Podcasts about estates general

Today, “left” and “right” are the main labels we use to categorise political views, but their origins go back over two centuries. To understand, we have to go back to the French Revolution in 1789. That spring, France's King Louis XVI convened a meeting known as the Estates General, bringing together representatives from three groups, or “Estates”: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate, which represented the common people. A few months later, in July, this assembly became the Constituent Assembly. Where did it all begin? Are there other kinds of political oppositions besides left and right? In under 3 minutes, we answer your questions! To listen to the last episodes, you can click here: ⁠What is the European Political Community, the continent's intergovernmental organization?⁠ ⁠Who are the Moonies, the church with ties to Japanese politicians?⁠ ⁠Which swing states could decide the US election result?⁠ A podcast written and realised by Amber Minogue. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

When the Estates General opened on 5 May many hoped that it would provide a platform for reform, but in practice it acted as a precursor to the French ...

Today, “left” and “right” are the main labels we use to categorise political views, but their origins go back over two centuries. To understand, we have to go back to the French Revolution in 1789. That spring, France's King Louis XVI convened a meeting known as the Estates General, bringing together representatives from three groups, or “Estates”: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate, which represented the common people. A few months later, in July, this assembly became the Constituent Assembly. Where did it all begin? Are there other kinds of political oppositions besides left and right? In under 3 minutes, we answer your questions! To listen to the last episodes, you can click here: What is the European Political Community, the continent's intergovernmental organization? Who are the Moonies, the church with ties to Japanese politicians? Which swing states could decide the US election result? A podcast written and realised by Amber Minogue. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the summer of 1788, a monstrous storm swept across France, wiping out the crucial wheat harvest. With the nation already in the throes of political and financial calamity, this meteorological disaster - followed by an apocalyptic drought, and latterly the cruellest winter France had ever known - exacerbated the growing sense of catastrophe. With bankruptcy declared that August and unemployment record high, all eyes turned to Jacques Necker, the newly appointed finance minister. However, the amalgamation of political and financial crisis, the cultural atmosphere of virtue and passion, and the rising social unrest had already contrived to destabilise the situation permanently. By March there was food rioting, law and order had broken down in the countryside, and in April the bloodiest day of the revolution so far erupted in Paris. At last, in June, the Estates General met for the first time since 1614-15, and the mounting pressure to replace the traditional Three Estates with a single assembly resolved itself into the formation of the National Assembly; a body determined to take the fate of the nation into its own hands. With the elements gathering against them, what will Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette do?  Join Dominic and Tom as they recount the dramatic series of calamities that unravelled the nation and spiralled into the infamous Tennis Court Oath of June 1789, and the Revolution itself. From natural disasters and bread riots, and financial ruin, to political instability, Dr Guillotin, and disreputable republican firebrands…. _______ *The Rest Is History LIVE in the U.S.A.* If you live in the States, we've got some great news: Tom and Dominic will be performing throughout America in November, with shows in San Francisco, L.A., Chicago, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., Boston and New York.  *The Rest Is History LIVE at the Royal Albert Hall* Tom and Dominic, accompanied by a live orchestra, take a deep dive into the lives and times of two of history's greatest composers: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Tickets on sale now at TheRestIsHistory.com _______ Twitter: @TheRestHistory @holland_tom @dcsandbrook Producer: Theo Young-Smith Assistant Producer: Tabby Syrett Executive Producers: Jack Davenport + Tony Pastor Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

As French President Emmanuel Macron calls a snap election to address the political threat to his government posed by the Far Right, Jonathan Freedland and guests discuss Louis XVI's decision in 1789 to call an Estates General, a meeting of representatives of all sections of French society. Louis' gamble in 1789 started a chain of events known as the French Revolution. What are the stakes of President Macron's gamble today? WithClare Siviter, Associate Professor in French Theatre at the University of Bristol Emile Chabal, Professor of Contemporary History at the University of EdinburghThe reader is Ewan BaileyProducer: Luke Mulhall

A new week means new questions! Hope you have fun with these!The Estates General of 1789 marked the beginning of which revolution?What was Carol Danvers Air Force call sign when she flew the F-15 Eagle? There are two possible answers, one from the comics and one from the MCU.What sea separates Saudi Arabia from Africa?Which two foods are mentioned in the lyrics to Frasier's closing theme song?What's the name of Agatha Christie's fictional village which was home to amateur detective Miss Marple?What was the name of the titular earthworm who wears a robotic suit in a side-scrolling platform game from Shiny Entertainment?In what country did the genre dub-step originate?Which holy day begins with the recitation of the Kol Nidre? The difference between a kosher dill pickle and a regular dill pickle is the presence of what ingredient?What is the literal meaning of the Russian word "Kremlin"?What name is given to the property of a body that causes it to remain at rest or in uniform motion until external force is applied?Chunkylover53@aol.com is the email address of which fictional character?Which warrior of legend killed the monster Grendel for Hrothgar, king of the Danes?Mythbusters once searched for Jimmy Hoffa's body in the end zone of Giants Stadium using what technology?MusicHot Swing, Fast Talkin, Bass Walker, Dances and Dames, Ambush by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/Don't forget to follow us on social media:Patreon – patreon.com/quizbang – Please consider supporting us on Patreon. Check out our fun extras for patrons and help us keep this podcast going. We appreciate any level of support!Website – quizbangpod.com Check out our website, it will have all the links for social media that you need and while you're there, why not go to the contact us page and submit a question!Facebook – @quizbangpodcast – we post episode links and silly lego pictures to go with our trivia questions. Enjoy the silly picture and give your best guess, we will respond to your answer the next day to give everyone a chance to guess.Instagram – Quiz Quiz Bang Bang (quizquizbangbang), we post silly lego pictures to go with our trivia questions. Enjoy the silly picture and give your best guess, we will respond to your answer the next day to give everyone a chance to guess.Twitter – @quizbangpod We want to start a fun community for our fellow trivia lovers. If you hear/think of a fun or challenging trivia question, post it to our twitter feed and we will repost it so everyone can take a stab it. Come for the trivia – stay for the trivia.Ko-Fi – ko-fi.com/quizbangpod – Keep that sweet caffeine running through our body with a Ko-Fi, power us through a late night of fact checking and editing!This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/5857487/advertisement

The French Revolution is a watershed moment not just in the history of France, but for all of humanity. Old ideas of class, hierarchy, and the divine right of kings are being challenged. For the first time since the classical era, an urban proletariat is starting to demand its own voice in politics. But the Revolution doesn't start that way. What begins as a financial crisis for the French government requires a legislative body to sign off on new taxes. This body, the Estates General, calls for additional reforms, which provokes a reactionary response from the conservative faction of the government, led by Louis XVI's Austrian wife, Marie Antoinette. The public backlash goes beyond the Estates General, culminating in a series of street riots that end in one of history's most iconic moments: the Storming of the Bastille. Dan's interview with Ben Kitchings of The History Voyager podcast: https://open.spotify.com/episode/07xhGEgKsxnCdziyitLWBQ What is the Third Estate? (Complete text): https://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/301ModernEurope/Sieyes3dEstate.pdf SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTx_oaOfhi7aZmALI_W1Sy-d_sPnveEGE6zmtHEbLuDWRYb3pS5LCX7x7sKUHQFlNp9IuFaUSW94HFP/pub

Welcome back to ParaPower Mapping. Subscribe to the PPM Patreon to access the full, unabridged version of this unhinged, topsy turvy time-jumping investigation into a possible Knights Templar - Hospitaller - Rosicrucian - Masonic - Red Cross society continuum: patreon.com/ParaPowerMapping "Speculative Swiss-mania (Pt. I)" includes discussions of the following: A secret history of the Red Cross; the possibility that Catholic military orders like the Knights Templar & Hospitaller served as the blueprint for the RC's Swiss founders; John D. Rockefeller's involvement in the ARC's founding in Dansville, NY; conspiracy theories that the Old Swiss Confederacy is rooted in a diaspora of Templar knights; a disclaimer about the apparent "Holy Blood Holy Grail", Priory of Sion, & Dan Brown influence on this idea; early unification of Swiss cantons occurring around the Templar inquisition & persecution; geographical proximity; Templars purportedly aiding Swiss countryfolk in combat the 1300s; the preemptive removal of the Templar treasure horde from Paris; the banking connection; overland Templar trade routes thru the Alps; Templar "letters of credit"; Templar symbols appearing in Swiss cantons & heraldry; the whole square flag thing (Swiss & Vatican); the Red Cross being the insignia of both the Templars & Hospitallers & an inversion of the Swiss flag; the Geneva Convention stipulation enforcing nurses to wear Red Cross armlets on the battlefield; the Conventions ratifying international neutrality for medical workers, field hospitals, & the wounded—essentially deciding the etiquette of modern warfare; Red Cross founder Henri Dunant & his Calvinist upbringing in Geneva; the Austro-Sardinian War & battle of Solferino; the Committee of Five; Red Cross founder & Swiss General Guillaume Henri-Dufour, who served under Napoleon & taught his nephew at a military academy; the "neutrality" angle, another indicator of potential Templar & Hospitaller influence on both Swiss history & the Red Cross; RC General Dufour presiding over the first Geneva Convention; Knights Hospitaller's express purpose of providing care to pilgrims & the wounded during Crusades; King Philip le Bel's betrayal of the Knights Templar in 1309; his effective assassination of Pope Boniface; the geopolitical games that informed the obliteration of the Templars, namely King Philip's attempts to weaken the Papacy & consolidate his power; his struggle for territory in Gascony w/ English King Edward, foreshadowing historical trends in British-French relations that we'll explore via the lens of French-Scottish Masonic ties & infighting b/w the aforementioned & British Masonry; King Philip's secret Scottish pact; Jacques de Molay's curse; Hellfire Club founder the Duke of Wharton's seminal role in founding the Grand Orient de France (Masonic); his Jacobitism & support of the "Old Pretender"; Wharton's rakish travels w/ a Calvinist tutor in Switzerland; the Masonic "Great Schism" in the late 1800s & the Lausanne Conference of 1875, where Swiss Masons were employed in mediating international Masonic deliberations focused on reframing the Scottish Rite & revising its charter; Switzerland's admittedly curious role as mediator on the world stage; Scottish & French Masons aiding the nascent US during the War of Independence; King Philip the Fair marrying his sister Margaret off to King Edward = the germ of the Hundred Years War; the first Estates-General being summoned during Philip's power struggle w/ Pope Boniface; Pope Boniface's abduction & the installation of Pope Clement leading to the abolition of the Knights Templar & the Templar Inquisition; etc. Songs: | Iron Maiden - "Montsegur" | | Pungent Stench - "Hidden Empire" |

John the Fearless continues to be dominant in Paris, but with the Peace of Auxerre coming into effect, the Armagnacs are attempting to share in the Government of France once more. To ensure his power, John the Fearless courts the radicals of Paris and the Estates General, but soon the radicals develop a mind of their own and a medieval French Revolution might be in the making. Time Period Covered: 1413 Notable People: John the Fearless, Louis of Guyenne, John Duke of Berry, Waleran of Luxembourg Count of Saint-Pol, Jean de Troyes, Simon Caboche, Pierre Des Essarts, Eustache de Pavilly, Jean Jouvenal Notable Events/Developments: Peace of Auxerre, The Cabochien Uprising, The Ordonnance Cabochienne, The Estates General of 1413

In 1386 Philip the Bold Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders, Count of Artois, Count of Burgundy, Count of Nevers, and Count of Rethel began the process of reorganizing the administration of his territories and building a Burgundian State. In this episode we will dive into the Burgundian State such that it existed under Philip.  Key Terms: Parlement, Chambre des Comptes, Bailiff, Receiver, Bailiwick, Estates General, Four Members of Flanders, Audience, Avocat, Procureur, Composite Monarchy Check out the Wittenberg to Westphalia Podcast! Cover Art by Brandon Wilburn  Music by Zakhar Valaha

This week Ian learns about The French Revolution, or the long span of time where many a revolution occurred. It's a history lesson. Something to show off at the next dinner party you attend! Wow your friends with The Women's March, or the 1830 July Revolution, or The Estates general and the creation of the Fourth Estate. You'll be the cool person who knows about the French Revolution. It's perfect. And an opportunity to test out your French Accent! 00:17- What do you want to Learn about Today? 00:57- There's more than One. 01:40- Why do you want to learn about this? 03:05- The French Revolution Game (Guillotine) 04:35- Revolution of 1789, the big event 04:50- Distinguished between Latter French Revolutions 05:20- Do You Know what Feudalism is? 06:18- The Bourgeoisie 07:08- Uplifted Peasantry 07:40- A Pheasant Story 09:30- Philosophs 11:00- American Revolution involvement 11:20- And the exasperating situations leading to Unrest 11:40- SOURCES 11:50- France Needs Money 12:05- Bullet Points 14:05- Estates General 14:12- The Third Estate 15:05- Freedom of the Press (the Fourth Estate) 17:18- National Assembly 17:35- Occupation of the King's Tennis Court 18:27- Off Topic 2 20:30- Troop Assembly 22:05- Bastille Day 24:25- Robespierre 25:45- The French Republic and the guillotine 27:40- The Reign of Terror 28:20- Napoleon 29:10- 1830- The July Revolution 29:30- The 1848 Revolution 30:10- That is the French Revolution 31:50- We Need to Learn more History 33:00- Thank You. Bye. We hope you ALSO learned something, or were at least Entertained! IG- IanWantsToLearn Twitter- IanWantsToLearn email: Ianwantstolearn@gmail.com DISCLAIMER: We are not Experts. We do not claim to be. We use the internet, just like you! So between raising a child and working a Fulltime job Patrick does his best to teach Ian. So, you know, enjoy it, but maybe don't swear by it! Essentially: We Google so you don't have to. ENJOY!

Photo:  Within the left–right political spectrum, Left and Right were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime.  Here: 5 May 1789 opening of the Estates General of 1789 in Versailles #NewWorldReport: Uneven Education.  Senadora Maria Fernanda Cabal. @MariaFdaCabal (on leave) Joseph Humire @JMHumire @SecureFreeSoc.  Ernesto Araujo, former Foreign Minister of Brazil. RV. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/04/02/chilean-education-lurches-to-the-left

In this episode, King Jean and King Edward agree to a new treaty, one harsher than the previous. King Edward also holds weddings for two of his children. Meanwhile, as the Estates-General debates the new treaty, they also discuss a scheme from the King of Denmark. Afterwards, we quickly explore medieval currency. Dates: 1358 November: French fail to pay the first installment of King Jean's ransom 1359 January: negotiations begin on Second Treaty of London March 24: The Second Treat of London is sealed by both Kings May  19: Wedding of Margaret and earl of Pembroke / Estates-General open 20: Wedding of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster June:  Estates-General reject Second Treaty of London French Government negotiated with Waldemar III and Scottish delegations Edward begins preparations for war with France

In this episode, we look at the situation in the Languedoc, the movements of the companies out of Gascony and into Auvergne, then the Loire, Saône and Rhône valleys, and the rise of the Great Company of the Arnaud de Cervole, the Archpriest Dates: 1355 Last raids of the Count of Armagnac into Gascony; first company comes out of Gascony into Auvergne 1356 Arnaud d'Albret takes Felletin Duke of Bourbon buys back Felletin  1357 New Gascon attacks in Auvergne Archpriest moves into the Dauphiné July 13 - Archpriest begins attack on Provence Pope hires Count of Armagnac October - Armagnac marches near Aix and attacks 2 castles 1358 January - Count of Armagnac replaced by Count of Poitiers as lieutenant of the Languedoc; Bertucat d'Albret takes Sermur; Priovençal rebels restart their fight February 21 - Archpriest takes Saint-Maximin-La-Sainte-Beaume March - Archpriest plans on taking Marseille April - Archpriest changes his mind and heads north May - Meeting of the Estates-General of the Languedoc; Bertucal d'Albret is paid to leave Sermur September - Pope buys off the Archpriest

My guest on this episode of the podcast is historian Suzanne Levin and we discuss common misconceptions about the French Revolution. Questions we tackle about the French Revolution The French Revolution didn't happen in a vacuum. In this episode, let's set the stage for what happened and why. In the "pop history" version of the French Revolution there is a tendency to compress events into ridiculous simplifications such as "one day peasants got angry and started chopping the heads of Royalty, the end." Another version goes a little more in-depth. The way the French Revolution is often taught is that there are 3 moments: 1789 where all the big events happened (Estates General, Tennis Court Oath, Bastille, Women's March on Versailles) Jump four years to 1793 -1794 with Robespierre who made himself a dictator and chopped off the heads of anyone who disagreed with him. Overthrown and a weak government with a military dictatorship. What we're trying to do with this episode is fill in many important details while still keeping an eye on the big picture. A Brief Explainer of the French Revolution In this episode Suzanne Levin sets the stage for the French Revolution, and touches upon all of the following questions. What are the 3 estates and what's at stake for all 3 groups? What did French peasants want? What mattered most to them and how do we know that? Did they king pay any attention to the demands of his people? Is it true that there were vastly different rules depending on where you lived in France? Did each area have its own money and measurement system? What were the different "parlements"? Why were people supposed to represent themselves in criminal court? Did Marie-Antoinette ever say "let them eat cake"? When they wrote the first Constitution a major question was the role of the king. Was he supposed to get a large stipend? A cabinet? Veto power? Would Louis XVI accept a role as a constitutional monarch? Why did the king and most aristocrats not accept even moderate reforms? Was this a peasant Revolution or a Parisian Revolution? What was the worst decision Louis XVI made? What made people wonder if we needed a king at all? What was the role of the émigrés? Why did the revolutionaries declare war on Austria? What was Lafayette's role in all of this? What about the clergy? Why didn't the king just default on the debt? Why was the church so rich in France? We end this first part of our conversation on how France now has foreign wars, civil war and an Assembly who wants a way to retaliate. They want to punish  generals who help the enemy rather than obey orders, put an end to all the corruption scandals, etc. More episodes about French history   Full show notes for this episode are here: Patreon | Boutique | Newletter | Booking

By June 1789, what was initially convened as the Estates General had recast itself as the National Assembly.   The King tried to prevent the Assembly Deputies  from meeting.  They defied the attempt and met in the King's Tennis Court.   There they all took the Tennis Court Oath vowing to continue and never disperse.   In July 1789, a Paris mob stormed and took the Bastille.The Chinse Communist Party published the "16 Articles" in August 1966.  The Articles publicly explained the Culture Revolution's purpose and its implementation.  The first iteration of the Student Red Guards, emboldened and supported by Chairman  Mao,  came into existence.  The Red Guards became violent and destructive.

It is difficult to pin down the moment or event the French Revolution began.  It may had been the King's edict to convene the Estates General in May 1789.  Once the Estates General convened, it may had been the failure of that body to come to a consensus of how it would count votes on measures before it.  Nonetheless, the august Estates General finally convened to consider the crown's tax and fiscal proposal.  The assembly of the Estates General would ultimately turn out unpredictable and go horribly wrong.  The beginning of the Chinese Culture Revolution is not as difficult to identify.  It began with the Chinese Communist Party's publication of the infamous May 16 Notification in 1966.  From there the students would begin the chaos, terror, and murder.   The Party used the chaos to purge itself of unwanted rightists, capitalists, and spies.

Assisting the Americans in the War of Independence proved a costly decision for France.  The nation's failure to adequately address the desperate and worsening financial situation led it to near bankruptcy.  The King reluctantly agreed to convene the Estates General to approve a sweeping tax proposal to raise revenues. Following in the heels of the disastrous Great Leap Forward, the Four Clean Ups Campaign is pushed out in another failed attempt to achieve a communist utopia. Desperately Mao Zedong searches for yet another movement that will propel China toward his goals of communism and ideological purity. 

In this episode, King Jean travels to, and begins his captivity in, London. King David is released. Prince Charles gets tackled by the Estates-General. King Charles of Navarre is rescued.

Hey everyone! For episode 21, I'm joined by Dr. Corinne Gressang (@corinnegressang on Twitter), assistant professor of history at Erskine College and we're covering the French Revolution. We cover why the conditions in France were ripe for a revolution, how Louis XVI didn't really have the tools to be king, as well as the multiple iterations of the revolutionary government: Estates General, National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, and the Committee for Public Safety. We also talk about the luminaries of the revolution: Marat, Brissot, and Robespierre, among others. Enjoy the episode! YDKH's theme music is by the musician Smith the Mister called "Beach Buggy."

Prince Charles skips town and leaves his brother, the Duke of Artois, a very hot potato. He goes to Germany for a successful summit. When he returns to Paris, he submits to the will of the Estates-General as they begin dismantling the Government's operations.

In this episode, senior officials summon the Estates-General, but their demands, especially those of the normally loyal Third Estate, are harsh.

 Hello bug lovers! Today is the first part in a multi-part series that will focus on the history of Napoleon Bonaparte and his very special interactions with insects and the pathogens they may harbor. This is a labor of love from host Michael Skvarla and this first episode is a prelude of sorts. Tune in to learn about the context in which Napoleon ascends to power, thus being informed for the future episodes that will have more entomology flavor to them. Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1792,  aged 23, as lieutenant-colonel of a battalion of Corsican Republican volunteers, by Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux.Show notes and imagesJames Gillray's policital cartoons helped cement the image of Napoleon as a short, angry man in the public imagination. Shown here is "Maniac-raving's-or-Little Boney in a strong fit", which is characteristic of Gillray's depictions of Napoleon.Portrait of King Louis XVI by Antoine-François Callet.The regional Parlements in 1789. Note the extreme differences in size between the various Parlements.Opening of the Estates General on May 5, 1789 in the Grands Salles des Menus-Plaisirs in VersaillesThe storming of the Bastille, an important turning point during the French Revolution. By Jean-Pierre Houël.King Louis XVI and his family, dressed as bourgeois, arrested during the Flight to Varrens. By Thomas Falcon Marshall.Bonaparte at the Siege of Toulon, 1793, by Édouard Detaille.Napoleon quelling of the Royalist revolt of 13 Vendémiaire using well-placed cannon fire and a "whiff of grapeshot". By Charles Monnet.Napoleon at the Battle of Rivoli, one of the most important battles during the Italian campaign. Painting by Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux, 1845.Questions? Comments? Follow the show on Twitter @Arthro_PodshowFollow the hosts on Twitter @bugmanjon, @JodyBugsmeUNL, and @MSkvarla36Get the show through Apple Podcasts!Subscribe to our feed on Feedburner!  We're also on Stitcher!This episode is freely available on archive.org and is licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/Beginning/ending theme: "There It Is" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0

Eğer destekte bulunmak istiyorsanız, lütfen Patreon sayfamı ziyaret edin, link - https://www.patreon.com/amanov Fransız Devrimi veya Fransız İhtilâli (1789-1799), Fransa'daki mutlak monarşinin devrilip, yerine cumhuriyetin kurulması ve Roma Katolik Kilisesi'nin ciddi reformlara gitmeye zorlanmasıdır. Avrupa ve Batı dünyası tarihinde bir dönüm noktasıdır. Sosyal bir akımı başlatan en büyük etkendir. Kaynak: DK "Dünya Tarihi, Kronolojik Zaman Çizelgeli" Seslendiren: Amanov Shamsaddin (Duyuru: bu podcast kâr amacı gütmeyen içerikdir) Tags: French Revolution, liberal democracy, French Consulate, Estates General of 1789, Louis XVI, Liberté, égalité, fraternité, Atlantic Revolutions, sesli tarih, sesli kitap, sesli, kitap, ücretsiz sesli kitap, ücretsiz sesli, roman, türkçe podcast, turkce podcast, amanov, öneri, history, Kingdom of France, Avrupa, reform, monarşi, cumhuriyyet, Meşrutiyet Devri (1789-1792), Bastille, Bastille baskını --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/amanov-shamsaddin/message

In this episode, the French Government convenes the Estates-General to work on a new tax plan for the realm, but implementing taxes in medieval France is very difficult. Charles of Navarre plots with Prince Charles, and the King is now done with his shenanigans.

Well folks, here we go. It's time to embark on our journey into the French Revolution. A crazy time in history that is so completely ignored. In this one we get into the structure of late 18th century France, and what the people were going through. We also touch on the Three Estates, the Estates General, and the Storming of the Bastille. Sharpen your pitchforks, it's time for a revolution!

How is it, that the French and American Revolutions, so close in time and goals, had such different outcomes? One answer is that the American Revolution built on the foundation of English legislative traditions whereas the French had no such traditions (at the time of the revolution it had been 175 years since the last time the Estates General had been called). Which is to say the American Revolution modified the existing system, while the French Revolution was an attempt to completely replace the old system. This gave the American Revolution an obvious end point, which the French Revolution lacked.

In the final decade of his reign, Philip the Good was obsessed with the idea of a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. The complexities of the diverse state that he had built, however, would never allow him to fulfill this dream, as he would continually be distracted by local issues. Although Philip had been released from his personal vassalage to the French King, France still remained a threat to stability in Burgundy; the two men’s status as ‘frenemies’ was solidified when Charles VII’s son, the dauphin Louis, was given refuge at the Burgundian court. Philip’s heir, Charles, Count of Charolais, had major father issues of his own after their argument which had ended with Philip lost in the forest in Belgium. Despite the birth of his daughter, Mary, Charles became estranged from not only his father, but also the fine-workings of central governance. He retreated to Holland to worry about whether he would ever, indeed, actually receive his inheritance. When the dauphin Louis ascended to the throne in France, a sequence of events was set in motion which threatened to permanently splinter the Burgundian realm. But before this could happen, the Estates of the Burgundian Netherlands took the small step of organising a meeting on their own accord in order to secure Charles’s inheritance and force a reconciliation between the aging and deteriorating duke and his ambitious and aggressive son. And in so doing, the Estates General of the Netherlands had taken one giant leap onto centre stage of lowlander politics. With thanks to Jos van Ommeren, Zoe Tsiagkouris and Paul Roos for their Patreon support. SHOW NOTES: www.republicofamsterdamradio.com/episodes/historyofthenetherlands/episode-28-the-strained-reins-of-a-waning-reign PATREON: https://www.patreon.com/historyofthenetherlands TWITTER: https://www.twitter.com/historyofNL Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Philip the Good may have dreamed of wearing a single crown, but while that was not the case he was just a man wearing many different hats, and if you’ve ever seen someone wearing more than one hat at a time, you’d know how difficult and awkward that can be. Philip brought in administrative and economic changes to try and fuse the many different bureaucracies of his lands into one. This led to early meetings between representatives from all of Philip’s lowland domains which signify the emergence of an early parliamentary body, the Estates General, which will play a major role in the Low Countries in the years to come. However, although Philip was somewhat flexible when it came to handling his various provinces, it cost him a fortune to do so. This was most risky in his wealthiest territory, Flanders and the stability he had sought since the Bruges revolt was shattered when Ghent, his largest city, took its turn to go into open and violent revolt. Once more Philip would have to temporarily abandon his role as loving and fatherly prince, put on his hat of vengeful lord and once more crush thousands of his subjects. He would then make another Joyous Entry, exactly as he had fifteen year prior in Bruges and force the subdued people of Ghent to recognise his headpiece of haughty, honourable homage; the loving, benevolent prince, once more.  With thanks to Keith Brown and David Gould for their Patreon support. SHOW NOTES: www.republicofamsterdamradio.com/episodes/historyofthenetherlands/episode-26-beautiful-burgundian-bureaucracy PATREON: https://www.patreon.com/historyofthenetherlands TWITTER: https://www.twitter.com/historyofNL Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

King Edward III returns to England, hosts lavish tournaments, and faces a difficult Parliament. King Philip VI receives the mandate to fully prosecute the war with England from the Estates-General. The Count of Flanders returns and the government of the weavers collapses.

As the political situation in Paris and the countryside deteriorated rapidly, armed revolts became a serious threat, radical bodies emerged, and the demands for Necker's reinstatement and the summoning of the Estates-General continued to haunt the government.

Episode 9, 'The Estates General', examines the events that unfold once the Estates General meets at Versailles on 5 May 1789. The episode also explores the impact of food scarcity on the French nation and its bloody consequences.

King Louis XVI announced the summoning of the Estates-General, but that did little to contain the kingdom's growing unrest. The Paris Parlement was ridiculed by the public for attempting to ensure the nobility dominated the body, while Necker struggled to grapple with the violent situation he faced as he determined how the Estates-General should be constituted. Finally, the nation listed their grievances as they elected their delegates, giving us a snapshot into the thoughts of a nation on the brink of revolution.

Episode 10, 'The National Assembly', explores how the Estates General transforms itself into the National Assembly, how the dramatic Tennis Court Oath is undertaken, and how the Court responds to the renegade Third Estate.

France will go bankrupt without radical changes to the taxation system. In an effort to avoid the Parlements and an Estates-General, Calonne convenes an Assembly of Notables in February 1787 to try to legitimise radical reforms intended to save the state's finances. Unfortunately for Calonne, the Assembly of Notables fast evolves into an Assembly of Rebels.

Pravcast Episode 3: French Revolution: Estates General to National Assembly

Pravcast Episode 2: French Revolution Part 1: Estates General and Economic/Political Strife

In this brief essay we review your textbook’s list of causes of the French Revolution. Picture: Opening of the Estates General in 1789,Source: Wikimedia Commons

O tym, jak to lud Paryża ruszył z posad bryłę świata.Podkast "Revolutins" Mike'a Duncana: http://www.revolutionspodcast.com/Z uwagi na poboczny charakter tematu, odcinek wyjątkowo oparty raczej na nocnej posiadówie z angielską wiki, niż na bardziej dogłębnych studiach literatury.Bibliografia:1. E. Rostworowski, "Historia powszechna. Wiek XVIII", Warszawa 2002 (rozdziały 4.4.7. - 4.4.9.).2. wiki: "Abolition of feudalism in France" [en]; "Affair of the Diamond Necklace" [en]; "Causes of the French Revolution" [en]; "Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789" [en]; "Demographics of Paris" [en]; "Estates General of 1789" [en]; "French Revolution" [en]; "Great Fear" [en]; "Grímsvötn" [en]; "Laki" [en]; "Marquis de Sade " [en]; "National Assembly (French Revolution)" [en]; "National Constituent Assembly (France)" [en]; "National Guard (France)" [en]; "Tennis Court Oath [en]; "Women's March on Versailles" [en]

Identify the major social groups in France on the eve of the 1789 Revolution. Assess the extent to which their aspirations were achieved in the period from the meeting of the Estates-General to the declaration of the republic (Sept 1792). --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

The revolution of 1789 started at the Estates-General, but what were the estates anyway?

On Day 2 of the Estates General, the Third Estate went on strike.  Sponsor link: Lynda.com/revolutions

An IB and A Level History revision podcast for students studying the French Revolution. Beginning with the impact of the Enlightenment on 18th Century Europe, this podcasts examines a variety of factors that led to the Revolution. Long-term issues that are covered include the Estates System, the emergence of the bourgeoisie and the changing economy, taxation and financial problems, and the effect of the population increase. Shorter term causes that are explained include the impact of King Louis XVI, the Assembly of the Notables, the Estates General, and the Tennis Court Oath. Factors are explained thematically to make it easier to organise ideas during revision, and it�s hoped that this will in turn help students to create a well-structured answer.

The title of this 132nd episode is “Off with Their Heads.”In this installment, we give a brief review of the French Revolution, which may not seem at first blush to have much to do with Church History. Ahh, but it does. For this reason: What we see in the French Revolution is a proto-typical example of the Church, by which the institutional church, not necessarily the Christian Gospel and Faith, collided with Modernity.Some astute CS subscribers may take exception to this, but I'll say it anyway è In the French Revolution we see the boomerang of the Enlightenment that sprang FROM the Renaissance, come back round to give the Church a mighty slap in the face. The Renaissance opened the door to new ways of thinking, which led first to the Reformation, which cracked the Roman Church's monopoly on religion and made it possible for people to not only believe differently, but to go even further to choose not to believe at all. Rationalism may have ended up agnostic and atheistic, but it didn't begin there. Some of the first and greatest scientists worked their science in the context of a Biblical worldview, as we've shown in previous episodes. And the earliest rationalist philosophers based their work on the evolving theology of Protestant scholastics.It was during the French Revolution when the dog bit the hand that had fed it. Or maybe better, when the lion mauled its trainer.The French monarch Louis XVI was a weak ruler and an inept politician. Economic conditions grew worse, especially for the poor, while of the king and his court were profligate in spending. In a desperate need to raise funds, the king convened the Estates General, the French parliament.It was composed of three orders, three Estates; the clergy, the nobility and the middle-class bourgeoisie. Louis' advisors suggested he enlarge that Third Estate of the middle class so he could coerce the other two estates of clergy and nobility to comply with his request for more taxes. The ranks of the clergy were then enlarged as well by adding many parish priests to offset the bishops who were largely drawn from the French nobility. These priests were no friend to the nobles.When the assembly gathered in early May, 1789, the Third Estate had more members than the other two combined. And among the clergy less than a third were nobles. The Third Estate insisted the Parliament function as a single chamber. The Clergy and Nobility were used to operating separately so that there were three votes. They usually united to vote down anything the Third Estate of the Middle class came up with. A row ensued, but when priests sided with middle class members, it was decided things would be decided by a united house and simple majority vote. The nobility balked so Priests and Bourgeoisie formed anew body they called the National Assembly, claiming they were now the legal government and represented the nation. Two days later the entire Clergy joined the National Assembly.The economy worsened, and hunger was widespread. Fearing what the National Assembly might do, the Crown ordered it to disband and forcibly closed the doors. Its members refused to comply and continued working on a new Constitution. The king moved troops to the outskirts of Paris and deposed a prominent and popular member of the opposition government named Jacques Necker. Parisians expressed their outrage by rioting in a bout of civil unrest that reached a climax on July 14, when they took the Bastille, a fortress that served as an armory, bunker, and prison for those who'd run afoul of the Crown.From that point on, things moved quickly toward full-fledged revolution. Three days later the king capitulated and recognized the authority of the National Assembly as the new government. The Assembly then issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, which became foundational to democratic movements in France and other nations. But when Louis reneged and refused to accept the Assembly's decisions, Paris rioted yet again. The royal family became prisoners in the capital.The National Assembly then moved to reorganized France's government, economy, and religion. The most important step in this was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, put into effect in 1790.For centuries the French church had been governed by Gallican liberties, protecting it from interference by Rome. French bishops had a buddy-system with the French Throne. But now, with the Crown gutted of authority, the National Assembly assumed the role in the Church the king had played. Recognizing the need for reform, they set to work. A the peak of church hierarchy were members of the aristocracy. These prelates weren't used to the real work of shepherding God's flock. Their seat was a matter of income and prestige, pomp and ceremony. Monasteries and abbeys had become private clubs filled with debauchery. Abbots were known, not for their simple homespun smocks and bare feet, but for their excessive luxury and crafty political intrigues.Some members of the Assembly wanted to reform the church. Others were convinced the Church and the Faith it was supposed to stand as the eternal servant of, was naught but a lot of hog-wash, silly superstition from times long past, and ought now be swept away. Those voices were few at first, but their numbers grew and took the foreground later in the Revolution.Most of the measures the Assembly proposed aimed at reform of the Church. But the deeper challenge leveled by some was, did the Assembly even have authority to make changes? Since when did the civil government have a say in Church affairs? And hold on – since the Reformation introduced a divide between Protestants and Catholics, which church was being addressed? A suggestion was made to call a council of French bishops. But the Assembly quashed that because it put power back in the hands of aristocratic bishops. Others suggested the Pope be invited to weigh in. But the French were reluctant to surrender their Gallicanism by giving Rome a foothold.Pope Pius VI sent word to Louis XVI the new Constitution was something he'd never accept. The king feared the Assembly's reaction if they found out about the Pope's resistance so he kept it secret. Then, at the insistence of the Assembly, the king agreed to the Constitution, but announced his approval was contingent on the Pope signing off. The Assembly tired of the delay and decreed that all who held ecclesiastical office had to swear allegiance to the Constitution. Those who declined would be deposed.The Church was divided.You see, in theory, those who refused were to suffer no more than a loss of office. On the basis of the Assembly's declaration on rights, they couldn't be deprived of their freedom of thought. And anyone who wanted to maintain them as their clergy were welcome to do so. But they were on their own. Those who signed on to the new Constitution would be supported by the state. à Again, all that was in theory. In practice, those who refused to swear allegiance were persecuted and branded as dangerous counterrevolutionaries.Revolutionary movements gained strength across Europe. Such movements in the Low Countries and Switzerland failed, but monarchs and the nobility feared the French movement would spread to other lands. That inspired French radicals to more extreme measures. In 1791, the National Assembly morphed into the Legislative Assembly, with far fewer voices calling for moderation. Half a year later, France went to war with Austria and Prussia—beginning a long series of armed conflicts that continued till the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.The day after securing victory at the Battle of Valmy, the Legislative Assembly again reformed into the National Convention. In its first session, the Convention abolished the monarchy and announced the French Republic. Four months later, the king was accused of treason, convicted and executed.But that didn't put an end to France's problems. The economy was in shambles in every village, town, and city. Every social class suffered. But the peasants suffered most, as they always do. They revolted. Fear of foreign invasion grew. All this led to a wave of terror where everybody was suspected of counterrevolutionary conspiracies, and many major figures of the revolution were put to death one after another at the guillotine.Combined with all this was a strong reaction against Christianity, of all stripes. The new leaders of the revolution were convinced they were prophets and engineers of a New Age where science and reason would overcome superstition and religion. They claimed that as the new age was born, time had come to leave behind the silly ideas of the old.The Revolution created its own religion, called first the Cult of Reason; later the Cult of the Supreme Being. By then the Constitution with its rights for individuals was forgotten. The revolution wanted nothing to do with the Church. The calendar was changed to a more “reasonable” one where a week was 10 days and months were named after nature. Elaborate spectacles were staged to celebrate the new age of reason and new holidays were established to replace the old religious ones. Temples to Reason were built to replace churches, and a list of saints was issued—among whom were Socrates, Marcus Aurelius, and Rousseau. New rites were devised for weddings, funerals and the dedication of children, not to God but to philosophical ideals like Liberty.As I record this, and you listen, with whatever activity you're doing, all these radical rationalist ideas may seem ridiculous, in light of their short lifespan. Like demanding everyone suddenly call red blue, and blue is from now on going to be called green. Just because we say so. It would be ridiculous, were it not for the fact they were deadly earnest about it and killed thousands for no more reason than being under suspicion of calling their changes absurd.“Off with their heads” became a slogan that literally saw people slipped under the guillotine's blade. Christian worship was supposedly permitted; but any priest who refused to swear before the altar of Freedom was accused of being a counterrevolutionary and sent to the guillotine. Somewhere between two and five thousand priests were executed, as well as dozens of nuns and countless laypeople. Many died in prison. In the end, no distinction was made between those who'd sworn allegiance to the Constitution, those who refused to, and Protestants. Although the reign of terror ended in 1795, the government continued to oppose Christianity. Where ever French troops marched and asserted their presence, their policies followed. In 1798, they invaded Italy and captured Pope Pius VI, taking him to France as a prisoner.Napoleon, who risen through the ranks of the French army, became ruler of France in November of 1799. He believed the best policy for France was to seek a reconciliation with the Catholic Church, and opened negotiations with the new pope, Pius VII. In 1801, the papacy and French government agreed to a Concordat that allowed the Church and State to work together to appoint bishops. Three years later, Napoleon decided he wanted to be more than just the First Consul of France, and fancied the title “Emperor.” He had Pope Pius officiate his coronation. Then Napoleon turned around and decreed religious freedom for Protestants.So, Pope and Emperor fell out wit one another and France once again invaded Italy ending with the Pope again in chains. But in his captivity Pius refused to endorse Napoleon's actions. He was especially critical of his divorce from Josephine. Pius remained a prisoner until Napoleon's fall, when he was restored to his seat at Rome. There he proclaimed a general amnesty for all enemies, and interceded for Napoleon before his British conquerors.

The title of this 128th Episode is Backing Up.… because once again we're backtracking a bit to hop into the story of Church History earlier than where our last few episodes have taken us. We're focusing this time on what happened in France during the late 17th and into the 18th century.This period saw a massive struggle between the French monarchy and two groups; Catholic  Jansenists and Protestant Huguenots. At stake was the throne's claim that it alone had the power to determine the religion of the French people.France was the most populous and wealthy country in Europe. It was also the most feared,  admired, and imitated. By the time of the French Revolution in 1789, the population was 28 million.From the late 17th century to the Revolution, the Court at Versailles, the main residence of the French kings, was the center of political life. But a mix of disparate factors led to a growing disillusionment with the Crown. Philosophes engaged each other in Parisian salons in political discussions that implemented dangerous new ideas; to the Crown anyway. And once the King found out about these dangerous liaisons, they became downright lethal to those who engaged in them. As the power of the French court grew, Masonic lodges popped up all over, advocating more subversive ideas. Illegal books and broadsides were printed by a clandestine press. All these challenged Versailles's political dominance in the second half of the 18th century. A powerful “court of public opinion” emerged to dare the status quo into change.France's monarchs wanted to protect their inheritance rights while expanding the kingdom's economic and political power over more of Europe and overseas. Continental Wars often spilled over into the colonies. Louis XIV occasionally referred to “French Europe” and France's ongoing conflict with Spain. But after his passing, France often teamed with Spain in opposition to England and other European powers.After the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in 1778 during the War for Independence, Louis XVI, to spite the English, supported the Americans in their quest to gain independence from the British. But this French aid took an ironic turn. Louis abetted revolutionaries who aimed to throw off a monarchy in favor of a democratic republic, while at the same time adding to France's already massive debt.In Late Spring of 1789, Louis was forced to call a meeting of the French Parliament, called the Estates-General to deal with the now intense fiscal crisis. After intense debate, delegates of the French people declared they represented the “nation” choosing that word rather than ”kingdom” and invited members of the clergy and nobility to join them. Many did. On June 17, the Assemblée Nationale formed and claimed it, rather than the King, represented the realm.This was a severe blow to a principle that had found varying degrees of expression in Europe for hundreds of years; that is, the Divine Right of Kings.Earlier, in his work Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture, Jacques Bossuet [boo-sway], advisor to Louis XIV, justified the divine right of kings by citing Scripture. He wrote, “God is the King of kings: it is for Him to instruct them and to rule them as His ministers. Listen then, Monseigneur, to the lessons which he gives them in His Scripture, and learn from the examples on which they must base their conduct.” He said, “Rulers act as the ministers of God and as his lieutenants on earth. It is through them that God exercises his empire.” Bossuet argued the king's power was absolute.  But the king wasn't to act like a despot issuing arbitrary and selfish decrees. He was in covenant with his subjects and was called to care for them the way a father cares for his children.According to divine right theory, kingship was a sacred position, manned by someone uniquely called to occupy the center of the religious sphere. Without him, chaos would descend. His lineage stretched back to Adam thru mythical figures like Pharamond, Clovis, Pepin, and Charlemagne. From the Middle Ages on, writings knowns as the Mirrors of Princes called on the French monarch to be pious, just, and good; while avoiding wanton luxury, cruelty, and moral weakness.At the king's coronation, the archbishop of Reims anointed him with sacred oil and blessed his gloves, scepter, and ring. The king swore an oath to uphold the Catholic faith. If his subjects rebelled against, since he was a God-ordained sacred person in a sacred office, they deserved death. In 1757, Robert Damiens attempted to assassinate Louis XV. He was pulled apart before a cheering crowd of thousands. A subversive word against His Majesty earned the author time in prison.Louis XIV became king at age five but due to his age, wasn't allowed to rule till he was 22. As he waited for the throne, France was torn apart by civil war in which his agents were barely able to eke out a victory. Traumatized by what he saw during this time, Louis determined to short-circuit future revolts by establishing an absolute monarchy. He learned well how to rule under the watchful eye of the shrewd politician Cardinal Mazarin. He came to control of France by a sophisticated system of rewards and honors that kept everyone beholden to his favor. He understood the threat of various religious factions all vying for control and set a Gallican, a French form of Catholicism for the realm, regardless of what they might profess to believe.Since 1516, the year before Luther published his 95 Theses, French kings selected bishops for the French church. They filled the positions with loyal nobles. When Pope Innocent XI rejected Louis XIV's naming of bishops and his appropriation of funds from vacant bishoprics, the king, with approval of the Clergy, encouraged Bossuet to draw up a Declaration of Gallican Liberties of 1682, stipulating that kings “were not subject to any ecclesiastical power in temporal affairs.”The result was that French bishops had sweeping authority to rule both in temporal and spiritual matters. Besides ordinations and baptisms, they mandated that religious books could be published only with their permission. They regularly called on censors in the National Librairie to condemn what they called “wicked books.” The bishops' personal privileges were extreme. They ruled over a church that owned 10% of the land. In exchange for immunities from taxation, they gave a [uh-humm] “gift” to the king.In 1690, Pope Alexander VIII condemned the Declaration of Gallican Liberties. Three years later, Louis XIV rescinded the declaration. Then two years after that gave his bishops authority over all priests. The French throne and church both exhibited a willingness to defy the papacy in temporal and spiritual matters. There was only one realm in which the Gallican Church and Vatican united; in the contest between the Jansenists and Jesuits.As we saw in a previous episode, Jansenists were followers of Cornelius Jansen, a professor of theology at the University of Louvain and for a time, the bishop of Ypres. Jansen proposed an interpretation of Augustine's theology in his posthumous work Augustinus that extolled God's sovereignty and denied any role humans have in salvation thru free will. Jansen said the elect are saved by God's grace alone. As their lives are transformed, the elect do the will of God by performing acts of love for God and others. In seeking assurance of salvation, the elect overcome temptation by following an austere lifestyle of rigorous penance and frequent celebration of the Mass. Yep; They were Catholic Calvinists; an oxymoron if there ever was one.Jansenists argued forcefully for the inviolability of the individual conscience of the believer; even to the point of refusing to accept a church teaching, they deemed errant.Jansenists were especially critical of Jesuits, whom they believed had succumbed to the teachings of Molinism, a theology based on the work of Luis Molina who advocated free will. Molina was a Spanish Jesuit who'd argued that God provides sufficient grace to move someone to repentance, but didn't force it. Molina said God elects according to His foreknowledge of our choices.Jansenists also rejected the Jesuits' defense of a papal monarchy. Like the Gallicans, they held a conciliarist position: that the authority of the church was vested in all the members of the body of Christ, including themselves as a Catholic minority.The Jansenists criticized the Jesuits for their rule-based ethics, their love of classical pagan culture, and their worldliness. In the Provincial Letters, the Jansenist Blaise Pascal parodied the Jesuits to the delight of most Parisians. But Louis XIV wasn't amused and ordered the book burned.The Jesuits fired back; accusing Jansenists of being anti-monarchical Protestants.To clear themselves of that charge, leading Jansenists of the mid-17th century, became major combatants in the Eucharistic Controversy of the 1660s and 70's. This was the debate that raged in Reformed churches over how to understand the elements in Communion. Just as the Controversy had run in the 9th century in the Catholic Church, now it ran in the Reformation churches of Europe in the 17th. Jansenists believed in the classic Catholic position of Transubstantiation, which all reformed churches had rejected to one degree or another. The Jansenists knew by adhering to it, they could set themselves over against the label Protestant being tossed at them by the Jesuits.Despite their best anti-Protestant efforts, the Jansenists failed to win Louis XIV's favor. In 1678, they were forced to leave France.On September 1, 1715, Louis XIV died, leaving the French church deeply divided. Though the Jansenists had been officially exiled, many of the French were secret, and some, not-so-secret Jansenists. Numerous appeals were made to Rome by high-ranking clergy for a repeal of anti-Jansenist rulings.Then, a series of reported healings took place at a Jansenist leader's graveside. This seemed to mark God's favor on the movement.  Throngs of Parisians flocked to the cemetery. In 1732, the government closed it to curb its propaganda value. A jokester posted a sign on the cemetery's entrance: “By order of the king: God is prohibited to do miracles in this place.”The Jansenists may have lost the support of the religious and political hierarchy, but their popularity soared with commoners.  Priests were regarded as successors to Christ's disciples. This undercut the authority of bishops. Then the law courts reasoned if priests had as much authority as bishops, THEY had as much authority as bureaucrats and nobles.  As adjudicators of the Law, collectively they had as much authority, maybe MORE, than the king.So, although originally a theological movement, Jansenism took on a political dimension; as theology often eventually does. Jansenists effectively used the printed page to keep the public current regarding their struggles in France and the rest of Europe.Rumors swirled through Paris in December 1756 and into January of armed revolt. Three-fourths of Paris backed the Jansenists. A rumor said the Jesuits would soon be slaughtered.On the bitterly cold afternoon of Jan 5, 1757, Robert-François Damiens broke through the king's guards and drove a knife into the side of Louis XV. He was immediately arrested. The wound was superficial. The assassin's short knife didn't make it far enough through the king's thick coat to inflict a fatal wound. But Parisians were shocked and profoundly saddened. They feared another St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was upon them.Despite torture, Damiens remained resolute in denying the existence of co-conspirators. After a trial in which judges assumed his guilt, Damiens's body was literally pulled apart at a public execution witnessed by a large and boisterous crowd.Louis XV was badly shaken by the attempt on his life and the rumor his own cousin was behind it.  In September, he lost the will to enforce anti-Jansenist and Protestant restrictions.In Nov. 1764, Jansenists scored a victory against the 3,300 Jesuits in France when the court ordered them to vacate the kingdom and its colonies, and Louis XV reluctantly agreed. The Jesuits had stumbled rather badly in some mission ventures in China and South America which tarnished their reputation and raised a public outcry against them.Three years later, Charles III of Spain, King of Naples and Duke of Parma, expelled the Jesuits from their lands. Eventually, in 1773, the papacy dissolved the order with its 26,000 members worldwide and its nearly 1,000 colleges and seminaries. It wasn't till 1814 that the Society of Jesus was re-established.Despite complaints Protestants brazenly touted their new toleration under Louis XV, the French Church affirmed Catholicism as the only legitimate religion in France. In 1765, the Assembly of Clergy declared, “There is, Sire, in your Kingdom, only one master, one single monarch whom we obey: there is only one single cult and one single faith.” They called on the king to uphold anti-Protestant legislation. Louis XV said he would, but as stated, he didn't have the will to enforce it.In 1774, Louis XV died of smallpox. Louis XVI was crowned king in the cathedral of Reims. During a magnificent coronation service, he affirmed his desire to uphold the Catholic religion and to reinvigorate the sacred character of his union with the people of France. In 1776, a resurgence of Roman Catholic devotion took place in Paris. But in 1787, Louis yielded to a well-orchestrated campaign by Jansenists and the Protestant Pastor Rabaut Saint-Etienne. He issued the Edict of Toleration for Protestants.We wrap this episode by noting that as the religious landscape opened up in France, so too did the political. New ideologies and political theories were popping out of the Enlightenment like fleas off a mongrel. John-Jacques Rousseau was popular, and his ideas began to infiltrate the minds of the French public. If the individual was free to think for him and herself, and worship according to one's own conscience, why not extend that idea to the lesser realm of human governments? If bishops aren't supreme, the Bishop of the bishops, the Pope isn't either. And if the Pope isn't supreme, neither is the king. The Divine right of kings was an ideology on the way out.