Podcast appearances and mentions of Joan Robinson

This is the second episode in a miniseries on heterodox economists—people who embrace completely different approaches to economics than the standard thinkers. Adam and Cameron describe the life and work of Joan Robinson, who worked with John Maynard Keynes on his hugely influential macroeconomics book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money—but came to regard Keynesianism as a failed revolution. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Die EU erwägt die Einführung von Strafzöllen gegen chinesische E-Autos. Damit folgt Brüssel Washington, wo US-Präsident Biden Strafzölle in Höhe von 100 Prozent auf E-Moblität made in China verhängt hat. Ganz so hoch sollen die Zölle in der EU nicht ausfallen, dennoch ist die Tendenz eindeutig: Der Protektionismus, der noch unter Donald Trump von der hiesigen Presse vollmundig verdammt wurde, ist jetzt von konservativ bis linksliberal beliebt. Der Westen will Chinas Wirtschaftswachstum bremsen, um die Vormachtstellung halten zu können. Dafür nimmt man auch eigene Verluste in Kauf. Zudem schwächt man so erheblich den Klimaschutz. Das Prinzip ist uralt und hat einen Namen: „Beggar thy neighbour“. Schon Adam Smith schrieb über dieses verhängnisvolle Prinzip, das Handelsstreitigkeiten verschärft und im Ganzen den Wohlstand mindert. 1937 wird Joan Robinson in einem Aufsatz die Waffen von „Beggar thy neighbour“ erläutern und vor diesem Wirtschaftsnationalismus warnen. In der neuen Folge von „Wohlstand für Alle“ erklären Ole Nymoen und Wolfgang M. Schmitt wer hier wen und warum ruinieren will. Literatur: Douglas A. Irwin, Petros C. Mavroidis, Alan O. Sykes: The Genesis of the GATT: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/genesis-of-the-gatt/796EE0ABCE00A2F8DD46812AFD9DD0CC Michael Pettis: „China's problem is excess savings, not too much capacity“, FT: https://www.ft.com/content/879f5de7-cd9b-4987-9c2b-8b23cf0f3800 Joan Robinson: „Beggar-My-Neighbour. Remedies for Unemployment“, in: Dies.: Essay in the Theory of Employment, Oxford 1947. Adam Smith: Der Wohlstand der Nationen. Kapitel 3: https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-adam/works/wealth-of-nations/book04/ch03b.htm Denis Wilmann über billige Autos in China, „Business Insider“: https://www.businessinsider.de/wirtschaft/warum-elektroautos-in-china-so-viel-guenstiger-sind-als-in-europa/ Unser Kinderbuch namens "Die kleinen Holzdiebe" ist nun vorbestellbar! Alle Informationen findet ihr unter: https://www.suhrkamp.de/buch/die-kleinen-holzdiebe-und-das-raetsel-des-juggernaut-t-9783458644774 Unsere Zusatzinhalte könnt ihr bei Steady und Patreon hören. Vielen Dank! Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/oleundwolfgang Steady: https://steadyhq.com/de/oleundwolfgang/about Ihr könnt uns unterstützen - herzlichen Dank! Paypal: https://www.paypal.me/oleundwolfgang Konto: Wolfgang M. Schmitt, Ole Nymoen Betreff: Wohlstand fuer Alle IBAN: DE67 5745 0120 0130 7996 12 BIC: MALADE51NWD Social Media: Instagram: Unser gemeinsamer Kanal: https://www.instagram.com/oleundwolfgang/ Ole: https://www.instagram.com/ole.nymoen/ Wolfgang: https://www.instagram.com/wolfgangmschmitt/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@oleundwolfgang Twitter: Unser gemeinsamer Kanal: https://twitter.com/OleUndWolfgang Ole: twitter.com/nymoen_ole Wolfgang: twitter.com/SchmittJunior Die gesamte WfA-Literaturliste: https://wohlstand-fuer-alle.netlify.app

Fresh Economic Thinking exists to elevate the quality of economic discussion. This is why I write detailed articles about influential economic ideas—I want to help progress the discipline. Please consider a paid subscription to support these efforts. Like many well-trained economists, I took Adam Smith's argument about productivity gains being caused by the division of labour at face value. It wasn't until I read Joan Robinson dismiss the argument in her 1973 textbook An Introduction to Modern Economics that I began to put the effort into understanding the division of labour. I realised it was an incoherent explanation for productivity gains.But I also realised that the pin factory story could provide valuable lessons about economics nonetheless.Robinson dismisses Smith by suggesting that people can equally divide their labour across different tasks through time. The 18 distinct operations Smith recounts at the pin factory could just as easily be conducted by the same labourer on 18 different days to generate the same output per person over 18 days as in the case where labour is divided between workers.Further, the fact that relatively unskilled labour could perform any of these tasks adds to the case that it is not specialist skills from the division of labour at play in generating productivity gains. One-way causality from the division of labour to productivity gains is a highly problematic story.But that leaves open the question about the actual mechanism that provided the enormous productivity gains in the pin factories of the mid-1700s.Instead of Smith's division of labour hypothesis, let me propose a capital investment hypothesis to explain the productivity of his pin factory. This hypothesis suggests that it is the technical nature of capital that determines the way labour will be divided across tasks to maximise output and that the division of labour is a response to this capital investment. The causality goes from capital investment to labour division.To guide my inquiry I use the structured approach I have described in the past for confronting economic issues by first asking questions about aggregation. For example, why are there 18 tasks to make a pin, not 5, 9, 16, or 37? Why are 18 workers in one pin factory and not 9 in one factory and 9 in another owned by a different entity? The answer to these questions is capital. The image above shows the tools and equipment used in the pin factories described by Smith. Notice that the tools and machines in the picture have been designed to more efficiently perform distinct parts of the pin-making process. It is the way the tools have been designed to efficiently break down the task of making pins that leads to the labour division to man the tools.Smith came close to instead presenting the capital investment hypothesis. He says…a workman not educated to this business (which the division of labour has rendered a distinct trade), nor acquainted with the use of the machinery employed in it (to the invention of which the same division of labour has probably given occasion), could scarce, perhaps, with his utmost industry, make one pin in a day, and certainly could not make twenty. [my emphasis]He suggests that the division of labour probably gave rise to the machines, rather than the machines themselves giving rise to the division of labour. This seems very strange to me.And this logic comes undone later in the paragraph, even though he ignores the inconsistency in his argument. …the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. [my emphasis]Even based on Smith's observations it is the tools and machines that generate the 18 tasks. People can, and do, perform more than one of them. So how exactly did the division of labour give rise to the invention of the necessary machines that generate 18 tasks with only ten men?If it was the division of labour that led to increased productivity, labour could just as easily be divided between firms. The fact that pin factories, even with only ten men, still performed all 18 tasks, instead of specialising in just 10 tasks, is clear evidence that there is something special and coordinated about the tasks themselves that arise from the particular capital investments. The tools and machines are designed to be compatible with each other, and if part of the process is done outside the firm, each of the two firms would inevitably be tied to the same compatible capital equipment, and would therefore find gains by merging into a single firm. The next step in a structured inquiry is to ask questions about timing to see if we can more sharply distinguish between the division of labour and capital hypotheses. If it was only after the machines were introduced that labour was divided in a particular way, then that is evidence for the capital hypothesis. If labour was divided into 18 tasks before the investment in machines, achieving the same tasks in the absence of those specialist tools, then the division of labour hypothesis holds. Quite clearly when we look at timing, the capital investment hypothesis comes out ahead. The third and final step in our inquiry is to think about prediction. The capital investment hypothesis predicts that labour task specialisation can respond to capital investments in either direction—either with more division of labour or by adding to the tasks done by a single labourer.A modern test of these predictions could be garbage collection. With rear-loading trucks, labour is divided between driving the truck and loading the bins. But with more advanced side-loading trucks with robotic arms, the labour is once again undivided between driving the truck and collecting the bins. The progression of capital technology determines the division of tasks.The same would be true in the pin factory. If new tools were invented to get the same result with 5 steps instead of 18, that would be a huge efficiency gain but a major reversal of labour specialisation. Where is the confusion arising?What is strange to me is that increasing the number of possible production tasks in an economy means that each person does more tasks rather than fewer—the opposite of labour division. Imagine a tribe of 50 people that can undertake 100 productive tasks. Then with the invention of new tools, the number of possible tasks the tribe can undertake expands to 150. The average tribe member is now doing three instead of two tasks each.That doesn't seem like labour division. I think the confusion arises partly because of labelling conventions about roles in society rather than actual units of labour being devoted to fewer clearly defined tasks.Here is a minimal example of mixing up socially-labelled productive roles (i.e. butcher, baker etc.) with actual tasks (baking, mixing, filleting etc.).Inspired by stories about how the division of labour was part of early human tool-making in tribes of Jordan, my example is a six-person tribe that undertakes six defined tasks, of which the two named roles undertake three tasks each. Thinking in terms of roles there are three hunters and three gatherers. That is, two types of specialist. But in terms of tasks, there are six tasks to be done. Each hunter must be able to track, kill and clean the game. Each gatherer must collect, prepare, and cook the fruits and vegetables. You might want to argue that the way I define tasks is open to limitless ad hoc classifications. Tracking an animal could be further divided into a team pursuit with specific sub-tasks for each member. Same with cleaning an animal. But this is kind of the point. Any defined task will be a bundle of sub-tasks. But to understand the division of labour we need to keep track of tasks at any one particular level of aggregation and not fall into the trap of calling something specialisation when it is just a different bundling of more tasks into one job.One of the tribe members now invents the spear and woomera. Regular production of these tools requires three additional tasks to be undertaken by the new toolmaker role in the tribe. One former hunter becomes a tool maker, and one former gatherer becomes a tool maker. Now, after this new capital invention, we have more roles and fewer people in each of them. Exactly as predicted by the division of labour story!But if we instead look at the tasks, we have more tasks per person. Instead of being able to specialise in one task, like tracking, each hunter must now undertake more than one task on average as there are only two hunters available for three tasks—the same for our gatherers. What we see as specialisation in roles is the automatic result, not the cause, of increasing productive capacities. What has happened is that the invention of new production techniques has allowed more tasks to be undertaken by each person leading to fewer people in each role. Here, we again see that it is the nature of capital that defines both roles and available tasks at a societal level, just as within a pin factory the nature of the capital equipment defines the roles and available tasks. At the macro level, the most productive countries are not full of people doing repetitive narrowly defined non-skilled tasks, but highly educated people doing specialist roles involving a hierarchy of complex and interrelated tasks that require specialist capital and training to master.So what?Like many stories in economics, the division of labour as a productivity enhancer has been approached far too narrowly. There are many economic lessons in the story of the pin factory, and if we probed deeper we could understand more about what considerations determine the boundaries of firms, why firms are internally not structured around market principles, and other important questions about how we coordinate productive activities. There is also a big question about the incentives to invest in new capital equipment and experiment with new technologies. Although economics has a focus on technology as a productivity enhancer, there is really limited coherent theory on what causes faster or slower capital investment. Had we taken a different lesson from Smith about his pin factory, perhaps our knowledge of capital investment incentives would be better today than it is, and we would likely understand the process of economic growth and productivity gain much better than we do. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.fresheconomicthinking.com/subscribe

Our guests this week, Faith & Ian Anderson, and Joan & Campbell Robinson, represent the excellent  brass band tradition for which The Salvation Army is justly famous.Plus, Joan Robinson reveals a remarkable connection to the very beginnings of William Booth's Army.Also, the Grammys? The Emmys? The Oscars? Forget 'em. This is the coveted Barry Tone Award. The envelope, please...Thanks for listening. Share with your friends. Find this and more at cheynemusic.com/podcast.

*SPECIAL EDITION ECONOMIC SERIES RELEASE*Are you curious about why not all economists are rich? It might seem surprising given their reputation for possessing great insights into the workings of the economy. But fear not, we've got the answers you're looking for in this episode.We've gathered notable quotes from some of the most renowned economists of the 20th century, including Joan Robinson, Laurence Peter, John Galbraith, John Maynard Keyes, and F.A. Hayek. And we're not just reciting them – we'll be diving deep into their insights to explain why they matter and what they can teach us about the world we live in.So if you want to gain a better understanding of the economy and the people who study it, tune in to this episode. Don't miss out on the chance to learn from some of the greatest economic minds of the past century. Listen now, and let us convince you that their insights are truly invaluable.Thanks to our sponsor, S.E.E.D. Planning Group! S.E.E.D. is a fee-only financial planning firm with a fiduciary obligation to put your best interest first. Schedule your free discovery meeting at www.seedpg.com

Tom and Don chat about some books and shows, including Robert Musil, Orhan Pamuk's The White Castle, Karamustafa, J.M. Coetzee, Joan Robinson, Wolf Hall, Copenhagen Cowboy and The Last of Us.   Mentioned: The Confusions of Young Törless by Robert Musil The White Castle by Orhan Pamuk God's Unruly Friends by Ahmet T. Karamustafa The Childhood of Jesus by J.M. Coetzee Economic Philosophy by Joan Robinson

Teddy's Adventures continue! Written by Joan Robinson

Teddy's adventures continue with this story by Joan Robinson

Teddy's adventures continue! Written by Joan Robinson

Darin eine Hörerfrage zum Produktionspotenzial. Außerdem Inflation, Taylor-Regel, Gaspreise (Dulliens Deckel), Wasserbetteffekt, Mindestlohn, Joan Robinson, Monopson (Produktivität in Ostdeutschland) Paper: Dustmann et al: Reallocation Effects of the Minimum Wage Drechsel-Grau: Macroeconomic and Distributional Effects of Higher Minimum Wages Bachmann, Bayer et al: Why East Germany has not Converged

Darin eine Hörerfrage zum Produktionspotenzial. Außerdem Inflation, Taylor-Regel, Gaspreise (Dulliens Deckel), Wasserbetteffekt, Mindestlohn, Joan Robinson, Monopson (Produktivität in Ostdeutschland) Paper: Dustmann et al: Reallocation Effects of the Minimum Wage Drechsel-Grau: Macroeconomic and Distributional Effects of Higher Minimum Wages Bachmann, Bayer et al: Why East Germany has not Converged

This podcast discusses vaccines against COVID-19 as they pertain to pediatric patients. The podcast provides background information on vaccine development and types of vaccines, then answers many common questions about vaccines via an interview with Dr. Joan Robinson, a pediatric infectious diseases specialist at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta. The podcast was developed by Dr.  Gauri Shah, a pediatrician who completed a fellowship in pediatric infectious diseases at the University of Alberta. Its development was supported by Dr. Robinson.

durée : 00:59:16 - Entendez-vous l'éco ? - par : Tiphaine de Rocquigny - Disciple keynésienne et virulente critique des néoclassiques, Joan Robinson s'éloignera finalement de la pensée de son maître après la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour tenter d'en faire une synthèse avec l'analyse marxiste de l'économie. - invités : Marlyse Pouchol Maître de conférences émérite de l'Université de Reims, membre du laboratoire Clersé (Centre Lillois d'Etudes et de Recherches Sociologiques et Economiques) et membre du Comité éditorial de la Revue d'histoire de la pensée économique; Louis-Philippe Rochon Professeur d'économie à l'Université Laurentienne et directeur en chef de la revue Review of political economy; Yara Zeineddine Docteure en sciences économiques

In this podcast, listeners will learn about the peer review process of Paediatrics & Child Health, the official journal of the Canadian Paediatric Society. This was developed by Louise Ing, a paediatric resident at the University of Calgary, Subhrata Verma, a paediatric resident at Western University in London, Ontario, and Katie Girgulis, a paediatric resident at the IWK Health Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia, along with Dr. Shazeen Suleman and Dr. Joan Robinson.

This podcast discusses the presentation, investigations, and management of COVID-19 in children. It was created by Dr. Gauri Shah, a pediatrician who completed a fellowship in pediatric infectious diseases at the University of Alberta, with support from Dr. Joan Robinson, a pediatric infectious diseases specialist at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, Canada.

Former Boeing Executive Engineer Joan Robinson- Berry speaks candidly with Host Pastor Dan Pore to dispel some common myths behind living out ones destiny, and living successful lives as God had planned for each of us. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/daniel-por351/message

durée : 00:58:26 - Entendez-vous l'éco ? - par : Tiphaine de Rocquigny, Marguerite Catton - Disciple keynésienne et virulente critique des néoclassiques, Joan Robinson s’éloignera finalement de la pensée de son maître après la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour tenter d’en faire une synthèse avec l’analyse marxiste de l’économie. - réalisation : Anne Depelchin, Philippe Baudouin - invités : Marlyse Pouchol Maître de conférences émérite de l’Université de Reims, membre du laboratoire Clersé (Centre Lillois d'Etudes et de Recherches Sociologiques et Economiques) et membre du Comité éditorial de la Revue d’histoire de la pensée économique; Louis-Philippe Rochon Professeur d’économie à l’Université Laurentienne et directeur en chef de la revue Review of political economy; Yara Zeineddine Docteure en sciences économiques

New research out of the University of Alberta is helping shed light on the telltale symptoms of COVID-19 in children. Dr. Joan Robinson specializes in pediatric infectious diseases and joins us to share the findings and offer up her big takeaways for parents and school administrators. Also on this episode, time-strapped moms and dads are turning to Tiktok for advice. A rise in therapists, psychologists and counsellors are now sharing their tips on social media. The list includes Jax Anderson. She is a mental health therapist and a Tiktok celebrity with more than 10 million likes. She shares her journey to TikTok, and we also have some advice for parents before scrolling. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Guest: Dr. Joan Robinson, Pediatric infectious disease specialist - Professor & Divisional Director in the Department of Pediatrics in the Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry at the University of Alberta. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Keynes: The Return of the Master by Robert Skidelsky (Allen Lane, 2009) Keynesianism dominated economics and economic policy roughly between 1936 and 1973. The neoliberal crusade lead by Milton Friedman made use of the phenomenon of stagflation to demolish Keynesianism. It was swept to the margins of economic theory. It was taken over by ideas such as rational expectations, real business cycle theory, the efficient market hypothesis, and public choice theory. Two schools built on these foundations the neoclassicals and the neokeynesians (whom Joan Robinson called bastardised Keynesianism) provided theoretical backing for the bubble that produced the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. Only Keynes could save the day. He had to be brought back, and is with us until today. From Obama's gigantic fiscal stimulus to the expansion of the FED's balance sheet, through Quantitative Easing in both America and in Europe, to Abenomics in Japan, and massive countercyclical demand management by the Communist Party of China, everyone is doing demand management nowadays. The Master is Back!

This podcast covers congenital syphilis covers congenital syphilis, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, impacts on mothers and infants, prenatal screening, bloodwork and follow-up for infants exposed in utero.  This podcast was developed by Stephanie Unrau, a third year medical student at the University of Alberta with Dr. Joan Robinson, who is a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the Stollery Children’s Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta.

The school year is just around the corner and provincial governments across Canada have been rolling out their school reopening plans. But questions remain on whether the various plans are appropriate or protective enough of children and the wider community during this pandemic. On this episode of This Is Why, we look into the pediatric evidence of COVID-19's effects on children and what that could mean for school reopenings. Contact: Adam Toy - @Adam_Toy on Twitter Dave McIvor - @d_mac1519 on Twitter This is Why - @ThisIsWhy on Twitter Email us - thisiswhy@globalnews.ca Guests: Dr. Joan Robinson, division director of pediatric infectious disease at the University of Alberta, and a pediatric infectious disease physician at Edmonton’s Stollery Children’s Hospital See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

George Bernard Shaw once noted: ‘The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man.’ What George forgot though was unreasonable women and when it comes to Economics, Joan Robinson was the unreasonable, brilliant woman and wow…did she make progress! Sadly in the male dominated economics world, she’s rather over-looked and this needs to change. She changed the way we thought about markets, she challenged economic orthodoxy, was part of Keynes’ inner circle and offered up her own growth theories. In this new podcast, you will find out all this and more! Guiding you through as always are Pete and Gav, your friendly neighbourhood economists with technical support from Nic (check out his app – cheeky fingers). Music comes from Jukedeck and you can create your own at jukedeck.com. PS Apologies for a brief sound outage that occurs around the 20 minute mark. You might think the podcast is over at this point but fear not you have another hour of fun/learning about the great Joan to go....

This podcast reviews the CPS guideline on salmonella infection in Canadian children, including epidemiology, presentation, investigation, therapy and prevention.  It was developed by Dr. Michael Prodanuk, a pediatric resident at the University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children and Dr. Joan Robinson, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the University of Alberta and author of the practice point.

İktisadi düşünce tarihi geneli itibari ile epistemolojik olarak iki ayrı okula ayrılabilir. Bunlardan ilki "Klasik İktisat Geleneği" olarak nitelendirilen, öncüllüğünü Adam Smith, David Ricardo ve Karl Marx’ın yaptığı, 20. yy’da ise John M. Keynes ve Michal Kalecki gibi isimler başta olmak üzere takip… Seslendiren: Ekin Baran Sunar

This video presents an approach to varicella (commonly known as chickenpox). The clinical presentation, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of varicella will be covered. The video was developed by Dr. Gauri Shah, a pediatrician who completed a fellowship in Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the University of Alberta, and Dr. Joan Robinson, a Pediatric Infectious Disease specialist at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, Canada.

This podcast presents an approach to varicella (commonly known as chickenpox). The clinical presentation, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of varicella will be covered. The podcast was developed by Dr. Gauri Shah, a pediatrician who completed a fellowship in Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the University of Alberta, and Dr. Joan Robinson, a Pediatric Infectious Disease specialist at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, Canada.

We've got the 'voice of God' and an economist with quite the life story. Barbara Jordan https://www.britannica.com/biography/Barbara-Jordan 1972 Keynote Speech at DNC - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKfFJc37jjQ 1974 Watergate Speech - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrqVBclJVco LBJ Oral History - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5iWyv-FeyM Joan Robinson https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joan-Robinson https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Robinson.html

This podcast reviews the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) position statement "Urinary tract infections in infants and children: Diagnosis and management."  This podcast was developed by Dr. Chris Novak, a third-year pediatric resident at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, AB, and Dr. Joan Robinson, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the Stollery Children's Hospital and the lead author of this position statement.  

Joan Robinson was one of the most important contributors to economics in the 20th Century. She used theory and graphs, but she also used poetry to expound the great debates between capitalism and socialism over the 20th Century. This is part II of a two-part series on the life of Cambridge economist Joan Robinson.

In 1933, Joan Robinson popularised a word. That word was monopsony. It’s when you have only a single person or business that can buy something. This theory was outlined in Joan Robinson’s 1933 book, The Economics of Imperfect Competition.

This podcast was produced by PedsCases and the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS), and aims to summarize the 2017 CPS Practice Point: Update on invasive meningococcal vaccination for Canadian children and youth. In this episode, listeners will learn the clinical presentation and epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis in Canada, the current vaccination schedule and guidelines for vaccination, and how to identify children and adolescents who may need extra vaccinations. This podcast was developed by Dr. Sarah Johnson, a first-year paediatrics resident at the Stollery Children’s Hospital at the University of Alberta, in collaboration with Dr. Joan Robinson, a paediatric infectious diseases specialist and associate professor at the University of Alberta.   

Ashley speaks with Carl and Joan Robinson, nutritional experts and yogu gurus about a new study that says one in five people will be obese by the year 2025.  They discuss fad diets and de-toxins and the mistakes people often make trying to lose weight.

Tema: Premio Nobel per l'Economia - la grande assente Joan Robinson Motivazione: (---ascoltate la puntata!---) Intervista: Maria Cristina Marcuzzo Docente di Economia Politica Università La Sapienza di Roma Durata: 4'06'' In onda: Sabato 1 Novembre 2008

How can you travel for ten weeks with one suitcase? Rick says it is important to travel light, and to pack only one carry-on's worth of clothes and accessories. He shares packing tips for different climates, and learns about packing light for women from Joan Robinson, who leads frequent workshops on the topic. Also, Rick talks to one of his mentors in the field of travel writing, South Pacific guidebook author David Stanley. For more information on Travel with Rick Steves - including episode descriptions, program archives and related details - visit www.ricksteves.com.

Bei der Festsetzung des Lohnsatzes für eine bestimmte Tätigkeit wird die Unternehmung den Lohnsatz weder unnötig hoch wählen noch so gering , dass es unwahrscheinlich wird, eine geeignete Arbeitskraft zu finden. So werden die Lohnsätze unter Berücksichtigung ihres Einflusses auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer erfolgreichen Stellenbesetzung optimal fixiert. Wenn Indikatoren wie Geschlecht oder Rasse typischerweise mit unterschiedlichem Angebotsverhalten verknüpft sind, wird die Lohnsetzung der Unternehmung zu Diskriminierung gemäß diesen Indikatoren führen. Der Ansatz kann als eine moderne Neuformulierung der Diskriminierungstheorie von Joan Robinson verstanden werden. Er führt zu mathematisch identischen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen, allerdings mit abweichender Interpretation und unter Vermeidung einiger Schwierigkeiten des ursprünglichen Ansatzes. Innerhalb des entwickelten Rahmens lässt sich die Möglichkeit langfristig anhaltender Diskriminierung aufweisen und so ein Beitrag zur Erklärung eines Phänomens leisten, das für andere Ansätze (Joan Robinson's eingeschlossen) gewisse Schwierigkeiten bietet