Podcasts about Robert Koch

Between the time the first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901 and 1933, a total of 31 were awarded to German scientists and politicians. To name just a few, Wilhelm Röntgen (1901), Max Planck (1918), Albert Einstein (1921) and Werner Heisenberg (1932) for Physics, Emil Fischer (1902), Fritz Haber (1918), Walther Nernst (1920) and Hans Fischer (1930) for chemistry, Emil von Behring (1901), Robert Koch (1905) and Otto Warburg (1931) for medicine, Theodor Mommsen (1902), Gerhart Hauptmann (1912) and Thomas Mann (1929) for literature and Gustav Stresemann for peace. The UK and France received 17 and 15 respectively, whilst the US picked up just 6 during that same period. How could German universities rise to such dominance during the 19th and early 20th century from very humble beginnings? That is what we will look at in this episode.The music for the show is Flute Sonata in E-flat major, H.545 by Carl Phillip Emmanuel Bach (or some claim it as BWV 1031 Johann Sebastian Bach) performed and arranged by Michel Rondeau under Common Creative Licence 3.0.As always:Homepage with maps, photos, transcripts and blog: www.historyofthegermans.comIf you wish to support the show go to: Support • History of the Germans PodcastFacebook: @HOTGPod Threads: @history_of_the_germans_podcastBluesky: @hotgpod.bsky.socialInstagram: history_of_the_germansTwitter: @germanshistoryTo make it easier for you to share the podcast, I have created separate playlists for some of the seasons that are set up as individual podcasts. they have the exact same episodes as in the History of the Germans, but they may be a helpful device for those who want to concentrate on only one season. So far I have:The Ottonians Salian Emperors and Investiture ControversyFredrick Barbarossa and Early HohenstaufenFrederick II Stupor MundiSaxony and Eastward ExpansionThe Hanseatic LeagueThe Teutonic KnightsThe Holy Roman Empire 1250-1356The Reformation before the Reformation

Erweitere dein Wissen über digitale Sicherheit mit Cybersecurity ist Chefsache.In dieser spannenden Episode begrüßt Nico Freitag Dr. Robert Koch, Generalstabsoffizier bei der Bundeswehr. Gemeinsam werfen sie einen kritischen Blick auf die zunehmende Bedeutung des Cyberraums in geopolitischen Konflikten.Robert Koch bringt nicht nur jahrzehntelange Erfahrung aus der Marine, dem Ministerium und der NATO mit, sondern auch fundiertes Know-how aus Forschung und Lehre im Bereich Cybersicherheit.In der Folge diskutieren wir unter anderem:Wie hybride Kriegsführung funktioniert – und warum Cyberangriffe längst Realität sindWarum Deutschland bei der Verteidigung kritischer Infrastrukturen besonders verwundbar istWas die Ukraine aus dem Cyberkrieg gelernt hat – und was wir noch lernen müssenWelche Rolle künstliche Intelligenz und Drohnen in künftigen Konflikten spielenWarum Bildung, Transparenz und Zusammenarbeit der Schlüssel zur digitalen Resilienz sindUnd: Warum Zero Trust allein nicht reicht, um unsere digitale Zukunft zu sichernEin besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Rolle der NATO, den aktuellen Schwächen in der europäischen Cybersicherheitsarchitektur und der Notwendigkeit, über politische Ressortgrenzen hinauszudenken.____________________________________________

Erweitere dein Wissen über digitale Sicherheit mit Cybersecurity ist Chefsache.In dieser spannenden Episode begrüßt Nico Freitag Dr. Robert Koch, Generalstabsoffizier bei der Bundeswehr. Gemeinsam werfen sie einen kritischen Blick auf die zunehmende Bedeutung des Cyberraums in geopolitischen Konflikten.Robert Koch bringt nicht nur jahrzehntelange Erfahrung aus der Marine, dem Ministerium und der NATO mit, sondern auch fundiertes Know-how aus Forschung und Lehre im Bereich Cybersicherheit.In der Folge diskutieren wir unter anderem:Wie hybride Kriegsführung funktioniert – und warum Cyberangriffe längst Realität sindWarum Deutschland bei der Verteidigung kritischer Infrastrukturen besonders verwundbar istWas die Ukraine aus dem Cyberkrieg gelernt hat – und was wir noch lernen müssenWelche Rolle künstliche Intelligenz und Drohnen in künftigen Konflikten spielenWarum Bildung, Transparenz und Zusammenarbeit der Schlüssel zur digitalen Resilienz sindUnd: Warum Zero Trust allein nicht reicht, um unsere digitale Zukunft zu sichernEin besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Rolle der NATO, den aktuellen Schwächen in der europäischen Cybersicherheitsarchitektur und der Notwendigkeit, über politische Ressortgrenzen hinauszudenken.____________________________________________

WE DID IT! 100 episodes. It feels crazy to say that the beginning of Biopedia in late 2020 is four and a half years ago when this episode comes out. Thank you all so much for listening and I look forward to many more episodes to come! To celebrate our milestone, we are discussing a milestone in biology- as voted for by you the community over on YouTube. Get ready for an outmoded theory about how bacteria emerge on food and huge names such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch! Sources for this episode: Madigan, M. T., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., Sattley, W. M. and Stahl, D. A. (2019), Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th edition). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Pasteur, L. (1881), On the Germ Theory. Science os-2(62): 420-422.

Host: Darryl S. Chutka, M.D. Guest: James T. Gaensbauer, M.D., M.S. Each year, we recognize World TB Day on March 24. This annual event commemorates the date in 1882 when Dr. Robert Koch announced his discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacillus that causes tuberculosis (TB). World TB Day is a day to educate the public about the impact of TB around the world.  The CDC, along with our partners and colleagues around the world, share successes in TB prevention and control and raise awareness of the challenges that hinder our progress toward the elimination of this devastating disease. Tuberculosis continues to be a global health concern.  Despite being preventable and very treatable, this disease continues to cause suffering and death.  It accounted for an estimated one and a quarter million deaths worldwide in 2023. In the United States, cases have been increasing over the past several years, and this is also true in children, especially in those under the age of 5 years. What are the common risk factors for tuberculosis in children? Is the disease different in children compared to adults? What should we, as a primary care provider do when we suspect tuberculosis in a young patient? These are some of the questions I'll be asking my guest for this podcast, James T. Gaensbauer, M.D., M.S., a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the Mayo Clinic as we discuss “Tuberculosis in Children”. Connect with Mayo Clinic Podcasts | Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development

Mention légales : Vos données de connexion, dont votre adresse IP, sont traités par Radio Classique, responsable de traitement, sur la base de son intérêt légitime, par l'intermédiaire de son sous-traitant Ausha, à des fins de réalisation de statistiques agréées et de lutte contre la fraude. Ces données sont supprimées en temps réel pour la finalité statistique et sous cinq mois à compter de la collecte à des fins de lutte contre la fraude. Pour plus d'informations sur les traitements réalisés par Radio Classique et exercer vos droits, consultez notre Politique de confidentialité.Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Doc. MUDr. Vladimír Koblížek, Ph.D., přednosta Plicní kliniky Fakultní nemocnice v Hradci Králové, je dnes naším hostem. 24. březen je Světovým dnem boje proti tuberkulóze. Právě tento den roku 1882 německý lékař Robert Koch oznámil svůj objev tuberkulózního bacilu, což otevřelo cestu k dalšímu zkoumání a léčbě tohoto onemocnění.

Wie sicher sind Lösungen, die als "wissenschaftlich belegt" verkauft werden? Das checken Maximilian Doeckel und Jonathan Focke. Sie sind bekannt als "Quarks Science Cops" und aus ihrem neuen Podcast "Science Crimes". Passend dazu können wir euch unsere Folge über Robert Koch empfehlen und das Buch von Max und Jonathan: "Aber meiner Tante hat's geholfen".Willkommen beim einzig wahren True Science-Podcast! Hier geht's um die Lebensgeschichten von Menschen, die mit Wissenschaft unsere Welt verändert haben. Dabei ist eins sicher: In der Wissenschaft gibt's jede Menge Gossip und den hört ihr hier. “Behind Science” gibt's jeden Samstag – am Science-Samstag. Zwischendurch erreicht ihr uns per Mail und Instagram, und hier gibt's unsere Links, die gerade wichtig sind. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Aflevering: Twee neven Beijerinck: bijzondere biologen Er zijn nogal wat vernoemde wetenschapsprijzen in Nederland. Meestal dragen die de naam van een illustere wetenschapper. Die prijzen zijn tegenwoordig steeds belangrijker voor onderzoekers, zowel voor de bevordering van hun carrière als voor de financiële ondersteuning van het onderzoek. Want onderzoeksgelden worden steeds schaarser. Twee van die prijzen dragen de naam Beijerinck, en dat is opmerkelijk omdat ze over nogal verschillende biologische onderzoeksgebieden gaan. Hoe kan dat? De één is een prijs voor virologie, het onderzoek naar virussen, de ander een prijs voor ecologisch veldonderzoek. Het blijkt om twee verschillende Beijerinck's te gaan, beiden pionieren in hun vakgebied. Martinus Willem (1851-1931) was een Delftse viroloog, en zijn neef Willem (1891-1960) heeft baanbrekend onderzoek gedaan naar de ecologie van vennen en heidelandschappen in Drenthe. Twee grillige carrières, beiden succesvol Luister ook onze aflevering over virussen:. Martinus Willem volgde een opleiding op de Hogere Burgerschool. In de 19 e eeuw kreeg hij daarmee geen toegang tot de natuurwetenschappelijke vakken op universiteiten. Wel kon hij terecht op de Polytechnische School in Delft. Daar werd hij, begeleid door de latere Nobelprijswinnaar van 't Hoff, chemisch technoloog. Zijn grote liefde was echter de plantkunde. Hij diende een verzoekschrift bij de minister van Binnenlandse Zaken, verkreeg vrijstelling van het toelatingsexamen voor de universiteit en kon toen biologie in Leiden gaan studeren. Nog tijdens zijn studie gaf hij les op scholen in Warffum, Utrecht en Wageningen. In 1877 promoveerde hij in Leiden op een onderzoek aan plantengallen, dat zijn woekeringen veroorzaakt door insecten of schimmels. Zijn onderzoek, niet alleen in de plantkunde maar ook in de microbiologie, liep zo goed dat hij in 1884 tot lid van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) werd gekozen. Des te opmerkelijker was zijn overstap een jaar later naar een baan bij de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Gist- en Spiritusfabriek in Delft, waar voor hem een bacteriologisch laboratorium werd gesticht. In dat bedrijf vond hij bacteriën die in wortelknolletjes van peulvruchten stikstof kunnen vastleggen en in 1894 ontdekte hij op zuidvruchten een nieuwe splijtgist. Het jaar daarop werd voor hem door de regering een speciale hoogleraarspositie in biologie en bacteriologie aan de Delftse Polytechnische School ingesteld. Die positie zou hij tot zijn 70 e levensjaar blijven innemen. Hij ontdekte dat een sulfaat-reducerende bacterie de voornaamste veroorzaker van de stank van verontreinigde stadsgrachten was. Zijn werk over de verspreiding van micro-organismen inspireerde tot de in 1934 opgestelde Beijerinck-Baas Becking-hypothese: “Alles is overal, maar het milieu selecteert”;. Maar bovenal werd Martinus Willem Beijerinck bekend als grondlegger van de virologie. In 1898 vond hij door filtratie-experimenten dat de tabaksmozaïek-ziekte van tabaksplanten wordt veroorzaakt door iets dat kleiner is dan een bacterie en met een microscoop niet te zien is. Beijerinck noemde de ziekteverwekker een virus naar het Latijnse woord voor gif. En onderkende dat een virus een zich vermeerderende structuur was anders dan alle andere levende organismen. Hij was geen makkelijke persoon. Als docent was hij ongeliefd bij studenten maar hij had wel meerdere leerlingen die het ver schopten als hoogleraar microbiologie. Onder collega's gold hij als eigenzinnig. Toen de beroemde Duitse microbioloog Robert Koch bij hem op bezoek wilde komen wees hij dat af, omdat hij meende toch niets van hem te kunnen leren. Beijerinck kreeg tijdens zijn leven veel nationale en internationale erkenningen en onderscheidingen. In 1965 stelde de KNAW een prijs voor virologieonderzoek in. In 1970 werd zelfs een maankrater naar hem genoemd. Dat zijn roem als virusonderzoeker niet groter was kwam mede omdat hij zich koppig beperkte tot virusonderzoek bij planten en zich nooit in de medische microbiologie mengde. Toch lijkt het zeker gerechtvaardigd hem de Nederlandse pendant van de beroemde Franse onderzoeker Louis Pasteur te noemen. Zijn neef Willem Beijerinck bezocht ook de HBS en kon daarmee terecht op de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen. Na zijn afstuderen werd hij assistent in de microbiologie te Delft bij zijn neef Martinus Willem maar besloot toch naar een boerderij in Wijster te gaan waar hij tijdens zijn studie stage had gelopen. Hij trouwde met de dochter van de boer en nam na het overlijden van zijn schoonvader het bedrijf over. Gedurende negen jaar werkte hij daar maar schreef in die tijd ook over veldonderzoek dat hij ondertussen deed in het tijdschrift De levende natuur. Vanaf 1926 wijdde hij zich geheel aan het onderzoek van 'de natuurschatten van Drenthe', vooral ook aan plankton in heiplassen. Hij richtte in 1927 een privé biologisch station op en promoveerde in hetzelfde jaar cum laude tot doctor in de landbouwkunde op het proefschrift Over verspreiding en periodiciteit van de zoetwaterwieren in Drentse heideplassen. Hij verrichtte opdrachtonderzoek voor landbouwinstanties maar redde het daar niet mee en moest in 1933 meewerken aan de oprichting van een stichting: Het Nederlands Biologisch Station in Wijster. Doel was onderzoek van de fauna en flora van het Nederlandse landschap. Ook die stichting kwam uiteindelijk in de problemen en werd in 1956 gered als Biologisch Station te Wijster van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen. Tot zijn pensioen een jaar later leidde Beijerinck het station. Zijn inzet leidde vanaf zijn pioniersonderzoek naar de ecologie van plankton-organismen tot het behoud van typisch Drentse natuurgebieden als de Dwingelose heide en veel uniek veldwerk in een veelzijdig botanisch en zoölogisch station. Ook schreef hij een zadenatlas van alle Nederlandse wilde planten. Na de dood in 1960 droeg zijn vrouw hun bezittingen over aan de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen ten bate van een stichting voor de bevordering van ecologisch veldonderzoek.

Playlist: Peter Gregson - VisionAtli Orvarsson - Solid GroundTony Anderson, Clarice Jensen - Debris - InstrumentalOliver Coates - 1 minute 1 lifeJulia Kent - Only ChildFederico Albanese - Was There a TimeOKADA - Mono No AwareKarl Hirzer - Late Hours TodayOlga Wojchiechowska - All I Have Not SeenBibio - Phantom Brickworks IVLucette Bourdin - Anvil Head CloudRamses III - ParsimoniaSuperposition - A01/ SubmergeLiom - CoastEndless Melancholy - Long DaysHollie Kenniff - QuellBillow Observatory - Bright Lands RisingAlaskan Tapes - From DustJohn Hayes, Robert Koch, Sky and Sand - Roam

Before getting into this new podcast, have you checked out the recent newsletter editions and podcasts of Ground Truths?—the first diagnostic immunome—a Covid nasal vaccine update—medical storytelling and uncertainty—why did doctors with A.I. get outperformed by A.I. alone?The audio is available on iTunes and Spotify. The full video is embedded here, at the top, and also can be found on YouTube.Transcript with links to Audio and External Links Eric Topol (00:07):Well, hello. It's Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I am just thrilled today to welcome Carl Zimmer, who is one of the great science journalists of our times. He's written 14 books. He writes for the New York Times and many other venues of great science, journalism, and he has a new book, which I absolutely love called Air-Borne. And you can see I have all these rabbit pages tagged and there's lots to talk about here because this book is the book of air. I mean, we're talking about everything that you ever wanted to know about air and where we need to go, how we missed the boat, and Covid and everything else. So welcome, Carl.Carl Zimmer (00:51):Thanks so much. Great to be here.A Book Inspired by the PandemicEric Topol (00:54):Well, the book starts off with the Skagit Valley Chorale that you and your wife Grace attended a few years later, I guess, in Washington, which is really interesting. And I guess my first question is, it had the look that this whole book was inspired by the pandemic, is that right?Carl Zimmer (01:18):Certainly, the seed was planted in the pandemic. I was working as a journalist at the New York Times with a bunch of other reporters at the Times. There were lots of other science writers also just trying to make sense of this totally new disease. And we were talking with scientists who were also trying to make sense of the disease. And so, there was a lot of uncertainty, ambiguity, and things started to come into focus. And I was really puzzled by how hard it was for consensus to emerge about how Covid spread. And I did some reporting along with other people on this conflict about was this something that was spreading on surfaces or was it the word people were using was airborne? And the World Health Organization said, no, it's not airborne, it's not airborne until they said it was airborne. And that just seemed like not quantum physics, you know what I'm saying? In the sense that it seemed like that would be the kind of thing that would get sorted out pretty quickly. And I think that actually more spoke to my own unfamiliarity with the depth of this field. And so, I would talk to experts like say, Donald Milton at the University of Maryland. I'd be like, so help me understand this. How did this happen? And he would say, well, you need to get to know some people like William Wells. And I said, who?Eric Topol (02:50):Yeah, yeah, that's what I thought.Carl Zimmer (02:53):Yeah, there were just a whole bunch of people from a century ago or more that have been forgotten. They've been lost in history, and yet they were real visionaries, but they were also incredibly embattled. And the question of how we messed up understanding why Covid was airborne turned out to have an answer that took me back thousands of years and really plunged me into this whole science that's known as aerobiology.Eric Topol (03:26):Yeah, no, it's striking. And we're going to get, of course, into the Covid story and how it got completely botched as to how it was being transmitted. But of course, as you go through history, you see a lot of the same themes of confusion and naysayers and just extraordinary denialism. But as you said, this goes back thousands of years and perhaps the miasma, the moral stain in the air that was start, this is of course long before there was thing called germ theory. Is that really where the air thing got going?A Long History of Looking Into Bad AirCarl Zimmer (04:12):Well, certainly some of the earliest evidence we have that people were looking at the air and thinking about the air and thinking there's something about the air that matters to us. Aristotle thought, well, there's clearly something important about the air. Life just seems to be revolve around breathing and he didn't know why. And Hippocrates felt that there could be this stain on the air, this corruption of the air, and this could explain why a lot of people in a particular area, young and old, might suddenly all get sick at the same time. And so, he put forward this miasma theory, and there were also people who were looking at farm fields and asking, well, why are all my crops dead suddenly? What happened? And there were explanations that God sends something down to punish us because we've been bad, or even that the air itself had a kind of miasma that affected plants as well as animals. So these ideas were certainly there, well over 2,000 years ago.Eric Topol (05:22):Now, as we go fast forward, we're going to get to, of course into the critical work of William and Mildred Wells, who I'd never heard of before until I read your book, I have to say, talk about seven, eight decades filed into oblivion. But before we get to them, because their work was seminal, you really get into the contributions of Louis Pasteur. Maybe you could give us a skinny on what his contributions were because I was unaware of his work and the glaciers, Mer de Glace and figuring out what was going on in the air. So what did he really do to help this field?Carl Zimmer (06:05):Yeah, and this is another example of how we can kind of twist and deform history. Louis Pasteur is a household name. People know who Louis Pasteur is. People know about pasteurization of milk. Pasteur is associated with vaccines. Pasteur did other things as well. And he was also perhaps the first aerobiologist because he got interested in the fact that say, in a factory where beet juice was being fermented to make alcohol, sometimes it would spoil. And he was able to determine that there were some, what we know now are bacteria that were getting into the beet juice. And so, it was interrupting the usual fermentation from the yeast. That in itself was a huge discovery. But he was saying, well, wait, so why are there these, what we call bacteria in the spoiled juice? And he thought, well, maybe they just float in the air.Carl Zimmer (07:08):And this was really a controversial idea in say, 1860, because even then, there were many people who were persuaded that when you found microorganisms in something, they were the result of spontaneous generation. In other words, the beet juice spontaneously produced this life. This was standard view of how life worked and Pasteur was like, I'm not sure I buy this. And this basically led to him into an incredible series of studies around Paris. He would have a flask, and he'd have a long neck on it, and the flask was full of sterile broth, and he would just take it places and he would just hold it there for a while, and eventually bacteria would fall down that long neck and they would settle in the broth, and they would multiply in there. It would turn cloudy so he could prove that there was life in the air.Carl Zimmer (08:13):And they went to different places. He went to farm fields, he went to mountains. And the most amazing trip he took, it was actually to the top of a glacier, which was very difficult, especially for someone like Pasteur, who you get the impression he just hated leaving the lab. This was not a rugged outdoorsman at all. But there he is, climbing around on the ice with this flask raising it over his head, and he caught bacteria there as well. And that actually was pivotal to destroying spontaneous generation as a theory. So aerobiology among many, many other things, destroyed this idea that life could spontaneously burst into existence.Eric Topol (08:53):Yeah, no. He says ‘these gentlemen, are the germs of microscopic beings' shown in the existence of microorganisms in the air. So yeah, amazing contribution. And of course, I wasn't familiar with his work in the air like this, and it was extensive. Another notable figure in the world of germ theory that you bring up in the book with another surprise for me was the great Robert Koch of the Koch postulates. So is it true he never did the third postulate about he never fulfilled his own three postulates?Carl Zimmer (09:26):Not quite. Yeah, so he had these ideas about what it would take to actually show that some particular pathogen, a germ, actually caused a disease, and that involved isolating it from patients, culturing it outside of them. And then actually experimentally infecting an animal and showing the symptoms again. And he did that with things like anthrax and tuberculosis. He nailed that. But then when it came to cholera, there was this huge outbreak in Egypt, and people were still battling over what caused cholera. Was it miasma? Was it corruption in the air, or was it as Koch and others believe some type of bacteria? And he found a particular kind of bacteria in the stool of people who were dying or dead of cholera, and he could culture it, and he consistently found it. And when he injected animals with it, it just didn't quite work.Eric Topol (10:31):Okay. Yeah, so at least for cholera, the Koch's third postulate of injecting in animals, reproducing the disease, maybe not was fulfilled. Okay, that's good.Eric Topol (10:42):Now, there's a lot of other players here. I mean, with Fred Meier and Charles Lindbergh getting samples in the air from the planes and Carl Flügge. And before we get to the Wells, I just want to mention these naysayers like Charles Chapin, Alex Langmuir, the fact that they said, well, people that were sensitive to pollen, it was just neurosis. It wasn't the pollen. I mean, just amazing stuff. But anyway, the principles of what I got from the book was the Wells, the husband and wife, very interesting characters who eventually even split up, I guess. But can you tell us about their contributions? Because they're really notable when we look back.William and Mildred Wells Carl Zimmer (11:26):Yeah, they really are. And although by the time they had died around 1960, they were pretty much forgotten already. And yet in the 1930s, the two of them, first at Harvard and then at University of Pennsylvania did some incredible work to actually challenge this idea that airborne infection was not anything real, or at least nothing really to worry about. Because once the miasmas have been cleared away, people who embrace the germ theory of disease said, look, we've got cholera in water. We've got yellow fever in mosquitoes. We've got syphilis in sex. We have all these ways that germs can get from one person to the next. We don't need to worry about the air anymore. Relax. And William Wells thought, I don't know if that's true. And we actually invented a new device for actually sampling the air, a very clever kind of centrifuge. And he started to discover, actually, there's a lot of stuff floating around in the air.Carl Zimmer (12:37):And then with a medical student of his, Richard Riley started to develop a physical model. How does this happen? Well, you and I are talking, as we are talking we are expelling tiny droplets, and those droplets can potentially contain pathogens. We can sneeze out big droplets or cough them too. Really big droplets might fall to the floor, but lots of other droplets will float. They might be pushed along by our breath like in a cloud, or they just may be so light, they just resist gravity. And so, this was the basic idea that he put forward. And then he made real headlines by saying, well, maybe there's something that we can do to these germs while they're still in the air to protect our own health. In the same way you'd protect water so that you don't get cholera. And he stumbled on ultraviolet light. So basically, you could totally knock out influenza and a bunch of other pathogens just by hitting these droplets in the air with light. And so, the Wells, they were very difficult to work with. They got thrown out of Harvard. Fortunately, they got hired at Penn, and they lasted there just long enough that they could run an experiment in some schools around Philadelphia. And they put up ultraviolet lamps in the classrooms. And those kids did not get hit by huge measles outbreak that swept through Philadelphia not long afterwards.Eric Topol (14:05):Yeah, it's pretty amazing. I had never heard of them. And here they were prescient. They did the experiments. They had this infection machine where they could put the animal in and blow in the air, and it was basically like the Koch's third postulate here of inducing the illness. He wrote a book, William and he's a pretty confident fellow quoted, ‘the book is not for here and now. It is from now on.' So he wasn't a really kind of a soft character. He was pretty strong, I guess. Do you think his kind of personality and all the difficulties that he and his wife had contributed to why their legacy was forgotten by most?Carl Zimmer (14:52):Yes. They were incredibly difficult to work with, and there's no biography of the Wellses. So I had to go into archives and find letters and unpublished documents and memos, and people will just say like, oh my goodness, these people are so unbearable. They just were fighting all the time. They were fighting with each other. They were peculiar, particularly William was terrible with language and just people couldn't deal with them. So because they were in these constant fights, they had very few friends. And when you have a big consensus against you and you don't have very many friends to not even to help you keep a job, it's not going to turn out well, unfortunately. They did themselves no favors, but it is still really remarkable and sad just how much they figured out, which was then dismissed and forgotten.Eric Topol (15:53):Yeah, I mean, I'm just amazed by it because it's telling about your legacy in science. You want to have friends, you want to be, I think, received well by your colleagues in your community. And when you're not, you could get buried, your work could get buried. And it kind of was until, for me, at least, your book Air-Borne. Now we go from that time, which is 60, 70 years ago, to fast forward H1N1 with Linsey Marr from Virginia Tech, who in 2009 was already looking back at the Wells work and saying, wait a minute there's something here that this doesn't compute, kind of thing. Can you give us the summary about Linsey? Of course, we're going to go to 2018 again all before the pandemic with Lydia, but let's first talk about Linsey.Linsey MarrSee my previous Ground Truths podcast with Prof Marr hereCarl Zimmer (16:52):Sure. So Linsey Marr belongs to this new generation of scientists in the 21st century who start to individually rediscover the Welles. And then in Lindsey Marr's case, she was studying air pollution. She's an atmospheric scientist and she's at Virginia Tech. And she and her husband are trying to juggle their jobs and raising a little kid, and their son is constantly coming home from daycare because he's constantly getting sick, or there's a bunch of kids who are sick there and so on. And that got Linsey Marr actually really curious like what's going on because they were being careful about washing objects and so on, and doing their best to keep the kids healthy. And she started looking into ideas about transmission of diseases. And she got very interested in the flu because in 2009, there was a new pandemic, in other words that you had this new strain of influenza surging throughout the world. And so, she said, well, let me look at what people are saying. And as soon as she started looking at it, she just said, well, people are saying things that as a physicist I know make no sense. They're saying that droplets bigger than five microns just plummet to the ground.Carl Zimmer (18:21):And in a way that was part of a sort of a general rejection of airborne transmission. And she said, look, I teach this every year. I just go to the blackboard and derive a formula to show that particles much bigger than this can stay airborne. So there's something really wrong here. And she started spending more and more time studying airborne disease, and she kept seeing the Welles as being cited. And she was like, who are these? Didn't know who they were. And she had to dig back because finding his book is not easy, I will tell you that. You can't buy it on Amazon. It's like it was a total flop.Eric Topol (18:59):Wow.Carl Zimmer (19:00):And eventually she started reading his papers and getting deeper in it, and she was like, huh. He was pretty smart. And he didn't say any of the things that people today are claiming he said. There's a big disconnect here. And that led her into join a very small group of people who really were taking the idea of airborne infection seriously, in the early 2000s.Lydia BourouibaEric Topol (19:24):Yeah, I mean, it's pretty incredible because had we listened to her early on in the pandemic and many others that we're going to get into, this wouldn't have gone years of neglect of airborne transmission of Covid. Now, in 2018, there was, I guess, a really important TEDMED talk by Lydia. I don't know how you pronounce her last name, Bourouiba or something. Oh, yeah. And she basically presented graphically. Of course, all this stuff is more strained for people to believe because of the invisibility story, but she, I guess, gave demos that were highly convincing to her audience if only more people were in her audience. Right?Carl Zimmer (20:09):That's right. That's right. Yeah. So Lydia was, again, not an infectious disease expert at first. She was actually trained as a physicist. She studied turbulence like what you get in spinning galaxies or spinning water in a bathtub as it goes down the drain. But she was very taken aback by the SARS outbreak in 2003, which did hit Canada where she was a student.Carl Zimmer (20:40):And it really got her getting interested in infectious diseases, emerging diseases, and asking herself, what tools can I bring from physics to this? And she's looked into a lot of different things, and she came to MIT and MIT is where Harold Edgerton built those magnificent stroboscope cameras. And we've all seen these stroboscope images of the droplets of milk frozen in space, or a bullet going through a card or things like that that he made in the 1930s and 1940s and so on. Well, one of the really famous images that was used by those cameras was a sneeze actually, around 1940. That was the first time many Americans would see these droplets frozen in space. Of course, they forgot them.Carl Zimmer (21:34):So she comes there and there's a whole center set up for this kind of high-speed visualization, and she starts playing with these cameras, and she starts doing experiments with things like breathing and sneezes and so on. But now she's using digital video, and she discovers that she goes and looks at William Wells and stuff. She's like, that's pretty good, but it's pretty simple. It's pretty crude. I mean, of course it is. It was in the 1930s. So she brings a whole new sophistication of physics to studying these things, which she finds that, especially with a sneeze, it sort of creates a new kind of physics. So you actually have a cloud that just shoots forward, and it even carries the bigger droplets with it. And it doesn't just go three feet and drop. In her studies looking at her video, it could go 10 feet, 20 feet, it could just keep going.Eric Topol (22:24):27 feet, I think I saw. Yeah, right.Carl Zimmer (22:26):Yeah. It just keeps on going. And so, in 2018, she gets up and at one of these TEDMED talks and gives this very impressive talk with lots of pictures. And I would say the world didn't really listen.Eric Topol (22:48):Geez and amazing. Now, the case that you, I think centered on to show how stupid we were, not everyone, not this group of 36, we're going to talk about not everyone, but the rest of the world, like the WHO and the CDC and others was this choir, the Skagit Valley Chorale in Washington state. Now, this was in March 2020 early on in the pandemic, there were 61 people exposed to one symptomatic person, and 52 were hit with Covid. 52 out of 61, only 8 didn't get Covid. 87% attack rate eventually was written up by an MMWR report that we'll link to. This is extraordinary because it defied the idea of that it could only be liquid droplets. So why couldn't this early event, which was so extraordinary, opened up people's mind that there's not this six-foot rule and it's all these liquid droplets and the rest of the whole story that was wrong.Carl Zimmer (24:10):I think there's a whole world of psychological research to be done on why people accept or don't accept scientific research and I'm not just talking about the public. This is a question about how science itself works, because there were lots of scientists who looked at the claims that Linsey Marr and others made about the Skagit Valley Chorale outbreak and said, I don't know, I'm not convinced. You didn't culture viable virus from the air. How do you really know? Really, people have said that in print. So it does raise the question of a deep question, I think about how does science judge what the right standard of proof is to interpret things like how diseases spread and also how to set public health policy. But you're certainly right that and March 10th, there was this outbreak, and by the end of March, it had started to make news and because the public health workers were figuring out all the people who were sick and so on, and people like Linsey Marr were like, this kind of looks like airborne to me, but they wanted to do a closer study of it. But still at that same time, places like the World Health Organization (WHO) were really insisting Covid is not airborne.“This is so mind-boggling to me. It just made it obvious that they [WHO] were full of s**t.”—Jose-Luis JimenezGetting It Wrong, Terribly WrongEric Topol (25:56):It's amazing. I mean, one of the quotes that there was, another one grabbed me in the book, in that group of the people that did air research understanding this whole field, the leaders, there's a fellow Jose-Luis Jimenez from University of Colorado Boulder, he said, ‘this is so mind-boggling to me. It just made it obvious that they were full of s**t.' Now, that's basically what he's saying about these people that are holding onto this liquid droplet crap and that there's no airborne. But we know, for example, when you can't see cigarette smoke, you can't see the perfume odor, but you can smell it that there's stuff in the air, it's airborne, and it's not necessarily three or six feet away. There's something here that doesn't compute in people's minds. And by the way, even by March and April, there were videos like the one that Lydia showed in 2018 that we're circling around to show, hey, this stuff is all over the place. It's not just the mouth going to the other person. So then this group of 36 got together, which included the people we were talking about, other people who I know, like Joe Allen and many really great contributors, and they lobbied the CDC and the WHO to get with it, but it seemed like it took two years.Carl Zimmer (27:32):It was a slow process, yes. Yes. Because well, I mean, the reason that they got together and sort of formed this band is because early on, even at the end of January, beginning of February 2020, people like Joe Allen, people like Linsey Marr, people like Lidia Morawska in Australia, they were trying to raise the alarm. And so, they would say like, oh, I will write up my concerns and I will get it published somewhere. And journals would reject them and reject them and reject them. They'd say, well, we know this isn't true. Or they'd say like, oh, they're already looking into it. Don't worry about it. This is not a reason for concern. All of them independently kept getting rejected. And then at the same time, the World Health Organization was going out of their way to insist that Covid is not airborne. And so, Lidia Morawska just said like, we have to do something. And she, from her home in Australia, marshaled first this group of 36 people, and they tried to get the World Health Organization to listen to them, and they really felt very rebuffed it didn't really work out. So then they went public with a very strong open letter. And the New York Times and other publications covered that and that really started to get things moving. But still, these guidelines and so on were incredibly slow to be updated, let alone what people might actually do to sort of safeguard us from an airborne disease.Eric Topol (29:15):Well, yeah, I mean, we went from March 2020 when it was Captain Obvious with the choir to the end of 2021 with Omicron before this got recognized, which is amazing to me when you look back, right? That here you've got millions of people dying and getting infected, getting Long Covid, all this stuff, and we have this denial of what is the real way of transmission. Now, this was not just a science conflict, this is that we had people saying, you don't need to wear a mask. People like Jerome Adams, the Surgeon General, people like Tony Fauci before there was an adjustment later, oh, you don't need masks. You just stay more than six feet away. And meanwhile, the other parts of the world, as you pointed out in Japan with the three Cs, they're already into, hey, this is airborne and don't go into rooms indoors with a lot of people and clusters and whatnot. How could we be this far off where the leading public health, and this includes the CDC, are giving such bad guidance that basically was promoting Covid spread.Carl Zimmer (30:30):I think there are a number of different reasons, and I've tried to figure that out, and I've talked to people like Anthony Fauci to try to better understand what was going on. And there was a lot of ambiguity at the time and a lot of mixed signals. I think that also in the United States in particular, we were dealing with a really bad history of preparing for pandemics in the sense that the United States actually had said, we might need a lot of masks for a pandemic, which implicitly means that we acknowledge that the next pandemic might to some extent be airborne. At least our healthcare folks are going to need masks, good masks, and they stockpiled them, and then they started using them, and then they didn't really replace them very well, and supplies ran out, or they got old. So you had someone like Rick Bright who was a public health official in the administration in January 2020, trying to tell everybody, hey, we need masks.The Mess with MasksCarl Zimmer (31:56):And people are like, don't worry about it, don't worry about it. Look, if we have a problem with masks, he said this, and he recounted this later. Look, if the health workers run out of masks, we just tell the public just to not use masks and then we'll have enough for the health workers. And Bright was like, that makes no sense. That makes no sense. And lo and behold, there was a shortage among American health workers, and China was having its own health surge, so they were going to be helping us out, and it was chaos. And so, a lot of those messages about telling the public don't wear a mask was don't wear a mask, the healthcare workers need them, and we need to make sure they have enough. And if you think about that, there's a problem there.Carl Zimmer (32:51):Yeah, fine. Why don't the healthcare workers have their own independent supply of masks? And then we can sort of address the question, do masks work in the general community? Which is a legitimate scientific question. I know there are people who are say, oh, masks don't work. There's plenty of studies that show that they can reduce risk. But unfortunately, you actually had people like Fauci himself who were saying like, oh, you might see people wearing masks in other countries. I wouldn't do it. And then just a few weeks later when it was really clear just how bad things were getting, he turns around and says, people should wear masks. But Jerome Adams, who you mentioned, Surgeon General, he gets on TV and he's trying to wrap a cloth around his face and saying, look, you can make your own mask. And it was not ideal, shall we say?Eric Topol (33:55):Oh, no. It just led to mass confusion and the anti-science people were having just a field day for them to say that these are nincompoops. And it just really, when you look back, it's sad. Now, I didn't realize the history of the N95 speaking of healthcare workers and fitted masks, and that was back with the fashion from the bra. I mean, can you tell us about that? That's pretty interesting.Carl Zimmer (34:24):Yeah. Yeah, it's a fascinating story. So there was a woman who was working for 3M. She was consulting with them on just making new products, and she really liked the technology they used for making these sort of gift ribbons and sort of blown-fiber. And she's like, wow, you should think about other stuff. How about a bra? And so, they actually went forward with this sort of sprayed polyester fiber bra, which was getting much nicer than the kind of medieval stuff that women had to put up with before then. And then she's at the same time spending a lot of time in hospitals because a lot of her family was sick with various ailments, and she was looking at these doctors and nurses who were wearing masks, which just weren't fitting them very well. And she thought, wait a minute, you could take a bra cup and just basically fit it on people's faces.Carl Zimmer (35:29):She goes to 3M and is like, hey, what about this? And they're like, hmm, interesting. And at first it didn't seem actually like it worked well against viruses and other pathogens, but it was good on dust. So it started showing up in hardware stores in the 70s, and then there were further experiments that basically figured showed you could essentially kind of amazingly give the material a little static charge. And that was good enough that then if you put it on, it traps droplets that contain viruses and doesn't let them through. So N95s are a really good way to keep viruses from coming into your mouth or going out.Eric Topol (36:14):Yeah. Well, I mean it's striking too, because in the beginning, as you said, when there finally was some consensus that masks could help, there wasn't differentiation between cotton masks, surgical masks, KN95s. And so, all this added to the mix of ambiguity and confusion. So we get to the point finally that we understand the transmission. It took way too long. And that kind of tells the Covid story. And towards the end of the book, you're back at the Skagit Valley Chorale. It's a full circle, just amazing story. Now, it also brings up all lessons that we've learned and where we're headed with this whole knowledge of the aerobiome, which is fascinating. I didn't know that we breathe 2000 to 3000 gallons a day of air, each of us.Every Breath We TakeEric Topol (37:11):Wow, I didn't know. Well, of course, air is a vector for disease. And of course, going back to the Wells, the famous Wells that have been, you've brought them back to light about how we're aerial oysters. So these things in the air, which we're going to get to the California fires, for example, they travel a long ways. Right? We're not talking about six feet here. We're talking about, can you tell us a bit about that?Carl Zimmer (37:42):Well, yeah. So we are releasing living things into the air with every breath, but we're not the only ones. So I'm looking at you and I see beyond you the ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Every time those waves crash down on the surf, it's spewing up vast numbers of tiny droplets, kind of like the ocean's own lungs, spraying up droplets, some of which have bacteria and viruses and other living things. And those go up in the air. The wind catches them, and they blow around. Some of them go very, very high, many, many miles. Some of them go into the clouds and they do blow all over the place. And so, science is really starting to come into its own of studying the planetary wide pattern of the flow of life, not just for oceans, but from the ground, things come out of the ground all of the time. The soil is rich with microbes, and those are rising up. Of course, there's plants, we are familiar with plants having pollen, but plants themselves are also slathered in fungi and other organisms. They shed those into the air as well. And so, you just have this tremendous swirl of life that how high it can go, nobody's quite sure. They can certainly go up maybe 12 miles, some expeditions, rocket emissions have claimed to find them 40 miles in the air.Carl Zimmer (39:31):It's not clear, but we're talking 10, 20, 30 miles up is where all this life gets. So people call this the aerobiome, and we're living in it. It's like we're in an ocean and we're breathing in that ocean. And so, you are breathing in some of those organisms literally with every breath.Eric Topol (39:50):Yeah, no, it's extraordinary. I mean, it really widens, the book takes us so much more broad than the narrow world of Covid and how that got all off track and gives us the big picture. One of the things that happened more recently post Covid was finally in the US there was the commitment to make buildings safer. That is adopting the principles of ventilation filtration. And I wonder if you could comment at that. And also, do you use your CO2 monitor that you mentioned early in the book? Because a lot of people haven't gotten onto the CO2 monitor.Carl Zimmer (40:33):So yes, I do have a CO2 monitor. It's in the other room. And I take it with me partly to protect my own health, but also partly out of curiosity because carbon dioxide (CO2) in the room is actually a pretty good way of figuring out how much ventilation there is in the room and what your potential risk is of getting sick if someone is breathing out Covid or some other airborne disease. They're not that expensive and they're not that big. And taking them on planes is particularly illuminating. It's just incredible just how high the carbon dioxide rate goes up when you're sitting on the plane, they've closed the doors, you haven't taken off yet, shoots way up. Once again, the air and the filter system starts up, it starts going down, which is good, but then you land and back up again. But in terms of when we're not flying, we're spending a lot of our time indoors. Yeah, so you used the word commitment to describe quality standards.Eric Topol (41:38):What's missing is the money and the action, right?Carl Zimmer (41:42):I think, yeah. I think commitment is putting it a little strongly.Eric Topol (41:45):Yeah. Sorry.Carl Zimmer (41:45):Biden administration is setting targets. They're encouraging that that people meet certain targets. And those people you mentioned like Joe Allen at Harvard have actually been putting together standards like saying, okay, let's say that when you build a new school or a new building, let's say that you make sure that you don't get carbon dioxide readings above this rate. Let's try to get 14 liters per second per person of ventilated fresh air. And they're actually going further. They've actually said, now we think this should be law. We think these should be government mandates. We have government mandates for clean water. We have government mandates for clean food. We don't just say, it'd be nice if your bottled water didn't have cholera on it in it. We'll make a little prize. Who's got the least cholera in their water? We don't do that. We don't expect that. We expect more. We expect when you get the water or if you get anything, you expect it to be clean and you expect people to be following the law. So what Joseph Allen, Lidia Morawska, Linsey Marr and others are saying is like, okay, let's have a law.Eric Topol (43:13):Yeah. No, and I think that distinction, I've interviewed Joe Allen and Linsey Marr on Ground Truths, and they've made these points. And we need the commitment, I should say, we need the law because otherwise it's a good idea that doesn't get actualized. And we know how much keeping ventilation would make schools safer.Carl Zimmer (43:35):Just to jump in for a second, just to circle back to William and Mildred Wells, none of what I just said is new. William and Mildred Wells were saying over and over again in speeches they gave, in letters they wrote to friends they were like, we've had this incredible revolution in the early 1900s of getting clean water and clean food. Why don't we have clean air yet? We deserve clean air. Everyone deserves clean air. And so, really all that people like Linsey Marr and Joseph Allen and others are doing is trying to finally deliver on that call almost a century later.Eric Topol (44:17):Yeah, totally. That's amazing how it's taken all this time and how much disease and morbidity even death could have been prevented. Before I ask about planning for the future, I do want to get your comments about the dirty air with the particulate matter less than 2.5 particles and what we're seeing now with wildfires, of course in Los Angeles, but obviously they're just part of what we're seeing in many parts of the world and what that does, what carries so the dirty air, but also what we're now seeing with the crisis of climate change.Carl Zimmer (45:01):So if you inhale smoke from a wildfire, it's not going to start growing inside of you, but those particles are going to cause a lot of damage. They're going to cause a lot of inflammation. They can cause not just lung damage, but they can potentially cause a bunch of other medical issues. And unfortunately, climate change plus the increasing urbanization of these kinds of environments, like in Southern California where fires, it's a fire ecology already. That is going to be a recipe for more smoke in the air. We will be, unfortunately, seeing more fire. Here in the Northeast, we were dealing with really awful smoke coming all the way from Canada. So this is not a problem that respects borders. And even if there were no wildfires, we still have a huge global, terrible problem with particulate matter coming from cars and coal fire power plants and so on. Several million people, their lives are cut short every year, just day in, day out. And you can see pictures in places like Delhi and India and so on. But there are lots of avoidable deaths in the United States as well, because we're starting to realize that even what we thought were nice low levels of air pollution probably are still killing more people than we realized.Eric Topol (46:53):Yeah, I mean, just this week in Nature is a feature on how this dirty air pollution, the urbanization that's leading to brain damage, Alzheimer's, but also as you pointed out, it increases everything, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular, various cancers. I mean, it's just bad news.Carl Zimmer (47:15):And one way in which the aerobiome intersects with what we're talking about is that those little particles floating around, things can live on them and certain species can ride along on these little particles of pollution and then we inhale them. And there's some studies that seem to suggest that maybe pathogens are really benefiting from riding around on these. And also, the wildfire smoke is not just lofting, just bits of dead plant matter into the air. It's lofting vast numbers of bacteria and fungal spores into the air as well. And then those blow very, very far away. It's possible that long distance winds can deliver fungal spores and other microorganisms that can actually cause certain diseases, this Kawasaki disease or Valley fever and so on. Yeah, so everything we're doing is influencing the aerobiome. We're changing the world in so many ways. We're also changing the aerobiome.Eric Topol (48:30):Yeah. And to your point, there were several reports during the pandemic that air pollution potentiated SARS-CoV-2 infections because of that point that you're making that is as a carrier.Carl Zimmer (48:46):Well, I've seen some of those studies and it wasn't clear to me. I'm not sure that SARS-CoV-2 can really survive like long distances outdoors. But it may be that, it kind of weakens people and also sets up their lungs for a serious disease. I'm not as familiar with that research as I'd like to be.Eric Topol (49:11):Yeah, no, it could just be that because they have more inflammation of their lungs that they're just more sensitive to when they get the infection. But there seems like you said, to be some interactions between pathogens and polluted air. I don't know that we want to get into germ warfare because that's whole another topic, but you cover that well, it's very scary stuff.Carl Zimmer (49:37):It's the dark side of aerobiology.Eric Topol (49:39):Oh my gosh, yes. And then the last thing I wanted just to get into is, if we took this all seriously and learned, which we don't seem to do that well in some respects, wouldn't we change the way, for example, the way our cities, the way we increase our world of plants and vegetation, rather than just basically take it all down. What can we do in the future to make our ecosystem with air a healthier one?Carl Zimmer (50:17):I think that's a really important question. And it sounds odd, but that's only because it's unfamiliar. And even after all this time and after the rediscovery of a lot of scientists who had been long forgotten, there's still a lot we don't know. So there is suggestive research that when we breathe in air that's blowing over vegetation, forest and so on. That's actually in some ways good for our health. We do have a relationship with the air, and we've had it ever since our ancestors came out the water and started breathing with their lungs. And so, our immune systems may be tuned to not breathing in sterile air, but we don't understand the relationship. And so, I can't say like, oh, well, here's the prescription. We need to be doing this. We don't know.Eric Topol (51:21):Yeah. No, it's fascinating.Carl Zimmer (51:23):We should find out. And there are a few studies going on, but not many I would have to say. And the thing goes for how do we protect indoor spaces and so on? Well, we kind of have an idea of how airborne Covid is. Influenza, we're not that sure and there are lots of other diseases that we just don't know. And you certainly, if a disease is not traveling through the air at all, you don't want to take these measures. But we need to understand they're spread more and it's still very difficult to study these things.Eric Topol (52:00):Yeah, such a great point. Now before we wrap up, is there anything that you want to highlight that I haven't touched on in this amazing book?Carl Zimmer (52:14):I hope that when people read it, they sort of see that science is a messy process and there aren't that many clear villains and good guys in the sense that there can be people who are totally, almost insanely wrong in hindsight about some things and are brilliant visionaries in other ways. And one figure that I learned about was Max von Pettenkofer, who really did the research behind those carbon dioxide meters. He figured out in the mid-1800s that you could figure out the ventilation in a room by looking at the carbon dioxide. We call it the Pettenkofer number, how much CO2 is in the room. Visionary guy also totally refused to believe in the germ theory of disease. He shot it tooth in the nail even. He tried to convince people that cholera was airborne, and he did it. He took a vial. He was an old man. He took a vial full of cholera. The bacteria that caused cholera drank it down to prove his point. He didn't feel well afterwards, but he survived. And he said, that's proof. So this history of science is not the simple story that we imagine it to be.Eric Topol (53:32):Yeah. Well, congratulations. This was a tour de force. You had to put in a lot of work to pull this all together, and you're enlightening us about air like never before. So thanks so much for joining, Carl.Carl Zimmer (53:46):It was a real pleasure. Thanks for having me.**********************************************Thanks for listening, watching or reading Ground Truths. Your subscription is greatly appreciated.If you found this podcast interesting please share it!That makes the work involved in putting these together especially worthwhile.All content on Ground Truths—newsletters, analyses, and podcasts—is free, open-access.Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. And such support is becoming more vital In light of current changes of funding by US biomedical research at NIH and other governmental agencies. Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

#KöşedekiKitapçı'da bugün

Los vídeos: https://borjagiron.com/videos-cambiar-creencias-pensar/Aquí tienes una lista de acontecimientos históricos importantes donde la ciencia logró explicar fenómenos que inicialmente parecían fuera de su alcance, desafiando creencias religiosas, mitológicas o pseudocientíficas:1. El Sol no es un dios, sino una estrella (Heliocentrismo):
En la antigüedad, muchas culturas creían que el Sol era una deidad. Copérnico y Galileo demostraron que el Sol era el centro del sistema solar, desplazando la Tierra de su lugar central en la cosmología y eliminando la interpretación divina del Sol.2. El trueno y el rayo no son ira de los dioses (Electricidad):
Los antiguos atribuían las tormentas a manifestaciones de deidades como Zeus o Thor. Benjamín Franklin, con su experimento de la cometa en 1752, demostró que el rayo era un fenómeno eléctrico, sentando las bases de la comprensión moderna de la electricidad.3. Las enfermedades no son castigos divinos (Teoría Germinal):
Antes de la ciencia moderna, las plagas y enfermedades se atribuían a la ira de los dioses o maldiciones. Louis Pasteur y Robert Koch demostraron que eran causadas por microorganismos, desarrollando la teoría germinal de las enfermedades.4. La creación del mundo no fue en siete días (Evolución):
Durante siglos, la idea de que la Tierra y la vida fueron creadas por un acto divino instantáneo dominó el pensamiento. Charles Darwin, con su teoría de la evolución por selección natural, mostró cómo la diversidad de la vida podía explicarse científicamente sin intervención sobrenatural.5. Los terremotos no son castigos de la Tierra (Tectónica de Placas):
En la antigüedad, los terremotos se consideraban actos de dioses o espíritus. La teoría de la tectónica de placas explicó que los terremotos ocurren debido al movimiento de las placas litosféricas.6. El origen del universo no es un acto divino (Big Bang):
Las religiones tenían mitos sobre la creación del universo por dioses. Georges Lemaître, un sacerdote y científico, propuso la teoría del Big Bang, mostrando que el universo tuvo un inicio que puede explicarse mediante física y astronomía. INCLUSO EL ORIGEN DE LA VIDA YA ESTÁ EXPLICADO.7. El vuelo de los pájaros no es magia (Aerodinámica):
Durante mucho tiempo, se pensó que el vuelo de los pájaros era un misterio inexplicable o mágico. Isaac Newton, con sus leyes del movimiento y la mecánica, y más tarde Bernoulli, con sus principios aerodinámicos, explicaron cómo el vuelo es posible gracias a las fuerzas físicas.8. Los sueños y su significado. Consolidación de la memoria, procesamiento emocional, simulación de amenzas, resolución de problemas…9. Los fantasmasAquí tienes algunos temas y acontecimientos que la ciencia todavía no ha podido explicar completamente, aunque existen teorías y estudios al respecto:1. La naturaleza de la conciencia:
La ciencia puede explicar completamente qué es la conciencia, 2. Qué ocurre después de la muerte:
Aunque se entiende el proceso biológico de la muerte, no hay consenso científico sobre lo que sucede con la experiencia subjetiva o si hay algo más allá de la muerte. Aunque ya te expliqué la verdad.3. Por qué el universo tiene leyes físicas específicas.4. El problema del tiempo:
Aunque la física define el tiempo como una dimensión más del espacio-tiempo, su flujo unidireccional (la flecha del tiempo) no se comprende completamente.5. El propósito del universo:
No hay ningún propósito. Es lo que es.6. La materia y energía oscurasPROBLEMAS:1: DESCONOCIMIENTO DE LA GENTE DE LO QUE YA ESTÁ EXPLICADO2: Creer que hay cosas que no se podrán explicar cuando hemos visto que eso siempre se ha creído y la ciencia ha ido desmontando una tras otra. Solo falta más tiempo.Conviértete en un seguidor de este podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/los-ultimos-dias--2659766/support.

We start with the sad news that this is Annika's last episode as a regular host. Over the last four years she has brought her unique perspective and insights (and puns!) to the show. But being part of a weekly podcast is tough commitment while at the same time balancing a fulltime job, raising a family and participating in other skeptical activities. We will miss her! And we hope to see her back again from time to time for guest appearances.In TWISH this week we celebrate the birth of Robert Koch, one of the ‘fathers of microbiology' (together with Louis Pasteur). Then we have a look at the news:INTERNATIONAL: Adult skills in literacy and numeracy declining or stagnating in most OECD countriesINTERNATIONAL: Online influencers in urgent need of factchecking toolsINTERNATIONAL: How the far right is weaponising AI generated content in EuropeUK: Update: Sentence announced for ‘slapping therapist' Hongchi XiaoUK: Resignation at the Royal SocietySWEDEN: Indian sect called ‘Oneness' opens huge centerRUSSIA: FSB raids international scamming organisation Milton GroupThe Really Wrong Award for this week goes to ‘all politicians worldwide' for their inability to address the climate crisis. Then we close out with a Word of the Week and a Quote.Enjoy!https://theesp.eu/podcast_archive/theesp-ep-457.htmlSegments:0:00:27 Intro0:00:52 Greetings0:04:15 TWISH0:13:07 News0:56:34 Really Wrong1:00:36 Word of the Week1:06:09 Quote1:09:04 Outro1:10:19 Outtakes Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Hast du dir schon einmal Gedanken darüber gemacht, wie sich die Medizin in den kommenden Jahren verändern könnte? Wir leben in einer Zeit des Wandels – gesellschaftlich, geopolitisch und auch medizinisch. In meinem neuesten Video nehme ich dich mit auf eine Reise durch die Vergangenheit und die Zukunft der Medizin und teile meine Gedanken zu den Herausforderungen und Chancen, die vor uns liegen. Ich spreche über die Grundlagen unserer heutigen Medizin, geprägt von großen Persönlichkeiten wie Rudolf Virchow und Robert Koch. ❓Doch ich frage mich: Ist das materialistisch-naturwissenschaftliche Weltbild, das sie etabliert haben, noch zeitgemäß? ❓Oder brauchen wir einen neuen, ganzheitlicheren Ansatz, um die Gesundheit der Menschen besser zu fördern? Auch geopolitische Veränderungen spielen eine Rolle: Länder wie Indien und China bringen alternative medizinische Traditionen ein, die künftig stärker berücksichtigt werden könnten. Diese Entwicklungen bieten die Chance, altes Wissen mit neuen Ansätzen zu verbinden und ein neues Bewusstsein in der Medizin zu schaffen. Schau dir das Video an, wenn du erfahren möchtest, warum ich optimistisch in die Zukunft der Medizin blicke und was ich mir für eine positive Transformation im Gesundheitswesen wünsche. Lass dich inspirieren und diskutiere mit!

In dieser Folge erzählt Andrea Sawatzki die – im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes – bunte Lebensgeschichte von Paul Ehrlich.

Hohes oder sehr hohes Corona-Risiko? Da lagen Bund und Robert-Koch-Institut Anfang 2022 offenbar auseinander: Gesundheitsminister Lauterbach (SPD) verhinderte eine Risikoherabstufung. Der Jurist Josef Franz Lindner ordnet das Vorgehen rechtlich ein. Stigler, Sophie www.deutschlandfunk.de, Forschung aktuell

Jeden vierten Donnerstag im Monat versuchen wir eine neue Folge "Nicht Die Einzigen" raus zu bringen, jeden zweiten Donnerstag im Monat versucht Edgar Einfühlsam ein neues Interview raus zu bringen, oft gelingt es ^^ Check: https://linktr.ee/edgar_einfuehlsam/ Wir tun mit euch etwas kleines Gutes und sammeln Geld für wichtige journalistische Arbeit gegen Faschismus und für Demokratieerhalt. Mehr Information unter folgendem Link: https://www.betterplace.me/nicht-die-einzigen-antifaschisten-2024 Playlist Nicht die Einzigen: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2B0FpVlQ1hw7nKosxVdOtN?si=g1T7aewnRmCc6hkD4QluDw Kollege Hartmann Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kollege_hartmann/?hl=de Edgar Einfühlsam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edgar_einfuehlsam/?hl=de Nicht die Einzigen Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nicht_die_einzigen/ Edgar Einfühlsam YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsO64aLGLO_IutWCU0r1kFw?view_as=subscriber Check Edgar Einfühlsams Filmtipps auf Letterbox: https://letterboxd.com/edgarocineasto/

Braun, Anja www.deutschlandfunk.de, Informationen am Abend

Braun, Anja www.deutschlandfunk.de, Informationen am Abend

Nach dem Urlaub in ein aufgeräumtes Labor zurückkommen und da weitermachen, wo man aufgehört hat - das wäre doch schön. Aber Alexander Fleming ist ein Laborpartner, der immer nur alles schnell in die Ecke schiebt. Das hat zur Folge, dass ihn nach seinem Urlaub eine Überraschung im Labor erwartet... Eine, die wahrscheinlich viele weggeschmissen hätten. Aber er guckt sie sich zum Glück genauer an.Die zwei Forscher, die mit Alexander den Nobelpreis bekommen haben, waren übrigens Wenn ihr noch mehr über Bakteriologie hören möchtet, empfehlen wir die Folgen über Louis Pasteur und Robert Koch. Oder die Folge über Fanny Hesse, die den optimalen Nährboden für Bakterien entdeckt hat. Und hier findet ihr das Spezial mit Jasmin Schreiber zur Artenvielfalt.Willkommen zu unserem True Science-Podcast! Hier geht's um die verworrenen Geschichten hinter Wissenschaft. Wie hat die Erfinderin des heutigen Schwangerschaftstests mit einer Büroklammerbox den Durchbruch geschafft? Was hat eine Hollywood-Diva mit der Erfindung des Wlans zu tun? Und mit wem hatte Albert Einstein eine Affäre? In der Wissenschaft gibt's jede Menge Gossip. Den hört ihr hier. “Behind Science” gibt's immer samstags - am Science-Samstag. Schreibt uns gerne (Mail I Instagram)! Vermarktung: Schønlein Media | Grafik: Mara Strieder | Fotos: Fatima Talalini I Sprecherin: Madeleine Sabel | Dieser Podcast wird durch Werbung finanziert. Bei automatisierten Werbespots haben wir keinen Einfluss auf die Auswahl. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Heute stellt euch Olli den Namensgeber des RKI vor: Robert Koch. Einer der bedeutensten Infektionsforscher und Begründer der Bakteriologie. Doch neben seinen Errungenschaften für die Wissenschaft und die Menschheit, hatte Koch auch eine ganz düstere Lebensphase. Mehr von uns: https://linktr.ee/hintergooglehttps://linktr.ee/hintergoogle

Send me a text!Introduced by German chemist Heinrich Caro as a textile dye in the 19th century, methylene blue soon attracted the interests of notable scientists like Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich. Recognizing its unique antimicrobial properties, they helped transition it from textile labs to medical clinics. By the early 20th century, methylene blue had gained recognition as an innovative malaria treatment, a role it continues to have today. Methylene blue may also offer a wide range of other significant health benefits, beyond fighting infections. By acting as an “electron donor”, methylene blue supercharges your mitochondria, or the powerhouses of your cells. Join me as I sit down with Dr. Scott Sherr, MD, and explore how this incredible compound is currently being used to treat chronic illness, boost cognitive functioning, improve energy, reduce inflammation, and even offer anti-aging benefits.Suggested Resources:Dr. Scott Sherr | InstagramTroscriptionsThe Potentials of Methylene Blue as an Anti-Aging DrugMethylene Blue–Mediated Antimicrobial ​Photodynamic Therapy Against InfectionFrom Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection-an Emerging Role for Methylene BlueThis episode is proudly sponsored by Qualia Life. As you approach 30, there's a subtle form of aging that starts before you even notice it, and you should know about it BEFORE it picks up momentum: senescent cell accumulation. These cells start accumulating in us over time, draining our energy and accelerating aging, contributing to typical aging symptoms like reduced energy, slower recovery, and joint discomfort. Qualia Senolytic combines 9 vegan, plant-derived compounds to help your body naturally eliminate senescent cells, that help us age better at the cellular level so we can feel YEARS younger!Get support for slaying YOUR zombie cells now with Qualia Senolytic at qualialife.com/wellnstrong and code WELLNSTRONG for 15% off.Qualia Senolytic combines 9 vegan, plant-derived compounds to help your body naturally eliminate zombie (or senescent) cells, that help us age better at the cellular level so we can feel YEARS younger! Use the code WELLNSTRONG for 15% off!Join the WellnStrong mailing list for exclusive content here!Want more of The How To Be WellnStrong Podcast? Subscribe to the YouTube channel. Follow Jacqueline: Instagram Pinterest TikTok Youtube To access notes from the show & full transcripts, head over to WellnStrong's Podcast Page

Dr. Stefan Lanka ist Virologe. Durch seine ersten wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten hat Lanka festgestellt, dass das Modell der Virentheorie falsch ist. Heute ist er in Deutschland der führende Virologe, der sagt: "Es gibt keine Viren." Lanka kann das durchaus mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden nachweisen.Das hat er zahlreich auch veröffentlicht. Das führte dazu, dass die einen ihn loben und die anderen ihn für einen verirrten Spinner halten.Auch in den Vereinigten Staaten ist Lanka kein Niemand. Hört man ihm unvoreingenommen und mit offenem Geist zu, versteht man, dass da was dran ist. Die ganze Geschichte der Virentheorie ist äußerst fraglich. Louis Pasteur und Robert Koch waren nicht nur Wissenschaftler. Sie waren auch Betrüger.Das sagt nicht etwa Stefan Lanka, sondern man findet ihre Betrügereien im Sinne ihrer Virentheorien in deren Biographien – in Buchform sowie in Dokumentarfilmen.Heute versteht Lanka die Virentheorie als eine politische Angsttheorie, die oft dann als Impfkampagne verdreht wird, wenn politische Narrative verändert werden sollen.Damit die Normalbevölkerung die Theorie unhinterfragt übernimmt, gibt es die Impfindustrie, die schon beim Säugling in Gang kommt. Lanka hat sich bis heute den Kritikern seines Faches oder verwandten Themen immer gestellt.Heute versucht Lanka, den Menschen auf seinen Vorträgen ein Bild der Biologie zu vermitteln, bei dem die einzelnen Zuhörer von selbst schlussfolgern können, dass die Theorie über Viren absurd ist.Dieses Gespräch gibt Einblicke in seine Biologie, die ein schlüssiges Bild abliefert, das Viren eine Konstruktion der menschlichen Epochen ist, die Karriere verspricht. Geld, viel Geld gibt hier vor, was wahr ist und was nicht.Es herrscht Konsens, es fehlt Wissenschaftlichkeit in Bezug auf die Virentheorie.Mehr zu Dr. Stefan Lanka hier: https://wissenschafftplus.deOder bei Telegram unter: https://t.me/LankaVision+++Ihnen gefällt unser Programm? Machen wir uns gemeinsam im Rahmen einer „digitalen finanziellen Selbstverteidigung“ unabhängig vom Bankensystem und unterstützen Sie uns bitte mit Bitcoin: https://apolut.net/unterstuetzen#bitcoinzahlungInformationen zu weiteren Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten finden Sie hier: https://apolut.net/unterstuetzen/+++Bitte empfehlen Sie uns weiter und teilen Sie gerne unsere Inhalte. Sie haben hiermit unser Einverständnis, unsere Beiträge in Ihren eigenen Kanälen auf Social-Media- und Video-Plattformen zu teilen bzw. hochzuladen und zu veröffentlichen.+++Apolut ist auch als kostenlose App für Android- und iOS-Geräte verfügbar! Über unsere Homepage kommen Sie zu den Stores von Apple, Google und Huawei. Hier der Link: https://apolut.net/app/Die apolut-App steht auch zum Download (als sogenannte Standalone- oder APK-App) auf unserer Homepage zur Verfügung. Mit diesem Link können Sie die App auf Ihr Smartphone herunterladen: https://apolut.net/apolut_app.apk+++Abonnieren Sie jetzt den apolut-Newsletter: https://apolut.net/newsletter/+++Unterstützung für apolut kann auch als Kleidung getragen werden! Hier der Link zu unserem Fan-Shop: https://harlekinshop.com/pages/apolut+++Website und Social Media:Website: https://apolut.netOdysee: https://odysee.com/@apolut:aRumble: https://rumble.com/ApolutX/Twitter: https://x.com/apolut_netInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/apolut_net/Gettr: https://gettr.com/user/apolut_netTelegram: https://t.me/s/apolutYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@apolut.creativesTikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@apolut.creatives Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In dieser Folge erleben wir die Begeisterung nach dem 2:0-Pokalsieg von Dynamo Dresden gegen Fortuna Düsseldorf. 30.000 Fans verließen jubelnd das Stadion, und wir analysieren diesen Erfolg mit Andreas Fritzsch, stellvertretender Unterhaltungschef und Dynamo-Anhänger, sowie dem Sportjournalisten Timotheus Eimert von der Sächsischen Zeitung. Dazu gibt es viele Stimmen der Dynamo-Spieler und die Vorschau auf das Sachsenderby. Im zweiten Teil gibt es die Aufzeichnung unseres Live-Gesprächs vom Stadtfest mit Co-Trainer Heiko Scholz und Ex-Dynamo Robert Koch.

Und während du den Pudding zusammenrührst, hast du plötzlich das in den Händen, wonach Robert Koch und Luis Pasteur die ganze Zeit suchen... viel mehr braucht ihr als Teaser für diese Folge gar nicht. Ihr werdet Fanny Hesse kennenlernen, eine Frau aus New York, die im Erzgebirge eine geniale Idee hatte und die Mikrobiologie damit für immer verändert hat. Es geht um Bakterien, Sülze und Gerechtigkeit. PS: Fanny hatte übrigens noch einen zweiten Vornamen: Angelina. Deshalb hat sie bei manchen den Spitznamen "Lina". Wäre aber für das FH-Medium egal ;-) Hier der Link für das Graphic Novel-Projekt: https://rb.gy/8hr7st Willkommen zu unserem True Science-Podcast! Wir reden über die absurden, irren, romantischen und verworrenen Geschichten hinter Entdeckungen und Erfindungen. Denn in der Wissenschaft gibt es jede Menge Gossip! Wir erzählen zum Beispiel, wie die Erfinderin des heutigen Schwangerschaftstests mit Hilfe einer Büroklammerbox den Durchbruch schaffte, oder wie eine Hollywood-Schauspielerin den Grundstein für unser heutiges WLAN legte. Immer samstags - am Science-Samstag. Wir, das sind Marie Eickhoff und Luisa Pfeiffenschneider. Wir haben Wissenschaftsjournalismus studiert und die Zeit im Labor schon immer lieber zum Quatschen genutzt. Schreibt uns: podcast@behindscience.de I Instagram: @behindscience.podcast Wir sind gelistet im Reiseführer für Wissenschaftspodcasts: https://bitly.ws/3eGBW #WissPod Hinweis: Werbespots in dieser Folge erfolgen automatisiert. Wir haben keinen Einfluss auf die Auswahl. Vermarktung: Julep Media GmbH | Grafikdesign: Mara Strieder | Sprecherin: Madeleine Sabel | Fotos: Fatima Talalini

Er war einer der bedeutendsten Mediziner und Biologen und gilt als "Vater der Mikrobiologie". Wie Robert Koch vom Landarzt zum Nobelpreisträger wurde, erzählt Andrea Sawatzki in dieser Folge.

Das Pandemia-Team beschäftigt sich noch einmal mit dem Vogelgrippe-Ausbruch bei Milchkühen in den USA. Der Veterinär Martin Beer erklärt, warum der Ausbruch jetzt eingedämmt werden muss. Die Historiker Maxime Schwartz und Christoph Gradmann sprechen darüber, was die pasteurisierte Milch mit Louis Pasteur zu tun hat - oder auch nicht. Und die Mikrobe des Monats ist ein Darmbakterium, das beim Blutspenden helfen könnte.

Das Pandemia-Team beschäftigt sich noch einmal mit dem Vogelgrippe-Ausbruch bei Milchkühen in den USA. Der Veterinär Martin Beer erklärt, warum der Ausbruch jetzt eingedämmt werden muss. Die Historiker Maxime Schwartz und Christoph Gradmann sprechen darüber, was die pasteurisierte Milch mit Louis Pasteur zu tun hat - oder auch nicht. Und die Mikrobe des Monats ist ein Darmbakterium, das beim Blutspenden helfen könnte.

Das Pandemia-Team beschäftigt sich noch einmal mit dem Vogelgrippe-Ausbruch bei Milchkühen in den USA. Der Veterinär Martin Beer erklärt, warum der Ausbruch jetzt eingedämmt werden muss. Die Historiker Maxime Schwartz und Christoph Gradmann sprechen darüber, was die pasteurisierte Milch mit Louis Pasteur zu tun hat - oder auch nicht. Und die Mikrobe des Monats ist ein Darmbakterium, das beim Blutspenden helfen könnte.

Das Pandemia-Team beschäftigt sich noch einmal mit dem Vogelgrippe-Ausbruch bei Milchkühen in den USA. Der Veterinär Martin Beer erklärt, warum der Ausbruch jetzt eingedämmt werden muss. Die Historiker Maxime Schwartz und Christoph Gradmann sprechen darüber, was die pasteurisierte Milch mit Louis Pasteur zu tun hat - oder auch nicht. Und die Mikrobe des Monats ist ein Darmbakterium, das beim Blutspenden helfen könnte.

Como é que a Alemanha construiu o seu império em África? A DW África apresenta nesta quarta-feira um programa especial sobre as sombras do colonialismo alemão. No início do colonialismo, muitas vacinas inseguras foram testadas em cidadãos africanos sem o seu conhecimento ou consentimento. Acompanhe este especial.

Wer einmal lügt, dem glaubt man nicht... heißt es im Volksmund. Und die Lügengebäude werden immer höher. Lügen werden der Regierung, den der Regierung unterstellten Leitern der Behörden wie Robert-Koch- oder Paul-Ehrlich-Institut oder den Corona-Maßnahmen-Kritikern von Anfang dieser sogenannten Pandemie an vorgeworfen. Wer soll nun wie eine Aufarbeitung der umfassenden Freiheitseinschränkungen und Verletzungen des Rechts auf körperliche Unversehrtheit in die Wege leiten? Hören Sie eine aktuelle Meldung dazu von Paul Schreyer vom Magazin Multipolar, der die Sitzungsprotokolle des RKI, die sogenannten RKI-Files freigeklagt hatte.

Our understanding of infectious disease and pathology stems from the 19th century with Robert Koch pioneering research. Dr Koch help to shaped modern microbiology and medicine when he identified the causative agents for anthrax and tuberculosis. Since that time, the number of infectious microorganisms that we know of that cause illness and diseases has increased exponentially. Thanks to modern day techniques, laboratories can test for these agents directly or indirectly and get an answer often within hours. As such, microbiology is on the verge of a new era. Instead of the principle of one test: one micro-organism, we are moving into the realm where one test can detect hundreds of potential pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes in a single stool sample. The new test is called Metapanel. This includes 175 gene targets using metagenomics (shotgun gene sequencing) and is able to detect bacteria, viruses, helminths, protozoa, fungi, microsporidia. This information is collated and reported by a pathologist and advice given as to what is the implications of the result. The test is ideally suited for patients with chronic diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease and/or inflammatory bowel syndrome. This is the story of advanced faeces testing and Metapanel ** Please note: General Practitioners in Australia, will be able to claim CPD points after listening to this episode. Full details and registration, coming shortly. Our special guest: Dr Michael Wehrhahn is the Director of Molecular Biology and Infectious serology at Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology. Michael has a Master in Public Health, is an Infectious Disease Specialist as well as a Microbiologist and Adjunct Senior Lecturer at the University of Notre Dame. Dr Wehrhahn is actively involved in research on clinical and laboratory aspects of a range of microorganisms and is a reviewer for a number of journals. Michael has been involved in researching and validating the new Metapanel available through Sonic in conjunction with Microba. This Medical Life podcast is available on all podcasting services and Spotify. Help support us at https://www.patreon.com/ThisMedicalLifeSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Host: Darryl S. Chutka, M.D. [@chutkaMD] Guest: Zelalem Temesgen, M.D. It's thought that a variant of tuberculosis originated in East Africa around 3 million years ago with the current strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dating back at least 20,000 years. Although easily spread from one person to another, not everyone infected develops active disease. The management of tuberculosis varies, and although there is a vaccine, it's not commonly used in the U.S.  Effective pharmacologic treatment is available, however drug-resistant strains have presented challenges in some cases. This podcast is in recognition of World Tuberculosis Day, March 24, the day that Dr. Robert Koch reported Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. We'll discuss the disease, it's diagnosis and management with infectious disease specialist and Professor of Medicine, Zelalem Temesgen, M.D., from the Mayo Clinic. Connect with the Mayo Clinic's School of Continuous Professional Development online at https://ce.mayo.edu/ or on Twitter @MayoMedEd. 

Rivalries at the Cutting Edge: How Personal Battles Forged Medical Miracles The Not Old Better Show, Smithsonian Associates Interview Series Welcome to a riveting episode of the Not Old Better Show, Smithsonian Associates interview series, where today we dive into the fascinating world of medical innovation, rivalry, and the indomitable spirit of human progress. In a journey through time, we unravel how the worst in people sometimes leads to the best for humanity. Imagine the relentless pursuit of breakthroughs that have saved millions of lives, shaped by the hands of brilliant but flawed individuals. These were not saints but driven, competitive beings whose envy, ambition, and rivalry, while often tarnishing their personal legacies, inadvertently spurred some of the most significant medical discoveries in history. In this episode, we're honored to host returning guest and audience favorite, Smithsonian Associate Dr. Andrew Lam. Dr. Andrew Lam is a visionary surgeon, esteemed author, and assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Dr. Lam takes us behind the scenes of his upcoming Smithsonian Associates presentation, "Rivalries in Medicine: How Humanity Can Benefit from the Worst in People." For more information about Dr. Lam's Smithsonian Associates presentation, please check out our show notes, but today, Dr. Lam will share a ‘tease' from his latest book, "The Masters of Medicine," revealing the mavericks, the moments, and the mistakes that have sparked the greatest medical discoveries of our times, along with more about his upcoming Smithsonian Associates presentation. Dr. Lam will tell us today about how we, as a society, should channel our competitive nature for the greater good? How do rivalries shape the advancements that push humanity forward?  From the battlefields of ego and personal vendettas between legends like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to the contemporary corridors of cutting-edge medical research, we explore how these personal conflicts have paradoxically paved the way for innovations that define modern medicine. Join us for an unforgettable exploration of how, in the quest to outdo one another, we often end up doing the best for all. This is not just a lesson from history; it's a blueprint for the future. Stay tuned, engage with curiosity, and let's discover together the incredible ways in which humanity's worst traits have, against all odds, led to some of our greatest achievements. Welcome to the Not Old Better Show, Smithsonian Associates Interview Series on radio and podcast, and our returning guest, Dr. Andrew Lam. My thanks to Smithsonian Associate Dr. Andrew Lam.  Smithsonian Associate Dr. Andrew Lam will be appearing at Smithsonian Associates coming up, and the title of his presentation, "Rivalries in Medicine: How Humanity Can Benefit from the Worst in People." For more information about Dr. Lam's Smithsonian Associates presentation please check out our show notes today. My thanks to the Smithsonian team for all they do to support the show.  My thanks to you, our wonderful audience here on radio and podcast.  Please be well, be safe, and Let's Talk About Better™.  The Not Old Better Show, Smithsonian Associates Interview Series on radio and podcast.  Thanks, everybody and we'll see you next week.  For more information about Smithsonian Associates, please click here: https://smithsonianassociates.org/ticketing/tickets/rivalries-in-medicine

Tropical medicine boomed as European powers claimed territories in Africa. Germany sent the famed Robert Koch and many others to the colonies to find cures to tropical illnesses - but also to test new medicines. This shadowy practice led to Africans being mistreated, and many died in the process, leaving a legacy of physical and psychological trauma that has never been properly cured.

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The 80/20 is a book that explains what Pareto discover in the 1800's and how we can apply that rule to achieve maximum productivity

In 1892, a resident with cholera accidentally transmitted the disease via the Elbe River to Hamburg, Germany’s entire water supply. Within weeks, ten thousand citizens died. Eight years earlier, German microbiologist Robert Koch had made a discovery: cholera was waterborne. Koch’s revelation prodded officials in large European cities to invest in filtration systems to protect their water. Hamburg authorities, however, had done nothing. Citing costs and alleging dubious science, they’d ignored clear warnings while their city careened toward catastrophe. The book of Proverbs has a lot to say about those of us who see trouble yet refuse to act. “A prudent person foresees danger and takes precaution” (27:12 NLT). When God helps us see danger ahead, it’s common sense to take action to address the danger. We wisely change course (v. 11). Or we ready ourselves with appropriate precautions that He provides. But we do something. To do nothing is sheer lunacy. We can all fail to miss the warning signs, however, and careen toward disaster. “The simpleton goes blindly on and suffers the consequences” (v. 12 nlt). In Scripture and in the life of Jesus, God shows us the path to follow and warns us of trouble we’ll surely face. If we’re foolish, we’ll barrel ahead, headlong into danger. Instead, as He leads us by His grace, may we heed His wisdom and change course. Winn Collier

Das RKI bringt jetzt analog zu den Corona-Dashboards während der Pandemie ein Dashboard im Zusammenhang mit der Mortalitätsrate bei hohen Außentemperaturen. Parallel verkündet Minister Lauterbach einen „Nationalen Hitzeplan“. Web: https://www.epochtimes.de Probeabo der Epoch Times Wochenzeitung: https://bit.ly/EpochProbeabo Twitter: https://twitter.com/EpochTimesDE YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC81ACRSbWNgmnVSK6M1p_Ug Telegram: https://t.me/epochtimesde Gettr: https://gettr.com/user/epochtimesde Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EpochTimesWelt/ Unseren Podcast finden Sie unter anderem auch hier: iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/at/podcast/etdpodcast/id1496589910 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/277zmVduHgYooQyFIxPH97 Unterstützen Sie unabhängigen Journalismus: Per Paypal: http://bit.ly/SpendenEpochTimesDeutsch Per Banküberweisung (Epoch Times Europe GmbH, IBAN: DE 2110 0700 2405 2550 5400, BIC/SWIFT: DEUTDEDBBER, Verwendungszweck: Spenden) Vielen Dank! (c) 2023 Epoch Times

These two titans of medical history were contemporaries whose scientific sparring was as interesting as it was helpful.  By butting heads over topics in microbiology,  Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, used a rivalry to further our understanding of infectious disease and both contributed greatly to mitigating the impact that so many different microbes have on humankind.  This week's episode was excellently researched by Patrick Kelly, one of our returning guests.  An exceptional educator in his own right, we encourage all of our listeners to go over to the newer iteration of his YouTube Channel, @PatKellyTeaches now focusing on, of all things, medical history!  And if you're in the mood to learn more about anatomy and physiology topics, his other channel @Corporis is still available as well.  Give him a follow and check out his video on this topic: The History of Germ Theory.Sponsor: Artery InkUse promo code LISTENTOPHP at Artery Ink's website to save 10%* on your order of $35 or more and show support for our show as well as for a homegrown, wonderful local company. Artery Ink specializes in apparel and decor inspired by anatomy and the human body. Whether you're in the field of healthcare or not, Artery Ink has something that will definitely appeal to you so go and check them out! (*Discount code does not apply to subscription boxes)Submissions for Mike's Mailbag Segment:-We invite our audience to submit medical history trivia questions (with or without a supporting article) to see if Mike happens to know the answer off the top of his head.-If Mike is wrong we'll award you your very own medical eponym so that you can join us in becoming a part of medical history.-Submit through our website or via e-mail: poorhistorianspod@gmail.comPodcast Links:-Linktree (reviews/ratings/social media links): linktr.ee/poorhistorianspod-Merch Site: https://www.teepublic.com/user/poor-historians-podcast

Dr. David Rutenberg, senior Infectious Diseases Fellow at the University of South Florida Division of Infectious Diseases, presents a session chronicling some of the most significant historical milestones in ID history. Dr. Rutenberg begins by discusses Malaria’s origins, including its early interactions with humankind, as well as the discovery of its host and eventual therapeutic treatments. Next, the speaker covers Tuberculosis, including early strains, its rise through the the middle ages, and the modern recognition of TB attributed to Robert Koch. Moving on, Dr. Rutenberg discusses nontuberculous mycobacteria, specifically Leprosy, the scourge of the middle ages. Inherent in the history of Hanson’s disease was the tremendous stigma associated with the diagnosis, correct or incorrect. Dr. Rutenberg closes by covering Smallpox, the only one of the historical diseases of mankind that has been completely eradicated.

FarmBits hosts Taylor Cross and Natasha Umezu welcome Dr. Robert Koch, Associate Professor and Extension Entomologist at the University of Minnesota, for another episode in the pest management series. Dr. Koch's lab researches soybean pest management. Episode 095 focuses on the research being conducted using remote sensing for scouting and sampling fields, specifically for soybean aphid management. He also mentioned some challenges he faces working with remote sensing in insect pest management. Check out this episode to learn more about his research and knowledge in soybean pest management. Robert Koch's Contact Information: E-mail: koch0125@umn.edu Website: https://entomology.umn.edu/people/robert-koch More information: https://blog-crop-news.extension.umn.edu/ FarmBits Contact Information: E-Mail: farmbits@unl.edu Twitter: https://twitter.com/UNLFarmBits Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/UNLFarmBits Natasha's Twitter: https://twitter.com/NatashaUmezu Natasha's LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/natasha-hiromi-umezu-b84805136/ Taylor's Twitter: https://twitter.com/tayloranne7170 Taylor's LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/taylor-cross Opinions expressed by the hosts and guests on this podcast are solely their own, and do not reflect the views of Nebraska Extension or the University of Nebraska - Lincoln.

December 27, 2022 marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of Louis Pasteur, the French scientist whose scientific breakthroughs have saved millions of lives, and whose work on microbes sounded the death knell of the idea of spontaneous generation. On this episode of ID the Future, biologist Ann Gauger walks listeners through the triumphs, flaws, and tragedies in the life of this extraordinary individual. In the nineteenth century, it was widely believed that the spontaneous generation of life from non-life was common and unremarkable, since it was thought that spontaneous generation of worms, mold, and other life forms occurred all the time in rotting meat and dirty rags. Pasteur constructed an experiment demonstrating that these “spontaneously” arising worms and such Read More › Source

Robot Koch on the Virtual Sessions presented by The DJ Sessions 8/31/22 About Robot Koch -   Robot Koch is an award winning artist/producer/composer from Berlin, living in Los Angeles. He has been steadily crafting a remarkably mature and original sound that expertly combines a deep and cinematic atmosphere, emotional reflection and forward thinking production. His visual music lends itself to picture and has been used on numerous TV Shows, Movie Trailers, Feature Films and Ad campaigns over the last few years. Robot Koch has been presenting his music live over the last decade, attracting a growing audience worldwide and appearing on the lineups of major festivals like Coachella, Sonar, Mutek and playing Boiler Room several times. Apart from pursuing his artist career, Robert Koch can be found working as a producer and writer for both indie and major artists worldwide, gaining gold and platinum records for his productions. For his album Sphere Koch expanded his musical horizon even more and created an immersive Full Dome Live Show with 3D surround sound and 360 visuals, which he developed in cooperation with visual artist Mickael Le Goff. Sphere sold out in Planetariums and Festivals worldwide, winning several awards for "Best Immersive Experience". Robert Koch, who also won the German Music Composers Award 2014 in the category 'Best Composer Electronic Music' runs his own label, Trees and Cyborgs, which he founded in 2016. Robot Koch's music is an intriguing dialogue between technology and nature that seems particularly relevant to the times we live in. It's a constantly evolving exploration of that what lies beyond. “It's like traveling through space, with all the beautiful and scary moments such a journey involves,” says Koch. It is this confluence of beauty and fear that likewise grants his music a shamanic motif, as the BBC's Bobby Friction noted on Koch's music; "It sounds like artificial intelligence discovering religion." Robot Koch has become well known for his cinematic compositions, which transcend music into real living experiences. For his album Sphere he took the exploration of space to new grounds that reached far beyond sound. Conceived as the soundtrack to an audiovisual live show with surround sound and 360 visuals, the project was not only a musical exploration of space, but also an observable voyage through outer and inner space. Made especially to be exhibited in planetariums and full-dome venues, Sphere sold out in venues from Berlin to San Francisco, Chicago to Moscow. The project which he created in collaboration with visual artist Mickael Le Goff has recently been shown at Sonar Barcelona and Mutek Montreal, and won “best immersive experience” at Macon Film Festival as well as "Best Dome Visuals" at the DTLA Film Festival. Koch and Le Goff continue to work on new immersive experiences, installations and films.       About The DJ Sessions - “The DJ Sessions” is a Twitch/Mixcloud "Featured Partner” live streaming/podcast series featuring electronic music DJ's/Producers via live mixes/interviews and streamed/distributed to a global audience. TheDJSessions.com The series constantly places in the “Top Ten” on Twitch Music and the “Top Five” in the “Electronic Music", “DJ", "Dance Music" categories. TDJS is rated in the Top 0.11% of live streaming shows on Twitch out of millions of live streamers. It has also been recognized by Apple twice as a "New and Noteworthy” podcast and featured three times in the Apple Music Store video podcast section. UStream and Livestream have also listed the series as a "Featured" stream on their platforms since its inception.  The series is also streamed live to multiple other platforms and hosted on several podcast sites. It has a combined live streaming/podcast audience is over 125,000 viewers per week. With over 2,300 episodes produced over the last 12 years "The DJ Sessions" has featured international artists such as: BT, Youngr, Sevenn, Boris, MJ Cole, Lady Waks, Arty/Alpha 9, Miri Ben-Ari, DJ Ruby, DJ Colette, Nima Gorji, Kaspar Tasane, Andy Caldwell, Party Shirt, Plastik Funk, ENDO, John Tejada, Superstar DJ Keoki, Crystal Waters, Swedish Egil, Martin Eyerer, Dezarate, DJ Aleksandra, 22Bullets, Carlo Astuti, Mr Jammer, Kevin Krissen, Amir Sharara, Coke Beats, Danny Darko, DJ Platurn, Tyler Stone, Chris Coco, Dan Marciano, Johan Blende, Amber Long, Robot Koch, Robert Babicz, KHAG3, Elohim, Hausman, Jaxx & Vega, Yves V, Ayokay, Leandro Da Silva, The Space Brothers, Jarod Glawe, Jens Lissat, Lotus, Beard-o-Bees, Luke the Knife, Alex Bau, Arroyo Low, Camo & Crooked, ANG, Amon Tobin, Voicians, Florian Kruse, Dave Summit, Bingo Players, Coke Beats, MiMOSA, Drasen, Yves LaRock, Ray Okpara, Lindsey Stirling, Mako, Distinct, Still Life, Saint Kidyaki, Brothers, Heiko Laux, Retroid, Piem, Tocadisco, Nakadia, Protoculture, Sebastian Bronk, Toronto is Broken, Teddy Cream, Mizeyesis, Simon Patterson, Morgan Page, Jes, Cut Chemist, The Him, Judge Jules, DubFX, Thievery Corporation, SNBRN, Bjorn Akesson, Alchimyst, Sander Van Dorn, Rudosa, Hollaphonic, DJs From Mars, GAWP, Somna, David Morales, Roxanne, JB & Scooba, Spektral, Kissy Sell Out, Massimo Vivona, Moullinex, Futuristic Polar Bears, ManyFew, Joe Stone, Reboot, Truncate, Scotty Boy, Doctor Nieman, Jody Wisternoff, Thousand Fingers, Benny Bennasi, Dance Loud, Christopher Lawrence, Oliver Twizt, Ricardo Torres, Patricia Baloge, Alex Harrington, 4 Strings, Sunshine Jones, Elite Force, Revolvr, Kenneth Thomas, Paul Oakenfold, George Acosta, Reid Speed, TyDi, Donald Glaude, Jimbo, Ricardo Torres, Hotel Garuda, Bryn Liedl, Rodg, Kems, Mr. Sam, Steve Aoki, Funtcase, Dirtyloud, Marco Bailey, Dirtmonkey, The Crystal Method, Beltek, Darin Epsilon, Kyau & Albert, Kutski, Vaski, Moguai, Blackliquid, Sunny Lax, Matt Darey, and many more. In addition to featuring international artists TDJS focuses on local talent based on the US West Coast. Hundreds of local DJ's have been featured on the show along with top industry professionals. We have recently launched v3.1 our website that now features our current live streams/past episodes in a much more user-friendly mobile/social environment. In addition to the new site, there is a mobile app (Apple/Android) and VR Nightclubs (Oculus).   About The DJ Sessions Event Services - TDJSES is a WA State Non-profit charitable organization that's main purpose is to provide music, art, fashion, dance, and entertainment to local and regional communities via events and video production programming distributed via live and archival viewing. For all press inquiries regarding “The DJ Sessions”, or to schedule an interview with Darran Bruce, please contact us at info@thedjsessions.

Uno es francés y se hizo famoso en todo el mundo por desarrollar la vacuna contra la rabia: Louis Pasteur. El otro, alemán, y recibirá el Premio Nobel de medicina por descubrir el bacilo de la tuberculosis: Robert Koch. A finales del siglo XIX, a medida que las epidemias diezman a las poblaciones, su confrontación revolucionará la ciencia. Tuberculosis, rabia, peste, cólera, tétanos, difteria ... Pasteur y Koch competirán por el bien de la humanidad. Esta rivalidad, exacerbada por los sentimientos nacionalistas en el contexto de la guerra franco-prusiana, será el origen de uno de los mayores descubrimientos del mundo médico: el papel de los microbios en la transmisión de enfermedades. A través de la reconstrucción de este duelo científico excepcional, esta documental da vida a un punto de inflexión increíble en la ciencia médica, al final del cual la esperanza de vida de la población será la gran vencedoras en la historia.

Every year we commemorate World TB Day on March 24, the anniversary of the day Dr. Robert Koch first announced that he discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacillus that causes TB. This World TB Day, we are sharing an insightful conversation between two TB laboratory leaders: Angie Schooley, B.S. MT(ASCP), Mycobacteriology/Mycology Unit Manager, Michigan Department of Health & Human Services  and Caitlin Miranda, M(ASCP), Microbiologist III, Oregon State Public Health Laboratory. Links: Oregon State Public Health Laboratory Oregon Public Health Division Tuberculosis Program Michigan Department of Health & Human Services Tuberculosis Control Program Bovine TB testing of wild deer wraps up after disease found at Michigan cervid farms (February 8, 2022) What is Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB)? (CDC Fact Sheet) 12th National Conference on Laboratory Aspects of Tuberculosis World TB Day APHL Tuberculosis webpage APHL Blog – Tuberculosis blog posts Lab Culture Ep. 8: Leaders for a TB free world