from a pharmaceutical company in the United States, but certainly this is definitely an area of interest.  So microbial therapies are still relatively early. It's going to be interesting to see how the advanced field of nutritional interventions provide an appealing method for modulating the gut microbiome due to the excellent safety profile, cost effectiveness and noninvasiveness. And certainly, if you are what you eat and your bacteria are what they eat, which goes down to our diet, there's enough rationale to believe that certain nutritional interventions can have an effect via the intermedial gut microbiota modulation. Holistic dietary changes and or supplementation specific nutrients such as prebiotics could therefore be utilized to specifically shape the population of beneficial microbes and shift the immune microbiota landscape. Now, we have seen in data published by several of our colleagues that in patients with cancer, high fiber intake is associated with greater microbial diversity, greater abundance in fiber fermenting microbes such as members of the Ruminococcaceae family, and these are all associated with the response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy. So, what do you think about nutritional interventions? Do you want us to briefly summarize data regarding nutritional data and where it stands in cancer at his time? And can you speculate as to how effective this might be in the context of patients with cancer? Dr. Ben Boursi: So, let's begin with diet. A growing number of clinical and preclinical studies suggest that specific dietary interventions such as a high fiber diet can not only improve response to immune checkpoint blockers, but also reduce immunotoxicity such as graft versus host disease. And there are many other diets that are being tested such as ketogenic diets and intermittent fasting. And the effects of diet may be mediated by both microbiota-dependent and microbiota-independent mechanisms. The limitation of this approach is that changes to the microbiota induced by diet are generally quite variable between patients and can depend on an individual's microbiota prior to intervention. And patient compliance is also a concern, particularly in the very strict diets.  Now, regarding high fiber diets, several large cohorts of melanoma patients from the US, Australia, and the Netherlands demonstrated how a high fiber diet modulates the microbiome and results in a better response to immunotherapy, better progression-free survival. Additional studies that were presented at AACR in 2023 showed that high fiber dietary interventions, in which patients received a fiber-enriched diet for six weeks, was feasible and that the high fiber diet resulted in a rapid shift in the gut microbiota toward fiber-responsive short chain fatty acid-producing taxa and a shift of the metabolome, with increase in the short chain fatty acid acetate, Omega-3, Omega-6, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and tryptophan metabolites. Prebiotics can also promote the growth of beneficial microbial species in the gut by providing targeted nutrition. And one example of a prebiotic that was shown to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in mouse models is castalagin, which is isolated from the camu-camu berry. Castalagin directly binds the outer membrane of ruminococci and promotes their growth, which has been shown to increase the CD8-positive T-cell activity and anti-PD-1 efficacy. Now, since prebiotics rely on the presence of beneficial taxa already in the host microbiota, symbiotics, which refers to the administration of the appropriate prebiotic and probiotic together, may prove in the future to be more effective than using either separately. Dr. Diwakar Davar: Certainly, these dietary interventions can be very exciting and certainly we do know of several colleagues who are doing these diet interventions, though compliance with any kind of dietary intervention may be a challenge that decides how effective such an approach is going to be. So microbial therapies in general are still at a relatively early stage of development. And it'll be exciting to see how they advance. What approaches are you excited about? What is on your radar?  Dr. Ben Boursi: There are many exciting works that are currently ongoing, and to emphasize just a few: there are many clinical trials in immunogenic tumors, in addition to melanoma, for example, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer, that also evaluate different modulation protocols. We should remember that one size does not fit all, and different tumors have different microbiomes. We have a project in collaboration with MD Anderson in MSI-high patients with exciting initial results. Another study that was initiated at Sheba is using microbial modulation in order to improve TIL therapy (to overcome resistance to TIL and T-cell exhaustion). There are also studies that try to change the pharmaco-microbiome, for example, to eradicate bacteria that inactivates the chemotherapy agent, gemcitabine, in pancreatic cancer patients. And there are groups that try to identify recipients that will respond to microbial modulation and to generate better donor-recipient matching algorithms. There are already signatures like TOPOSCORE that was presented at ASCO 2023 that try to predict response to immunotherapies through the ratio between harmful and beneficial bacteria. Now, there's also more basic science work, for example, bacterial engineering. There was a wonderful study from the Fischbach group in Stanford that demonstrated how Staphylococcus epidermidis engineered to express melanoma tumor antigens was able to generate a systemic tumor-specific response in mice models when applied topically; functional imaging of the microbiome, for example, FDG uptake in the colon can reflect microbial diversity and response to immunotherapy; works that characterizes other microbiomes such as the urinary and skin microbiomes, and their interaction with the gut microbiome; and studies of the nonbacterial component of the microbiome, mainly phages and fungi. But for me, the most important word should probably be collaboration, because without joining forces internationally, we won't be able to understand the human metaorganism, the variations according to geography, ethnicity, lifestyle, diets, and much more in the microbiome. And this is crucial in order to really understand the complex tumor ecological niche within the human host. Dr. Diwakar Davar: I think one of the key points that you just mentioned is collaboration. That's going to be very, very critical as we move this forward for many reasons, including the unexpected impact of geography upon the composition of the gut microbiome in work that has been published by many groups, but also including ours in a paper that we published about a year ago now.  So, Dr. Boursi, thank you for your great work in this area. Thank you for sharing your insights with us today on the ASCO Daily News Podcast. This is a very difficult time for all of you and your colleagues in Israel, and we thank you so much for taking such a great deal of time out of your busy workday to spend some time with us.  Dr. Ben Boursi: Thank you very much. Dr. Diwakar Davar: Thank you to all our listeners today. This is a very exciting area. This is an area where we are discovering more every day than we knew just up until the day prior. You will find the links to the studies that were discussed today in the transcript of this episode. Finally, if you value the insights that you hear on the ASCO Daily News Podcast, please take the time to rate, review, and subscribe wherever you get your podcast.  Disclaimer:  The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions. Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guests' statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.   Follow today's speakers:   Dr. Diwakar Davar  Dr. Ben Boursi   Follow ASCO on social media:   @ASCO on Twitter    ASCO on Facebook    ASCO on LinkedIn      Disclosures:   Dr. Diwakar Davar:     Honoraria: Merck, Tesaro, Array BioPharma, Immunocore, Instil Bio, Vedanta Biosciences    Consulting or Advisory Role: Instil Bio, Vedanta Biosciences    Consulting or Advisory Role (Immediate family member): Shionogi    Research Funding: Merck, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, CellSight Technologies, GSK, Merck, Arvus Biosciences, Arcus Biosciences    Research Funding (Inst.): Zucero Therapeutics    Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property: Application No.: 63/124,231 Title: COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATING CANCER Applicant: University of Pittsburgh–Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Inventors: Diwakar Davar Filing Date: December 11, 2020 Country: United States MCC Reference: 10504-059PV1 Your Reference: 05545; and Application No.: 63/208,719 Enteric Microbiotype Signatures of Immune-related Adverse Events and Response in Relation to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy       Dr. Ben Boursi: No relationships to disclose.        

Chegou o momento do já tradicional episódio duplo sobre o IgNobel, que tem como missão "honrar estudos e experiências que primeiro fazem as pessoas rir e depois pensar", com as descobertas científicas mais estranhas do ano.Esta é a primeira de duas partes sobre a edição 2023 do prêmio, trazendo as categorias Química & Geologia, Literatura, Engenharia Mecânica, Saúde Pública e Comunicação.Confira no papo entre o leigo curioso, Ken Fujioka, e o cientista PhD, Altay de Souza.> OUÇA (43min 47s)*Naruhodo! é o podcast pra quem tem fome de aprender. Ciência, senso comum, curiosidades, desafios e muito mais. Com o leigo curioso, Ken Fujioka, e o cientista PhD, Altay de Souza.Edição: Reginaldo Cursino.http://naruhodo.b9.com.br*PARCERIA: ALURAAprofunde-se de vez: garantimos conhecimento com profundidade e diversidade, para se tornar um profissional em T - incluindo programação, front-end, data science, devops, ux & design, mobile, inovação & gestão.Navegue sua carreira: são mais de 1300 cursos e novos lançamentos toda semana, além de atualizações e melhorias constantes.Conteúdo imersivo: faça parte de uma comunidade de apaixonados por tudo que é digital. Mergulhe na comunidade Alura.Aproveite o desconto para ouvintes Naruhodo no link:https://bit.ly/naruhodo_alura*CATEGORIAS PARTE 1PRÊMIO DE QUÍMICA E GEOLOGIA [POLÔNIA, REINO UNIDO]Jan Zalasiewicz, por explicar por que muitos cientistas gostam de lamber rochas.REFERENCE: “Eating Fossils,” Jan Zalasiewicz, The Paleontological Association Newsletter, no. 96, November 2017. palass.org/publications/newsletter/eating-fossilsPRÊMIO DE LITERATURA [FRANÇA, REINO UNIDO, MALÁSIA, FINLÂNDIA]Chris Moulin, Nicole Bell, Merita Turunen, Arina Baharin e Akira O'Connor por estudar as sensações que as pessoas sentem quando repetem uma única palavra muitas, muitas, muitas, muitas, muitas, muitas vezes.REFERENCE: “The The The The Induction of Jamais Vu in the Laboratory: Word Alienation and Semantic Satiation,” Chris J. A. Moulin, Nicole Bell, Merita Turunen, Arina Baharin, and Akira R. O'Connor, Memory, vol. 29, no. 7, 2021, pp. 933-942. doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1727519PRÊMIO DE ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA [ÍNDIA, CHINA, MALÁSIA, EUA]Te Faye Yap, Zhen Liu, Anoop Rajappan, Trevor Shimokusu e Daniel Preston, por reanimar aranhas mortas para usá-las como ferramentas de agarrar mecânico.REFERENCE: “Necrobotics: Biotic Materials as Ready-to-Use Actuators,” Te Faye Yap, Zhen Liu, Anoop Rajappan, Trevor J. Shimokusu, and Daniel J. Preston, Advanced Science, vol. 9, no. 29, 2022, article 2201174. doi.org/10.1002/advs.202201174PRÊMIO DE SAÚDE PÚBLICA [COREIA DO SUL, EUA]Seung-min Park, por inventar o Toilet Stanford, um dispositivo que usa uma variedade de tecnologias, incluindo uma tira de teste de urinálise, um sistema de visão por computador para análise de defecação, um sensor de impressão anal emparelhado com uma câmera de identificação e uma ligação de telecomunicações, para monitorar e analisar rapidamente as substâncias que os seres humanos excretam.REFERENCE: “A Mountable Toilet System for Personalized Health Monitoring via the Analysis of Excreta,” Seung-min Park, Daeyoun D. Won, Brian J. Lee, Diego Escobedo, Andre Esteva, Amin Aalipour, T. Jessie Ge, et al., Nature Biomedical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 6, 2020, pp. 624-635. doi.org/10.1038/s41551-020-0534-9REFERENCE: “Digital Biomarkers in Human Excreta,” Seung-min Park, T. Jessie Ge, Daeyoun D. Won, Jong Kyun Lee, and Joseph C. Liao, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 18, no. 8, 2021, pp. 521-522. doi.org/10.1038/s41575-021-00462-0REFERENCE: “Smart Toilets for Monitoring COVID-19 Surges: Passive Diagnostics and Public Health,” T. Jessie Ge, Carmel T. Chan, Brian J. Lee, Joseph C. Liao, and Seung-min Park, NPJ Digital Medicine, vol. 5, no. 1, 2022, article 39. doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00582-0REFERENCE: “Passive Monitoring by Smart Toilets for Precision Health,” T. Jessie Ge, Vasiliki Nataly Rahimzadeh, Kevin Mintz, Walter G. Park, Nicole Martinez-Martin, Joseph C. Liao, and Seung-min Park, Science Translational Medicine, vol. 15, no. 681, 2023, article eabk3489. doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abk3489PRÊMIO DE COMUNICAÇÃO [ARGENTINA, ESPANHA, COLÔMBIA, CHILE, CHINA, EUA]María José Torres-Prioris, Diana López-Barroso, Estela Càmara, Sol Fittipaldi, Lucas Sedeño, Agustín Ibáñez, Marcelo Berthier e Adolfo García, por estudar as atividades mentais de pessoas que são especialistas em falar ao contrário.REFERENCE: “Neurocognitive Signatures of Phonemic Sequencing in Expert Backward Speakers,” María José Torres-Prioris, Diana López-Barroso, Estela Càmara, Sol Fittipaldi, Lucas Sedeño, Agustín Ibáñez, Marcelo L. Berthier, and Adolfo M. García, Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 10621, 2020. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67551-z*REFERÊNCIASThe 33rd First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremonyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9UQi0ORXv4Naruhodo #29 - O que é e como acontece o déjà vu?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsgpP0CWrZsNaruhodo #141 - Cheirar pum faz bem a saúde?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISe5ObqFjT0Naruhodo #375 - Por que cutucamos o nariz?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_iB-EHHh5gNaruhodo #384 - Por que tomamos choque quando encostamos em certas coisas?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhKsqKRHwswNaruhodo #389 - Por que repetir palavras deixa elas estranhas?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKN89pAb10UNaruhodo #397 - Por que ficamos entediados?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAZ9BPv_6O4Naruhodo #151 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2018 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-151-especial-premio-ig-nobel-2018-parte-1-de-2/Naruhodo #152 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2018 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-152-especial-premio-ig-nobel-2018-parte-2-de-2/Naruhodo #202 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2019 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-202-especial-premio-ig-nobel-2019-parte-1-de-2/Naruhodo #203 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2019 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-203-especial-premio-ig-nobel-2019-parte-2-de-2/Naruhodo #254 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2020 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-254-especial-premio-ignobel-2020-parte-1-de-2/Naruhodo #255 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2020 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-255-especial-premio-ignobel-2020-parte-2-de-2/Naruhodo #302 - Prêmio IgNobel 2021 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tos9wQyGSTINaruhodo #303 - Prêmio IgNobel 2021 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3QDkBx7_osNaruhodo #355 - Prêmio IgNobel 2022 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIx5uHKgHLsNaruhodo #356 - Prêmio IgNobel 2022 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIOVn1hDt8s*APOIE O NARUHODO PELA PLATAFORMA ORELO!Um aviso importantíssimo: o podcast Naruhodo agora está no Orelo: https://bit.ly/naruhodo-no-oreloE é por meio dessa plataforma de apoio aos criadores de conteúdo que você ajuda o Naruhodo a se manter no ar.Você escolhe um valor de contribuição mensal e tem acesso a conteúdos exclusivos, conteúdos antecipados e vantagens especiais.Além disso, você pode ter acesso ao nosso grupo fechado no Telegram, e conversar comigo, com o Altay e com outros apoiadores.E não é só isso: toda vez que você ouvir ou fizer download de um episódio pelo Orelo, vai também estar pingando uns trocadinhos para o nosso projeto.Então, baixe agora mesmo o app Orelo no endereço Orelo.CC ou na sua loja de aplicativos e ajude a fortalecer o conhecimento científico.https://bit.ly/naruhodo-no-orelo

Discover groundbreaking insights on regenerative drug candidates for knee osteoarthritis in this episode of the Digital Orthopedics Podcast with Dr. Denis Evseenko. Challenging the conventional view of interleukin six (IL-6) as solely pro-inflammatory, Dr. Evseenko unveils its potential role in tissue regeneration. Drawing from a study in Science Translational Medicine, he discusses the exciting implications for clinical outcomes and details his research on leveraging inflammation's regenerative potential to combat osteoarthritis. By selectively blocking the destructive facet of inflammation while nurturing the regenerative aspect, promising preclinical outcomes have been achieved.Stay tuned to witness the progression of this innovative approach through upcoming clinical trials, unlocking new horizons in osteoarthritis treatment.

In this Silicon Valley Tech & AI episode presented by GSD Venture Studios Gary Fowler interviews Josh Yang. Josh is the co-founder and CEO of Glyphic Biotechnologies, a biotechnology startup commercializing a next-generation protein sequencing platform. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa, Tau Beta Pi, and Summa Cum Laude from the University of California, San Diego, which he attended fully-funded on the Jacobs School Scholarship. He double majored in Bioengineering: Biotechnology B.S. and General Biology B.S where he was a Barry Goldwater Scholar and the Valedictorian in the Department of Bioengineering. Subsequently, he completed a Master of Translational Medicine degree through the University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley in the Department of Bioengineering, from where he spun-out his first startup, Nephrosant. Nephrosant has raised over $22M in funding to commercialize a low-cost, non-invasive diagnostic assay for kidney injury. He took a leave of absence from a fully-funded MD-PhD MSTP at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering to pursue biotech entrepreneurship. He subsequently graduated with an MBA and Certificate in Public Management and Social Innovation from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business, where he was the Henry Ford II Scholar (Valedictorian), a Siebel Scholar, and an Arjay Miller Scholar. His first-author, peer-reviewed publications have been published in top-tier journals such as Nature Reviews Genetics and Science Translational Medicine. For his work, I have been awarded over $4M in government and private industry grants as a PI or Co-PI. He is also an inventor on 7 issued/filed patents and author on 19 peer-reviewed journal articles. He was named to the Forbes 30 Under 30 Healthcare list in 2021.

Hosts: Dr Shane, Dr Jen, Dr Euan,News items: The symbiotic relationship between fungi and trees, using ultrasound to cross the blood-brain barrier, thanatosis, recolonisation of ants. In this episode the team was joined by Dr Aeson Chang from Monash University. Dr Chang's current work is focused on exploring how beta-blockers interact with anthracycline chemotherapy with the goal to improve outcomes for triple negative breast cancer patients. In a study recently published in Science Translational Medicine, Dr Chang (study lead author) used mouse models of cancer and analysed large-scale patient clinical data to discover that anthracycline chemotherapy on its own, in the absence of a beta-blocker, induces nerve growth in tumours. However, adding a beta-blocker to chemotherapy inhibited nerve fibre activity in tumours and stopped the cancer from coming back after treatment. Also discussed, the process for allocating time for The James Webb Space Telescope, and the racial disparity in scientific research.Program page: Einstein-A-Go-GoFacebook page: Einstein-A-Go-GoTwitter: Einstein-A-Go-Go

Are you constantly caught up in the past or anxiously anticipating the future? In this episode of "Understanding the Process," discover how reframing your perspective can transform obstacles into opportunities. Justin Sanchez joins us to share valuable insights and personal experiences that will inspire and motivate you to embrace a new way of thinking. Gain the tools to conquer self-doubt, cultivate resilience, and the science behind motivation and how it can supercharge your goal-setting journey. Justin is a second-year medical student at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He earned his bachelor's degree in Neurobiology from Harvard College, where he was also an Undergraduate Fellow in Ethics at the Harvard Kennedy School.    Prior to entering medical school, Justin worked as a researcher at Massachusetts General Hospital, focusing on neuroimaging methods for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. His scholarly work has been published in Nature Medicine, Science Translational Medicine, Neurology, and more. His current research focuses on finding ways of helping people flourish in demanding environments like medical training.  This episode is for you if you want to learn how to embrace the now and empower yourself to achieve your goals with a renewed sense of purpose and clarity. Listen now and discover the dopamine drive! Key Takeaways Living in the present has a profound impact on your ability to set and achieve goals   Centering yourself in the present moment reduces anxiety that results to increased focus and better decisions Having the right amount of dopamine is important both for your body and your brain Quotes “Trusting the process is often a call to humility.” - Justin Sanchez “Oftentimes when we face resistance, it's often a sign that we are on the right path.” - Justin Sanchez “Nothing that's really worth doing comes easily at first.” - Justin Sanchez  3 Things What have you found to be the most challenging in accomplishing a goal (starting, finishing or something in between)? What do you do when you understand you are unable to undertake and complete a step on your own? What was the moment in your life where it clicked that your ability to reframe had become a nearly automatic response? Resources Books: Dopamine Nation: Finding Balance in the Age of Indulgence by Anna Lembke The Molecule of More Podcast: The Golden Hour OptimalWork by Dr. Kevin Majeres Listen to Dopamine by The Arcadian Wild Connect with team Doorward Nate and Jake on LinkedIn! Nate LeBlanc: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathan-leblanc-a8442a221Daniel Jakubisin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/danieljakubisin Peter Costanzo: https://www.linkedin.com/in/petercostanzojr RATE & REVIEW this episode on Apple: https://apple.co/3ObriRB SHARE this episode with someone so we all get back to living together. SUBSCRIBE so you don't miss out on any new episodes! If you enjoyed this episode, check out our previous episodes on Apple, Spotify, Google, or wherever you hear your podcast!  

In this episode, we talk to Dr. Mohammad Ghassemi, Assistant Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at Michigan State University (MSU). He is an internationally renowned scientist and entrepreneur with extensive national and international consulting experience. He holds a Ph.D from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in electrical engineering and computer science with a focus on artificial intelligence. Dr. Ghassemi was formerly a director of data science at S&P Global, and a strategic consultant with BCG. He has over ten years of technical and strategic consulting experience working with many of the world's largest organizations. In 2018, his company (Ghamut Corporation) was the recipient of an NSF Small Business Innovation Research grant. In 2018, Dr. Ghassemi joined Michigan State University as an Assistant Professor of Computer Science where he develops tools and systems that combine human and machine intelligence (A.I.) to solve problems that neither humans nor machines can solve as effectively alone. In 2021, he was named as one of nine individuals to serve as a National Scholar for Data and Technology Advancement at the NIH where he led the development of BRAINWORKS, a novel technology platform to visualize 40+ years of scientific knowledge as an interactive graph. He is the lead inventor on multiple US Patents, the author of a widely consumed book on health informatics (over 1 Million downloads), and has authored over 30 peer-reviewed scientific papers in venues including: Nature (Scientific Data), Science (Translational Medicine), Proceedings of the IEEE, and the Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. His scientific contributions have been cited over 5,000 times, and have been featured by several media outlets including: the BBC, NPR, The Wall Street Journal and Newsweek. In 2021, he was named an "AI Champion" for his contributions to the intersection of AI and medicine.

Egal ob Krankheitssymptome oder Nebenwirkungen von Medikamenten: Placebo-Antworten können Großes bewirken. Die Kehrseite ist der Nocebo-Effekt, der Menschen allein durch negative Erwartungen krank machen kann. Psychologie und Neurologie können diese komplexen Mechanismen neurobiologisch immer besser nachweisen. Wissenschaftsjournalistin Korinna Hennig hat mit Placeboforschern gesprochen und nach Fallberichten gesucht. Im Gespräch mit Host Lucie Kluth erklärt sie, welchen Weg die Schmerzerwartung durch Rückenmark und Gehirn nimmt und welche Rolle Neurotransmitter dabei spielen. Es geht um die erstaunliche Wirkung von grün gefärbter Erdbeermilch, um das Kreuz mit den Beipackzetteln, eine verblüffende Studie mit Parkinson-Patienten - und um zweifelhafte Impfreaktionen in der Pandemie. DIE HINTERGRUNDINFORMATIONEN • Homepage des Sonderforschungsbereichs "Treatment Expectation" | https://treatment-expectation.de/ • Review zu Nocebo-Effekten im Placebo-Arm der Zulassungsstudien von Covid-Impfstoffen | Haas JW, Bender FL, Ballou S et al. Frequency of Adverse Events in the Placebo Arms of COVID-19 Vaccine Trials. A Systematic Review and Mega-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2022;5(1). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43955 • Review zu Nocebo-Effekten im Placebo-Arm von klinischen Studien zu Influenza-Impfstoffen | Bender FL, Rief W, Wilhelm M. Really just a little prick? A meta-analysis on adverse events in placebo control groups of seasonal influenza vaccination RCTs. Vaccine. 2023;41: 294-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.033 • Studie zur Bedeutung des Erwartungseffekts auf das Opioid Remifentanyl | Bingel U, Wanigasekera V et al. The Effect of Treatment Expectation on Drug Efficacy: Imaging the Analgesic Benefit of the Opioid Remifentanil. Science Translational Medicine. 2011;3(70). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001244 • Studie zu Erwartungshaltung und eigenständiger Steuerung von Schmerztherapien | Strube A, Horing B, Rose M, Büchel C. Agency affects pain interference through prior shift as opposed to likelihood precision modulation in a Bayesian pain model. Neuron. 2023;01(002): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.002 • Neurobiologischer Mechanismus bei Placebo-Antworten in der Schmerztherapie | Levine JD, Newton C et al. The Mechanism of Placebo Analgesia. The Lancet. 1978;312(8091): 654-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92762-9 • Studie zu Placebo-Antworten bei Parkinson-Patienten | Benedetti F, Frisaldi E et al. Teaching neurons to respond to placebos. The Journal of Physiology. 2016;594 (19): 5647-5660. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92762-9 • Konditionierung von Organtransplantierten zur Immunsuppression | Schedlowski M, Kirchhof J et al. Learned immunosuppressive placebo responses in renal transplant patients. PNAS. 2018;115(16): 4223-4227 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720548115 • Qualitative Studie zu Patientenerwartungen bei Open Label Placebos | Haas JW, Ongaro G, Jacobson E et al. Patient's experiences treated with open-label placebo versus double-blind placebo: a mixed methods qualitative study. BMC Psychology. 2022;10(20): https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00731-w • Querschnittstudie zu Nocebo-Effekten bei Langzeitfolgen einer Corona-Infektion in Frankreich | Matta J, Wiernik E, Robineau O et al. Association of Self-reported COVID-19 Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Serology Test Results With Persistent Physical Symptoms Among French Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2022;182(1):19-25. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6454 • Expertenkonsens und klinische Empfehlungen zu Placebo- und Nocebo-Effekten | Evers AWM, Colloca L, Blease C et al. Implications of Placebo and Nocebo Effects for Clinical Practice: Expert Consensus. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2018;87:204–210. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490354 • Placebo-Effekte in Medizin, Sport, Werbung und Kunst | Bingel U, Schedlowski M, Kessler H. Placebo 2.0. Die Macht der Erwartung. 1. Aufl. Zürich: Rüffer & Rub; 2019. • Nocebo-Effekte in Wissenschaft und Klinik | Heier M. Nocebo: Wer's glaubt wird krank. Gesund trotz Gentests, Beipackzetteln und Röntgenbildern. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag 2013.

Egal ob Krankheitssymptome oder Nebenwirkungen von Medikamenten: Placebo-Antworten können Großes bewirken. Die Kehrseite ist der Nocebo-Effekt, der Menschen allein durch negative Erwartungen krank machen kann. Psychologie und Neurologie können diese komplexen Mechanismen neurobiologisch immer besser nachweisen. Wissenschaftsjournalistin Korinna Hennig hat mit Placeboforschern gesprochen und nach Fallberichten gesucht. Im Gespräch mit Host Lucie Kluth erklärt sie, welchen Weg die Schmerzerwartung durch Rückenmark und Gehirn nimmt und welche Rolle Neurotransmitter dabei spielen. Es geht um die erstaunliche Wirkung von grün gefärbter Erdbeermilch, um das Kreuz mit den Beipackzetteln, eine verblüffende Studie mit Parkinson-Patienten - und um zweifelhafte Impfreaktionen in der Pandemie. DIE HINTERGRUNDINFORMATIONEN • Homepage des Sonderforschungsbereichs "Treatment Expectation" | https://treatment-expectation.de/ • Review zu Nocebo-Effekten im Placebo-Arm der Zulassungsstudien von Covid-Impfstoffen | Haas JW, Bender FL, Ballou S et al. Frequency of Adverse Events in the Placebo Arms of COVID-19 Vaccine Trials. A Systematic Review and Mega-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2022;5(1). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43955 • Review zu Nocebo-Effekten im Placebo-Arm von klinischen Studien zu Influenza-Impfstoffen | Bender FL, Rief W, Wilhelm M. Really just a little prick? A meta-analysis on adverse events in placebo control groups of seasonal influenza vaccination RCTs. Vaccine. 2023;41: 294-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.033 • Studie zur Bedeutung des Erwartungseffekts auf das Opioid Remifentanyl | Bingel U, Wanigasekera V et al. The Effect of Treatment Expectation on Drug Efficacy: Imaging the Analgesic Benefit of the Opioid Remifentanil. Science Translational Medicine. 2011;3(70). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001244 • Studie zu Erwartungshaltung und eigenständiger Steuerung von Schmerztherapien | Strube A, Horing B, Rose M, Büchel C. Agency affects pain interference through prior shift as opposed to likelihood precision modulation in a Bayesian pain model. Neuron. 2023;01(002): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.002 • Neurobiologischer Mechanismus bei Placebo-Antworten in der Schmerztherapie | Levine JD, Newton C et al. The Mechanism of Placebo Analgesia. The Lancet. 1978;312(8091): 654-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92762-9 • Studie zu Placebo-Antworten bei Parkinson-Patienten | Benedetti F, Frisaldi E et al. Teaching neurons to respond to placebos. The Journal of Physiology. 2016;594 (19): 5647-5660. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92762-9 • Konditionierung von Organtransplantierten zur Immunsuppression | Schedlowski M, Kirchhof J et al. Learned immunosuppressive placebo responses in renal transplant patients. PNAS. 2018;115(16): 4223-4227 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720548115 • Qualitative Studie zu Patientenerwartungen bei Open Label Placebos | Haas JW, Ongaro G, Jacobson E et al. Patient's experiences treated with open-label placebo versus double-blind placebo: a mixed methods qualitative study. BMC Psychology. 2022;10(20): https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00731-w • Querschnittstudie zu Nocebo-Effekten bei Langzeitfolgen einer Corona-Infektion in Frankreich | Matta J, Wiernik E, Robineau O et al. Association of Self-reported COVID-19 Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Serology Test Results With Persistent Physical Symptoms Among French Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2022;182(1):19-25. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6454 • Expertenkonsens und klinische Empfehlungen zu Placebo- und Nocebo-Effekten | Evers AWM, Colloca L, Blease C et al. Implications of Placebo and Nocebo Effects for Clinical Practice: Expert Consensus. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2018;87:204–210. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490354 • Placebo-Effekte in Medizin, Sport, Werbung und Kunst | Bingel U, Schedlowski M, Kessler H. Placebo 2.0. Die Macht der Erwartung. 1. Aufl. Zürich: Rüffer & Rub; 2019. • Nocebo-Effekte in Wissenschaft und Klinik | Heier M. Nocebo: Wer's glaubt wird krank. Gesund trotz Gentests, Beipackzetteln und Röntgenbildern. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag 2013.

In this episode, Jess hosts Lynndsey on a very quick discussion on strategies that can help alleviate or at least help with muscle soreness. They go over easing into training as well as post-exercise active recovery, compression clothing, heat/cold exposure, massage, foam rolling, and Lynndsey's personal habits to stay fresh for her training!  References: Armstrong R. B. (1984). Mechanisms of exercise-induced delayed onset muscular soreness: a brief review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 16, 529–538. 10.1249/00005768-198412000-00002 Beliard S., Chauveau M., Moscatiello T., Cros F., Ecarnot F., Becker F. (2015). Compression garments and exercise: no influence of pressure applied. J. Sports Sci. Med. 14, 75–83.  Bieuzen F., Brisswalter J., Easthope C., Vercruyssen F., Bernard T., Hausswirth C. (2014b). Effect of wearing compression stockings on recovery after mild exercise-induced muscle damage. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 9, 256–264. 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0126 Brown F., Gissane C., Howatson G., van Someren K., Pedlar C., Hill J. (2017). Compression garments and recovery from exercise: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 47, 2245–2267. 10.1007/s40279-017-0728-9  Crane, Justin D., Daniel I. Ogborn, Colleen Cupido, Simon Melov, Alan Hubbard, Jacqueline M. Bourgeois, and Mark A. Tarnopolsky. “Massage Therapy Attenuates Inflammatory Signaling After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage.” Science Translational Medicine 4, no. 119 (February 1, 2012): 119ra13-119ra13. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002882. Dupuy, O., Douzi, W., Theurot, D., Bosquet, L., & Dugué, B. (2018). An evidence-based approach for choosing post-exercise recovery techniques to reduce markers of muscle damage, soreness, fatigue, and inflammation: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00403 Fröhlich M., Faude O., Klein M., Pieter A., Emrich E., Meyer T. (2014). Strength training adaptations after cold-water immersion. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28, 2628–2633. 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000434  Guo J., Li L., Gong Y., Zhu R., Xu J., Zou J., et al.. (2017). Massage alleviates delayed onset muscle soreness after strenuous exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 8:747. 10.3389/fphys.2017.00747 Herbert R. D., de Noronha M., Kamper S. J. (2011). Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD004577. 10.1002/14651858.CD004577.pub3 Hill J., Howatson G., van Someren K., Leeder J., Pedlar C. (2014). Compression garments and recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 48, 1340–1346. 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092456 Kargarfard M., Lam E. T., Shariat A., Shaw I., Shaw B. S., Tamrin S. B. (2016). Efficacy of massage on muscle soreness, perceived recovery, physiological restoration and physical performance in male bodybuilders. J. Sports Sci. 34, 959–965. 10.1080/02640414.2015.1081264 Nahon, R. L., Silva Lopes, J. S., & Monteiro de Magalhães Neto, A. (2021). Physical therapy interventions for the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport: Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine, 52, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.07.005 Schoenfeld, B. J., & Contreras, B. (2013). Is postexercise muscle soreness a valid indicator of muscular adaptations? Strength and Conditioning Journal, 35(5), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182a61820 Strategies for reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness. (n.d.). Human Kinetics. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://us.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/strategies-for-reducing-delayed-onset-muscle-soreness Suzuki M., Umeda T., Nakaji S., Shimoyama T., Mashiko T., Sugawara K. (2004). Effect of incorporating low intensity exercise into the recovery period after a rugby match. Br. J. Sports Med. 38, 436–440. 10.1136/bjsm.2002.004309 Zainuddin, Zainal, Mike Newton, Paul Sacco, and Kazunori Nosaka. “Effects of Massage on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness, Swelling, and Recovery of Muscle Function.” Journal of Athletic Training 40, no. 3 (September 2005): 174–80. Zainuddin Z., Sacco P., Newton M., Nosaka K. (2006). Light concentric exercise has a temporarily analgesic effect on delayed-onset muscle soreness, but no effect on recovery from eccentric exercise. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 31, 126–134. 10.1139/h05-010

Why is science so important in our lives? And how can we do a better job of preparing young children to love science and to embrace the wide range of STEM careers available to them? We discuss all this and more with Holden Thorp, Editor-In-Chief of the Science family of journals.I've known Holden since we were kids growing up in Fayetteville, NC, and he was one of my first role models for someone who seamlessly blended a love of science with a love of the arts. H. Holden Thorp is the Rita Levi-Montalcini Distinguished University Professor at Washington University in St. Louis, holding appointments in both chemistry and medicine.Holden previously served as Washington University's provost and executive vice chancellor for academic affairs and as the chancellor of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He also served as Morehead Planetarium's director and was instrumental in the establishment of the North Carolina Science Festival, the first statewide celebration of its kind in the nation. He earned his Ph.D in inorganic chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, and completed postdoctoral work at Yale University.Science has the largest paid circulation of any peer-reviewed, general science journal in the world. The Science family of journals includes Science, Science Translational Medicine, Science Signaling, Science Robotics, Science Immunology, and the open-access journal, Science Advances.To follow Holden's thoughts and blogs,  check out Twitter @hholdenthorp, LinkedIn, mastodon, blog posts, substack, and more.Buzzsprout - Let's get your podcast laun Start for FREEDisclaimer: This post contains affiliate links. If you make a purchase, I may receive a commission at no extra cost to you.Support the showRead the full show notes, visit the website, and check out my on-demand virtual course. Continue the adventure at LinkedIn or Instagram. *Disclosure: I am a Bookshop.org. affiliate.

On this week's show: New clues to the chemicals used for mummification, and the benefits and barriers to smart toilets First up this week: What can we learn from a mummy factory? Contributing Correspondent Andrew Curry talks with host Sarah Crespi about mummy chemistry and why we don't know much about what was used to preserve these ancient bodies. Online News Editor Michael Price makes a special appearance. Next up, how having a smart toilet can contribute to your health. Seung-Min Park, an instructor in the Department of Urology at Stanford University School of Medicine, wrote this week in Science Translational Medicine about the powers of data-collecting toilets to improve health and the psychological and ethical barriers to adopting a smart toilet of your very own. This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy. [Image: Portugal2004/iStock; Music: Jeffrey Cook] [alt: toilet with podcast symbol overlay] Authors: Sarah Crespi; Andrew Curry; Michael Price Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg9654  About the Science Podcast: https://www.science.org/content/page/about-science-podcastSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

On this week's show: New clues to the chemicals used for mummification, and the benefits and barriers to smart toilets First up this week: What can we learn from a mummy factory? Contributing Correspondent Andrew Curry talks with host Sarah Crespi about mummy chemistry and why we don't know much about what was used to preserve these ancient bodies. Online News Editor Michael Price makes a special appearance. Next up, how having a smart toilet can contribute to your health. Seung-Min Park, an instructor in the Department of Urology at Stanford University School of Medicine, wrote this week in Science Translational Medicine about the powers of data-collecting toilets to improve health and the psychological and ethical barriers to adopting a smart toilet of your very own. This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy. [Image: Portugal2004/iStock; Music: Jeffrey Cook] [alt: toilet with podcast symbol overlay] Authors: Sarah Crespi; Andrew Curry; Michael Price Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg9654  About the Science Podcast: https://www.science.org/content/page/about-science-podcastSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Why are psychiatrists taking a fresh look at MDMA? Recently, there's been growing excitement in the scientific community about revisiting the potential medical benefits of psychedelic drugs that have been off limits for decades. Scientists are discovering or rediscovering applications of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and other compounds for treating people with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute has several leading experts paving the way in this field, including today's guest, Robert Malenka. Beginning in the 1980s, Malenka pioneered neuroscientists' understanding of how our brain circuits to change with experience by uncovering fundamental mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. More recently, his laboratory at Stanford has explored the brain's so-called "reward circuitry," including its role in social behavior and empathy and its response to  drugs such as MDMA.Malenka is Nancy Friend Pritzker Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford and a Deputy Director of the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute where he co-directs the NeuroChoice Initiative, which takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding human decision making and the science of addiction.LinksHeifets & Malenka, "MDMA as a Probe and Treatment for Social Behaviors." Cell (2016)Heifets, et al., "Distinct neural mechanisms for the prosocial and rewarding properties of MDMA." Science Translational Medicine (2019)Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS)Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute NeuroChoice InitiativeMore on Malenka's work"5 Questions: Robert Malenka on Ecstasy research" (Stanford Medicine, 2016)"Being a Neuroscientist: A conversation with veteran Stanford brain researcher Rob Malenka" (Stanford Medicine Scope Blog, 2018)"Social aversion during opioid withdrawal reflects blocked serotonin cues, mouse study finds" (Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, 2022)Episode CreditsThis episode was produced by Michael Osborne, with production assistance by Morgan Honaker and Christian Haigis, and hosted by Nicholas Weiler. Cover art by Aimee Garza.Thanks for listening! Learn more about the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

Marc K. Hellerstein M.D., Ph.D. Dr. Hellerstein is Professor of Human Nutrition at the University of California, Berkeley, where he occupies an Endowed Chair (Dr. Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Chair). He is also Professor of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition in the Department of Medicine at the University of California at San Francisco, where he ran the diabetes clinic at SF General Hospital for 25 years. Dr. Hellerstein's medical training was at Yale Medical School and he completed a PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in addition to medical training in Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and Metabolism. Dr. Hellerstein's major research interest has been the measurement in vivo of metabolic fluxes through pathways critical to health and disease, as biomarkers for understanding metabolic control and its disorders, including applications in drug development and clinical diagnostics. This research has resulted in over 300 publications, 80 issued patents and participation on several editorial boards, including Science Translational Medicine. Dr. Hellerstein co-founded a medical diagnostics and drug development biotech company, KineMed, Inc., in 2001. By combining powerful mass spectrometric technology with insights into the mathematical footprint of metabolic flux in complex networks, his group has quantified in humans many metabolic processes that could not previously be studied. Methodologic advances from the Hellerstein lab include Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis (MIDA), the “equation for polymerization biosynthesis”; heavy water labeling for protein synthesis, including Dynamic Proteomics for measuring flux rates of proteins across the proteome; cell proliferation and turnover rates by metabolic labeling of newly replicated DNA with heavy water or glucose; non-invasive probes of intracellular intermediary metabolic fluxes, or “virtual biopsies”, including hepatic fibrogenesis, muscle protein synthesis and brain myelination rates; and muscle mass from a spot urine sample. This work directly addresses the major challenge of the next generation of biomedical research: translating our advanced understanding of molecular components (reductionist knowledge) into the ability to control and predict functional outcomes in vivo (integrated understanding), including humans. His work continues to look for ways that dynamic systems measurements can have a fundamental impact on basic biology and human health.

Statisticians fight bad numbers used in medical murder trials, and the state of allergy science First up on this week's show, we have a piece on accusations of medical murder. Contributing Correspondent Cathleen O'Grady joins host Sarah Crespi to discuss her story on how statisticians are weighing in on cases where nurses and doctors are convicted of murdering patients based on bad statistics. This segment was produced by Kevin McLean with sound design by James Rowlands. Also on this week's show: Allergies are on the rise and this increase is linked with climate change. Sarah speaks with Kari Nadeau, Naddisy Foundation endowed professor of medicine and pediatrics at Stanford University, about her review in Science Translational Medicine on the status of allergy science, and how recommendations have changed from when to give children peanuts to opting for sublingual exposure therapy. Take the podcast audience survey at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/TLKCHC8 This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy. [Image: bobtphoto/iStock; Music: Jeffrey Cook] [alt: ragweed field with podcast symbol overlay] Authors: Sarah Crespi; Kevin McLean; Cathleen O'Grady Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg7524 About the Science Podcast: https://www.science.org/content/page/about-science-podcastSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Statisticians fight bad numbers used in medical murder trials, and the state of allergy science First up on this week's show, we have a piece on accusations of medical murder. Contributing Correspondent Cathleen O'Grady joins host Sarah Crespi to discuss her story on how statisticians are weighing in on cases where nurses and doctors are convicted of murdering patients based on bad statistics. This segment was produced by Kevin McLean with sound design by James Rowlands. Also on this week's show: Allergies are on the rise and this increase is linked with climate change. Sarah speaks with Kari Nadeau, Naddisy Foundation endowed professor of medicine and pediatrics at Stanford University, about her review in Science Translational Medicine on the status of allergy science, and how recommendations have changed from when to give children peanuts to opting for sublingual exposure therapy. Take the podcast audience survey at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/TLKCHC8 This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy. [Image: bobtphoto/iStock; Music: Jeffrey Cook] [alt: ragweed field with podcast symbol overlay] Authors: Sarah Crespi; Kevin McLean; Cathleen O'Grady Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg7524 About the Science Podcast: https://www.science.org/content/page/about-science-podcastSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

近日，杜克大学医学中心的研究人员在Science Translational Medicine期刊上发表了一项研究，提出一些人在新冠肺炎后无法恢复嗅觉的原因与免疫系统对嗅觉神经细胞的持续攻击以及这些细胞数量的相关下降有关。

    Dr. Eric Elster is the Dean of the School of Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, MD.    In this episode, you will hear about Dr. Elster's Journey to becoming a combat-tested General Surgeon who later specialized by completing a transplant surgery fellowship.  Dr. Elster has deployed multiple times to combat zones and he shares some stories from his experiences caring for severely injured service members and other patients often in austere locations or at Sea, far from comprehensive medical support assets.  He describes some important lessons he's learned that are extremely valuable to the next generation of healthcare professionals.      CAPT(R) Elster covers the importance of translational research in answering important questions about diagnostic and therapies for traumatic injuries and describes his innovative approach to how Military Medicine can quantify and measure battlefield readiness and how to improve it.  Dr. Elster also talks about the critical role USUHS plays as America's Medical School and some of the exciting initiatives and opportunities he is developing as Dean.    CAPT(R)  Eric Elster, MD received his undergraduate and medical degrees from the University of South Florida in Tampa as a recipient of the U.S. Navy's Health Professional Scholarship Program. Upon graduation, he completed a general surgery residency at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, MD. Dr. Elster served as ship's surgeon aboard the USS Kitty Hawk during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Upon returning from the Persian Gulf, he completed a solid organ transplantation fellowship at the National Institutes of Health; and then directed a translational research program at the Naval Medical Research Center in Silver Spring, MD, with a focus on developing improved diagnostics and therapies for serious traumatic injuries, transplantation, and advanced operative imaging.      Before his retirement from active service, Dr. Elster was last deployed as a surgeon and Director of Surgical Services at the NATO Role 3 Military Medical Unit in Kandahar, Afghanistan. He is a fellow of the American College of Surgeons; and a member of the Society of University Surgeons, the Excelsior Surgical Society, and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. Dr. Elster has published over 150 scientific manuscripts in leading journals including JAMA, Annals of Surgery, American Journal of Transplantation, and Science Translational Medicine, and has received numerous research grants spanning all aspects of surgery.                                 Find out more and join Team WarDocs at www.wardocspodcast.com Honoring Military Medicine's Past to Improve Healthcare's Future The WarDocs Mission is to improve military and civilian healthcare and foster patriotism by honoring the legacy, preserving the oral history, and showcasing career opportunities, experiences, and achievements of military medicine. Listen to the “What We Are For” Episode 47. https://bit.ly/3r87Afm WarDocs- The Military Medicine Podcast is a Non-Profit, Tax-exempt-501(c)(3) Veteran Run Organization run by volunteers. All donations are tax-deductible, and 100% of donations go to honoring and preserving the history, experiences, successes, and lessons learned in military medicine. A tax receipt will be sent to you. WARDOCS documents the experiences, contributions, and innovations of all military medicine Services, ranks, and Corps who are affectionately called "Docs" as a sign of respect, trust, and confidence on and off the battlefield, demonstrating dedication to the medical care of fellow comrades in arms.           Follow Us on Social Media Twitter: @wardocspodcast Facebook: WarDocs Podcast Instagram: @wardocspodcast LinkedIn: WarDocs-The Military Medicine Podcast

Keeping an eye on the largest hydroelectric project in the Amazon basin, and helping patients with deletions in their mitochondrial DNA We are starting off the new year with producer Kevin McLean and freelance science journalist Sofia Moutinho. They discuss a controversial dam in the Brazilian Amazon and how Indigenous peoples and researchers are trying to monitor its impact. Then, host Sarah Crespi speaks with Elad Jacoby, an expert in pediatric hematology and oncology at the Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, about the many wonders of mitochondria. In a recent Science Translational Medicine paper, his team took advantage of the fact that mitochondria are almost exclusively inherited from our mothers to transfer mothers' mitochondria into their children as treatment for mitochondrial genome deletions. Take our audience survey at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/TLKCHC8 This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy. [Image: Dado Galdieri/Hilaea Media; Music: Jeffrey Cook] [alt: two fishermen in a boat with podcast symbol overlay] Authors: Sarah Crespi; Kevin McLean; Sofia Moutinho Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg5434 About the Science Podcast: https://www.science.org/content/page/about-science-podcast See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Keeping an eye on the largest hydroelectric project in the Amazon basin, and helping patients with deletions in their mitochondrial DNA We are starting off the new year with producer Kevin McLean and freelance science journalist Sofia Moutinho. They discuss a controversial dam in the Brazilian Amazon and how Indigenous peoples and researchers are trying to monitor its impact. Then, host Sarah Crespi speaks with Elad Jacoby, an expert in pediatric hematology and oncology at the Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, about the many wonders of mitochondria. In a recent Science Translational Medicine paper, his team took advantage of the fact that mitochondria are almost exclusively inherited from our mothers to transfer mothers' mitochondria into their children as treatment for mitochondrial genome deletions. Take our audience survey at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/TLKCHC8 This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy. [Image: Dado Galdieri/Hilaea Media; Music: Jeffrey Cook] [alt: two fishermen in a boat with podcast symbol overlay] Authors: Sarah Crespi; Kevin McLean; Sofia Moutinho Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg5434 About the Science Podcast: https://www.science.org/content/page/about-science-podcast See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Researchers have discovered a previously unknown species of bacteria present in the intestines of people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, but not in people without the condition. Listen in this week as Dee discusses the research and the future treatment and prevention of rheumatoid arthritis.Reference:Chriswell, M. E., Lefferts, A. R., Clay, M. R., Hsu, A. R., Seifert, J., Feser, M. L., Rims, C., Bloom, M. S., Bemis, E. A., Liu, S., Maerz, M. D., Frank, D. N., Demoruelle, M. K., Deane, K. D., James, E. A., Buckner, J. H., Robinson, W. H., Holers, V. M., & Kuhn, K. A. (2022). Clonal Iga and IGG autoantibodies from individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis identify an arthritogenic strain of subdoligranulum. Science Translational Medicine, 14(668). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5166 

Videos: The Truth About Ivermectin: A new short documentary by Filmmaker Mikki Willis – 13:42 Neil Oliver: This supposed utopia we're having rammed down our throats isn't working – 9:58 New Rule: Cancel Culture is Over Party | Real Time with Bill Maher (HBO) – 6:45   Antioxidants protect against cartilage damage Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (Belgium), September 12 20228. An article appearing in Science Translational Medicine adds evidence to the role of antioxidants in protecting the body's cartilage from the damage that contributes to osteoarthritis. Acting on the finding that the protein ANP32A, which is involved in a number of processes in the body, was downregulated in osteoarthritic cartilage in mice and humans, Frederique Cornelis of the Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center in Belgium and colleagues discovered that ANP32A protects against oxidative damage in the joints, thereby helping to prevent the development of osteoarthritis and its progression. It was determined that ANP32A increases levels of the enzyme ATM, a regulator of the cellular oxidative defense, in response to oxidative stress in joint cartilage. The discovery suggests that antioxidant therapies could help protect against further damage in patients with osteoarthritis, as well as providing a benefit in other disorders. Administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to the drinking water of mice that were deficient in ANP32A was shown to decrease cartilage damage and arthritis symptoms. It was additionally revealed that ANP32A deficiency was associated with osteopenia and a neurologic disease known as cerebellar ataxia in mice and that NAC helped with these conditions. “Aging, a key risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis, is associated with elevated oxidative damage of DNA, proteins, and lipids, and accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress is a major physiological inducer of aging,” the authors write. “We observed reduced expression of ANP32A in aged mouse cartilage and in human cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis, and we showed that Anp32a-deficient mice develop spontaneous osteoarthritis upon aging. Thus, ANP32A can be considered as a key coordinator of oxidative stress and aging in joints.” “Our findings indicate that modulating ANP32A signaling could help manage oxidative stress in cartilage, brain, and bone with therapeutic implications for osteoarthritis, neurological disease, and osteoporosis,” they conclude. Consuming Soy Peptide May Reduce Colon Cancer Metastasis University of Illinois, September 18, 2022 After a recent University of Illinois study showed that injection of the soy peptide lunasin dramatically reduced colon cancer metastasis in mice, the researchers were eager to see how making lunasin part of the animals' daily diet would affect the spread of the disease. “In this new study, we find that giving lunasin orally at 20 mg/kg of body weight reduced the number of metastatic tumors by 94 percent — we went from 18 tumors to only one. And that was done using lunasin alone; no other type of therapy was used,” said Elvira de Mejia, a U of I professor of food chemistry and food toxicology. “We learned in that study that lunasin can penetrate the cancer cell, cause cell death, and interact with at least one type of receptor in a cell that is ready to metastasize,” said Vermont Dia, a postdoctoral associate in the de Mejia laboratory. Using mice that had been injected with human colon cancer cells, the scientists began by feeding the animals 8 mg/kg of lunasin daily, which reduced the number of new tumors in the liver by 55 percent. They increased the dose five times, at last achieving a 94 percent reduction in tumors at 20 mg/kg of lunasin. “We were very impressed by the reduction, but the results were short of statistical significance from the control group. More animals are needed to strengthen the power of the analysis. It's a small study but very promising,” de Mejia said. The scientists said that consuming the equivalent of 20 to 30 mg/kg of lunasin in soy foods would be daunting in terms of number of servings per day. “But it would certainly be possible if food companies began to offer lunasin-enriched soy milk or yogurt,” she said, noting that lunasin-enriched flour is already on the market. Globally, diets are not much healthier today than they were thirty years ago Tufts University, September 19, 2022 On a scale from 0 to 100 of how well people stick to recommended diets, with 0 being a poor diet (think heavy consumption of sugar and processed meats), and 100 representing the recommended balance of fruits, vegetables, legumes/nuts and whole grains, most countries would earn a score around 40.3. Globally, this represents a small, but meaningful, 1.5-point gain between 1990 and 2018, researchers from the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University report today in the journal Nature Food. The study, one of the most comprehensive estimates yet of global dietary quality—and the first to include findings among children as well as adults—highlights the challenges worldwide to encourage healthy eating. Although global gains were modest, there was notable variation by country, with nutritious options becoming more popular in the United States, Vietnam, China, and Iran, and less so in Tanzania, Nigeria, and Japan. “Intake of legumes/nuts and non-starchy vegetables increased over time, but overall improvements in dietary quality were offset by increased intake of unhealthy components such as red/processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sodium,” says lead author Victoria Miller, a visiting scientist from McMaster University in Canada who started this study as a postdoctoral scholar with Dariush Mozaffarian, Dean for Policy and Jean Mayer Professor of Nutrition at the Friedman School, and senior author on the paper. Miller and colleagues addressed this gap by measuring global, regional, and national eating patterns among adults and children across 185 countries based on data from over 1,100 surveys from the Global Dietary Database, a large, collaborative compilation of data on food and nutrient consumption levels worldwide. The researchers' primary outcome was the 0 to 100 scale known as the Alternative Healthy Eating Index, a validated measure of diet quality. Regionally, averages ranged from as low as 30.3 in Latin America and the Caribbean to as high as 45.7 in South Asia. The average score of all 185 countries included in the study was 40.3. Only 10 countries, representing less than 1 percent of the world's population, had scores over 50. The world's highest scoring countries were Vietnam, Iran, Indonesia and India, and the lowest scoring were Brazil, Mexico, the United States and Egypt. Globally, among adults, women were more likely to eat recommended diets than men, and older adults more so than younger adults. Yogic breathing shows promise in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder University of Wisconsin-Madison September 11, 2022 One of the greatest casualties of war is its lasting effect on the minds of soldiers. This presents a daunting public health problem: More than 20 percent of veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have post-traumatic stress disorder, according to a report by RAND Corp. A new study from the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at the Waisman Center of the University of Wisconsin-Madison offers hope for those suffering from the disorder. Researchers there have shown that a breathing-based meditation practice called Sudarshan Kriya Yoga can be an effective treatment for PTSD. Standard treatment interventions for PTSD offer mixed results. Some individuals are prescribed antidepressants and do well while others do not; others are treated with psychotherapy and still experience residual affects of the disorder. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga is a practice of controlled breathing that directly affects the autonomic nervous system. While the practice has proven effective in balancing the autonomic nervous system and reducing symptoms of PTSD in tsunami survivors, it has not been well studied until now. The CIHM team was interested in Sudarshan Yoga because of its focus on manipulating the breath, and how that in turn may have consequences for the autonomic nervous system and specifically, hyperarousal. Theirs is the first randomized, controlled, longitudinal study to show that the practice of controlled breathing can benefit people with PTSD. The CIHM study included 21 soldiers: an active group of 11 and a control group of 10. Those who received the one-week training in yogic breathing showed lower anxiety, reduced respiration rates and fewer PTSD symptoms. Cognition May Decline With Old Age, But Well-Being Actually Improves University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, September 19, 2022 Children and adolescents usually want to grow up as soon as possible, but most older adults will say they want nothing more than to turn back the clock. Research out of the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine gives both the old and the young reason to envy each other. Scientists say that while older adults usually see a decline in thinking skills, well-being typically increases as we grow older. More specifically, scientists report that healthy older adults display greater mental well-being than younger adults, but also score lower on cognitive performances. The UCSD team is hopeful that the underlying neural mechanisms identified during this project contributing may inspire new interventions to promote healthy brain function in the future. Researchers sampled a total of 62 healthy younger adults in their 20s, and 54 healthy older adults over 60. Each subject's mental health was measured via a survey asking about symptoms including anxiety, depression, loneliness, and overall mental wellbeing. Participants also took part in a series of cognitively demanding tasks, all while their brain activity was measured using electroencephalography (EEG). Results show that young adults experience far more anxiety, depression, and loneliness than older adults. On the other hand, older individuals show higher levels of well-being. Regarding cognition, older adults, unsurprisingly, were much weaker. The EEG recordings provided further insight, detailing greater activity in the anterior portions of the brain's default mode network among older adults. This brain area is active when we ruminate, daydream, etc., and is usually suppressed during goal-oriented tasks. Notably, several other brain regions appeared to improve cognition. Strong cognitive scores among young adults were associated with more activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is part of the brain's executive control system. For older adults, though, those with strong cognitive scores actually displayed greater activity in their inferior frontal cortex, a brain region known to help guide attention and avoid distractions. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is known to break down as the body ages. Consequently, researchers theorize that the increased inferior frontal cortex activity among cognitively strong older individuals may be an avenue for older minds to compensate during mentally tougher tasks. Drinking plenty of tea may reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, finds study in over a million adults Wuhan University of Science and Technology (China), September 17, 2022 A systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 cohort studies involving more than 1 million adults from eight countries finds that moderate consumption of black, green or Oolong tea is linked to a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The findings, being presented at this year's European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Annual Meeting in Stockholm, Sweden suggest that drinking at least four cups of tea a day is associated with a 17% lower risk of T2D over an average period of 10 years. While it's long been known that regularly drinking tea may be beneficial for health because of the various antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic compounds tea contains, less clear has been the relationship between tea drinking and the risk of T2D. So far, published cohort studies and meta-analyses have reported inconsistent findings. Overall, the meta-analysis found a linear association between tea drinking and T2D risk, with each cup of tea consumed per day reducing the risk of developing T2D by around 1%. When compared with adults who didn't drink tea, those who drank 1-3 cups daily lowered their risk of T2D by 4%, while those who consumed at least 4 cups every day reduced their risk by 17%. The associations were observed regardless of the type of tea participants drank, whether they were male or female, or where they lived, suggesting that it may be the amount of tea consumed, rather than any other factor, that plays a major role. “While more research needs to be done to determine the exact dosage and mechanisms behind these observations, our findings suggest that drinking tea is beneficial in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, but only at high doses (at least 4 cups a day)”, says Li. She adds, “It is possible that particular components in tea, such as polyphenols, may reduce blood glucose levels, but a sufficient amount of these bioactive compounds may be needed to be effective. It may also explain why we did not find an association between tea drinking and type 2 diabetes in our cohort study, because we did not look at higher tea consumption.”

On this week's show: The first images from the James Webb Space Telescope hint at the science to come, and disentangling the itch-scratch cycle After years of delays, the James Webb Space Telescope launched at the end of December 2021. Now, NASA has released a few of the first full-color images captured by the instrument's enormous mirror. Staff Writer Daniel Clery joins host Sarah Crespi to discuss these first images and what they mean for the future of science from Webb. Next on the podcast, Jing Feng, principal investigator at the Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery at the Chinese Academy of Sciences's Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, discusses his Science Translational Medicine paper on why scratching sometimes triggers itching. It turns out, in cases of chronic itch there can be a miswiring in the skin. Cells that normally detect light touch instead connect with nerve fibers that convey a sensation of itchiness. This miswiring means light touches (such as scratching) are felt as itchiness—contributing to a vicious itch-scratch cycle. Also this week, in a sponsored segment from Science and the AAAS Custom Publishing Office, Sean Sanders, director and senior editor for the Custom Publishing Office, interviews Paul Bastard, chief resident in the department of pediatrics at the Necker Hospital for Sick Children in Paris and a researcher at the Imagine Institute in Paris and Rockefeller University. They talk about his work to shed light on susceptibility to COVID-19, which recently won him the Michelson Philanthropies & Science Prize for Immunology. This segment is sponsored by Michelson Philanthropies. This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy. [Image: NASA; ESA; CSA; STSCI; Music: Jeffrey Cook] [alt: James Webb Space Telescope image of image of galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 with podcast symbol overlay] Authors: Sarah Crespi; Daniel Clery Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add9123 About the Science Podcast: https://www.science.org/content/page/about-science-podcast See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dr. Miranda Lim is a neurologist with board certification in Sleep Medicine. She is an Associate Professor in Neurology with secondary appointments in Behavioral Neuroscience and Medicine in the OHSU School of Medicine, as well as an Affiliate faculty for our Institute, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences. Miranda also has a joint appointment as a Staff Physician and Research Investigator at the Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System. Dr. Lim's research program, Sleep & Health Applied Research Program (SHARP), focuses on understanding the function of sleep in neurological disorders across the lifespan. Some examples include autism spectrum disorder, traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and aging/neurodegenerative disease. As a translational neuroscientist, her research program is known for its bidirectional, translational research spanning preclinical (rodent) and human studies. Methods used include conducting sleep studies (such as sleep manipulations and sleep interventions), quantitative analyses of sleep, implementing non-obtrusive long-term wearables (e.g., actigraphy, mattress sensors), and using machine learning to quantify sleep. Over the years, Miranda's research has been published in high-impact journals Nature, Journal of Clinical Investigation, Science Translational Medicine, and Science Advances, as well as support from many federal and foundation sources, such as the National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, American Sleep Foundation, Center for Aging and Technology, Portland VA Research Foundation, and more! Learn more about Dr. Lim's research: Dr. Lim's Research featured on GeekWire: https://www.geekwire.com/2021/neurosciences-startup-gets-defense-dept-funds-test-headband-improve-sleep-clean-brain OPB: https://www.opb.org/article/2022/06/01/the-science-of-sleep-pacific-northwest-researchers-explore-secrets-of-a-good-nights-rest OHSU News: Physician-scientist focuses on a good night's sleep https://news.ohsu.edu/2019/05/13/ohsu-physician-scientist-focuses-on-a-good-nights-sleep OHSU News: Rare sleep disorder common among veterans with PTSD https://news.ohsu.edu/2019/10/10/rare-sleep-disorder-common-among-veterans-with-ptsd VA Career Development Awardee Profiles, Miranda Lim, M.D., Ph.D. https://www.research.va.gov/about/awards/cda/default.cfm A Local Neurologist Thinks a Baby's Dream State May Affect Their Adult Life https://www.pdxmonthly.com/health-and-wellness/2019/12/a-local-neurologist-thinks-a-baby-s-dream-state-may-affect-their-adult-life OHSU doctor says we're starved for sleep but hope isn't lost https://www.columbian.com/news/2021/jan/10/ohsu-doctor-says-were-starved-for-sleep-but-hope-isnt-lost VA Blog: Studying sleep problems that affect Veterans https://blogs.va.gov/VAntage/84912/studying-sleep-problems-affect-veterans Save-the-date for Oregon Healthy Workforce Center's 2022 Summer Institute on Tuesday, July 19, 2022 on "Total Worker Health® approaches in industry and academia: Key elements and implementation." Learn more here: https://www.ohsu.edu/oregon-healthy-workforce-center/summer-institute-occupational-health-psychology-total-worker --- Episode information: What's Work Got to Do With Brain Cleansing Technology? Guest: Dr. Miranda Lim, M.D., Ph.D. Hosted and Edited by: Helen Schuckers, MPH Produced by: Helen Schuckers, MPH and Anjali Rameshbabu, PhD Music by: Sam Greenspan, MPH Connect with us Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Oregon Healthy Workforce Center on social media: Twitter: twitter.com/OHSUOccHealth Facebook: www.facebook.com/occhealthsci.ohsu LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/occhealthsci Blog: blogs.ohsu.edu/occupational-health-sciences Community feedback is important to us. If you love our podcast and want to further support our podcast, please consider leaving us a 5-star review. Thank you!

In this episode of ACM ByteCast, Rashmi Mohan hosts 2020 ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award recipient Shyam Gollakota. He is a Torode Professor and leads the Networks and Mobile Systems Lab at the University of Washington's Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering. Shyam is the recipient of many awards and recognitions, including a SIGMOBILE Rockstar award, 2021 Moore Inventor Fellowship, MIT Technology Review's 35 Innovators Under 35, Popular Science ‘brilliant 10,' and the Forbes' 30 Under 30 list (twice). His group's research has earned Best Paper awards at many top conferences, appeared in interdisciplinary journals like Nature, Nature Communications, Science Translational Medicine, and Science Robotics, and was named as an MIT Technology Review Breakthrough Technology of 2016 as well as Popular Science top innovations in 2015. Shyam's research covers a variety of topics, including mobile machine learning, networking, human-computer interaction, battery-free computing, and mobile health. He works across multiple disciplines including computer science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology, and medicine. His work has been licensed by ResMed Inc, led to three startups (Jeeva Wireless, Sound Life Sciences, and Wavely Diagnostics), and is in use by millions of users. Shyam, who didn't know how to type on a keyboard until the age of 16, relates how he got into CS and discovered that more than just programming, it's also a toolkit people can use to build systems like an artist and solve some of the world's most pressing problems. He describes his work around the ambient backscatter, which uses existing radio frequency signals to power devices, and wind dispersal powered devices (and how the common dandelion provided inspiration for this research). Shyam and Rashmi also talk about his work on devices used for sleep apnea and tracking and the broader promise of ubiquitous computing in healthcare, such as democratizing medical attention to areas that don't have the same resources as the Western world. Finally, Shyam gives some insights into the entrepreneurial journey and looks toward the future of healthcare technology.

Today, Justin Beamis sits down with Dr. Benjamin Levi, M.D. to discuss his life, his research, and the incredible work he and his team at U.T. Southwest Medical are doing with the donations made by everyone who supports Sons of the Flag! Benjamin Levi, M.D., is an Associate Professor in the Department of Surgery at UT Southwestern Medical Center. He holds the Dr. Lee Hudson-Robert R. Penn Chair in Surgery and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and serves as Division Chief of Burn, Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery. He specializes in acute and reconstructive burn surgery and scar reconstructive surgery. He is the author of more than 100 scholarly articles, including high-impact papers in Science Translational Medicine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and Nature Communications, as well as chapters in a number of textbooks, including Greenfield's Surgery, Total Burn Care, Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, and Trauma. He has delivered presentations worldwide, held numerous invited professorships, and serves as a permanent editor and ad hoc editor for journals in his area of research. Dr. Levi co-chairs the Reconstructive Special Interest Group of the American Burn Association. He is also a member of the American College of Surgeons, the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the Association for Academic Surgery, the Reed O. Dingman Society, and the Plastic Surgery Research Council. Sponsored by Magnegrip and Tencate.    

Today we are joined by Steven G. Deeks, MD. Dr. Deeks is a Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. He is an expert on HIV and its impact on health during antiretroviral therapy. In early 2020 he leveraged his HIV cohort (SCOPE) to implement one of the first prospective studies aimed at defining the natural history, biology and treatment of Long COVID (LIINC cohort). Dr. Deeks has published over 700 peer-reviewed articles, editorials and invited reviews on these and related topics. He is the contact principal investigator (PI) of DARE (the Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise), an NIH-funded international collaboratory aimed at developing a cure for HIV infection and the PI for the amfAR Institute for HIV Cure Research. He is also the contact PI for one of the adult cohort sites within RECOVER, a national Long COVID research program. Dr. Deeks was elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) and the Association of America Physicians (AAP) and serves on the scientific advisory board for Science Translational Medicine. He maintains a primary care clinic for people living with HIV. Check out more about Dr. Deeks on his UCSF profile. Show Notes:40 Years of AIDS: A Timeline of the Epidemic | UC San FranciscoUS case of monkeypox reported in Massachusetts man | AP NewsPrEP | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDCThe Modern Epidemic of Syphilis by Khalil G. Ghanem, M.D., Ph.D., Sanjay Ram, M.B., B.S., and Peter A. Rice, M.D. | The New England Journal of Medicine Rare monkeypox outbreak in U.K., Europe and U.S.: What is it and should we worry? | NPRCCR5: From Natural Resistance to a New Anti-HIV Strategy by Lucia Lopalco | National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine Veteran HIV/AIDS Researcher Helps Uncover a New Strategy Behind Potential Cure | University of Miami Miller School of MedicineExperimental Gene Therapy Reverses Sickle Cell Disease for Years | Columbia University Medical CenterLong Covid: 'I have to choose between walking and talking' | BBC NewsWhat Went Wrong With Russia's Sputnik V Vaccine Rollout? | Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceIf you've had omicron before, are you safe from infection by the new variants? | NPR News‘I Had Never Felt Worse': Long Covid Sufferers Are Struggling With Exercise | The New York Times

Valeria apre la puntata parlandoci di un recente studio pubblicato su Science Translational Medicine sul dolore cronico. I ricercatori hanno identificato grazie a degli studi di trascrittomica un ruolo nella guarigiorne dell'infiammazione mediata dai neutrofili. Inoltre hanno osservato che se vengono assunti antinfiammatori steroidei e non steroidei viene ritardata la guarigione dal dolore, offrendoci una riflessione sugli equilibri del nostro corpo.Giuliana nell'esterna intervista Salvo di Grazia, ginecologo dell'ASP 3 di Catania, anche noto come Medbunker per le sue attività di divulgazione sulle medicine alternative, chiedendogli se è utile prelevare le cellule staminali embrionali per curare possibili future malattie.Anna, infine, chiude l'episodio spiegando come cresce un cervello umano. Partendo dallo stadio embrionale, si parlerà di come i neuroni si generano, migrano e si differenziano diventando raggiungendo dopo nove mesi picco di crescita e in circa 30 anni un cervello completamente sviluppato.Per approfondirehttps://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.abj9954Lo strano caso del neonato intelligente

This Week In Wellness a recent study by McGill University's Division of Experimental Medicine, published in Science Translational Medicine shows that inflammation may in fact be necessary for healing acute injuries, throwing into question the common use of steroids and over the counter anti-inflammatories as a first line of defence. “This was very, very unexpected,” Listen In The post TWIW 153: Do anti-inflammatories cause chronic pain? appeared first on The Wellness Couch.

On this week's show: Lipid nanoparticles served us well as tiny taxis delivering millions of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19, but they aren't optimized—yet, and why we might need inflammation to stop chronic pain The messenger RNA payload of the mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is wrapped up in little fatty packets called lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). These fat bubbles were originally designed for something much different—carrying molecules into cells to silence genes. But they were useful and we were in a hurry, so not much was changed about them when they were pressed into service against COVID-19. Science journalist Elie Dolgin talks with host Sarah Crespi about ongoing efforts to improve LNPs as a delivery system for mRNA vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Next on the show, we hear about “pain chronification.” Have you ever thought about chronic pain? What happens in the body when it heals—no specific thing is broken—but the pain never subsides? Sarah chats with Luda Diatchenko, professor on the faculties of medicine and dentistry at McGill University, about her Science Translational Medicine paper on the need for inflammation to prevent pain chronification.  This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy. [Image: V. Altounian/Science; Music: Jeffrey Cook] [alt: lipid nanoparticle illustration with podcast symbol overlay] Authors: Sarah Crespi; Elie Dolgin Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc9455 About the Science Podcast: https://www.science.org/content/page/about-science-podcast See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this episode, Aysegul Gunduz & Julian Neumann speak about Ayse's exciting work on closed-loop DBS in tremor, their tic-detector, and thriving as an engineer in a medical field such as DBS. They also touch upon minority groups in the field. The main focus of their 2020 Science Translational Medicine study, in which Ayse's team developed and studied a chronically embedded cortico-thalamic closed-loop deep brain stimulation system for treatment of essential tremor – clearly a landmark study in the field that brought together advances in engineering and medical research. Ayse also speaks about industry collaborations and the value of novel devices that enable scientific studies that had not been possible, in the past. I hope you enjoy the conversation between Ayse and Julian as much as I did and thank you for tuning in!

#008-The physician with arguably the largest clinical experience in prescribing Rapamycin for longevity talks about the challenges and benefits of this fascinating and controversial practice. Dr Alan Green takes us on a deep dive on the use of Rapamycin for longevity.Take away points: -Rapamycin has extended the lifespan of organisms from yeast, worms, flies, and even middle-aged mice.-In a 2014 paper, rapamycin extended the median lifespan 23% in male mice and 26% in female mice. -It is an FDA approved prescription drug with indications for use for the prevention of organ transplant rejection and for the treatment of lymphangioleiomyomatosis.-The drug requires a prescription and should only be used under supervision of a physician-Rapamycin acts by suppressing the master nutrient sensing protein mTOR [mechanistic target of Rapamycin]02:45 Blagosklonny papers (Blagosklonny 2019)05:23 Jane Mannick rapalogue paper (Mannick 2014)08:04 Cardiomyopathy diagnosis : Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy09:14 Elevated mTOR as common factor- Inflammation, fibrosis, 12:03 Rapamycin role to decrease mTOR overview common pathway 14:23 mTOR is essentially command and control of the cell for the last 2 billion years15:00 Mitochondrial complex 1 affected by common pathway by rapamycin, caloric restriction, protein restriction, methionine restriction has universal anti-aging effects16:05 Increased mTOR causes increased innate immune system/inflammation 17:28 2009 paper showed increased mouse lifespan not by just decreasing cancer but most other diseases of aging19:15 Osteoarthritis inflammation improved by decreased mTOR and increased autophagy 23:00 Alzheimer disease as a disease of senescent cells26:00 importance of dose timing for Rapamycin27:00 Anti aging effects on mTOR1 and other effects on mTOR232:00 Rapamycin as off patent drug37:00 Dosing considerations and subjective effects40:00 Tracking HOMA-IR  (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) score 42:00 Improvement in exercise related to maximum cardiac output45:00 Age associated cardiomyopathy49:00 Untoward effects- Aphthous ulcers and decreased innate immune system. Be on guard for bacterial infections.57:00 Personal lifestyle choiceshttps://rapamycintherapy.com/ Rapamycin Clinical Registryhttps://www.rapamycin.io/Blagosklonny, Mikhail V. “Rapamycin for Longevity: Opinion Article.” Aging 11, no. 19 (October 4, 2019): 8048–67. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102355.Harrison, David E., Randy Strong, Zelton Dave Sharp, James F. Nelson, Clinton M. Astle, Kevin Flurkey, Nancy L. Nadon, et al. “Rapamycin Fed Late in Life Extends Lifespan in Genetically Heterogeneous Mice.” Nature 460, no. 7253 (July 2009): 392–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08221.Mannick, J. B., G. Del Giudice, M. Lattanzi, N. M. Valiante, J. Praestgaard, B. Huang, M. A. Lonetto, et al. “MTOR Inhibition Improves Immune Function in the Elderly.” Science Translational Medicine 6, no. 268 (December 24, 2014): 268ra179-268ra179. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3009892.*** SUBSCRIBE TO ROBERT LUFKIN MD YOUTUBE CHANNEL HERE ***https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2w2eKHmcRXuGR8RmTgUv3Q*** CONNECT WITH ROBERT LUFKIN MD ON SOCIAL MEDIA ***Web: https://robertlufkinmd.com/Twitter:https://twitter.com/robertlufkinmd*** GOT A SUGGESTION FOR A SHOW? ***Contact us at: https://robertlufkinmd.com/contactDisclaimer: We are ambassadors or affiliates for many of the brands we reference on the channel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------#longevity  #wellness #antiaging #biologicalage #lifestylemedicine #younger #epigenetics #biohacking  #RSupport the show

Pedimos desculpas pela qualidade inferior do áudio neste episódio por problemas técnicos O jejum intermitente está em evidência, e há vários estudos indicando benefícios para perda de peso e resistência à insulina. Mas quanto desses benefícios é devido especificamente ao jejum, e o quanto é devido apenas à restrição calórica? Dois ensaios clínicos randomizados recentes lançam luz (e controvérsia) sobre esse assunto. Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial | Cardiology | JAMA Internal Medicine | JAMA Network A randomized controlled trial to isolate the effects of fasting and energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic health in lean adults | Science Translational Medicine (sciencemag.org) Pergunta do aluno do Podcurso - Tânia: "É normal ter desejo de doces no período menstrual? E como proceder?" Inscreva-se e siga este podcast para não perder nenhum episódio (e deixe 5 estrelinhas) ;-) Conheça também o Podcurso Low-Carb da Teoria à Prática em http://drsouto.com.br/podcurso