Podcasts about Anaplasma

What happens when a young woman who grew up surrounded by horses and the outdoors develops a mysterious red ring after spending a summer working at a horse camp in West Virginia—but no one recognizes the possibility of Lyme disease? In this episode of the Tick Boot Camp Podcast, we sit down with Hannah Green, a Lyme disease survivor, advocate, and author from England whose international Lyme journey stretches across the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia. Hannah is the author of My Lyme Success Story, a book documenting her personal experience with chronic Lyme disease, the research she conducted while searching for answers, the approaches she believes helped her recover, and the lessons she learned about listening to her body along the way. Tick Boot Camp first met Hannah after she traveled from England to Connecticut for the Lyme Warrior 10th Anniversary Gala, where patients, researchers, clinicians, authors, advocates, and Lyme community leaders gathered for an evening centered on science, advocacy, connection, and hope. Hannah's story is ultimately about much more than one treatment or protocol. It is about missed warning signs, years without answers, becoming her own researcher, learning to trust herself again, and refusing to give up on the possibility of getting better. Growing Up Around Horses—but Knowing Almost Nothing About Ticks Hannah grew up in southeast England and spent much of her childhood outdoors. Horses became one of her greatest passions, and she eventually trained professionally in riding, horse management, dressage, and eventing. She was also deeply interested in animal health. Hannah spent time working around veterinary medicine and learned about fleas, lice, worms, botflies, equine influenza, strangles, and other conditions affecting horses. Yet one subject was almost completely absent from her education: ticks and Lyme disease. Despite spending years around horses, dogs, cats, veterinary environments, fields, and the English countryside, Hannah remembers receiving virtually no meaningful education about ticks or the infections they can transmit. The West Virginia Horse Camp and Hannah's Possible Lyme Exposure At approximately 19 years old, Hannah traveled alone from England to the United States to work as a riding counselor at a horse camp in West Virginia near the Blue Ridge Mountains. It was a major adventure for someone who describes herself at that age as extremely shy. Hannah suddenly found herself responsible for a cabin of young campers while teaching multiple horseback riding lessons each day. She loved the experience. But the camp also introduced Hannah to something she had never encountered before: ticks. Hannah remembers discovering engorged ticks attached to horses grazing in long grass. After asking what they were, she and other staff members were shown how to remove them. Removing ticks from the horses soon became part of their regular routine. What Hannah does not remember receiving was comprehensive education connecting those ticks with the potential risk of Lyme disease in humans. She recalls being warned about hazards such as poison ivy and rattlesnakes, but she does not remember meaningful tick-bite prevention training for counselors or campers. There was a Lyme disease pamphlet in the staff area, but the information Hannah remembers most strongly involved severe neurological complications such as seizures and paralysis. She did not come away understanding the broad range of symptoms that could develop or recognizing how important an expanding rash could be. The Red Ring That Was Dismissed as a Spider Bite Years later, while reconstructing her medical history after finally learning about Lyme disease, Hannah remembered something important from that summer. She had developed a distinctive red ring on her lower leg. At the time, Hannah says someone told her that it was probably a spider bite and that she should simply keep the area clean and watch it. The rash did not significantly hurt or itch, and it eventually disappeared. No one, according to Hannah's recollection, asked whether she might have been bitten by a tick. She did not connect the rash with the ticks she had been routinely removing from horses, and she did not connect it with the Lyme disease pamphlet she had briefly seen. Hannah believes today that this may have been the event that began her Lyme disease journey. For practical prevention and early-action information, read the Tick Boot Camp Tick Bite Blueprint. The First Sign Something Was Wrong Hannah initially remained extremely healthy and active after leaving the United States. She returned to England and attended Aston Business School near Birmingham. But approximately six months after her time at camp, she began noticing unusual problems with her knees. She was a runner and initially assumed she had simply overtrained. Her knees would ache and sometimes lock, particularly when walking down gentle slopes or moving at certain angles. Cold weather could make the discomfort worse. Because Hannah had been a competitive runner and lifelong equestrian athlete, healthcare professionals often attributed the symptoms to physical activity and wear and tear. She was told variations of the same explanation: runner's knee, overuse, muscle imbalance, or consequences of years of athletic activity. Yet Hannah was still a young woman, and the symptoms continued. Over time, joint problems began appearing elsewhere. Her elbows became involved. Her lower back became increasingly problematic. A diagnosis of scoliosis provided another seemingly logical explanation for some of her pain. Hannah kept adapting and pushing forward. She even completed the London Marathon, although afterward her knees became so painful and locked that she struggled to walk normally for approximately a week. When Her Health Finally Collapsed After university, Hannah continued traveling internationally, including spending time in Borneo and eventually completing a round-the-world trip. Then, around 2006, everything changed. After developing what appeared to be a significant viral illness, Hannah says she never fully recovered. Her shoulder became extremely painful and effectively froze. What followed was no longer an isolated problem with her knees or back. Hannah describes developing a growing collection of debilitating symptoms that included: Severe fatigue and exhaustion Joint and musculoskeletal pain Digestive problems Insomnia Anxiety Depression Episodes of intense anger or rage Memory problems Progressively worsening neurological and systemic symptoms Difficulty maintaining normal work and daily activities She describes the illness as feeling like a combination of flu, glandular fever, and malaria. Instead of resolving, her symptoms continued getting worse for approximately six years. Trying to Keep Working While Becoming Increasingly Ill Hannah attempted to continue working despite her deteriorating health. She worked with horses and also painted portraits professionally, but even limited morning work became increasingly difficult because of overwhelming fatigue. She frequently needed time off and struggled to explain what was happening because she did not understand it herself. Later, while working in a tea shop, Hannah began noticing that her memory was also being affected. She describes 30 or 40 symptoms gradually accumulating, with insomnia, chronic fatigue, and mood changes becoming some of the most difficult to manage. Meanwhile, repeated medical testing failed to provide an explanation. Several doctors told Hannah that her results were normal and that they could not find anything wrong. She says she did not necessarily feel directly accused of imagining her illness, but over time it became easier to stop discussing what she was experiencing because she felt that people were not truly hearing her. Moving to Australia While Searching for Answers Hannah eventually moved to Australia, hoping that a different environment and lifestyle might improve her health. She would spend approximately a decade there. Initially, the excitement of the move helped her keep going. She settled in tropical Darwin and started a graphic design company. Then her health crashed again. During the first wet season, Hannah became severely ill and spent significant periods in bed. Eventually, even working a few hours per day from home became too difficult, and she had to close the company she had built. She developed severe food reactions and describes being bedridden for seven to ten days at a time. Her relationship also ended during this period. Hannah describes eventually losing her business, her apartment, her ability to ride horses, much of her independence, and a significant amount of weight. At her lowest point, she says she would sometimes visit the stables and simply hold herself against a rail while watching the horses because she no longer had the strength to ride or even interact with them normally. The Chance Conversation That Changed Everything One day at the stables, another person noticed how ill Hannah had become. Hannah explained what was happening, and the woman told her about another horse rider with similar symptoms who was seeing a doctor who periodically traveled from Perth to Darwin to work with patients experiencing chronic fatigue and unexplained illness. Hannah and the other woman both scheduled appointments. After reviewing Hannah's extensive symptoms, the physician told her he believed she had late-stage Lyme disease. Hannah says subsequent testing through Australian Biologics was positive for Borrelia. The diagnosis triggered a flood of memories—the ticks on the horses, the pamphlet in West Virginia, and the unexplained red ring on her leg years earlier. For the first time, Hannah felt that the scattered pieces of her story might belong to the same puzzle. Lyme Disease, Co-Infections, and Alternative Testing Hannah continued exploring her illness through a combination of conventional and alternative approaches. She describes undergoing PCR testing through Australian Biologics as well as bioresonance and autonomic response testing. During the interview, Hannah says these alternative assessments suggested possible Borrelia strains, co-infections, active viruses, heavy metals, parasites, yeast overgrowth, gut inflammation, and other abnormalities. Among the infections discussed during her journey were Borrelia, Bartonella, Babesia, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Chlamydia, as well as viral findings including Epstein-Barr virus. It is important to distinguish Hannah's personal experience from established clinical diagnostic standards. Bioresonance and autonomic response testing are not established replacements for validated medical testing for Lyme disease or tick-borne infections. Hannah is sharing what practitioners told her and how those results influenced her personal recovery decisions. Choosing a Different Lyme Treatment Path After receiving her Lyme diagnosis, Hannah says the physician treating her wanted to begin an aggressive multi-antibiotic protocol. Hannah decided not to pursue that approach. She was already extremely weak, her digestive system was severely affected, and she was concerned about medication side effects. Instead, she asked whether there were other options and ultimately chose to spend several months researching Lyme disease treatment approaches around the world. Her family and friends were frightened by the decision, but Hannah says she felt strongly that she needed to find a different path for herself. That decision became the beginning of the recovery strategy she would later document in My Lyme Success Story. Building a Staged, Whole-Person Recovery Plan Hannah describes her recovery not as one treatment, but as a staged process. Working with naturopathic practitioners and combining their guidance with her own research, she focused first on what she describes as improving her body's overall terrain before directly targeting Lyme and co-infections. Her personal strategy included: Reducing environmental stressors Simplifying her lifestyle Changing her diet Supporting gut health Addressing issues practitioners identified as heavy metals and parasites Reducing inflammation Using herbs and supplements Using binders and detoxification strategies Experimenting with bioresonance Meditation and nervous-system calming practices Emotional and trauma-focused work Creating an environment where she felt safe enough to recover Hannah emphasizes that the sequence mattered to her. She believes preparing her body first made it easier to tolerate later interventions. The Diet Change That Gave Her Hope Diet became one of the earliest major changes in Hannah's recovery. Based on the recommendations she was receiving at the time, she adopted a highly individualized, low-inflammatory Paleo-style diet. She says that after approximately four weeks of changing her diet and focusing on cleansing and lifestyle interventions, she felt better than she had in four years. That improvement became a major psychological turning point. For the first time in years, Hannah had tangible evidence that something she was doing might be helping. From there, she continued gradually working through the other areas she believed were contributing to her illness. Herbs, Bioresonance, and Individualized Treatment Hannah experimented extensively with herbs and natural products. She describes using BioPure Quintessence, a herbal tincture containing ingredients including Japanese knotweed and Andrographis, after another product did not feel appropriate for her. She also describes using binders and other detoxification strategies while gradually increasing the intensity of her treatment. Bioresonance became another major part of her personal approach. Hannah says she used a portable device at home for approximately six months and also used bioresonance testing to help guide decisions about foods, herbs, and supplements. She reports that, through the overall combination of approaches she was using, she went from being largely bedbound to symptom-free in approximately 11 months. That is Hannah's personal account and should not be interpreted as evidence that the same interventions will produce the same results for another person. The Story Behind Hannah's "Lyme-Busting Drink" One memorable moment in the interview involves something Hannah jokingly calls her "Lyme-busting drink." Hannah says she gathered several antimicrobial ingredients in her kitchen and intuitively selected ingredients to combine into a homemade preparation. She later took the mixture to her naturopath, who tested it using the bioresonance method they were working with. Hannah says the mixture tested strongly for her. The larger takeaway from this part of the story is not that listeners should reproduce Hannah's homemade mixture. Rather, Hannah uses the story to illustrate just how individualized and experimental her own recovery process became. She repeatedly emphasizes listening to her own body and adjusting what she was doing based on how she felt. Learning to Trust Her Body Again One of the strongest themes throughout Hannah's interview is intuition. Years of unexplained illness can cause people to question themselves, especially after repeated normal tests or medical appointments that fail to provide answers. Hannah says she never entirely lost the belief that her body was telling her something important. When she was told nothing could be found, she continued searching. When one explanation did not make sense to her, she kept looking. And once she finally received a diagnosis, she approached recovery with the same determination. Rich identifies this as one of the most powerful parts of Hannah's story: despite years of confusion and dismissal, she continued trusting her own observations enough to keep investigating. Mindset, Spirituality, and Asking for Help Hannah also describes a major shift in her mindset and spirituality. For much of her life, she had been fiercely independent and believed that she could solve any problem herself. At her sickest, that changed. Hannah remembers lying in a dark room, sometimes barely able to lift her head, and finally looking outside and simply asking for help. She describes this as a turning point. A housemate later gave her a book about the Law of Attraction and introduced her to meditation. Hannah says these ideas reawakened something she remembered from childhood: a strong belief that mindset, intention, and action could help shape the direction of her life. She began meditating regularly and eventually built up to approximately 45-minute sessions. Whether listeners share Hannah's spiritual framework or not, the interview makes clear that hope and belief became important psychological resources during a period when her physical circumstances gave her very little reason to feel optimistic. Trauma, NLP, and Emotional Healing Hannah's recovery eventually expanded into emotional and trauma-focused work. She describes exploring Neuro-Linguistic Programming, or NLP, after reflecting on experiences from earlier in her life. One particularly powerful realization involved her premature birth. Hannah was born approximately three months early and spent significant time in an incubator, separated from her mother. During a later meditation experience, Hannah says she suddenly connected that early experience of illness and isolation with what she was experiencing as an adult. She later participated in NLP-based work that involved revisiting and reframing those experiences. Toward the end of her recovery, Hannah also explored Faster EFT, combining tapping and other emotional-processing techniques. She says she realized that even after becoming physically healthier, she had developed significant fear about leaving her home and becoming ill again. After working through some of those fears and other emotional experiences, she felt more capable of re-entering normal life. For Hannah, physical recovery, emotional recovery, mindset, spirituality, and lifestyle became deeply interconnected parts of the same journey. From Bedbound to What Hannah Describes as Fully Recovered Hannah says she eventually went from being largely bedbound to symptom-free over approximately 11 months. She attributes that change not to one single intervention, but to the sequencing and combination of approaches she personally used. She emphasizes reducing inflammation and other stressors first, then gradually addressing the infections and other issues she believed were affecting her. Her experience shaped one of the central messages she now shares with other Lyme patients: recovery does not necessarily have to happen through the most aggressive approach available. She encourages people to work with knowledgeable practitioners, move carefully, and allow the body time to recover. As she says during the interview, she believes there is value in "slow, steady, gentle" healing, while also emphasizing the importance of appropriate medical supervision. Why Hannah Wrote My Lyme Success Story Once Hannah had recovered, she began organizing everything she had documented during her illness. Her background made that process unusually natural. Hannah had experience in graphic design, photography, writing, editing, and copywriting. She had also meticulously recorded what she tried during her illness—partly because she wanted a record in case she ever became sick again. Eventually, people began encouraging her to write a book. That became Hannah Green: My Lyme Success Story. Hannah says she wrote the book for several reasons: To document what happened to her To explain her experience to family members in England who had been thousands of miles away during the worst of her illness To process the trauma of what she had been through To organize the research and strategies she had collected To help other Lyme patients who might find value in her experience The book includes Hannah's story, the approaches she personally tried, her research, and practical resources including meal plans, shopping lists, checklists, and educational information intended to help patients and families better understand Lyme disease. Learn more about Hannah, her book, and her resources on her website: Hannah Green: My Lyme Success Story Meeting Hannah at the Lyme Warrior 10th Anniversary Gala This Tick Boot Camp interview began with an in-person connection. Hannah traveled from England to attend the Lyme Warrior 10th Anniversary Gala on May 9, 2026, at Saybrook Point Resort & Marina in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. Tick Boot Camp partnered with Lyme Warrior to help photograph, document, and amplify the event. The gala brought together Lyme patients, advocates, researchers, clinicians, authors, families, and supporters for a night focused on research, advocacy, humor, music, community, and hope. Hannah attended alongside other members of the Lyme community who traveled from England, including Kirstie Haysman, Ms Great Britain 2026. The night included appearances from leading Lyme voices including Dr. Eva Sapi, Dr. Monica Embers, Dr. Richard Horowitz, Dr. Myriah Hinchey, Nicole Bell, Jesse Ruben, and many other advocates and community leaders. Read Tick Boot Camp's full coverage of the event. A Lyme Story Across Three Continents Hannah's Lyme journey crosses three continents. She grew up in England. She believes her Lyme exposure may have occurred while working with horses in West Virginia in the United States. Her earliest symptoms emerged after returning to England. Her illness eventually became severely disabling. And in Australia, Hannah finally received the Lyme diagnosis that gave her a framework for understanding what had happened. Australia also became the place where she developed the personal recovery strategy she later documented in My Lyme Success Story. Hannah eventually returned to England in 2019 to spend more time with family. Her international experience underscores an important reality: Lyme disease does not respect borders, and gaps in tick awareness, diagnosis, and treatment can follow patients across healthcare systems. What You'll Learn in This Episode In this episode of the Tick Boot Camp Podcast, Hannah Green discusses: Growing up in England surrounded by horses and the outdoors Why she knew almost nothing about ticks despite extensive equestrian experience Traveling alone to America as a shy 19-year-old Working as a horse-riding counselor at a West Virginia summer camp Removing engorged ticks from horses without understanding the possible human health risk The Lyme disease pamphlet she remembers seeing at camp The red ring on her leg that she was told was probably a spider bite Why she now believes her Lyme exposure may have occurred in West Virginia Developing unusual knee problems after returning to England Years of migrating joint and back symptoms Running the London Marathon despite worsening knee problems The viral illness after which her health dramatically deteriorated Digestive issues, insomnia, chronic fatigue, anxiety, depression, rage, and memory problems Trying to continue working while becoming progressively sicker Repeated medical visits that failed to explain her illness Moving to Australia and eventually becoming largely bedbound How another horse rider helped connect her with the doctor who diagnosed Lyme disease Borrelia and the co-infections discussed during her journey Her experience with PCR testing, bioresonance, and autonomic response testing Why she declined the multi-antibiotic protocol initially proposed to her The three months she spent researching treatment approaches around the world Her staged approach to lifestyle, diet, gut health, and other interventions The low-inflammatory Paleo-style diet she says produced an early improvement Her use of herbs, binders, naturopathic care, and bioresonance Her homemade "Lyme-busting drink" Creating an environment dedicated to healing Learning to trust her intuition Meditation, spirituality, and asking for help Trauma work, NLP, and Faster EFT The fear of leaving home even after her physical health improved Why she believes mindset is critical to recovery Why she wrote My Lyme Success Story Her advice for people newly diagnosed with Lyme disease Why she believes patients should not give up on the possibility of healing Hannah's Advice for Someone Newly Diagnosed With Lyme Disease Near the end of the conversation, Hannah shares several lessons she wishes more people understood early in their Lyme journey. First, she encourages people not to panic. She believes a recovery mindset matters and that people benefit from knowing that others have gotten better. Second, she recommends finding a practitioner you genuinely trust and who looks at the person as a whole rather than focusing on only one symptom. Third, she emphasizes consistency and persistence rather than continually jumping from one protocol to another. And finally, Hannah advocates for a gentler approach when appropriate, saying that the body may need time and a sense of safety in order to recover. Her advice reflects her own experience rather than a universal medical prescription, but the underlying message is powerful: stay engaged, keep learning, work with qualified support, and do not surrender hope. Why Hannah Green's Lyme Success Story Matters Hannah's story is not presented as a universal Lyme disease treatment protocol. It is one person's experience of becoming severely ill, searching for answers across multiple countries, experimenting with approaches that felt appropriate for her circumstances, and eventually reaching a level of health that inspired her to describe her journey as a Lyme success story. Her experience reinforces several important messages for the Lyme community: Tick education matters before a bite ever happens. Not everyone remembers finding an attached tick. An expanding red rash deserves careful medical evaluation. Lyme symptoms can evolve and involve multiple body systems. Migrating joint symptoms can be an important part of a patient's history. People with unexplained chronic symptoms deserve to be heard. Recovery journeys can be highly individualized. Emotional and psychological support can coexist with treatment of physical illness. Community can help replace the isolation that so often accompanies chronic illness. Hope matters. Healing is possible. Final Takeaway Hannah Green's Lyme disease journey began long before she knew she was on one. A young woman from England traveled to America to teach horseback riding, encountered ticks for the first time, developed a mysterious red ring that was dismissed as a spider bite, and returned home feeling healthy. Then the clues slowly appeared. First her knees. Then other joints. Then her back. Eventually, after another illness years later, her health deteriorated dramatically. What followed was a long search for an explanation that eventually took Hannah across the world and into an intense process of research, experimentation, self-advocacy, emotional healing, and recovery. Today, she has transformed that experience into My Lyme Success Story in the hope that what she learned can help others ask better questions and feel less alone. Her exact path will not be everyone's path, and the approaches Hannah believes helped her should not be interpreted as medical advice or a universal treatment plan. But the larger message of her story belongs to the entire Lyme community: keep asking questions, keep learning, find people who take your experience seriously, and do not give up on the possibility of healing.

It's that time again, the fall season, back to school, AKA the time when kids come home with a rough virus or two. Dr. Chris Motley explains why kids get the same cold or sinus infection at the same time every fall, and why it's usually a dormant infection resurfacing rather than a new one from school. He covers the Traditional Chinese Medicine mechanism behind it, how to read facial signs for which organ is struggling, and the specific herbs (astragalus, elderberry, olive leaf, chrysanthemum, acerola, golden thread) he recommends to build a child's immune system before cold season hits. [00:00:00] - Opening: the cold that hits your kid at the same time every single year  [00:01:15] - Welcome to the Ancient Health Podcast, and the disclaimer up front [00:02:00] - Why it's not a new infection from school. It's an old one waking up [00:04:47] - The Five Element cycle: why fall energizes the lungs and large intestine  [00:06:58] - Lungs and colon are paired organs, and the embryology behind it  [00:09:08] - Modern life broke hibernation, and why the immune system pays for it  [00:11:13] - The classroom "perfect storm" and the walking pneumonia bacteria almost everyone carries  [00:13:38] - Reading the face: puffy cheeks, swollen temples, and what they mean [00:15:43] - Dark circles, tongue coating, and the kidney connection  [00:18:50] - Chapped lips, swollen glands, and cleaning up the air and water at home [00:24:57] - Neti pots, sugar, and testing for hidden food sensitivities [00:26:51] - The herb list: astragalus, elderberry, olive leaf, chrysanthemum, acerola, golden thread  [00:33:39] - Bone broth, seaweed soup, and the antimicrobial spice cabinet  [00:36:03] - The long game: consistency, adult dosing, and why this isn't a one-season fix Key Takeaways The "new" cold is usually an old infection resurfacing. Doctor Motley argues that when a child gets the same infection every season (strep throat, ear infections, chronic bronchitis), it's rarely a fresh case picked up at school. It's a dormant infection already living in the body, stimulated back to the surface by outside stress. Fall specifically activates the lungs and large intestine. In TCM's Five Element cycle, autumn is metal season, and the lungs and colon (paired organs, both developing from the same embryonic endoderm) get extra energy to detoxify the body ahead of winter. That detox process is what pushes dormant infections out as cold and sinus symptoms. The lung and large intestine claim actually holds up. Unlike some of the embryology claims flagged on prior episodes, this one checks out: both organs develop from endoderm during early fetal development, which is the real anatomical basis for why TCM treats them as a linked pair. A child's face tells you which organ needs help. Puffy, pale swelling points to lung weakness. Swollen temples or tight ears point to the spleen. Dark circles under the eyes point to the kidneys. Chapped lips point to a swollen spleen and possibly the lymph nodes. None of these are diagnoses on their own, but Motley uses them as a starting point for what to get checked. Constipation backs up into the lungs. If a child isn't having regular bowel movements, Motley says the body starts pushing toxins out through the breath instead, which shows up as bad breath, tonsil stones, and chronically congested sinuses. The herb list, in the order Motley reaches for them: astragalus first, as his go-to immune builder; elderberry for antiviral support; olive leaf to block viral replication; chrysanthemum (sold as Vital Guard Supreme) as the gentlest, pregnancy-and-nursing-safe option; acerola for vitamin C and hydration support; and golden thread (Coptis chinensis) as the stronger antimicrobial for a deeper, more stubborn infection. One correction worth knowing before you repeat it: Doctor Motley names anaplasma as a cause of "walking pneumonia" alongside mycoplasma. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the actual, well-established cause of walking pneumonia. Anaplasma is a tick-borne bacterium that rarely affects the lungs at all.  Resources Mentioned Tools & Products: Astragalus - https://tinyurl.com/39j4xpnx Elderberry Supreme - https://tinyurl.com/kxvnrtep Chrysanthemum ("Vital Guard Supreme") - https://tinyurl.com/ebnszurf Acerola Supreme - https://tinyurl.com/mprbuyhz Golden Thread Supreme (Coptis chinensis) - https://tinyurl.com/mvf6rftr HawaiianPharm, hawaiianpharm.com Woodland Essence, woodlandessence.com: liquid herbal tinctures "Thieves" or "OnGuard" style blends  Dunwoody Labs, dunwoodylabs.com: dietary antigen (food sensitivity) blood testing ALCAT test (Cell Science Systems): food sensitivity testing via white blood cell reactivity Want more of The Ancient Health Podcast? Subscribe to the YouTube channel. Follow Doctor Motley! Instagram TikTok Facebook Website *You can get cell support in gummy form: Mitopure now starts at $79, when you go to timeline.com/DRMOTLEY.

Dr. Bobbi S. Pritt joins Tick Boot Camp Podcast for a scientific deep dive into Lyme disease diagnostics, co-infections, and emerging tick-borne pathogens. Dr. Pritt is Professor and Chair of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at Mayo Clinic and Director of the Clinical Parasitology Laboratory in Rochester, Minnesota. An internationally recognized expert in vector-borne diseases, she is globally known for discovering new tick-borne pathogens—including Borrelia mayonii and Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis—and for advancing cutting-edge molecular and metagenomic diagnostic testing used nationwide. This episode offers essential clarity for anyone navigating Lyme disease, unexplained symptoms, or confusing test results. Dr. Pritt explains why standard tests often miss early Lyme, how PCR and molecular tools can detect active infection, and what metagenomic sequencing may offer for more accurate and comprehensive diagnostics in the future. Episode Summary Dr. Pritt breaks down how Lyme and other tick-borne diseases are detected through antibody testing, PCR, tissue analysis, and cutting-edge molecular methods. She explains how her lab discovered multiple new pathogens in the upper Midwest, the role of tick species in disease transmission, and why co-infections complicate diagnosis. This conversation also explores geographic spread, climate change, tick behavior, and the strengths and limitations of today's test algorithms. Key Topics • Discovery of Borrelia mayonii as a second cause of Lyme disease in the U.S. • Identification and characterization of Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis • Geographic hotspots and why the upper Midwest produces unique pathogens • Tick species differences: blacklegged vs. lone star ticks and their hunting strategies • Co-feeding in ticks and its role in pathogen evolution • Why early Lyme tests often return false-negative results • The science behind false positives and cross-reactivity • PCR advantages and limitations for detecting Borrelia • When skin biopsies can outperform blood tests • Differentiating Lyme, B. miyamotoi, Anaplasma, Babesia, and Powassan virus • When clinicians should order a full tick-borne disease panel • How climate and ecological changes drive new tick-borne threats • The promise of metagenomics and immune-signature diagnostics What You'll Learn • Why current Lyme testing algorithms struggle in early infection • How new tick-borne pathogens are discovered and validated • Why lone star ticks are more aggressive and changing regional risk • When and why molecular testing is more effective • What symptoms point to co-infections needing additional testing • Why doxycycline is not effective for certain pathogens like Babesia • How metagenomic sequencing could identify every pathogen in a single sample • Where diagnostic innovation is heading and what patients can expect

America Out Loud PULSE with Dr. Myriah Hinchey – What if your “mystery illness” is not a mystery at all? With more than half a million new Lyme cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.—and research suggesting the true number may be several million—this crisis is far larger than most realize. Lyme disease and co-infections such as Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma can impact every...

America Out Loud PULSE with Dr. Myriah Hinchey – What if your “mystery illness” is not a mystery at all? With more than half a million new Lyme cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.—and research suggesting the true number may be several million—this crisis is far larger than most realize. Lyme disease and co-infections such as Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma can impact every...

In this episode of Integrative Lyme Solutions with Dr. Karlfeldt, Dr. Michael Karlfeldt is joined by Dr. Steven Harris, an expert in Lyme disease. They discuss the complexities of diagnosing and treating Lyme disease, co-infections, and the significance of understanding the immune response. Dr. Harris shares insights into advanced diagnostic testing, including immuno blot, PCR, and T-cell testing. He also explains the importance of clinical diagnosis in Lyme disease and the roles of various co-infections such as Babesia, Bartonella, and Anaplasma. The episode provides an in-depth look at how modern technology and methodologies are improving the accuracy and effectiveness of Lyme disease treatment. 04:15 Current State of Lyme Testing 10:47 Advanced Testing Techniques 18:03 Strategies for Accurate Diagnosis 25:40 Frustrations and Rewards in Lyme Treatment 35:50 T-Cell Testing and Its Benefits 43:16 Co-Infections and Their Symptoms 47:57 Conclusion and Final Thoughts --------------- The Karlfeldt Center offers the most cutting-edge and comprehensive Lyme therapies. To schedule a Free 15-Minute Discovery Call with a Lyme Literate Naturopathic Doctor at The Karlfeldt Center, call 208-338-8902 or email info@TheKarlfeldtCenter.com Check out Dr. K's Ebook: Breaking Free From Lyme: A Comprehensive Guide to Healing and Recovery here: https://store.thekarlfeldtcenter.com/products/breaking-free-from-lyme You can purchase it for $24.99 or use the code LYMEPODCAST for a 100% off discount! _______________________________The Karlfeldt Center offers the most cutting-edge and comprehensive Lyme therapies. To schedule a Free 15-Minute Discovery Call with a Lyme Literate Naturopathic Doctor at The Karlfeldt Center, call 208-338-8902 or email info@TheKarlfeldtCenter.comCheck out Dr. K's Ebook: Breaking Free From Lyme: A Comprehensive Guide to Healing and Recovery here: https://store.thekarlfeldtcenter.com/products/breaking-free-from-lymeUse the code LYMEPODCAST for a 100% off discount!

Welcome. Here are ten practical tips for Healthcare Providers to prevent chronic Lyme disease. 1. Lyme Disease is Primarily a Clinical Diagnosis • While laboratory tests, like the two-tiered approach of ELISA followed by Western blot, can provide valuable support, Lyme disease diagnosis hinges on clinical judgment. The disease's early symptoms, such as the classic erythema migrans rash, fever, and joint pain, often present before the immune system has generated detectable antibodies. This means that the diagnosis is often made based on clinical presentation, particularly in endemic areas, even if tests are negative.2. Early Treatment Can Prevent Complications • The importance of early treatment in Lyme disease cannot be overstated. Studies have consistently shown that when antibiotics are administered promptly—ideally within weeks of infection—they can prevent the progression to more serious complications, such as Lyme arthritis, neuroborreliosis, and Lyme carditis. The window for optimal intervention is narrow, making early recognition and treatment vital.3. Co-Infections Are Common and Complicate the Picture • Ticks don't just carry Borrelia burgdorferi; they can also transmit other pathogens like Babesia microti, Bartonella henselae, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. These co-infections can lead to overlapping or more severe symptoms and may require different or additional treatments. Research indicates that co-infections are present in up to 30% of Lyme disease cases, which underscores the importance of considering a broad differential diagnosis when symptoms persist.4. Lyme Disease Can Mimic a Range of Other Conditions • Known as "The Great Imitator," Lyme disease can present with symptoms that resemble those of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, or chronic fatigue syndrome. This mimicry can lead to misdiagnoses, delaying proper treatment. It's crucial for healthcare providers to consider Lyme disease in their differential diagnosis, especially in patients with a history of tick exposure.5. Seronegative Lyme Disease is a Real and Recognized Phenomenon • Not all patients with Lyme disease will test positive on standard serologic tests, especially in the early stages or if they have received early antibiotic treatment. This phenomenon, known as seronegative Lyme disease, can make diagnosis challenging. Clinical studies suggest that up to 20-30% of early Lyme disease cases may be seronegative, which requires healthcare providers to rely on their clinical instincts and patient history.6. Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) Requires Attention • PTLDS, affecting 10-20% of Lyme disease patients, presents a significant challenge. Symptoms like fatigue, pain, and cognitive difficulties persist long after the infection should have been cleared. The exact cause of PTLDS is still debated, with theories ranging from persistent infection to autoimmune dysfunction. What is clear, however, is that these patients need careful management and support, rather than dismissal.7. Prevention Through Tick Avoidance is Key • Preventing tick bites is the most effective strategy to avoid Lyme disease and its associated complications. This includes the use of insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, performing regular tick checks, and removing ticks promptly. Education about these preventive measures is essential, particularly in areas where Lyme disease is endemic.8. Rash is Not Always Present, but It's a Strong Indicator9. Lyme Disease is Expanding Beyond Traditional Regions10. Lyme Disease Can Affect Multiple Organ Systems 

In episode 85 of the Medical Nursing Podcast, we're finishing our infectious disease series with a group of diseases that are increasingly common but often overlooked, and that's tick-borne disease. I had NO idea what these were when I worked in general practice. The first time I ever heard of it was when a dog from a nearby rescue centre we worked with had a bleeding disorder, and the vet mentioned Ehrlichia. I had no idea what it was, but the patient needed a lot of care. Tick-borne disease is on the rise, and there's a good chance you'll see it - particularly if you work in first opinion practice, internal medicine, emergency and critical care, or rescue and rehoming settings. When I say tick-borne disease, I'll cover four main conditions. These are: Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ehrlichia canis And Babesia species, most commonly Babesia canis In the episode, we'll look at what each of these diseases causes, how they present, how we test for and treat them, and - most importantly for us - what we can do as nurses and technicians to care for these patients. --- BRAND NEW ways to learn with me:

In This Episode: Nicole Bell, CEO of Galaxy Diagnostics, shares her journey from personal experience with Lyme disease in her family to leading innovation in diagnostics. The connection between tick-borne pathogens and chronic diseases like early-onset Alzheimer's. Why traditional Lyme disease tests often fail and the need for direct detection methods. The latest advancements in testing for Borrelia, Bartonella, Babesia, and other stealth pathogens. The impact of Nicole's "State of Lyme Disease Research" report on the Lyme community. What patients and healthcare providers need to know about cutting-edge diagnostic tools. Why This Matters: An increasing number of studies link flea- and tick-borne pathogens to chronic illnesses affecting the joints, heart, and central nervous system. These infections mimic conditions like lupus and fibromyalgia, making them hard to diagnose without advanced testing. Galaxy Diagnostics offers specialized tests to detect Lyme Borrelia, Bartonella, Babesia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species—providing a much-needed solution for patients seeking accurate diagnoses. Resources & Links:

Chronic Lyme disease, characterized by persistent symptoms that can linger for months or even years, is a growing concern for both patients and healthcare providers. Traditionally, Lyme disease has been seen as a straightforward infection—diagnosed early, treated with antibiotics, and resolved. However, for a significant number of people, Lyme disease can evolve into a chronic condition, marked by ongoing fatigue, pain, and cognitive issues. But what if much of this chronic suffering could be prevented? Recent insights suggest that the progression to chronic Lyme disease might be mitigated, or even prevented, by focusing on several key factors. This approach is similar to how we prevent other chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes or heart disease: through early detection and appropriate treatment. **The Importance of Early Diagnosis and Treatment** One of the most critical steps in preventing chronic Lyme disease is the early diagnosis and treatment of the infection. When a patient presents with a tick bite or early symptoms of Lyme disease, such as the characteristic erythema migrans rash, it's vital to begin treatment promptly. Early intervention with antibiotics like doxycycline can significantly reduce the risk of the infection progressing to a chronic stage. Moreover, it's essential to maintain a vigilant follow-up process. Even after initial treatment, patients should be asked to return for evaluation if symptoms persist or recur. Lyme disease can sometimes be insidious, with symptoms reappearing after what seems like successful treatment. Regular follow-ups allow healthcare providers to monitor the patient's progress and catch any signs of relapse early. **Look for Co-Infections** Co-infections are another critical factor in the progression of Lyme disease to a chronic condition. Ticks often carry more than just Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria responsible for Lyme disease—they can also transmit other pathogens like Babesia, Bartonella, and Anaplasma. These co-infections can complicate the clinical picture and may require different treatments. It's important to test for and consider co-infections, especially if a patient's symptoms do not resolve with standard Lyme treatment. Addressing all possible infections early on can prevent the persistence and worsening of symptoms. **Consider Retreatment** In cases where initial treatment does not fully resolve the symptoms, it may be necessary to consider retreatment. Clinical judgment plays a crucial role here. While some cases of Lyme disease respond well to the standard course of antibiotics, others may require a more prolonged or alternative treatment approach. Retreatment should be considered for patients who continue to experience significant symptoms, particularly if they show signs of ongoing infection or co-infections. **Follow-Up Care is Crucial** Consistent follow-up care is essential in managing Lyme disease and preventing its progression to a chronic state. Even after symptoms appear to have resolved, patients should be monitored for any signs of recurrence or new symptoms. Chronic Lyme disease can sometimes develop months or even years after the initial infection, making long-term follow-up a key component of care. **Environmental Awareness and Preventive Measures**  **Raising Awareness and Improving Access to Care** 

Introduction to Dr. Omar Morales Welcome to this episode where we delve into the world of Lyme disease with our esteemed guest, Dr. Omar Morales, founder of the Lyme Mexico Clinic, renowned researcher, and dedicated member of the Board of Directors of ILADS (International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society). Join us as Dr. Morales shares his journey from construction to medicine, his pivotal role in Lyme disease treatment, and his advocacy efforts with ILADS. Dr. Morales's Journey: From Construction to Medicine Unexpected Beginnings: Hear how a promise of a truck from his father led Dr. Morales to a career in medicine. Family Influence and Medical Career: Learn about the familial influences that shaped Dr. Morales's path and his early medical experiences. Establishing the Lyme Mexico Clinic Clinic Origins: Discover the story behind the founding of the Lyme Mexico Clinic and its evolution into a leading Lyme disease treatment center. Patient-Centered Care: Dr. Morales discusses his approach to individualized patient care and the clinic's commitment to understanding and treating Lyme disease. Lyme Disease: A Complex Challenge Defining Lyme: Delve into the complexities of defining Lyme disease, chronic vs. acute presentations, and the systemic nature of the illness. Insights from ILADS: As a member of the ILADS Board of Directors, Dr. Morales shares his perspectives on the latest Lyme disease research and treatment approaches. The Detective Work in Understanding Lyme Disease: Dr. Morales emphasizes the complexity of Lyme disease, noting the existence of five different subtypes of Lyme and about 300 different sub-strains of Borrelia. He also highlights the significance of co-infections like Bartonella, Babesia, and Anaplasma, as well as the importance of considering both the genetics of the pathogen and the genetics of the patient in treatment strategies. Pathogen-Induced Immune Responses: Dr. Morales has found that Bartonella can trigger an overactive immune system or autoimmunity in patients, whereas Borrelia (Lyme) more often triggers immune suppression, especially in those with genetic predispositions. This distinction is critical for understanding why some chronic Lyme patients have barely functioning immune systems while others have overactive immune systems. Innovative Approaches to Lyme Treatment Treatment Philosophy: Explore Dr. Morales's "less is more" approach to Lyme treatment, emphasizing the importance of timely and effective interventions. Advancements in Treatment: Learn about the innovative treatment strategies employed at the Lyme Mexico Clinic, including intravenous treatments and the clinic's stance on maintaining patient homeostasis. Four-Part Treatment Framework: Dr. Morales outlines his comprehensive treatment framework, focusing on treating infections, targeting persistent forms of bacteria like biofilm, supporting the immune system, and detoxing. He provides specific treatments for each of these areas during the interview. Neurological Symptoms of Lyme Disease: Research Insights In-Depth Discussion: We dive deep into the neurological symptoms associated with Lyme disease, an area where Dr. Morales has conducted extensive research. 2024 Fall ILADS Conference in Germany: Dr. Morales will be presenting his significant findings on the neurological implications of Lyme disease at the upcoming ILADS Conference, showcasing his contributions to understanding and treating this complex aspect of Lyme. Research and Collaboration in Lyme Disease The Role of Research: Understand the critical role of ongoing research in advancing Lyme disease treatment and the importance of collaboration within the medical community. Advocacy for Lyme Disease Awareness: Dr. Morales discusses his advocacy work with ILADS and the importance of raising awareness and support for Lyme disease research. Patient Advocacy and Care Strategies Commitment to Patients: Hear about Dr. Morales's dedication to patient care, including offering free initial consultations and personalized treatment plans. Understanding Lyme Disease: Gain insights into the detective work involved in diagnosing and treating Lyme disease and the importance of listening to and understanding patients' experiences. Conclusion: A Future Free from Lyme We wrap up our Tick Boot Camp Podcast conversation with Dr. Morales by discussing the future of Lyme disease treatment and the importance of community support, early detection, and comprehensive care. Dr. Morales's work with the Lyme Mexico Clinic and ILADS exemplifies the ongoing efforts to improve lives affected by Lyme disease.

Preventative diagnostics is a critically important component of veterinary care. In the U.S., only 40-50% of pet owners take their pets to the vet once a year. While the costs of vet visits continue to increase, the cost of not taking your pet to the vet regularly can far outweigh the cost of a vet visit. With the cost of a simple vet visit now approaching $100 in some areas, and the costs of any tests and treatments further adding to the total cost of the bill, many pet parents take the approach of not bringing their pet to the vet unless they see overt signs that their pet is struggling. However, dogs and cats are very good at masking issues that they might be having and not outwardly showing any signs of pain, and without regular checkups, issues that could have been easily managed if they were caught early can quickly turn into much more catastrophic health events. On the latest episode of Petworking, I was joined by Dr. Ben Hantler, DVM, MBA, and Senior Product Manager at Heska, and my colleague, Jessica Stewart, Senior Manager at Maia Strategy Group. Prior to joining Maia, Jessica was a Diagnostic Support Consultant at IDEXX. In the course of our conversation, Ben noted that 20-30% of serious cases could have been mitigated or prevented with regular veterinary visits. While pet insurance is undoubtedly a key driver in getting pet parents to visit the vet more frequently, Ben, Jess, and I kept our conversation focused on diagnostics. We touched on the variety of tests available, from organ function assessments and blood counts, to infectious disease screenings like heartworm testing. The necessity of these getting these tests on an annual basis cannot be understated, when it comes to catching potential health issues early. When we adopted Peony, we were told she was heartworm-negative. However, a month after we got her, I brought her to the vet, because she seemed to be experiencing pain in her hind legs, and our trainer suspected she might have pulled a muscle. Wanting to eliminate tick-borne illnesses as a potential cause of her symptoms, our vet ran a SNAP test. While it was negative for Lyme, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma, it did show that she was positive for heartworm. Had we not gotten Peony tested, it's very likely that we would have caught the infection too late to treat her. The American Heartworm Society notes that even the most sensitive heartworm test can fail to detect the presence of antigen when levels of circulating antigen are low due to the presence of immature worms. Our vet told us that this was likely how we were told Peony was heartworm-negative when we adopted her. Unfortunately, if left untreated, heartworm can cause severe organ damage, heart failure, and respiratory issues, and can have fatal consequences. Even catching it early, it was a several-month process to treat Peony, during which we had to restrict her activity to two 5-minute walks per day. In addition to catching potentially fatal diseases like heartworm, regular diagnostic testing can provide pet owners with a baseline that they can refer to as their pet ages. Having year-over-year data on biomarkers like blood levels, kidney function, etc. can alert your vet to changes that may indicate potential health issues in your pet, even in the absence of symptoms. As part of this discussion, Ben, Jess and I delved into the potential use of biometric data from pet trackers, and the need to expand preventative diagnostic testing to a direct-to-consumer model. There is significant potential to enhance the quality of care through the provision of consumer-collected data to veterinarians, but a limiting factor that needs to be addressed is ensuring consistent quality in at-home sample collection. Ultimately, this is a field at the cusp of significant evolution, promising a future where preventative care, supported by technological advancements, could drastically improve the lives of pets and pet owners alike.

AABP Executive Director Dr. Fred Gingrich is joined by past AABP Board of Directors member from District 3, Dr. Lee Jones. Jones is an associate professor at the University of Georgia in the Beef Production Medicine department. Jones was the first author on the paper titled “Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale-infected beef herds in Georgia, USA”, which was published in The Bovine Practitioner Volume 56 Number 2 (2022). We review the transmission, clinical signs, and diagnostic tests for bovine anaplasmosis. The objective of the study was to conduct and compare seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale-infected beef herds in Georgia and to identify herd risk factors associated with A. marginale-positive herds. Blood samples were collected from 1,059 adult beef cattle (≥ 2 years) from 33 herds. Overall, 8.12% of cattle and 42% of herds were cELISA antibody-positive. Seventy-seven percent of plasma samples from a subset of corresponding seropositive samples (n = 73) were PCR-positive. Jones reviews the risk factors associated with bovine anaplasmosis and how veterinarians can become involved in prevention and control programs for their clients. Education is important because 27% of the survey respondents were not aware of the disease even with a high percentage of herds positive. We also discuss the importance of ensuring appropriate delivery of VFD medication for control of anaplasmosis as part of a control program. Relevant publication:Jones, A. L., Berghaus, R. D., Kalatari, A. A., Credille, B., Naikare, H. K., Heins, B., Saliki, J., & Wilkes, R. P. (2022). Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale infected beef herds in Georgia, USA. The Bovine Practitioner, 56(2), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p70-78  

Join Yvonne Brandenburg, RVT, VTS SAIM and Jordan Porter RVT, LVT, VTS SAIM as we talk about: The big four!!! Tick borne bacterial diseases; anaplasmosis, ehrlichia, lyme, and rocky mountain spotted fever, OH MY! Ever wonder how ticks transmit these diseases? Well you're about to find out, prepare to get squiggy.    Question of the Week Have you had a personal experience with one of these tick borne illnesses, like human experience.  Leave a comment at https://imfpp.org/episode89   Resources We Mentioned in the Show  Canine Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Parasitology Compendium. July 2005 (Vol 27, No 7). Rochelle M. Low , DVM , Jennifer L. Holm , DVM , DACVECC  https://www.vetfolio.com/learn/article/canine-rocky-mountain-spotted-fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs. (Rickettsia rickettsii Infection). Janet E. Foley , DVM, PhD, University of California, Davis. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/rickettsial-diseases/rocky-mountain-spotted-fever-in-dogs    Anaplasmosis. Becky Lundgren, DVM. Date Published: 04/08/2014. https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=6191808 Merrill, L. (2012). Small Animal Internal Medicine for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses. Ames: Wiley - Blackwell.   Thanks so much for tuning in. Join us again next week for another episode!  Want to earn some RACE approved CE credits for listening to the podcast? You can earn between 0.5-1.0  hour of RACE approved CE credit for each podcast episode you listen to.    Join the Internal Medicine For Vet Techs Membership to earn and keep track of your continuing education hours as you get your learn on!   Join now! http://internalmedicineforvettechsmembership.com/   Get Access to the Membership Site for your RACE approved CE certificates Sign up at https://internalmedicineforvettechsmembership.com  Get Access to the Technician Treasure Trove  Sign up at https://imfpp.org/treasuretrove    Thanks for listening!  – Yvonne and Jordan 

Why You Should Listen: In this episode, you will learn about healing from mold and Lyme disease. About My Guests: My guest for this episode is Dr. Diane Mueller. Diane Mueller, ND, DAOM, LAc is a survivor of IBS, Lyme disease, and mold illness. Dr. Diane's journey to heal herself led her to complete two doctorate degrees in holistic health care. She has a Doctorate degree in Naturopathic Medicine as well as a Doctorate degree in Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine. She is passionate about bringing research, understanding, and compassion to those with these conditions. She has co-authored the book "Use Your Mind to Heal Your Mold and Lyme: A Survivor's Guide". Her practice, the Medicine with Heart Clinic, treats people from around the country. She co-owns an online functional medicine school, the Medicine with Heart Institute, where she trains clinicians around the world in functional medicine. Her recent book “Use Your Mind to Heal Your Mold and Lyme: A Survivor's Guide” shares many of the strategies that she used to recover her own health and the health of many of her patients. Key Takeaways: - Should mold be treated before Lyme disease? - Is killing the bug important for recovering health? - How can pulsing antimicrobials be part of a protocol? - What are persisters, and how are they addressed? - Can mycotoxins lead to leaky gut? - Does fungal colonization occur after exposure to water-damaged buildings? - How does Bartonella impact the lymphatics? - How do Ehrlichia and Anaplasma negatively impact our mitochondria? - What is the role of viruses and retroviruses in chronic illness? - Can medicine mushrooms be used in those with mold illness or fungal overgrowth? - What is the role of bile transporters in detoxification? - How might manganese or hyaluronic acid be used as "feeders"? - How might pulsing be used to avoid sensitization to therapeutic interventions? - What properties does cistus have that make it a useful tool? - Why is it important to approach biofilm treatment with caution? - What is the role of autophagy in cleansing? - What can negative thoughts do to the physical body? - Where can patients find support? Connect With My Guest: http://MedicineWithHeart.com Related Resources: Book - Use Your Mind to Heal Your Mold and Lyme: A Survivor's Guide Body, Mind, Mold and Lyme Summit Interview Date: April 6, 2021 Transcript: To review a transcript of this show, visit http://BetterHealthGuy.com/Episode143 Additional Information: To learn more, visit http://BetterHealthGuy.com. Disclosure: BetterHealthGuy.com is an affiliate of Amazon.com and HeySummit.com Disclaimer: The content of this show is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any illness or medical condition. Nothing in today's discussion is meant to serve as medical advice or as information to facilitate self-treatment. As always, please discuss any potential health-related decisions with your own personal medical authority.

Raul Mascarenhas explica o que é a Tristeza Parasitária bovina, como agem os micro-organismos envolvidos (Babesia e Anaplasma) e seus sinais clínicos (febre, anemia e mudanças no comportamento). #tristezaparasitaria #babesiose Seja um apoiador! Nosso PIX para caso você queira ser um apoiador é o e-mail casaagropecuaria@raulmascarenhas.com Acesse mais conteúdos gratuitos em: https://www.facebook.com/casa.agropecuaria.raulmascarenhas https://raulmascarenhas.com/ Twitter @CasaMascarenhas --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/raul-mascarenhas/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/raul-mascarenhas/support

Here we learn about a disease that is deadly to cattle called Anaplasma. And maybe more about Dr. Nathan's Game of Thrones obsession that you wanted.

 Don talks with Kindred Spirits Veterinary Clinic’s Dr. Mark Hanks about infectious diseases and parasites that affect our pets. We discuss Canine Lyme Disease and Anaplasma and other tick-borne diseases including diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. We also discuss parasites, and Dr. Hanks recommended annual fecal testing for pets. Tick-borne diseases have become a serious health issue for pets in people and Maine. If you want to learn more, you will not want to miss this show. You can hear The Woof Meow Show on Z62 Retro Radio, AM620, and WKIT HD3 at 9 AM on Saturday. If you are not near a radio, listen on your computer at http://bit.ly/AM620-WZON or your smartphone or tablet with the free WZON 620 AM app. A podcast of the show is typically posted immediately after the show. You can download this show and others at http://woofmeowshow.libsyn.com/, at Don’s blog http://bit.ly/Words-Woofs-Meows and the Apple iTunes store.

Learn about the study that demonstrated that Simparica blocked the transmission of Lyme and Anaplasmosis in treated dogs. Listeners will learn about a published, peer-reviewed study designed to test tick protection by Simparica. In this study, Simparica- and placebo-treated dogs were infested with Ixodes scapularis (aka deer) ticks on day 21 and day 28 after treatment. These ticks were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum which was subsequently transmitted to control dogs, as evidenced by positive laboratory tests. Simparica-treated dogs, on the other hand, tested negative at all time points and with every test methodology. This demonstrates that Simparica kills tick quickly, and blocked transmission of these pathogens in these dogs. This quick and easy download is designed to help you stay up to date on the latest advances in veterinary medicine. Listen to this podcast at your convenience — at home, on your commute, during your lunch break…anytime!

We are joined by Dr. Memo Arroyo, medicine clinician at the Ontario Veterinary College, who gives an update on the OAHN Equine Project: "Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Ontario horses." Dr. Arroyo also discusses the upcoming OVC Equine Research Update night on December 15th. 

Kleinsäuger sind essentiell für die Entwicklung und die Verbreitung von subadulten Schildzecken. Den Kleinsäugern kommt so eine wichtige Rolle als potentielle Reservoirwirte für Zecken-übertragene Pathogene zu. Die Ziele dieser Studie waren unterschiedliche Zecken-übertragene Pathogene in wildlebenden Kleinsäugern nachzuweisen und die Reservoirfunktion der jeweiligen Kleinsäugerarten, im Zusammenhang mit unterschiedlich strukturierten Habitaten, zu evaluieren. Zwischen 2012 und 2013 wurden Kleinsäuger an drei unterschiedlich strukturierten Standorten gefangen: (1) an einem Stadtpark in Regensburg, (2) an einem silvatischen Standort in Tussenhausen im Unterallgäu und (3) an einem renaturierten Standort, der in der Nähe von Leipzig in Sachsen liegt. Zusätzlich wurden Zecken im Jahr 2013 am Waldstandort geflaggt. DNA wurde aus Blut-, Milz- und Gonaden-Proben der Mäuse und aus Mäuseneonaten extrahiert. Auf den Mäusen befindliche Zecken wurden abgesammelt. Aus diesen und den wirtssuchenden Zecken wurde ebenfalls DNA extrahiert. Zusätzlich wurden bereits vorhandene DNA-Proben aus wirtssuchenden Zecken aus den Jahren 2009-2013 bzw. 2011-2012 vom urbanen bzw. vom silvatischen Standort untersucht. Die Proben wurden mittels konventioneller oder Real-Time PCR auf Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis (CNM) und Babesia microti untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 631 Kleinsäuger zehn verschiedener Arten gefangen (4 Apodemus agrarius, 7 Microtus arvalis, 1 M. agrestis, 396 Myodes glareolus, 2 Mustela nivalis, 5 Sorex coronatus, 1 Sorex araneus, 1 Talpa europaea, 36 Ap. sylvaticus, 178 Ap. flavicollis). Davon wurden insgesamt 36 Mäuse im Stadtpark, 243 am silvatischen und 352 am renaturierten Standort, wo die größte Artenvielfalt vorherrschte (n=8), gefangen. Insgesamt wurden 3.391 Zecken drei verschiedener Arten (8 Ixodes trianguliceps, 3.250 Ixodes ricinus, 133 Dermacentor reticulatus) abgesammelt. CNM wurde in insgesamt 28,6 % der Kleinsäuger nachgewiesen. Dabei waren 31,6 % My. glareolus, 28,1 % Ap. flavicollis, 57,1 % M. arvalis und 2,7% Ap. sylvaticus positiv. Die Prävalenzen unterschieden sich signifikant beim Vergleich der jeweiligen Standorte, wobei die Infektionsrate am renaturierten Standort am höchsten war (χ²: 13,4; p: 0,0004). Insgesamt waren 3,8 % der gesogenen und 2,2 % der wirtssuchenden Zecken positiv. In den untersuchten Kleinsäugerföten bzw. -Neonaten, die von positiven Muttertieren stammten, war die Prävalenz für CNM 31,8 %. Insgesamt 60,0 % der positiven Muttertiere hatten wenigstens einen positiven Foetus oder Neonaten. Anaplasma phagocytophilum wurde zu einem geringen Prozentsatz in Nagern festgestellt (0,0-5,6 %), wobei es keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Standorten, Jahren und Kleinsäugerarten gab. Jedoch waren gesogene Nymphen (I. ricinus) signifikant häufiger befallen als gesogene Larven (χ²: 25,1; p:

Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap) is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that is able to infect different animal species and humans worldwide. Based on DNA sequencing, Ap has newly been reallocated from the genus Ehrlichia to the genus Anaplasma in the family Anaplasmataceae (DUMLER et al. 2001). In humans and animals, the clinical signs of Ap infection vary from mild symptoms to severe clinical outcomes, including death. However, the disease generally presents as undifferentiated fever accompanied by leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and increased serum transaminase activities (DUMLER et al. 2005; DUMLER et al. 2007; RIKIHISA 2011). Hard-bodied ticks of the genus Ixodes (family Ixodidae) are the main vectors for Ap dissemination. Compared to other pathogens such as Neorickettsia and Wolbachia spp., which can be transmitted from adult ticks to their offspring, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. are the only Rickettsiales that are not transmitted transovarially (RIKIHISA 2011). Thus, ticks need to acquire Ap through blood feeding from infected hosts to complete the life cycle of Ap. During attachment of the tick, the bacterium is released by salivary secretion and is transmitted to the host. It is known that Ap multiplies within membrane-bound vacuoles (or called ‘morulae’) in the cytoplasm of peripheral granulocytes. The binding and infection of bacteria depends on the tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewisx (sLex or CD15s) of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) on the surface of host cells, a factor expressed on peripheral granulocytes and HL-60 cells (GOODMAN et al. 1999; HERRON et al. 2000; RENEER et al. 2006; RENEER et al. 2008). Only little information is known about the transmission pathway of Ap after tick bite in the very early stage of infection. It is described that Ap is able to evade and replicate within microvascular endothelial cells in vitro (MUNDERLOH et al. 2004), while endothelial cells lining the inner lumen of blood vessels allow them to easily interact with any circulating blood cells. Since granulocytes do not return back to the blood stream after extravasation, it is reasonable to postulate that Ap evades and replicates within microvascular endothelial cells in the initial transmission, and subsequently transmits into peripheral granulocytes for ongoing dissemination. Therefore, the objective of the study was to establish a flow culture model that mimics the physiological environment in the blood vessel to study the possible transmission pathway of Ap between endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). For this purpose, a novel ex vivo flow culture system was established. For experimental setup, human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) and primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) were used. Under static conditions, Ap evades endothelial cells within 24 h, supporting the hypotheses that endothelial cells might be the first infection site of the pathogen in the host. Thereby a high level of interleukin-8, a chemokine that is known to recruit PMNs, secreted by Ap-infected endothelial cells was detected. Using the investigated flow culture model, it was shown for the first time, that Ap is able to translocate from endothelial cells to PMNs under dynamic flow conditions. Furthermore, under defined shear stress, an increased binding of PMNs to Ap-infected endothelial cells monolayer was observed, resulting from the elevated expression of adhesion molecules associated with PMNs recruitment on endothelial cells. The flow culture model investigated in this study can be used to study the interaction between Ap-infected endothelial cells and PMNs under physiological flow conditions, and is therefore helpful to study the infection mechanism in the early stage of Ap dissemination in the host.

The study aimed to characterize the occurrence of tick-borne diseases within a herd in an endemic region in Brazil, focusing on two different aspects: (a) to determine the occurrence of the three pathogens Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina using direct and indirect detection methods and (b) to analyze the incidence of genetic diversity among A. marginale isolates based on a Major Surface Protein (MSP) as a marker of variation within the farm.

Sat, 9 Feb 2013 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16638/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16638/1/Barth_Charlotte.pdf Barth, Charlotte

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the host-tick-pathogen interface of Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in restored areas in both questing and host-attached Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus and their small mammalian hosts. Methods: Questing ticks were collected from 5 sites within the city of Leipzig, Germany, in 2009. Small mammals were trapped at 3 of the 5 sites during 2010 and 2011. DNA extracts of questing and host-attached I. ricinus and D. reticulatus and of several tissue types of small mammals (the majority bank voles and yellow-necked mice), were investigated by PCR followed by sequencing for the occurrence of DNA of Babesia spp. and by real-time PCR for A. phagocytophilum. A selected number of samples positive for A. phagocytophilum were further investigated for variants of the partial 16S rRNA gene. Co-infection with Rickettsia spp. in the questing ticks was additionally investigated. Results: 4.1% of questing I. ricinus ticks, but no D. reticulatus, were positive for Babesia sp. and 8.7% of I. ricinus for A. phagocytophilum. Sequencing revealed B. microti, B. capreoli and Babesia spp. EU1 in Leipzig and sequence analysis of the partial 16S RNA gene of A. phagocytophilum revealed variants either rarely reported in human cases or associated with cervid hosts. The statistical analysis revealed significantly less ticks infected with A. phagocytophilum in a city park in Leipzig as compared to the other sampling sites. A. phagocytophilum-DNA was detected in 2 bank voles, DNA of B. microti in 1 striped field-mouse and of Babesia sp. EU1 in the skin tissue of a mole. Co-infections were detected. Conclusion: Our results show the involvement of small mammals in the natural endemic cycles of tick-borne pathogens. A more thorough understanding of the interactions of ticks, pathogens and hosts is the essential basis for effective preventive control measures.

Background: Only limited information is available about the occurrence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in public parks, which are areas strongly influenced by human beings. For this reason, Ixodes ricinus were collected in public parks of different Bavarian cities in a 2-year survey (2009 and 2010) and screened for DNA of Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. by PCR. Species identification was performed by sequence analysis and alignment with existing sequences in GenBank. Additionally, coinfections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum were investigated. Results: The following prevalences were detected: Babesia spp.: 0.4% (n = 17, including one pool of two larvae) in 2009 and 0.5 to 0.7% (n = 11, including one pool of five larvae) in 2010; Rickettsia spp.: 6.4 to 7.7% (n = 285, including 16 pools of 76 larvae) in 2009. DNA of Bartonella spp. in I. ricinus in Bavarian public parks could not be identified. Sequence analysis revealed the following species: Babesia sp. EU1 (n = 25), B. divergens (n = 1), B. divergens/capreoli (n = 1), B. gibsoni-like (n = 1), R. helvetica (n = 272), R. monacensis IrR/Munich (n = 12) and unspecified R. monacensis (n = 1). The majority of coinfections were R. helvetica with A. phagocytophilum (n = 27), but coinfections between Babesia spp. and A. phagocytophilum, or Babesia spp. and R. helvetica were also detected. Conclusions: I. ricinus ticks in urban areas of Germany harbor several tick-borne pathogens and coinfections were also observed. Public parks are of particularly great interest regarding the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens, because of differences in both the prevalence of pathogens in ticks as well as a varying species arrangement when compared to woodland areas. The record of DNA of a Babesia gibsoni-like pathogen detected in I. ricinus suggests that I. ricinus may harbor and transmit more Babesia spp. than previously known. Because of their high recreational value for human beings, urban green areas are likely to remain in the research focus on public health issues.

Background: Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (EGA) is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium. In Europe, it is transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. A large number of genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum circulate in nature and have been found in ticks and different animals. Attempts have been made to assign certain genetic variants to certain host species or pathologies, but have not been successful so far. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causing agent A. phagocytophilum of 14 cases of EGA in naturally infected horses with molecular methods on the basis of 4 partial genes (16S rRNA, groEL, msp2, and msp4). Results: All DNA extracts of EDTA-blood samples of the horses gave bands of the correct nucleotide size in all four genotyping PCRs. Sequence analysis revealed 4 different variants in the partial 16S rRNA, groEL gene and msp2 genes, and 3 in the msp4 gene. One 16S rRNA gene variant involved in 11 of the 14 cases was identical to the "prototype" variant causing disease in humans in the amplified part [GenBank: U02521]. Phylogenetic analysis revealed as expected for the groEL gene that sequences from horses clustered separately from roe deer. Sequences of the partial msp2 gene from this study formed a separate cluster from ruminant variants in Europe and from all US variants. Conclusions: The results show that more than one variant of A. phagocytophilum seems to be involved in EGA in Germany. The comparative genetic analysis of the variants involved points towards different natural cycles in the epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum, possibly involving different reservoir hosts or host adaptation, rather than a strict species separation.

The major aim of this thesis was to identify novel genes of T. uilenbergi through establishment and screening of a merozoite cDNA library with the eventual goal to develop diagnostic tools using identified genes for detection of Theileria infections. The experiments were initiated by infection of sheep using T. uilenbergi stock. When parasiteamia rose, blood was collected and the merozoites were purified. Messenger RNA was isolated from purified merozoites was then utilized to establish a cDNA library. The library was titrated to be 6 x 108 pfu/ml and the recombinant clones were estimated to be 70%. Random PCR identification of the library indicated all of the inserts were of parasite origin, indicating the usefulness of the library for the identification of new genes. Random PCR amplification of inserts of the cDNA library led to the discovery of 12 single clones, among which Clone 2, 9 and 26 exhibited a high degree of identity, especially at the 3' terminus and 3' untranslated region, indicating that they belong to the same gene family. Furthermore, PCR designed to target Clone 2 amplified again four variant genes from genomic DNA of T. uilenbergi and one from genomic DNA of T. luwenshuni, suggesting this gene family is likely isolate-specific since the DNA samples for PCR were not derived from the same parasite isolate used for library construction. Sequence analysis of another genomic fragment generated with primers targeting the 3' untranslated region of the Clone 26 sequence showed that both 5' and 3' termini were highly identical to the Clone 2 gene family and these homologous termini were separated by a 136 bp sequence fragment highly identical to the 3' untranslated region of the Clone 2 gene family, indicating Clone 2 gene family members are tandemly arranged. Bioinformatic analysis of cDNA sequences of the Clone 2 gene family indicated these genes contain signal peptides and encode potential immunogenic proteins. Analysis of recombinantly expressed Clone 2 revealed immunoreactivity with sera from Theileria-infected animals from China. No cross reaction with sera of T. lestoquardi-, Babesia motasi- or Anaplasma ovis- infected animals was observed, indicating a potential specificity of this gene family. The features of the Clone 2 gene family are similar to the Tpr gene family of T. parva, which is believed to play a role in concerted evolution. Based on the highly conserved region of the Clone 2 gene family, a set of six primers were designed for the development of a loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The established assay allowed the detection of T. uilenbergi and T. luwenshuni infections simultaneously and the reaction could be simply accomplished by incubation at 63ºC for 15 min. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed through EcoRI restriction enzyme digestion analysis and sequencing. The assay was sensitive as it detected 0.1 pg DNA of T. luwenshuni or T. uilenbergi. Moreover, the assay was evaluated by testing 86 field samples in comparison to the reverse line blot method, showing a calculated sensitivity and specificity of 66.0% and 97.4%, respectively. These results indicate that the LAMP assay has a potential usefulness for application in diagnostic and pidemiological studies on T. luwenshuni and T. uilenbergi infection of small ruminants. In addition, serological screening of the library led to discovery of a positive clone called TuIP, which has been deposited in Genbank under accession number FJ467922. Partially recombinantly cloned and expressed TuIP showed strong reactivity with serum from T. uilenbergi infected animals, indicating its potential usefulness for development of novel serological diagnostic tests or serving as a candidate for vaccine development in the future.

In recent years, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. have been detected in Ixodes ricinus in Germany and a focal distribution has been suggested for A. phagocytophilum. In the present study the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae was investigated in I. ricinus. DNA-extracts were taken from 2,862 unfed I. ricinus ticks (adults and nymphs) from eight sites in Munich, sampled over a five-month period. Single samples from three comparative sites outside of Munich were also included. A real-time PCR targeting the msp2 gene of A. phagocytophilum was used for screening and a nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene for sequencing of 30% of positives. Screening for Rickettsia spp. was performed with a PCR targeting the citrate synthase gene (gltA), followed by PCRs detecting the ompA gene for all gltA positives, and the ompB and 16S rRNA genes for clarifying results of some samples. The overall prevalence was 2.90% (95% CI 2.27 to 3.48%) for A. phagocytophilum and 5.28% (95% CI 4.31 to 6.17%) for SFG rickettsiae. Only 0.31% of the ticks investigated were coinfected. Statistical analysis revealed that prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in ticks from city parks in Munich was significantly higher than in ticks from natural forest, whereas the prevalence of Rickettsia spp. was the opposite. For both, the prevalence in adults was significantly higher than in nymphs. Although wide ranges of prevalence were observed monthly, the variations were not significant along the observational period. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA PCR products (n=31) revealed 100% homology to Ehrlichia sp. “Frankonia 2”, only one differed in one nucleotide position. All differed in one nucleotide position from the HGA agent detected in human patients. All rickettsial PCR products were also sequenced. All gltA sequences of R. helvetica (n=138) were 100% identical to each other and differed in one nucleotide position from the prototype sequence. Two different R. monacensis strains (n=13) were detected, which differed in up to 4 nucleotide positions in gltA, ompA and ompB. Further rickettsial strains (n=3) most probably belonging to rickettsial endosymbionts were also found. These results show, by molecular methods, a wide distribution of A. phagocytophilum and SFG rickettsiae in I. ricinus ticks in Southern Germany. SFG rickettsiae which are thought to be involved in human disease (R. helvetica and R. monacensis) had a significantly higher prevalence in natural forest areas. Prevalence of A. phagocytophilum was significantly higher in city parks; the genetic strain has not yet been associated with human infection.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Real-time PCR-basierte Nachweisverfahren für E. canis und A. phagocytophilum entwickelt, validiert und im Anschluss für die Untersuchung von Patientenproben eingesetzt. Für E. canis wurden für zwei Tests Primer und Sonden des Typs „Molecular Beacon“ konstruiert, die auf unterschiedliche Zielgene gerichtet waren, die Reaktionsbedingungen optimiert und die Leistungsfähigkeit beider Tests verglichen. Die PCR EC-16S hatte hierbei die 16S rDNA als Zielgen, während die PCR ECP-p30 auf das p30-10-Gen von E. canis gerichtet war. Bei der Ermittlung der analytischen Sensitivität und analytischen Spezifität ergab sich, dass beide Tests in ihren Leistungen sehr ähnlich waren. Beide PCRs waren spezifisch und lieferten nur für DNA von E. canis ein positives Ergebnis, während die übrigen getesteten Erreger A. platys, N. risticii, A. phagocytophilum, Babesia canis, B. gibsoni und H. canis in der PCR negativ reagierten. Da die PCR ECP-p30 bei der Sensitivitätsprüfung geringfügig besser beurteilt wurde, wurde entschieden, die weiteren Untersuchungen mit diesem PCR-Protokoll durchzuführen. Zur Bestimmung der diagnostischen Sensitivität und Spezifität dieses Tests wurde eine extern kontrollierte Validierung mit geblindeten Proben durchgeführt. Hierbei ergab sich eine diagnostische Spezifität von 100 %. Die diagnostische Sensitivität der Real-time PCR betrug 82 %. Der prädiktive Wert des positiven Testergebnisses lag für die PCR ECP-p30 bei 100 %, während der prädiktive Wert des negativen Testergebnisses 87,5 % erreichte Als Nachweisgrenze wurden 14,5 Moleküle des Zielgens pro 50 µl Ansatz ermittelt. Im Anschluss wurde die Eignung des Tests an Blutproben von Hunden aus einem für E. canis endemischen Gebiet untersucht. Dabei wurden 244 Blutproben einbezogen und die Ergebnisse der PCR mit denen eines IFATs verglichen. Die Blutproben stammten aus Kampanien, Italien und wurden dort durch Tierärzte von Hunden gewonnen, die in einer Tierarztpraxis mit angeschlossenem Tierheim vorgestellt wurden. Die Tiere waren drei Gruppen zuzuordnen: Ein Teil der Hunde, und zwar 19 Tiere, wurde von privaten Besitzern in der Praxis vorgestellt, 52 Tiere waren unmittelbar zuvor von der Strasse aufgelesen worden und die dritte Gruppe, die 173 Hunde umfasste, hielt sich zum Zeitpunkt der Probennahme schon längere Zeit im Tierheim auf. Innerhalb des Tierheims wird ein hoher diagnostischer und medikamenteller Aufwand zur Erkennung und Bekämpfung von E. canis mittels antibiotischer Therapie und Zecken¬prophylaxe betrieben. In die Untersuchung einbezogen wurden jedoch nur Hunde, die mindestens drei Monate lang nicht mehr mit einem gegen E. canis wirksamen Medikament behandelt worden waren. Bei der serologischen Untersuchung der Hunde mittels IFAT ergab sich ein Anteil seropositiver Tiere von insgesamt 41,8 %, der auch bei Betrachtung der drei verschiedenen Gruppen nur wenig variierte. So betrug der Anteil seropositiver Tiere innerhalb der Gruppe der Hunde aus dem Tierheim 43,4 %, während 40,4 % der Straßenhunde und 31,6 % der Tiere in privatem Besitz seropositiv waren. Diese Unterschiede waren nicht signifikant. Ein direkter Erregernachweis mittels Real-time PCR erfolgte bei 13,9 % der untersuchten Tiere. Beim Vergleich der Untersuchungsergebnisse von PCR und IFAT wurde eine Überein¬stimmung bei 61,9 % der untersuchten Proben ermittelt. Bei Betrachtung der einzelnen Hundegruppen lag der Anteil der in der PCR positiven Tiere bei den Straßenhunden mit 23,1 % ungefähr doppelt so hoch wie bei den Tieren in Privatbesitz (10,5 %) oder den Tierheim¬hunden im Tierheim (11,6 %). Der Unterschied zwischen den Straßenhunden und den Tierheimhunden war somit signifikant. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf ein häufiges Vorkommen von E. canis im Untersuchungsgebiet hin und stützen die Auffassung, dass eine Erreger¬elimination mittels Antibiotikatherapie nur schwer zu erreichen ist. Für A. phagocytophilum wurde in der vorliegenden Studie ebenfalls eine Real-time PCR entwickelt und das Testverfahren unter Einbeziehung zweier bereits publizierter Real-time PCR-Protokolle und zwar von Pusterla et al. (1999a) und von Courtney et al. (2004), validiert. Bei der Entwicklung der Real-time PCR für A. phagocytophilum wurde als Zielgen die 16S rDNA herangezogen, da nur hierfür vergleichbare Sequenzen nahe verwandter Ehrlichienspezies verfügbar waren. Alle drei vorliegenden Testverfahren wurden auf ihre analytische Spezifität und ihre analytische Sensitivität überprüft und zusätzlich im Rahmen einer extern kontrollierten Validierung mittels geblindeter Proben verglichen. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass nur die PCR nach Courtney et al (2004), hier als PCR AP-MSP2 bezeichnet, eine sehr gute Spezifität für A. phagocytophilum besaß. Die anderen Tests lieferten auch für N. risticii und A. platys positive Ergebnisse. Die analytische Sensitivität war bei diesem Test ebenfalls um mindestens eine Zehnerpotenz höher als bei den anderen beiden PCRs. Im Rahmen der Validierung wurde für die PCR AP-MSP2 eine diagnostische Spezifität von 96 % ermittelt, während die im Rahmen dieser Studie entwickelte PCR AP-16S eine Spezifität von 64 % und die PCR nach Pusterla et al. (1999a) einen Wert von 36 % erreichten. Der prädiktive Wert des positiven Testergebnisses betrug für die drei PCRs somit 96 %, 74 % bzw. 61 %. Für die Untersuchung von Patientenproben auf Befall mit A. phagocytophilum wurde deshalb die PCR AP-MSP2 ausgewählt. In die Studie wurden Hunde aus Deutschland einbezogen, und zwar sowohl 72 Blutproben, die eigens für diese Studie auf Anforderung von Tierärzten eingesandt worden waren, als auch 133 Proben, die aus verschiedensten Gründen in das Routinelabor des Institutes eingesandt worden waren. Die 72 eigens für die Studie gewonnenen Proben wurden mittels Buffy-coat-Ausstrich, PCR und IFAT auf A. phagocytophilum untersucht. Lichtmikroskopisch konnten in keinem Fall Einschluss¬körperchen des Erregers in den Granulozyten nachgewiesen werden. Mittels PCR wurde jedoch bei einem Hund (1,4 %) der Nachweis von A. phagocytophilum erbracht. Im IFAT konnten bei 16,7 % der 72 untersuchten Hundeseren spezifische Antikörper gegen den Erreger nachgewiesen werden. Eine Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse von PCR und Buffy-coat-Ausstrichen lag bei 98,6 % der Proben vor. Beim Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Buffy-coat-Ausstriche mit den Ergebnissen des IFAT wurde eine prozentuale Übereinstimmung von 65,3 % errechnet. Identische Ergebnisse bei PCR und IFAT wurden bei 66,7 % der untersuchten Hunde erzielt. Die 133 Proben, die zufällig aus allen Einsendungen in das Routinelabor des Instituts für vergleichende Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie ausgewählt worden waren, wurden mittels PCR und IFAT untersucht, wobei zwei Tiere (1,5 %) in der PCR und 34,6 % im IFAT ein positives Ergebnis lieferten. Die Identität des PCR-Produktes eines der positiven Tiere wurde durch Klonierung und anschließende Sequenzierung bestätigt. Eine Übereinstimmung der Testergebnisse von IFAT und PCR bestand bei 52,6 % der untersuchten Proben. Diese Ergebnisse stützen die Auffassung, dass Hunde in Deutschland häufig mit A. phagocytophilum in Kontakt kommen, dass es sich dabei aber meist um eine selbstlimitierende, klinisch inapparente Infektion handelt.

625 adult unfed I. ricinus ticks from three recreational areas located near Munich and Passau, 275 adult engorged I. ricinus ticks from dogs of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg and 25 adult engorged I. ricinus ticks from cattle of an area in Switzerland, which is endemic for bovine granulocytic ehrlichiosis, were collected over a specific period (3/2003-3/2004). The ticks were examined for an infection with B. burgdorferi sensu lato spp., A. phagocytophilum and piroplasms by the use of Real-Time PCR and nested PCR. In addition RFLP analysis and sequencing were chosen for the differentiation of the species and OspA types of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. The examination of unfed ticks resulted in a prevalence of 35,4% for B. burgdorferi sensu lato, 4,5% for A. phagocytophilum and 1,3% for piroplasms. There was no significant difference for the infection rates of B. burgdorferi sensu lato between the different sampling areas, whereas A. phagocytophilum showed a significantly higher prevalence in one sampling side in Munich and a significantly lower prevalence in Passau. Apart from infections with only one pathogen, coinfections with B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum could be detected in 1,1% of the unfed ticks, with a local cluster in one area in Munich and 0,3% of the unfed ticks showed a coinfection with B. burgdorferi sensu lato and piroplasms. Prevalence rates of 8,4%, 4,7% and 5,1% were identified for B. burgdorferi sensu lato, A. phagocytophilum and piroplasms respectively in engorged ticks from dogs, 0,7% of these ticks were coinfected with B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum. The examination of engorged ticks from cattle revealed in a prevalence rate of 8,0% for B. burgdorferi sensu lato and 60,0% for A. phagocytophilum. The high infection rate of A. phagocytophilum probably resulted from an infection of the cattle with this pathogen. The difference in the prevalence rate of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in unfed and engorged ticks might be caused by their distinct geographical origin, the degree of blood uptake and different factors in the blood of the different host species which are able to protect the host from being infected with Borrelia. The differentiation of B. burgdorferi sensu lato into the species and OspA types showed that the clinically relevant species B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. garinii, in which B. garinii was represented by the OspA types 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 could be detected. Additionally, B. valaisiana, a species which is suspected of being pathogenic to humans and the recently described new Borrelia genospecies, B. spielmanii (previously A14S), were detected. Alltogether a broad heterogeneity for Borrelia species and subspecies (classified by OspA types) could be observed in unfed ticks, above all in one sampling side in Munich. Ticks engorgd from dogs and cattle showed a less heterogeneous pattern of distribution.