Podcast appearances and mentions of george ellery hale

Giant new telescopes pop up like mushrooms these days — there's another one every year or two. And even bigger ones are on the way. But one telescope reigned supreme for almost three decades: the 200-inch at Palomar Observatory in southern California. It was dedicated 75 years ago today. At the ceremony, the president of Caltech, which operated the telescope, announced that it was being named for a pioneering astronomer... LEE DUBRIDGE: George Ellery Hale, who served as director of the Mount Wilson Observatory from 1904 to 1923, who originated the bold conception of the 200-inch telescope, and whose brilliant leadership made possible its design and construction. Hale had founded Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, then moved to the clearer skies of California, where he founded Mount Wilson and built its 100-inch telescope — the largest in the world until the 200-inch came along. He also established a lab for studying the Sun. Hale kept pushing for bigger telescopes and better instruments, and got the funding for the 200-inch in the 1930s. Development problems and World War II delayed its completion until 1948 — a decade after Hale died. Since then, the telescope has made major contributions to every field of astronomy, from the planets of the solar system to distant galaxies and quasars. And although it's no longer the world's largest — it's barely in the top 20 — it's still busy every clear night, keeping a giant “eye” on the stars.  Script by Damond Benningfield Support McDonald Observatory

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for February 5, 2023 is: weal • WEEL • noun Weal is a somewhat old-fashioned word that refers to “a state of being happy, healthy, and successful.” Weal is usually ascribed to large groups of people, rather than individuals, as in the phrases “common weal” or “public weal.” // Before presenting the bill to the legislature, the senator spoke of her devotion to the general weal. See the entry > Examples: “… the [National Research Council's] independent status was by design. While seeking to press science into service for the public weal, [astronomer George Ellery] Hale nevertheless wished to preserve science's independence—a wish shared by many of his fellow scientists at the time.” — M. Anthony Mills, The New Atlantis, Summer 2021 Did you know? Weal has, since the dawn of English, referred to well-being. It's most often used in the phrase “common weal” to refer to the general good—that is, to the happiness, health, and safety of everyone in a community or nation. A closed form of this phrase, commonweal, has since the 14th century carried the same meaning, but it once also referred to an organized political entity, such as a nation or state. This job (among others) is now done by the word's close relation, commonwealth. At one time, weal and wealth were synonyms; both meant “riches” (as in “all their worldly weal”) and “well-being.” Both words stem from wela, the Old English word for “well-being,” and are closely related to the Old English word for “well.” An unrelated word weal is a synonym of welt in its painful application.

"What could it be? There was no balloon and there were no aeronauts. Some strange phenomenon had occurred in the higher zones of the atmosphere, a phenomenon of which neither the nature nor the cause could be explained. Today it appeared over America . . . ." Tonight we take a look at the life of George Ellery Hale, pioneering astronomer and the father of Palomar Observatory . . . where the mysterious new green comet was discovered, only 11 months ago and visible in the skies this week. Thanks much to our supporters on Patreon for keeping this radio show & podcast on the air!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

George Ellery Hale built his first telescope when he was 14 years old. And just a decade later, as a young astronomer at the University of Chicago, he saw a chance to build one of the largest telescopes in the world. It became the centerpiece of Yerkes Observatory, on the shore of Lake Geneva in Wisconsin, which was dedicated 125 years ago today. The observatory was named for Charles Yerkes, a shady businessman who controlled the Chicago subways. The telescope was a 40-inch refractor, which focuses light with lenses. Astronomers used it to help establish the new field of astrophysics — analyzing what makes stars and other objects tick. They studied binary star systems, how stars evolve, the dust and gas between the stars, and much more. In 1932, Chicago and the University of Texas joined forces to establish McDonald Observatory, with the Yerkes director overseeing both of them. The partnership lasted until the 1960s. Viewing conditions at Yerkes weren't always the best. And by the 21st century, the 40-inch telescope couldn't compete with more modern facilities. So Chicago closed the observatory in 2018, then sold it — although it kept its collection of 170,000 photographic plates. The new owners reopened the site this year for tours, outreach programs, and special events — providing access to one of the most important observatories of the 20th century.  Script by Damond Benningfield Support McDonald Observatory

Auch Galaxien haben Magnetfelder. Dort läuft es aber ein bisschen komplizierter als bei den Dingern, die man sich an den Kühlschrank pappt. Wie die kosmischen Magnetfelder funktionieren erfahrt ihr in der neuen Folge der Sternengeschichten. Wer den Podcast finanziell unterstützen möchte, kann das hier tun: Mit PayPal (https://www.paypal.me/florianfreistetter), Patreon (https://www.patreon.com/sternengeschichten) oder Steady (https://steadyhq.com/sternengeschichten)

Edwin Hubble changed our view of the Solar System, but he was also a collegiate National Champion basketball player and high school coach. He also dealt with the struggles of freezing his face to a telescope. Anything for Science! George Ellery Hale had the idea for the largest telescope in history, and the American Public made it a reality during the Great Depression. It was actually made from something you might use in the kitchen.

Der Pferdekopfnebel ist ein Nebel der aussieht wie ein Pferdekopf. Das ist aber noch längst nicht alles was es dazu zu erzählen gibt. Den Rest über das Weltraumpferd erfahrt ihr in der neuen Folge der Sternengeschichten.

Une co-production de Phil_Goud : Texte et narration Redscape : Mise en musique, mixage, voix des anciens, outro Génériques (Début+Fin) : “Euphotic” Carbon Based Lifeforms (Interloper) 2015 Blood MusicAvec l’aimable autorisation de Carbon Based Lifeforms pour la réutilisation de sa musique.Voix du générique : Karine Crédits musiques "#3" Aphex Twin (Selected Ambient World II) 1994 Warp Records "Saturday Barbecue With New Neighbours" HUVA Network (Ephemesis) 2009 Ultimae Records "Inside EyeSight" Martin Nonstatic (Granite) 2015 Ultimae Records "C O S M" Jon Hopkins (Singularity) 2018 Domino "Moan (Remix)" Trentemøller (The Last Resort) 2007 Poker Flat Recordings “Saturn Strobe” Pantha Du Prince (This Bliss) 2007 Dial Les artistes Aphex Twin : https://aphextwin.warp.net HUVA Network : https://ultimae.com/artists/h-u-v-a-network/ Martin Nonstatic : https://ultimae.com/artists/martin-nonstatic/ Jon Hopkins : https://jonhopkins.co.uk/ Trentemøller : https://www.trentemoller.com/ Pantha Du Prince : http://www.panthaduprince.com/ Crédit image Greg Rakozy https://unsplash.com/photos/0LU4vO5iFpM Texte de l'épisode Introduction Prends le temps de savourer cette dernière partie de notre voyage dans l’histoire des connaissances du ciel. Nous allons enfin comprendre ce qui fait tourner l’horloge cosmique... pour finalement détruire le concept-même de temps. Depuis l'intuition d’Aristote jusqu'à Kepler en passant bien évidemment par copernic et Galilée, si le mouvement des corps célestes est bien compris et les règles fonctionnelles, cela ne veut pas dire que l’on sait quel est le phénomène qui est à l’origine de ces mouvements. Aristote disait que les choses lourdes tendent à aller vers le centre de la Terre, à l’époque où ce dernier était encore pensé comme le centre de l’univers Kepler, lui, avait évoqué une forme de magnétisme. Galilée, Newton et les lois d’attraction Depuis Galilée, on sait déjà que deux objets devraient tomber à la même vitesse dans le vide, quelles que soient leurs masses. "Si les corps lourds tombent plus vite que les corps légers, en attachant ensemble un corps léger et un corps lourd, le plus léger des deux ralentira le corps lourd et l’assemblage doit tomber moins vite que le plus lourd des deux corps.Cependant, une fois attachés ensemble, ils forment un nouveau corps plus lourd que le plus lourd des deux.Ce nouveau corps doit donc tomber plus vite que le plus lourd des deux. Ce qui est une contradiction. Par conséquent, tous les corps doivent tomber à la même vitesse." Si cela te parait magique ou compliqué, imagine la chose suivante : un objet a ce qu’on appelle une inertie. On le définit à l’époque comme sa capacité à résister au déplacement. Plus il est lourd, plus il est difficile de changer la direction ou la vitesse de son mouvement. Une boule de pétanque lorsque tu la lâches pour la laisser tomber au sol, va demander plus d’énergie pour accélérer et toucher le sol. A l’inverse, une bille demande moins d’énergie, mais elle est aussi moins soumise à la gravité. C’est une autre façon de comprendre pourquoi la bille et la boule de pétanque mettront le même temps à chuter d’une hauteur donnée. Nous sommes en 1666 soit quelques décennies après Kepler et du vivant de Halley et bien entendu, Newton. Newton est dans le jardin familial dans le Lincolnshire en Angleterre et, contrairement à l’image populaire n’a pas reçu de pomme sur la tête : il imagine simplement que la force qui fait tomber la pomme vers le sol est probablement la même que celle qui retient la Lune sur son orbite. Il appuie alors ses calculs d’une telle hypothèse sur les tables de Kepler ainsi que les travaux sur l’inertie de galilée. Mais aussi, et c’est moins connu, en consultant ses contemporains tels que Robert Hooke. Ce dernier est rarement crédité or, c’est lui qui démontre que la force appliquée est proportionnelle au carré de la distance qui sépare les astres en mouvement, composante essentielle de l’équation. En janvier 1684, Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren et Edmond Halley débattent sur le mouvement des planètes. Les trois hommes conviennent que le Soleil attire les planètes avec une force inversement proportionnelle au carré de leur distance.A deux fois la distance, la force est donc divisée par 4, pour 3 unités elle est divisée par 9, et ainsi de suite… La question qu'ils se posent est celle de l'orbite que suivra une planète soumise à l'influence de cette force ; en s'abritant derrière les lois de Kepler, ils imaginent que ce sera une ellipse, mais ils manquent d'outils pour le démontrer.Hooke annonce qu'il a trouvé la solution, mais refuse de la révéler tant que les deux autres ne s'avouent pas vaincus. Halley et Wren reconnaissent leur échec, mais les mois passent et Hooke ne révèle toujours pas son secret. Alors Halley décide de poser la question à Isaac Newton qui répond aussitôt que ce serait une ellipse, parce qu'il l'a calculé. Halley reçoit un bref manuscrit de neuf pages intitulé “Du mouvement des corps en orbite” où il trouve ce qu'il attendait, et beaucoup plus que cela : une ébauche de la science générale de la dynamique. En réalité, Newton avait mûri au fil des années cette théorie du mouvement des planètes. Ainsi, dès 1665 , il avait commencé à étudier l'attraction du Soleil sur les planètes. Puis il passa à l'étude de la Lune, mais avec les données sur la Terre dont il disposait à l'époque, les calculs ne tombaient pas juste. Lorsque, en 1675, furent publiés les calculs plus exacts des mesures terrestres réalisés par l'astronome français Jean Picard (1620-1682), il put reprendre ses calculs et vérifier que l'hypothèse était juste. Sa vision du mouvement des corps célestes continua d'évoluer et, au milieu de la décennie 1680, il avait généralisé la théorie de l'action à distance à presque tous les phénomènes de la nature. À cette époque, il vivait complètement immergé dans son œuvre. Selon la loi de la gravitation de Newton, la gravitation n'est pas seulement une force exercée par le Soleil sur les planètes, mais tous les objets du cosmos s'attirent mutuellement. La mécanique céleste, qui repose sur les trois lois de Kepler et la loi universelle de la gravitation de Newton, suffit, encore aujourd'hui, à expliquer par le calcul les mouvements des astres dans un univers local, tel que le système solaire ! On sait donc prédire les mouvement et calculer l’influence des astres les uns sur les autres.Cela sera très utile afin de découvrir de nouvelles planètes grâce aux influences qu’elles ont entre elles et qui crée des perturbations dans leurs orbites. Mais cela ne répond pas à la question de ce qui génère cette force qui fait s'attirer les masses entre elles. Il faudra attendre Einstein pour faire une avancée aussi significative. Einstein Pour aller plus loin encore que les lois de la gravitation édictées par Newton, il faudra un esprit capable de remettre en question le tissu même de l’Univers.Remettre en cause l’espace et le temps. Einstein s’appuya donc, comme ses prédécesseurs sur les travaux de.. ses prédécesseurs. Lorsque l’on calcule l’accélération que subit une pomme lors de sa chute, les masses ne rentrent pas en compte (ce qui est logique puisque tous les objets tombent à la même vitesse dans le vide). Mais qu’est-ce qui est à l’origine de cette accélération de la pomme vers la Terre ?Petite démonstration logique, qui sera très utile pour la suite. Reprenons notre pomme qui tombe et imaginons-la dans l’espace, dérivant sans aucune force appliquée dessus. Elle dérive en ligne droite selon la première loi de Newton :« Tout corps persévère dans l'état de repos ou de mouvement uniforme en ligne droite dans lequel il se trouve, à moins que quelque force n'agisse sur lui, et ne le contraigne à changer d'état. » Pour qu'elle change de direction, il faut faire appel à la 2nde loi de Newton :« Les changements qui arrivent dans le mouvement sont proportionnels à la force motrice ; et se font dans la ligne droite dans laquelle cette force a été imprimée. »Cela peut se traduire par le fait que lorsque l’on pousse un objet, il va se diriger dans la direction vers laquelle on l’a poussé, et il va s’y diriger plus ou moins vite selon la force de poussée. Le fait que notre pomme d’exemple ait une masse donnée requiert d’ailleurs plus ou moins de force pour la faire changer de trajectoire selon si sa masse est élevée ou non.C’est la masse inertielle. Attention : la masse c’est ce qui détermine la force avec laquelle les corps s’attirent entre eux.Et cela n’a en théorie rien à voir avec la masse inertielle. Or, puisque les objets tombent à la même vitesse, cela veut dire que la masse et la masse inertielle sont égales entre elles puisqu'elles s’annulent mutuellement lors de l’étude le chute libre. Mais encore une fois pourquoi ? Une simple coïncidence cosmique ? Après tout ça arrive des coïncidences : les éclipses solaires sont si majestueuses simplement parce que par coïncidence, la Lune est 400x plus petite que le soleil mais 400x plus proche et nous paraît ainsi faire la même taille, masquant parfaitement le soleil. Pour Einstein ce n’est pas une coïncidence anodine, il y a probablement une raison à cette correspondance des masses entre elles. Quelque chose qui transformerait complètement notre compréhension de la chute des corps, passant ainsi d’un mystère à une règle simple. C’est le principe d’équivalence.L’équivalence entre la gravité et l’accélération. Pour que tu comprennes comment cela est équivalent, imagine-toi dans un ascenseur, arrêté à un étage.Tu fais chuter deux objets de poids différents, non soumis au frottement de l’air, ils tombent à la même vitesse. Maintenant imagine cet ascenseur dans le vide de l’espace, soumis à aucune gravité, les objets flottent dans l’ascenseur, sans mouvement par rapport aux parois si tu le nes touches pas. Si cet ascenseur spatial se met à accélérer vers le haut, les objets vont alors sembler se déplacer vers le sol.Si il accélère pile à la bonne vitesse, et qu’il gagne 10m/s toutes les secondes, tu ne pourrais pas savoir si tu es dans un ascenseur sur Terre à l’arrêt ou accélérant dans l’espace. Et c’est logique en un sens. Que le contenant bouge autour des objets ou que les objets bougent dans le contenant, c’est physiquement équivalent. Et voilà pourquoi quelle que soit leur masse, ils chutent simultanément. On peut imaginer un objet très léger ou très lourd, si l’équivalent de leur chute est une accélération de l’ascenseur, le sol les atteint en même temps. La gravité et l’accélération sont donc un seul et unique principe physique. On parle désormais d’accélération de la pesanteur. Einstein pousse alors son raisonnement plus loin encore : Il imagine un ascenseur dans le vide, immobile, avec une raie de lumière qui va d’un côté à l’autre. La lumière devrait tracer un trait droit et horizontal.Si la même expérience est faite dans un ascenseur qui accélère vers le haut, alors la lumière devrait atteindre l’autre côté en étant un peu plus basse qu’à son départ. Or, on a vu que l’accélération et la gravité sont équivalentes, donc logiquement, si l’expérience est fait sur Terre, la lumière devrait être soumise aussi à la gravité et se comporter de même. Cela permet de démontrer que la lumière est soumise à la gravité, comme n’importe quel objet. Cela veut dire qu’avec un astre massif, comme le Soleil, il serait possible d’observer cette déformation de la lumière autour de ce dernier. Un peu comme une loupe ou des déformations d’une plaque de verre. C’est ce qu’on appelle une lentille gravitationnelle. Mais pointer un télescope vers le Soleil c’est risquer de se brûler les yeux… ou d’endommager le télescope.Un des correspondant d’Einstein, George Ellery Hale, propose alors d’en faire l’observation durant une éclipse. En 1919, Sir Arthur Eddington va suivre ces conseils et va apporter la preuve de la théorie d’Einstein par l’observation des étoiles aux abords du soleil, qui semblent effectivement s’être déplacées par rapport à leur position réelle. Notamment certaines étoiles qui devraient être cachées par le Soleil semblent être positionnées à ses abords. Cette confirmation fait alors d’Einstein la figure populaire que l’on connaît et le symbole de la science qu’il est toujours aujourd’hui. Mais le principe d’équivalence et la trajectoire de la lumière pose une question fondamentale : Qu’est-ce ce que c’est une ligne droite si ce n’est pas le chemin parcouru par la lumière ? Pour einstein, parler de ligne droite n’a pas vraiment de sens.Selon lui, l’espace, et plus particulièrement l’espace temps, est courbe. Il est déformé par tous les champs gravitationnels auquel il est soumis. Mais si cela semble aller à l’encontre de la physique Newtonienne, qui stipule qu’un corps soumis à aucune force se déplace en ligne droite, Einstein propose une solution qui permet non seulement de ne pas la remettre en cause mais explique au passage l’origine de la gravité. L’idée est que l’adage : “le chemin le plus court est la ligne droite” n’est pas vrai tout le temps. Prenons un exemple : les déplacements sur Terre, et surtout les longues distances.Si tu voyages entre deux points, tu ne fais pas réellement une ligne droite. Éventuellement sur la carte, et encore.Mais pas sur la surface du Globe, dont la surface est courbe, même si c’est la distance la plus courte, ce n’est pas une ligne droite, mais un arc. Einstein dit alors que la trajectoire de la lumière n’est pas réellement déformée par la gravité du soleil, mais qu’en réalité elle se déplace en suivant la trajectoire la plus courte dans l’espace-temps qui lui-même est déformé et donne l’illusion d’une lentille gravitationnelle. Le trajet le plus court remplaçant alors la ligne droite édictée par Newton pour définir le déplacement des objets qui ne sont soumis à aucune force extérieure. Ainsi, les orbites du système solaire ne sont pas un équilibre entre l’inertie de la planète et la gravité du soleil, la première tendant à les faire partir en ligne droite et la seconde les attirant vers le soleil telle une ficelle retenant un poids. Pour Einstein, la Terre se déplace bien de manière inertielle, sans force extérieure, mais dans un espace-temps qui est déformé par la gravité du Soleil. Ainsi, le fait qu’elle forme une orbite est alors aussi logique et inévitable que de revenir au même point lorsque l’on fait le tour de la Terre. Un autre exemple de ce qui pourrait paraître provenir d’une force ou une quelconque action extérieure mais qui n’est dû qu’à une logique géométrique :Imagine deux personnes partant du même point pour un tour du monde dans des directions différentes. Au début la distance entre eux va augmenter puis se réduire à nouveau, jusqu’à ce que leurs trajectoires se croisent, de l’autre côté de la Terre. Quelle que soit l’angle qui sépare leur trajectoire, quelle que soit leur orientation, et il est impossible de faire autrement, s’il partent du même point, ils se rejoindront toujours. Aucune influence extérieure, aucune magie noire, tout n’est que géométrie. Einstein n’a donc pas réellement expliqué la gravité, il l’a remplacée par une déformation de l’espace-temps. Mais étonnamment, les lois de newton sont tellement précises que malgré les travaux d’Einstein, dans la majorité des cas, elles sont encore utilisées, notamment pour aller sur la Lune. Car seuls quelques cas particuliers, ou lors de mesures par des appareil extrêmement précis, peuvent montrer des différences entre la réalité et la physique newtonienne. Un des cas particuliers, sont par exemple les trous noirs où la gravité est si forte que l’espace-temps est tellement déformé qu’il crée une réelle scission entre newton et einstein. Détruire le temps Avec la simple déformation de l’espace lui-même en fonction de la masse, on peut expliquer les orbites. Mais alors pourquoi dire que c’est l’espace-temps qui se déforme ? Nous avons démarré par la mesure du temps telle qu’elle a été créée par l’humanité, nous allons terminer par l’humanité remettant en cause l’aspect universel et immuable du temps qui passe. Le pire est que l’explication est Reprenons l’expérience de pensée de l’ascenseur d’Einstein avec la lumière qui forme un léger arc lorsqu’il y a de l’accélération. Tu t’imagines bien que la trajectoire de la lumière dans ces conditions est un tout petit peu plus longue que la ligne droite. Mais que l’on soit soumis ou non à la gravité, elle va mettre toujours le même temps car dans le cas où c’est l’ascenseur qui se déplace, pour un observateur extérieur, elle se déplace toujours en ligne droite, et l’arc est une forme d’illusion pour le second observateur à l’intérieur de l’ascenseur. Donc, pour l’un, une ligne droite, pour l’autre, un arc. La vitesse de la lumière dans le vide est constante.Elle ne peut pas être plus rapide ou plus lente. Constante. Si la distance est différente et que la vitesse est constante, le temps devrait être différent. En 2h on parcourt plus de distance qu’en 15 min à 50km/h. Jusque là c’est logique. Sauf qu’ici, on a donc deux observateurs qui mesurent deux distances parcourues, à la même vitesse, avec des durées différentes… Imaginez deux personnes qui mesurent le temps d’une voiture autour d’un circuit et le temps qu’il vous donnent n’est pas le même.Vous en déduisez deux théories de problème de mesure du temps :soit il y a erreur de manipulation du chronomètre,soit il y a un problème dans le chronomètre lui-même avec l’un des deux qui est un peu plus lent que l’autre. Sauf que dans le cas de l’ascenseur et le rayon de lumière, la mesure est parfaite et les instrument sont parfaits. Il ne reste plus alors qu’une solution : le temps s’écoule différemment pour l’observateur selon s’il est à l’intérieur ou à l'extérieur de l’ascenseur. Plus on est soumis à une grande vitesse, plus cet effet est notable.Plus l’horloge utilisée pour la mesure est précise, plus cet effet est mesurable. Un des cas où cet effet a été perçu, c’est lors de la mise en service des GPS. Ils tournent autour de la Terre à grande vitesse par rapport aux récepteurs au sol. Il sosnt aussi moins soumis au champs gravitationnel de la Terre car plus loin.Leur horloge est donc légèrement décalée par rapport à ton smartphone. Mais le principe même du GPS c’est de demander à 3 satellites (ou plus) quelle heure il est de manièr très précise et selon le temps indiqué, connaître notre distance par rapport à eux. En connaissant la distance par rapport à 3 points, on peut alors connaître sa localisation. Sans prendre en compte la théorie de la relativité, le décalage serait d’environ 38 microsecondes par jour : 45 microsecondes dues à la gravité terrestre un peu plus faible au fur et à mesure de la distance par rapport à son centre auquel on retranche 7 micro seondes dues à la vitesse de déplacement des satellites… sauf que pour que le GPS soit précis, il est nécessaire d’obtenir des horodatages à la nanoseconde près. Sans prendre en compte la relativité, les GPS seraient donc complètement imprécis donc inutiles au bout de seulement 2 minutes et un décalage de 10km serait observé chaque jour. Ces satellites sont sont conçus pour calculer la dilatation du temps et adapter leur horloge en fonction de cette dernière. Conclusion Je pourrais aller encore plus loin et parler de gravitrons, du boson de higgs, chacun apportant sa pierre à l’édifice de la science astrophysique. Mais à l’heure actuelle il n’y a pas encore de réponse simple et aisément explicables.Aller plus loin serait se diriger vers la physique quantique. Le prochain défi sera d’ailleurs de réconcilier l’infiniment grand et l’infiniment petit qui paraissent être si différents dans leur fonctionnement. Mais on y arrivera un jour, comme on est arrivé à réunir les phénomènes cosmiques à la simple chute d’une pomme sur Terre. Conclusion de l'acte S’il y a une chose qui est particulier à l’humanité, à notre connaissance en tout cas, c’est bien sa volonté de tout savoir, de tout dompter de tout maîtriser. Parfois pour le pire, mais en réalité souvent pour le meilleur. Certains, encore actuellement, tentent de remettre en cause des bases aussi universellement admises que la rotondité de la Terre.C’est très humain, ça ;-) Ne jamais être satisfait d’une réponse toute faite. Le voir pour le croire. Le comprendre pour l’apprendre et l’intégrer. Il est tentant de se moquer de ces personnes qui veulent redémontrer ce qui te parait si évident.Mais tenter de remettre en cause ce qui est érigé au statut de vérité absolue, on l’a vu, c’est parfois aussi ce qui a fait avancer la science.Le tout étant d’accepter de revoir sa copie lorsque l’expérience ne donne pas les résultats attendus. Et là tu vas me dire “mais moi je ne suis pas légitime, je ne suis pas un scientifique, où est-ce que je me situe dans cette passation, cette amélioration continue des connaissances humaines ?” Comme on l’a vu avec ceux qui ont entouré Kepler, faire avancer la science, c’est parfois simplement transmettre à d’autre l’émerveillement d’un domaine qui te passionne et ainsi les lancer sans le savoir dans une voie qui changera peut-être le monde. Que se soit communiquer discrètement un ouvrage de Nicolas Copernic, ou plus actuel, partager avec un autre humain l’émerveillement que te procure un domaine en particulier ou un article sur une découverte scientifique récente. Cela n’est pas obligatoirement en lien le ciel nocturne, cela peut-être l’Histoire (avec un grand H) et par exemple sa période la plus méconnue qu’est le Moyen Age, ou alors l’informatique et son code qui agit tel des sorts sur des éléments de silicium et qui a, e quelques années, transformé nos vies. Et parfois, la connaissance n’est pas scientifique, elle est plus intime, plus humaine. Des histoires avec un petit h, des expériences. Et pourquoi pas simplement partager les questions que tu te poses. Celui qui te donnera la réponse, la donnera aussi à d’autres. Nous sommes dans une période propice à la communication et il n’a jamais été aussi facile de se renseigner ou de transmettre le patrimoine que représentent les connaissances humaines.Mettre en commun nos expériences et célébrer ensemble l’émerveillement que l’on peut ressentir lorsque l’on découvre quelque chose. Je caresse l’espoir que cela nous pousse à être meilleurs sur le long terme : Je vais te faire part de la plus belle image que je connaisse pour représenter la connaissance, individuelle ou à l’échelle de l’humanité. Ce que l’on sait est comme un disque de lumière projeté sur la surface de ce qu’il y a à découvrir. Plus on en sait, plus on prendre de la hauteur avec la lampe de la connaissance. Et plus on prend de la hauteur, plus grand est le disque éclairé par le savoir. Mais ce qui grandit aussi, c’est aussi le pourtour de ce disque, la frontière entre le fait de savoir et celui d’ignorer. C’est un peu comme pour notre place dans l’Univers, dont l’échelle te fais sentir tout petit maintenant que tu le connais un peu mieux : plus tu sais, plus tu est conscient de ce que tu ignores, et plus tu en es conscient, plus tu sauras attendre d’avoir des éléments pour juger. Individuellement, nous ne sommes rien, à l’échelle de notre espèce, toujours pas grand chose, mais nous accomplissons des choses qui dépassent largement notre échelle. On verra à quel point dans une prochaine balade.Et comment l’astronomie seule ne suffit pas à projeter l’humanité dans l’espaceCette conquête, c’est l’avancée de la science dans son entièreté et ses multiples disciplines. Il n’y a rien qui ne vaille pas le coup d’être recherché.Sois curieux, crée, découvre, comprend et transmets. Et ainsi, contribue à créer ce reflet dans les yeux de toute l’humanité.

An der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert war der Mars von intelligenten Wesen bewohnt. Dachten zumindest viele Wissenschaftler. Und beobachteten sogar die Bauwerke dieser Zivilisation. Was hinter den "Marskanälen" steckt erfahrt ihr in der neuen Folge der Sternengeschichten.

The Nerds Amalgamated fishing trip is coming up, and we'll be going to Pluto for some ice fishing. Could Pluto have underground oceans with alien fish, and will they taste good with chips? Unfortunately it'll take a really long time to get there to find out. Maybe we'll have FTL by the next fishing trip.Metal Slug is back, again. SNK have plans to make some new Metal Slug games and not just work on porting the old ones to new consoles.The Huni Kuin tribe of Brazil have become some of the most primitive game developers in the world. Working with a team of anthropologists to preserve their tribal stories in the form of a video game.Cyberpunk 2077 is getting an Anime. The resident weebs are excited. Cross another one off on your Cyberpunk 2077 media bingo card.Billion year old plutonian ocean- https://astronomy.com/news/2020/06/pluto-has-likely-maintained-an-underground-liquid-ocean-for-billions-of-yearsMetal Slug announcements- https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-06-27-brand-new-metal-slug-game-announcedReverse game archaeology: Huni Kuin- http://www.gamehunikuin.com.br/en/abouthk/- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5m88A4oRHo- https://chacruna.net/huni-kuin-game-an-anthropological-adventure/Cyberpunk 2077 anime coming to Netflix- https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-06-25/trigger-announces-cyberpunk-edgerunners-anime-for-netflix-debut-in-2022/.161084Games PlayedProfessor– Outer Wilds - https://store.steampowered.com/app/753640/Outer_Wilds/Rating: 3.75/5Deviboy– Half-Life: Alyx - https://store.steampowered.com/app/546560/HalfLife_Alyx/Rating: TBADJ– Valorant - https://playvalorant.com/en-us/Rating: 3/5Other topics discussedOculus Quest: All-in-One VR Headset- https://www.oculus.com/quest/?locale=en_USOculus Quest All-in-one VR Gaming Headset – 64GB at Amazon Australia cost $649- https://www.amazon.com.au/Oculus-Quest-All-Gaming-Headset/dp/B07QY3M3Q4/ref=asc_df_B07QY3M3Q4/?tag=googleshopdsk-22&linkCode=df0&hvadid=341774504578&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=9879915795311276137&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=1000339&hvtargid=pla-765852518281&psc=1SteamVR (SteamVR is the ultimate tool for experiencing VR content on the hardware of your choice. SteamVR supports the Valve Index, HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Windows Mixed Reality headsets, and others.)- https://store.steampowered.com/steamvrHalf-Life : Alyx (2020 virtual reality (VR) first-person shooter developed and published by Valve. Between the events of Half-Life (1998) and Half-Life 2 (2004), players control Alyx Vance on a mission to seize a superweapon belonging to the alien Combine.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life:_Alyx- https://www.half-life.com/en/alyx/- https://store.steampowered.com/app/546560/HalfLife_Alyx/Why is Pluto no longer a planet?- https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/item/why-is-pluto-no-longer-a-planet/Solar maximum (Solar maximum or solar max is a regular period of greatest Sun activity during the 11-year solar cycle. During solar maximum, large numbers of sunspots appear, and the solar irradiance output grows by about 0.07%)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_maximumSolar cycle (The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is a nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed sunspots on the solar surface. Levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material, the number and size of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal loops all exhibit a synchronized fluctuation, from active to quiet to active again, with a period of 11 years.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycleGunter (Gunter is the penguin that most commonly accompanies the Ice King. In truth, Gunter is the primordial cosmic entity known as Orgalorg and feared as the Breaker of Worlds.)- https://adventuretime.fandom.com/wiki/GunterTom Scott - We Sent Garlic Bread to the Edge of Space, Then Ate It- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8W-auqg024Tom Scott (British YouTuber, game show host and web developer. Scott is best known for producing online videos for his eponymous YouTube channel, which mainly comprises educational videos across a range of topics including history,science,technology, and linguistics.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Scott_(entertainer)SNK (SNK Corporation is a Japanese video game hardware and software company. It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform. Classic SNK franchises include Metal Slug, Samurai Shodown, and The King of Fighters.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNKMetal Slug (Metal Slug is a series of run and gun video games originally created by Nazca Corporation before merging with SNK in 1996 after the completion of the first game in the series. Spin-off games include a third-person shooter to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the series and a tower defense game for the mobile platform.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_SlugThe King of Fighters (The King of Fighters (KOF) is a series of fighting games by SNK that began with the release of The King of Fighters '94 in 1994. The series was developed originally for SNK's Neo Geo MVS arcade hardware. This served as the main platform for the series until 2004 when SNK retired it in favor of the Atomiswave arcade board.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_FightersMetal Slug X (An upgraded version of Metal Slug 2, titled Metal Slug X, was released in March 1999 for the Neo Geo MVS. The game used a modified version of the engine from Metal Slug 3, which eliminated the slowdown problems of the original.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Slug_2#Metal_Slug_XMetal Slug Touch (Metal Slug Touch is a Metal Slug game released in 2009 for iPhones. It is completely controlled only by using the touchscreen and shaking the device.)- https://metalslug.fandom.com/wiki/Metal_Slug_TouchMetal Slug Defense (Metal Slug Defense is a tower defense game created by SNK Playmore for iOS and Android mobile devices.)- https://metalslug.fandom.com/wiki/Metal_Slug_DefenseMetal Slug Attack (Metal Slug Attack, is a tower defense game created by SNK Playmore for iOS and Android mobile devices. The game itself is a sequel to Metal Slug Defense, featuring numerous improvements and brand new game modes.)- https://metalslug.fandom.com/wiki/Metal_Slug_AttackUniversal Entertainment (Universal Entertainment Corporation, formerly known as Aruze Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of pachinko,slot machines,arcade games and other gaming products, and a publisher of video games. In 2000, Aruze bought out SNK Corporation, maker of the Neo-Geo. In exchange for the use of SNK's popular characters on their pachinko and slot machines, and a few games for the Neo-Geo, Aruze promised financial backing for the failing SNK.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_EntertainmentNeo Geo Pocket Colour (The Neo Geo Pocket Color, is a 16-bit color handheld video game console manufactured by SNK. It is a successor to SNK's monochrome Neo Geo Pocket handheld which debuted in 1998 in Japan, with the Color being fully backward compatible.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket_ColorVirtual Console (Virtual Console also abbreviated as VC, is a line of downloadable video games (mostly unaltered) for Nintendo's Wii and Wii U home video game consoles and the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console. Virtual Console's library of past games currently consists of titles originating from the Nintendo Entertainment System, Super NES, Game Boy,Game Boy Color, Nintendo 64, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS, as well as Sega's Master System and Genesis/Mega Drive, NEC's TurboGrafx-16, and SNK's Neo Geo AES. )- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_ConsoleThe King of Fighters XIII (The King of Fighters XIII is a fighting game in The King of Fighters series, developed and published by SNK Playmore originally in 2010.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_XIIIThe King of Fighters XII (In an interview with Fighters Front Line, Producer Masaaki Kukino replies that each character took 16~17 months to complete with a team of 10 different designers.)- https://snk.fandom.com/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_XII#DevelopmentVirtual Songlines (Bilbie Virtual Labs is continuously pushing the frontier on innovation in our Virtual Songlines development.)- https://www.virtualsonglines.org/Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice (Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice is a dark fantasy action-adventure game developed and published by the British video game development studio Ninja Theory. Inspired by Norse mythology and Celtic culture, the game follows Senua, a Pict warrior who must make her way to Helheim by defeating otherworldly entities and facing their challenges, in order to rescue the soul of her dead lover from the goddess Hela.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblade:_Senua%27s_SacrificeNeuromancer (Neuromancer is a 1984 science fiction novel by American-Canadian writer William Gibson. It is one of the best-known works in the cyberpunk genre and the first novel to win the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award. Set in the future, the novel follows Henry Case, a washed-up computer hacker who is hired for one last job, which brings him up against a powerful artificial intelligence.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuromancerBlade Runner (Blade Runner is a 1982 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. Starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young and Edward James Olmos, it is loosely based on Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_RunnerRendezvous with Rama (Rendezvous with Rama is a science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke first published in 1973. Set in the 2130s, the story involves a cylindrical alien starship that enters the Solar System. The story is told from the point of view of a group of human explorers who intercept the ship in an attempt to unlock its mysteries.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_with_RamaNo Man’s Sky (No Man's Sky is an exploration survival game developed and published by the indie studio Hello Games. It was released worldwide for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows in August 2016, and for Xbox One in July 2018. The game is built around four pillars: exploration, survival, combat, and trading. Players are free to perform within the entirety of a procedurally generated deterministic open world universe, which includes over 18 quintillion planets.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Man%27s_SkyAlien 3 (Alien 3 (stylized as ALIEN³) is a 1992 American science fiction horror film directed by David Fincher and written by David Giler, Walter Hill, and Larry Ferguson from a story by Vincent Ward. It stars Sigourney Weaver reprising her role as Ellen Ripley. It is the third installment of the Alien franchise.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_3Alien 3 wooden satellite (Ward envisioned a planet whose interior was both wooden and archaic in design, where Luddite-like monks would take refuge.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_3#Start-up_with_Vincent_WardMiasma theory (The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) is an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera,chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, ancient Greek: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air. The theory held that epidemics were caused by miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter. Though miasma theory is typically associated with the spread of disease.)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theoryThe Simpsons : Apu Headbag of Ice- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pe8jOp349P8Futurama : Global Warming- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SYpUSjSgFgThe Simpsons : Skinner and The Superintendent: Aurora Borealis (One of The funniest ever moments of The Simpsons)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1h8cHUnP9kAverage life expectancy in industrial and developing countries for those born in 2018, by gender (in years) (In 2018, the average life expectancy for those born in more developed countries was 76 years for males and 82 years for females. Globally, the life expectancy for males was 70 years, and 74 years for females.)- https://www.statista.com/statistics/274507/life-expectancy-in-industrial-and-developing-countries/Apple I computer now in the Powerhouse Museum is the major branch of the Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences (MAAS) in Sydney.- https://collection.maas.museum/object/397247- https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/499154595650600962/728216712675328020/1920px-Original_1976_Apple_1_Computer_In_A_Briefcase.pngWhile You Were Steeping (TNC podcast)- https://thatsnotcanon.com/whileyouweresteepingpodcast/Shout Outs26 June 2020 – Milton Glaser passes away at 91 - https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/obituaries/milton-glaser-dead.htmlMilton Glaser, a graphic designer who changed the vocabulary of American visual culture in the 1960s and ’70s with his brightly colored, extroverted posters, magazines, book covers and record sleeves, notably his 1967 poster of Bob Dylan with psychedelic hair and his “I NY” logo passed away. Mr. Glaser brought wit, whimsy, narrative and skilled drawing to commercial art at a time when advertising was dominated by the severe strictures of modernism on one hand and the cozy realism of magazines like The Saturday Evening Post on the other. His designs include the I Love New York logo, the psychedelic Bob Dylan poster, and the logos for DC Comics, Stony Brook University, and Brooklyn Brewery. In 1954, he also co-founded Push Pin Studios, co-founded New York magazine with Clay Felker, and established Milton Glaser, Inc. in 1974. His artwork has been featured in exhibits, and placed in permanent collections in many museums worldwide. “I NY,” his logo for a 1977 campaign to promote tourism in New York State, achieved even wider currency. Sketched on the back of an envelope with red crayon during a taxi ride, it was printed in black letters in a chubby typeface, with a cherry-red heart standing in for the word “love.” Almost immediately, the logo became an instantly recognized symbol of New York City, as recognizable as the Empire State Building or the Statue of Liberty. He died from stroke and renal failure in Manhattan, New York City.27 June 2020 – Charles Webb, Author of 'The Graduate' Novel, Dies at 81 - https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/charles-webb-dead-graduate-author-was-81-1300794Charles Webb, a lifelong non-conformist whose debut novel The Graduate was a deadpan satire of his college education and wealthy background adapted into the classic film of the same name, has passed away. Webb was only 24 when his most famous book was published, in 1963. The sparely written narrative was based closely on his years growing up comfortably in Southern California, his studies in history and literature at Williams College in Massachusetts and his disorienting return home. Webb's fictional counterpart, Benjamin Braddock, challenges the materialism of his parents, scorns the value of his schooling and has an affair with Mrs. Robinson, wife of his father's business partner and mother of the young woman with whom he falls in love, Elaine Robinson. His novel initially sold around 20,000 copies and was labeled a "fictional failure" by New York Times critic Orville Prescott. But it did appeal to Hollywood producer Lawrence Turman and the film company Embassy Pictures. The 1967 movie became a touchstone for the decade's rebellion even though Webb's story was set in an earlier era. Nichols' film, starring a then-little-known Dustin Hoffman as Braddock and Anne Bancroft as Mrs. Robinson, was an immediate sensation. Nichols won an Academy Award, Hoffman became an overnight star and the film is often ranked among the greatest, most quoted and talked about of all time. Webb's book went on to sell more than a 1 million copies, but he hardly benefited from the film, for which he received just $20,000. The script, much of it by Buck Henry, was so widely praised that few realized how faithful it was to Webb, including Benjamin's famous line, "Mrs. Robinson, you're trying to seduce me. Aren't you?" He died from a blood condition inEastbourne,East Sussex.29 June 2020 – Carl Reiner passes away at 80 - https://variety.com/2020/film/news/carl-reiner-dead-died-dick-van-dyke-1234694208/Carl Reiner, the writer, producer, director and actor who was part of Sid Caesar’s legendary team and went on to create “The Dick Van Dyke Show” and direct several hit films. Reiner, the father of filmmaker and activist Rob Reiner, was the winner of nine Emmy awards, including five for “The Dick Van Dyke Show.” Reiner remained in the public eye well into his 80s and 90s with roles in the popular “Ocean’s Eleven” trio of films and on TV with recurring roles on sitcoms “Two and a Half Men” and “Hot in Cleveland.” He also did voice work for shows including “Family Guy,” “American Dad,” “King of the Hill,” and “Bob’s Burgers.” Before creating CBS hit “The Dick Van Dyke Show,” on which he sometimes appeared, Reiner and “Show of Shows” writer Mel Brooks worked up an elongated skit in which Reiner played straight man-interviewer to Brooks’ “2000 Year Old Man”; a 1961 recording of the skit was an immediate hit and spawned several sequels, the last of which, 1998’s “The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000,” won the pair a Grammy. he portrayed Saul Bloom in Ocean's Eleven, Steven Soderbergh's remake of 1960's Ocean's 11, and later reprised the role in Ocean's Twelve and Ocean's Thirteen. He died at the age from natural causes in Beverly Hills, California.30 June 2020 – Queensland university teams up with NASA to discover new planet the size of Neptune- https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-29/usq-nasa-discover-new-earth-sized-planet-a-mic-b/12398056- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2400-z.epdf?sharing_token=3JTENEuQF-T3APeZX4KxB9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OtWNw2qcogQBYD10PdZhvxquqAqRChzO1nFKcfFtPKYHAUuZEWATQRM6h9tEKLylR11rM5M00uEqg6rHXXliKmS5mXQef56GLCRaooyb8BXkhcAIrlIx7_Nr2K-gZjizUMUcLFUaO80eRmm9mly099uTj6Gync7Hk-5dw0DGtLhcXtSIQcYAQT4mWbAxkmL5yyaVggBeZwOqhfwy06a8j2CY1WJyMSiFGHGoRGRYSGjqQPoVLcnVYYHq91fqiYaRh2p6hlMJYTKQxNJ4rwx5ud&tracking_referrer=www.abc.net.au Queensland researchers have helped NASA discover a new planet the size of Neptune, "only" 32 light-years away. NASA first spotted the planet two years ago and have been working to confirm its existence with researchers around the world, including a team at the Mount Kent observatory, south of Toowoomba. "It's only 32 light-years away, which means the light we see tonight left it in 1988," said University of Southern Queensland (USQ) astrophysicist, Jonti Horner. The planet, AU Mic b, was found orbiting the young star AU Microscopii (AU Mic), which was trillions of kilometres from Earth in the southern constellation Microscopium. Professor Horner said AU Mic b would not be suitable for people to live on due to its intense heat of more than 1,000 degrees Celsius. The infant planet was discovered by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and the recently retired Spitzer Space Telescope. These results were published in the journal Nature.Remembrances29 June 1855 – John Gorrie- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gorrie- https://patents.google.com/patent/US8080John B. Gorrie, American physician, scientist, inventor of mechanical cooling, and humanitarian. Dr. Gorrie's medical research involved the study of tropical diseases. At the time the theory that bad air — mal-aria — caused diseases was a prevalent hypothesis and based on this theory, he urged draining the swamps and the cooling of sickrooms. For this he cooled rooms with ice in a basin suspended from the ceiling. Cool air, being heavier, flowed down across the patient and through an opening near the floor. Since it was necessary to transport ice by boat from the northern lakes, Gorrie experimented with making artificial ice. After 1845, gave up his medical practice to pursue refrigeration products. On May 6, 1851, Gorrie was granted Patent No. 8080 for a machine to make ice. The original model of this machine and the scientific articles he wrote are at the Smithsonian Institution. In 1835, patents for "Apparatus and means for producing ice and in cooling fluids" had been granted in England and Scotland to American-born inventor Jacob Perkins, who became known as "the father of the refrigerator". Another version of Gorrie's "cooling system" was used when President James A. Garfield was dying in 1881. Naval engineers built a box filled with cloths that had been soaked in melted ice water. Then by allowing hot air to blow on the cloths it decreased the room temperature by 20 degrees Fahrenheit. It required an enormous amount of ice to keep the room cooled continuously. Yet it was an important event in the history of air conditioning. It proved that Dr. Gorrie had the right idea, but was unable to capitalize on it.The first practical refrigeration system in 1854, patented in 1855, was built by James Harrison in Geelong, Australia. He died at the age of 52 in Apalachicola, Florida.29 June 1997 – William Hickey - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hickey_(actor)William Edward Hickey, American actor. He is best known for his Academy Award-nominated role as Don Corrado Prizzi in the John Huston film Prizzi's Honor , as well as Uncle Lewis in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation and the voice of Dr. Finklestein in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas. His most important contribution to the arts, however, remains his teaching career at the HB Studio in Greenwich Village, founded by Hagen and Herbert Berghof. George Segal, Sandy Dennis, Barbra Streisand, and Sandra McClain all studied under him. He was a staple of Ben Bagley's New York musical revues, he can be heard on several of the recordings, notably Decline and fall of the entire world as seen through the eyes of Cole Porter. Hickey enjoyed a career in film, television and theater. In addition to his work as an actor, he was a respected teacher of the craft. Notable for his unique, gravelly voice and somewhat offbeat appearance, Hickey, in his later years, was often cast in "cantankerous-but-clever old man" roles. His characters, who sometimes exuded an underlying air of the macabre, usually had the last laugh over their more sprightly co-stars. He died fromemphysema andbronchitis at the age of 69 in New York City.29 June 2003 – Katherine Hepburn - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_HepburnKatharine Houghton Hepburn, American actress who was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years. She appeared in a range of genres, from screwball comedy to literary drama, and she received a record four Academy Awards for Lead Acting Performances, plus eight further nominations. In 1999, Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema. She was known for her fierce independence and spirited personality. In the 1940s, she began a screen and romantic partnership with Spencer Tracy, which spanned 26 years and nine movies, although the romance with the married Tracy was hidden from the public. Hepburn challenged herself in the latter half of her life, as she tackledShakespearean stage productions and a range of literary roles. Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine, and refused to conform to society's expectations of women. She was outspoken, assertive, and athletic, and wore trousers before they were fashionable for women. She was briefly married as a young woman, but thereafter lived independently. With her unconventional lifestyle and the independent characters she brought to the screen, Hepburn epitomized the "modern woman" in the 20th-century United States, and is remembered as an important cultural figure. She died from cardiac arrest at the age of 96 in Fenwick, Connecticut.Famous Birthdays29 June 1793 – Josef Ressel - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_ResselJoseph Ludwig Franz Ressel,Austrian forester and inventor of Czech-German descent, who designed one of the first working ship's propellers. He worked for the Austrian government as a forester in the more southern parts of the monarchy, including in Motovun,Istria (modern-day Croatia). His work was to secure a supply of quality wood for the Navy. He worked in Landstrass (Kostanjevica on the Krka river in Carniola in modern-day Slovenia), where he tested his ship propellers for the first time. In 1821 he was transferred to Trieste (modern-day Italy), the biggest port of the Austrian Empire, where his tests were successful. He was awarded a propeller patent in 1827. He modified a steam-powered boat Civetta by 1829 and test-drove it in the Trieste harbor at six knots before the steam conduits exploded. Because of this misfortune, the police banned further testing. The explosion was not caused by the tested propeller as many believed at the time. Besides having been called "the inventor of the propeller", he was also called the inventor of the steamship and a monument to him in a park in Vienna commemorates him as “the one and only inventor of the screw propeller and steam shipping”. He was also commemorated on Austria's 500 Schilling banknote in the mid 1960s (P139), which shows him on the front and the ship "Civetta" on the back. Among other Ressel's inventions are pneumatic post and ball and cylinder bearings. He was granted numerous patents during his life. He was born in Chrudim,Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy.28 June 1818 – Angelo Secchi - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_SecchiFr. Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer by the italian region of Emilia. He was a pioneer in astronomical spectroscopy, and was one of the first scientists to state authoritatively that the Sun is a star. Secchi made contributions to many areas of astronomy. He discovered three comets, including Comet Secchi. He produced an exact map of the lunar crater Copernicus. He drew some of the first color illustrations of Mars and was the first to describe "channels" (canali in Italian) on the planetary surface.Secchi was especially interested in the Sun, which he observed continually throughout his career. He observed and made drawings of solar eruptions and sunspots, and compiled records of sunspot activity. In 1860 and 1870, he organized expeditions to observe solar eclipses. He proved that the solar corona and coronal prominences observed during a solar eclipse were part of the Sun, and not artifacts of the eclipse.However, his main area of interest was astronomical spectroscopy. He invented the heliospectrograph, star spectrograph, and telespectroscope. He showed that certain absorption lines in the spectrum of the Sun were caused by absorption in the Earth's atmosphere. Starting in 1863, he began collecting the spectra of stars, accumulating some 4,000 stellar spectrograms. Through analysis of this data, he discovered that the stars come in a limited number of distinct types and subtypes, which could be distinguished by their different spectral patterns. From this concept, he developed the first system of stellar classification: the five Secchi classes. While his system was superseded by the Harvard system, he still stands as discoverer of the principle of stellar classification, which is a fundamental element of astrophysics. His recognition of molecular bands of carbonradicals in the spectra of some stars made him the discoverer of carbon stars, which made one of his spectral classes. Secchi was active in oceanography, meteorology, and physics, as well as astronomy. He invented the Secchi disk, which is used to measure water transparency in oceans, lakes and fish farms. He studied the climate of Rome and invented a "Meteorograph" for the convenient recording of several categories of weather data. He also studied the aurora borealis, the effects of lightning, and the cause of hail. He organized the systematic monitoring of the Earth's magnetic field, and in 1858 established a Magnetic Observatory in Rome. Secchi also performed related technical works for the Papal government, such as overseeing placement of sundials and repair or installation of municipal water systems. In 1854–1855, he supervised an exact survey of the Appian Way in Rome. This survey was later used in the topographic mapping of Italy. He supervised construction of lighthouses for the ports of the Papal States. He was born in Reggio Emilia.29 June 1861 – William James Mayo - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_MayoPhysician and surgeon in the United States and one of the seven founders of the Mayo Clinic. He and his brother, Charles Horace Mayo, both joined their father's private medical practice in Rochester, Minnesota, US, after graduating from medical school in the 1880s. In 1919, that practice became the not-for-profit Mayo Clinic. On August 21, 1883, a tornado struck Rochester, killing 29 people and seriously injuring over 55 others. One-third of the town was destroyed, but young Will and his family escaped serious harm. The relief efforts began immediately with a temporary hospital being established at the town's dance hall. The Mayo brothers were extensively involved in treating the injured who were brought there for help. Mother Alfred Moes and the Sisters of Saint Francis were called in to act as nurses (despite the fact they had little if any medical experience). After the crisis had subsided, Mother Alfred Moes approached William Worrall Mayo about establishing a hospital in Rochester. In September 30, 1889, Saint Mary's Hospital opened. In September 1931, Mayo and other prominent individuals of the time were invited by The New York Times to make a prediction concerning the world in eighty years time in the future, in 2011. Mayo's prediction was that the life expectancy of developed countries would reach 70 years, compared to less than sixty years in 1931. “Contagious and infectious diseases have been largely overcome, and the average length of life of man has increased to fifty-eight years. The great causes of death in middle and later life are diseases of heart, blood vessels and kidneys, diseases of the nervous system, and cancer. The progress that is being made would suggest that within the measure of time for this forecast the average life time of civilized man would be raised to the biblical term of three-score and ten.” He was born in Le Sueur, Minnesota.29 June 1868 – George Ellery Hale - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellery_HaleAmerican solarastronomer, best known for his discovery of magnetic fields in sunspots, and as the leader or key figure in the planning or construction of several world-leading telescopes; namely, the 40-inch refracting telescope at Yerkes Observatory, 60-inch Hale reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, 100-inch Hooker reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson, and the 200-inch Hale reflecting telescope at Palomar Observatory. He also played a key role in the foundation of theInternational Union for Cooperation in Solar Research and the National Research Council, and in developing the California Institute of Technology into a leading research university. In 1908, he used the Zeeman effect with a modified spectroheliograph to establish thatsunspots were magnetic. Subsequent work demonstrated a strong tendency for east-west alignment of magnetic polarities in sunspots, with mirror symmetry across the solar equator; and that the polarity in each hemisphere switched orientation from one sunspot cycle to the next. This systematic property of sunspot magnetic fields is now commonly referred to as the "Hale–Nicholson law," or in many cases simply "Hale's law." Hale spent a large portion of his career trying to find a way to image the solar corona without the benefit of a total solar eclipse, but this was not achieved until the work of Bernard Lyot. He was a prolific organizer who helped create a number of astronomical institutions, societies and journals. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.Events of Interest29 June 1613 – The Globe Theatre in London, built by William Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, burns to the ground. - https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-globe-theater-burns-downThe Globe was built by Shakespeare’s acting company, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, in 1599 from the timbers of London’s very first permanent theater, Burbage’s Theater, built in 1576. Before James Burbage built his theater, plays and dramatic performances were ad hoc affairs, performed on street corners and in the yards of inns. However, the Common Council of London, in 1574, started licensing theatrical pieces performed in inn yards within the city limits. To escape the restriction, actor James Burbage built his own theater on land he leased outside the city limits. When Burbage’s lease ran out, the Lord Chamberlain’s men moved the timbers to a new location and created the Globe. On 29 June 1613, the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of Henry VIII. A theatrical cannon, set off during the performance, misfired, igniting the wooden beams and thatching. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no one was hurt except a man whose burning breeches were put out with a bottle of ale.29 June 1975 – Steve Wozniak tested his first prototype of Apple I computer. - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/steve-wozniaks-apple-i-booted-up-tech-revolution-180958112/Apple I was the first computer from Apple. It was fully made by Steve Wozniak with little or no input from Steve Jobs. Apple I came without a keyboard, monitor and even an enclosing cabinet. It was basically a motherboard with chips. At the Homebrew Computer club in Palo Alto, California (in Silicon Valley), Steve Wozniak, a 26 year old employee of Hewlett-Packard and a long-time digital electronics hacker, had been wanting to build a computer of his own for a long time. It didn’t look like much—just a circuit board with 32 chips attached, connected to a video monitor and a keyboard. But when he turned it on? Magic. A cursor appeared on the screen—and better yet, it reacted instantly to whatever keys Wozniak pressed. “I typed a few keys on the keyboard and I was shocked!” he recalled in his memoir, iWoz. It was, he observed, the first time in history anyone had typed on a personal computer and seen the results “show up on their own computer’s screen right in front of them.” The sensation of success—he was looking at random numbers he had programmed—was “like getting a putt from 40 feet away.” The Apple I sold for only $666.66. (Wozniak picked the price because he liked repeating numbers; he had no clue about the satanic resonance.)IntroArtist – Goblins from MarsSong Title – Super Mario - Overworld Theme (GFM Trap Remix)Song Link -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GNMe6kF0j0&index=4&list=PLHmTsVREU3Ar1AJWkimkl6Pux3R5PB-QJFollow us onFacebook- Page - https://www.facebook.com/NerdsAmalgamated/- Group - https://www.facebook.com/groups/440485136816406/Twitter - https://twitter.com/NAmalgamatedSpotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/6Nux69rftdBeeEXwD8GXrSiTunes -https://itunes.apple.com/au/podcast/top-shelf-nerds/id1347661094RSS -http://www.thatsnotcanonproductions.com/topshelfnerdspodcast?format=rssInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/nerds_amalgamated/Email - Nerds.Amalgamated@gmail.comSupport via Podhero- https://podhero.com/podcast/449127/nerds-amalgamatedRate & Review us on Podchaser - https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/nerds-amalgamated-623195

A celebration of the amazing work of the little known astronomer (the world’s first astrophysicist) George Ellery Hale. He covered the peak of Mount Wilson with a constellation of instruments for observing the sky. His first objective - to study one particular star, our Sun. Hale’s monumental discovery in 1908 – that the Sun generated powerful magnetic fields - has been a source of inspiration for the world’s astronomers. Produced for The BBC World Service

A celebration of the amazing work of the little known astronomer (the world's first astrophysicist) George Ellery Hale. He covered the peak of Mount Wilson with a constellation of instruments for observing the sky. His first objective - to study one particular star, our Sun. Hale's monumental discovery in 1908 – that the Sun generated powerful magnetic fields - has been a source of inspiration for the world's astronomer's

Barbara Becker from University of California, Irvine, delivers a talk titled “William Huggins and George Ellery Hale: Stalking the Secrets of the Sun.” This talk was included in the session titled “Building Science across Boundaries.” Part of “First Light: The Astronomy Century in California, 1917–2017,” a conference held at The Huntington Nov. 17–18, 2017.

In our third and final installment of the life of George Ellery Hale, we look at the establishment of the Mt. Wilson Observatory and his other endeavors.  We also examine the psychological pressures that drove him and eventually lead to his mental breakdown.

In the decade between 1890 and 1900, George Hale went from being a promising graduate of MIT to the world famous director of the Yerkes Observatory.  In this episode, we follow his life and work during this critical time. 

This week we begin a biographical series on George Ellery hale by covering his life from his childhood in Chicago up through his graduation and marriage.

On this special vacation edition of the show, we climb to the Mount Wilson Observatory to join a special tour for the descendants of the facility’s fascinating founder, George Ellery Hale.Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If you experience any technical difficulties with this video or would like to make an accessibility-related request, please send a message to digicomm@uchicago.edu. Pioneering University of Chicago cosmologist Michael S. Turner focuses his remarks on “the Chicago School of Cosmology,” from Edwin Hubble and George Ellery Hale to the present. Hubble, SB 1910, PhD 1917, discovered that the universe consists of billions of galaxies and that it has been expanding since it began in a big bang. Hale was the first chairman of the University’s Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He also founded Yerkes Observatory, which under his leadership developed the big reflecting telescopes that are the workhorses of optical astronomy today, making discoveries from the expanding universe to planets orbiting other stars.Turning to more recent times, Turner discusses efforts that started in the 1980s at UChicago to establish the new field of particle astrophysics and cosmology. At that time, the Chicago School, consisting primarily of the late David Schramm, Edward "Rocky" Kolb, the Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished Service Professor in Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Turner, was alone in pushing this idea. “Today this idea that there are deep connections between the very big and the very small is universally accepted, has propelled the field to its current prominence, and underpins our understanding of the universe,” Turner said. “As we say at Chicago, ideas matter!”The Ryerson Lecture grew out of a 1972 bequest to the University by Nora and Edward L. Ryerson, a former chairman of the board of trustees. The lecture honors excellence in academic pursuits. A faculty committee selects the Ryerson Lecturer based on research contributions of lasting significance.

If you experience any technical difficulties with this video or would like to make an accessibility-related request, please send a message to digicomm@uchicago.edu. Pioneering University of Chicago cosmologist Michael S. Turner focuses his remarks on “the Chicago School of Cosmology,” from Edwin Hubble and George Ellery Hale to the present. Hubble, SB 1910, PhD 1917, discovered that the universe consists of billions of galaxies and that it has been expanding since it began in a big bang. Hale was the first chairman of the University’s Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He also founded Yerkes Observatory, which under his leadership developed the big reflecting telescopes that are the workhorses of optical astronomy today, making discoveries from the expanding universe to planets orbiting other stars.Turning to more recent times, Turner discusses efforts that started in the 1980s at UChicago to establish the new field of particle astrophysics and cosmology. At that time, the Chicago School, consisting primarily of the late David Schramm, Edward "Rocky" Kolb, the Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished Service Professor in Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Turner, was alone in pushing this idea. “Today this idea that there are deep connections between the very big and the very small is universally accepted, has propelled the field to its current prominence, and underpins our understanding of the universe,” Turner said. “As we say at Chicago, ideas matter!”The Ryerson Lecture grew out of a 1972 bequest to the University by Nora and Edward L. Ryerson, a former chairman of the board of trustees. The lecture honors excellence in academic pursuits. A faculty committee selects the Ryerson Lecturer based on research contributions of lasting significance.

Thomas Burnett, Mirzayan Fellow, gave this lecture on George Ellery Hale on Wednesday, May 4, 2011 at the Keck Center in Washington, D.C.