Podcasts about Chrysanthemum Throne

Last time we spoke about battle of Noemfoor. General MacArthur initiated a successful offensive on Noemfoor, with General Patrick's troops securing a beachhead. American forces encountered minimal resistance, occupying key positions. Despite initial skirmishes, American defenses held firm, inflicting heavy casualties. Meanwhile, in Aitape, ongoing clashes saw American forces repelling Japanese assaults. Despite setbacks, American defenses held, and preparations for a counteroffensive were underway. The Japanese breached American lines, occupying a 1300-yard gap but faced intense resistance. Martin ordered counterattacks and reorganization of forces along the X-ray River-Koronal Creek line. Despite some delays, American forces repelled Japanese assaults. In the Battle of Imphal, British-Indian troops repelled Japanese attacks, leading to their retreat. Operation Crimson saw successful naval and air assaults on Japanese positions, though with some setbacks. Admiral Somerville's diplomatic transfer followed, amidst reorganization of SEAC's higher officers due to internal conflicts. This episode is the First Bombing Campaign against Japan Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  Our week's story first takes us over to the China Theater. Last time we spoke about China, the 11th Army's progress was halted at Hengyang in early July due to the resilient defense led by General Fang and a severe shortage of ammunition. General Yokoyama had to pause the offensive until his artillery unit could arrive to bolster the siege. Meanwhile, the 64th Division was dispatched to Changsha to relieve garrison duties. Despite these setbacks, the 13th Division secured Leiyang by July 4, and the 40th Division took control of Yongfeng on the same day, followed by Zhajiang on July 6. Although Hengyang was nearly surrounded, the Japanese forces had to entrench due to lack of supplies, which were delayed and harassed by General Chennault's aircraft. Seizing this opportunity, General Xue Yue sent reinforcements and launched counterattacks against the besiegers. The 58th Army recaptured Liling on July 8 before being pushed back by the 27th Division two days later, while the Chinese forces began encircling Maoshizhen from the southwest by mid-July. By July 10, Yokoyama had received sufficient artillery and ammunition to resume the attack on Hengyang. Despite heavy air and artillery support, the 116th Division's assaults from the southwest failed to breach Fang's defenses once again. On July 15, the Japanese launched another assault, this time managing to displace the exhausted defenders from their outer positions and into the city itself. Two days later, the 13th Division also gained control of the airfield on the east bank of Hengyang and strategic points along the railway near the town. Despite these territorial gains, they were deemed insufficient considering the significant loss of life endured during the intense fighting of that week. Consequently, Yokoyama decided to pause the offensive once more on July 20, intending to concentrate his forces around Hengyang. The 40th and 58th Divisions were already en route to reinforce the front lines. However, during this period, two significant aerial operations occurred. Initially, following the bombing of Yawata, General Arnold ordered a subsequent night raid on Japan to underscore that Operation Matterhorn marked the beginning of a sustained bombing campaign, distinct from the isolated nature of the Doolittle raid. This was followed by a 100-plane attack on Manchuria and a 50-plane attack on Palembang.  Two days after the Yawata show General Arnold informed Wolfe that, despite the depleted fuel stocks in China, it was “essential” to increase pressure against Japan. Immediate objectives were: a major daylight attack on Anshan, small harassing raids against the home islands, and a strike against Palembang from Ceylon. When Arnold asked for an estimate of the command's capabilities, Wolfe's reply was none too hopeful. With low storage tanks at Chengdu (only 5000 gallons) he could not with his own resources build up for an all-out mission to Anshan before August 10. Ceylon fields would not be ready before July 15, and either the Palembang mission or the night raids would delay the Anshan attack. In spite of Wolfe's cautious estimate, Arnold on June 27 issued a new target directive calling for a 15-plane night raid over Japan by July 10, a minimum of 100 planes against Anshan between by July 30, and a 50-plane mission to Palembang as soon as Ceylon airfields were ready. To meet this schedule, Wolfe was admonished to improve radically the operations of C-46s and B-29s on the Hump run. He outlined conditions necessary for fulfilling the directive: build-up of his B-29 force and a flat guarantee of ATC Hump tonnage. Even when it was decided that the command would get back its 1500 tons for July, Wolfe's operational plan set up the Anshan mission for 50 to 60 B-29s, not 100 as Arnold wanted. Arnold received this plan on July 1. On the 4th General Wolfe was ordered to proceed immediately to Washington to take over an “important command assignment” and two days later he departed. Thus General Wolfe was in reality sacked, leaving General Saunders to assume temporary leadership.  Subsequently, on July 7, the requested night raid was carried out, involving 18 B-29s targeting the Sasebo Naval Base, with an additional six attacking other sites in Nagasaki, Omura, Yawata, and Tobata. Of the 24 bombers, 11 successfully bombed Sasebo using radar; individual planes struck Omura and Tobata, while the B-29 assigned to Yawata inadvertently bombed the secondary target at Laoyao harbor. Two other bombers, experiencing fuel-transfer issues, redirected to bomb Hankow, narrowly missing it by 20 miles. Despite witnessing explosions in all targeted areas, the damage inflicted on Japanese infrastructure was minimal. Only one bomber sustained damage, yet the successful attack heightened panic within the Home Islands.   After the disastrous loss of Saipan, it was clear to many of Japan's elite that the war was all but lost.  Now Japan needed to make peace before the kokutai and perhaps even the Chrysanthemum Throne itself was destroyed. Tojo had been thoroughly demonized by the United States during the war, thus for the American people, Tojo was clearly the face of Japanese militarism. It was thus  inconceivable that the United States would make peace with a government headed by Tojo. British historian H. P. Willmott noted that a major problem for the "doves" was that: "Tojo was an embodiment of 'mainstream opinion' within the nation, the armed services and particularly the Army. Tojo had powerful support, and by Japanese standards, he was not extreme." Tojo was more of a follower than a leader, and he represented the mainstream opinion of the Army. This meant his removal from office would not end the political ambitions of the Army who were still fanatically committed to victory or death. The jushin, elder statesmen, had advised Emperor Hirohito that Tojo needed to be sacked after Saipan and further advised against partial changes in the cabinet, demanding that the entire Tojo cabinet resign. Tojo, well aware of the efforts to bring him down, sought the public approval of the Emperor Hirohito, which was denied. Hirohito sent him a message to the effect that the man responsible for the disaster of Saipan was not worthy of his approval. Tojo then suggested reorganizing his cabinet to retain his position, but was rebuffed again. Hirohito said the entire cabinet simply had to go. Once it became clear that Tojo no longer held the support of the Emperor, his enemies had little trouble bringing down his government.The politically powerful Lord Privy Seal, Marquis Kōichi Kido spread the word that the Emperor no longer supported Tojo. Thus after the fall of Saipan, he was forced to resign on July 18, 1944. Admiral Yonai Mitsumasa and General Koiso Kuniaki were appointed by Hirohito to form a new government, with Koiso ultimately becoming Prime Minister as Tojo's replacement. Meanwhile, Lieutenant-General Shimoyama Takuma's 5th Air Army discovered Chennault's aircraft and two Chinese squadrons concentrated at Guilin airfield on July 13. Seizing this opportunity, Shimoyama launched a daring raid that caught the Allies off guard, resulting in 80 aircraft destroyed on the ground. Despite this initial setback, Chennault's P-51 Mustangs maintained superiority over the Zero, downing 88 Japanese aircraft in the following weeks at the cost of 27 Allied planes. In Hengyang, preliminary artillery bombardment commenced on July 27 as Yokoyama's forces prepared for their final offensive. Despite minor attacks in the subsequent days, little progress was made while the Japanese awaited the arrival of the 58th Division. Concurrently, the 27th and 34th Divisions advanced towards Lianhua to eliminate the 58th Army, resulting in heavy casualties and their subsequent withdrawal. By August 1, Yokoyama had amassed 110,000 troops around Hengyang, along with heavy artillery and mountain artillery pieces. In contrast, only 3,000 exhausted Chinese troops remained, valiantly resisting despite being cut off for over a month. Returning to Matterhorn, Arnold insisted on a meticulously planned daylight attack involving 100 planes to be executed in July. Saunders managed to fit in the Anshan strike at the month's end by delaying Palembang until mid-August. The primary target was the Showa Steel Works at Anshan in Manchuria–specifically, the company's Anshan Coke Plant, producing annually 3793000 metric tons of metallurgical coke, approximately ⅓ of the Empire's total. About half of this was used by Showa's own steel works, second in size only to Imperial's, and the rest for various industrial purposes in Manchuria, Korea, and Japan. The secondary target was Qinhuangdao harbor whence coking coal from the great Kailan mines was exported to Japan. Tertiary target was the Taku port near Tianjin, which handled coal, iron ore, and pig iron. And as a last resort, bombers were to hit the railroad yards at Zhengxian, a possible bottleneck along a Japanese supply route. Aiming point at Anshan, as at Yawata, was to be a battery of coke ovens and again the bomb load was set at eight soo-pound GPs per plane.  Consequently, on July 25, 111 B-29s began staging to China, with 106 successfully arriving four days later. However, on July 29, only 72 B-29s managed to take off for the Anshan strike due to rain muddying the runway at Guanghan, preventing the 444th Group from launching. Mechanical issues further hindered eleven bombers from reaching Anshan, resulting in one bombing Qinhuangdao, two targeting Zhengxian, and four hitting other targets of opportunity. Despite these challenges, the sixty B-29s that reached Anshan maintained formation and bombed from altitudes close to the designated 25,000 feet under clear skies. However, the first wave mistakenly bombed a by-products plant adjacent to the aiming point, enveloping it in thick smoke. Anti-aircraft opposition was relatively light, with heavy flak damaging five B-29s and Japanese fighters downing only one bomber, whose crew escaped with the help of Chinese guerrillas. B-29 gunners claimed three probable hits and four damaged Japanese fighters. Chinese forces aided in rescuing a stranded bomber near Ankang. The plane was on the ground for five days while an engine, spare parts, tools, and mechanics came in by C-46 from Hsinching to effect an engine change and other repairs. Air cover was furnished by 14th Air Force fighters, who shot down a Lily bomber during a night attack. With full assistance from the Chinese and American garrisons at Ankang, the B-29 took off on August 3 and returned to Chiung-Lai. Another B-29 crash-landed in Vladivostok. Fortunately, on July 30, the wet strip at Kwanghan had dried sufficiently to launch 24 bombers of the 444th, albeit nearly five hours behind schedule. However, they were too late for Anshan, with 16 bombing the Taku port and three targeting Zhengxian instead. The day's efforts, though not flawlessly executed, brought encouragement to the command. American reconnaissance reported significant damage at Anshan, including hits and near misses on several coke-oven batteries, related installations, and the by-products plant. Taku and Zhengxian also showed substantial damage. The command gained valuable insights into conducting daylight missions, and despite the loss of five B-29s, it was deemed acceptable. That is all for now for the China theater as we now need to jump over to Burma. Meanwhile, in north Burma, General Wessels decided to resume the offensive on July 12. Following a heavy air and artillery bombardment, a coordinated attack was launched, supported by 39 B-25s and the 88th Fighter Squadron, which successfully dropped 754 tons of bombs on Myitkyina. However, approximately 40% of the bombs landed among American troops north of Sitapur, resulting in casualties and confusion. Consequently, the coordinated attack stalled, with minimal gains by the 88th and 89th Regiments. Subsequently, Wessels' forces reverted to patient day-by-day advances, pushing back Japanese forces gradually. The tightening grip around Myitkyina was evident, with previously separated units now in close contact, preventing Japanese movement. Further south, General Stilwell directed the weary Chindit brigades to converge on Sahmaw and eliminate the 18th and 53rd Divisions. West African troops fought for control of Hill 60 to the north, while the depleted 111th Brigade engaged in battles at Taungni and the heavily fortified Point 2171. Stilwell also ordered the 300-man 77th Brigade towards Myitkyina, but Brigadier Calvert opted to cut off radio communications and withdraw his men to Kamaing, eventually evacuating them to India. After returning back to Allied lines, Calvert and Lentaigne drove to Stilwell's headquarters, where they found the general at a table with his son and Boatner. Then, speaking with the same sort of blunt honesty that Stilwell prided himself on, Calvert went into a long monologue explaining that despite their crippling losses and lack of heavy weapons, his men had sacrificed so much at Mogaung that now they had nothing left to give. To order the survivors into combat now was to pass nothing more than a death sentence. Stilwell seemed stunned at Calvert's contained monologue. Then his shock turned to scathing anger towards his own staff. “Why wasn't I told?' he demanded. It quickly became obvious to Calvert that Stilwell had not realized the true tribulations his Chindits had gone through since the gliderborne invasion some months ago. As Calvert later wrote: “It became obvious from Stilwell's repeated ‘Why wasn't I told? Is this true?' that his sycophantic staff had kept the true nature of the battle from him.” Overcome with the truth of it all, Stilwell apologized. “You and your boys have done a great job, I congratulate you.” Calvert was then allowed to evacuate his brigade. Their campaign was finally over. The other brigades, nearing the edge of their endurance, didn't experience the same fortune and had to persist in battling against the determined Japanese defenders. With morale faltering, Major Masters' only opportunity for success came through a bold flank attack on July 9 led by Company C of the 3/9th Gurkhas. As the Gurkhas fell back in disarray, savaged by machine-guns firing straight down the ridge, the surviving men scattered, diving into the jungle. Major Gerald Blaker moved on alone, firing his M1 carbine, yelling: “Come on, C Company!” Seeing him, the Japanese threw grenades. Braving the blasts despite an arm savaged by shrapnel, he charged the Japanese. At the last moment, the enemy gunners found the range and a volley of seven bullets plunged into Blaker who fell against a tree, bleeding profusely. He turned his head to call on his men: “Come on, C Company, I'm going to die. Take the position.” The Gurkhas surged forward, bayonets glinting in the dull light, crying: “Ayo Gurkhali, the Gurkhas have come!” Point 2171 then fell into Allied hands. 50 Japanese dead were counted on the summit. Major Gerald Blaker sacrificed his life during the assault and earned a posthumous Victoria Cross.  Shortly thereafter, the 14th Brigade relieved the exhausted 111th, which now counted only 119 fit men; and on July 17, Stilwell finally authorized the evacuation of Masters' men. Thankfully, the seasoned 36th Division under Major-General Francis Festing would arrive in the frontline area to replace the depleted Chindits by the end of July, enabling General Lentaigne's remaining forces to be brought back to India. The final to depart were the West Africans, who assisted the British in capturing Hill 60 on August 5, prompting the Japanese to withdraw towards Pinbow and Mawhun. Since the inception of Operation Thursday, the Chindits had suffered 5000 casualties, including killed, wounded, or missing, 3800 of them after Wingate's demise. Their unconventional warfare had effectively diverted numerous potential reinforcements away from Imphal and Myitkyina; severed the 18th Division's supply line, rendering its holding operation futile; and highlighted the importance of air supply as the sole means of sustenance during military campaigns, a lesson pivotal in the 14th Army's subsequent offensives. Shifting focus to Yunnan, by the beginning of July, General Wei's Y Force had successfully halted General Matsuyama's counteroffensive in the Longling region. In the interim, General Kawabe's Burma Area Army was formulating strategies to address the impending aftermath of Operation U-Go's unfavorable results. Following the completion of the 15th Army's retreat in central Burma, plans were set in motion for Operation Ban, a defensive maneuver aimed at countering anticipated Allied advancements along the Irrawaddy River. Concurrently, General Sakurai's 28th Army was organizing Operation Kan in anticipation of potential Allied incursions along the Bay of Bengal coastline. Additionally, General Honda's 33rd Army initiated preparations for Operation Dan, a synchronized offensive designed to repel the invading Chinese forces eastward across the Nujiang River and deep into Yunnan, thus thwarting the establishment of a land route between India and China by the Allies. Consequently, the 2nd Division under Lieutenant-General Okazaki Seisaburo was reassigned to the 33rd Army on July 19 to partake in the offensive, while Matsuyama's 56th Division was tasked with maintaining defensive positions in Yunnan. The 18th and 53rd Divisions were directed to safeguard the western flank against potential assaults originating from Myitkyina. Subsequently, Matsuyama opted to relocate his primary force from Longling to Mangshi, where he planned to rendezvous with Okazaki at a later date. To facilitate this relocation, Colonel Matsui's task force was dispatched on July 5 to dislodge the 76th Division from Mukang. Following a stealthy infiltration behind enemy lines on July 7, Matsui launched a surprise attack the following day, compelling the Chinese forces to retreat. With the route to Mangshi cleared, the 56th Division vacated Longling and began regrouping in the Mangshi vicinity, leaving a modest garrison of 2500 men to secure Longling. Throughout July, the city faced intense aerial and artillery bombardments, culminating in the capture of East Hill by the 87th Division on July 17. Fortunately, Y Force's efforts were now focused on the previously bypassed blocks at Tengchong, Lameng, and Pingda, as the Chinese prioritized securing the flow of supplies to the front lines. At Tengchong, Colonel Kurashige was compelled to abandon Feifeng Hill after his 3rd Battalion departed to join Matsui's task force, leaving him with just 2025 men. Facing him, Lieutenant-General Huo Kuizhang's five divisions spread out around Tengchong, occupying the surrounding heights. Despite attempts at medium-level bombing causing severe damage to the residential area, it only resulted in rubble piling around Japanese positions. Thus, entrenched in their dugouts, the Japanese remained steadfast and successfully repelled Chinese attacks, with the Chinese managing to take Kaoliang Hill only by July 9th. Meanwhile, from the south, the 2nd Reserve Division severed Tengchong from Longling and initiated unsuccessful assaults against Laifeng Hill. By mid-July, with the city completely encircled, Huo was poised to launch a coordinated assault, but heavy rains delayed the operation. Concurrently, with the arrival of the 8th Army at Lameng, General Song aimed to continue his attacks against Major Kanemitsu's garrison. Following a night-long artillery bombardment, the 1st and 39th Divisions fiercely assaulted Japanese positions on July 5th, successfully overrunning some of them and destroying Kanemitsu's main water reservoir. However, despite ammunition shortages, Japanese counterattacks pushed them back to their original positions by nightfall. In the second week of July, Song deployed the 82nd and 103rd Divisions for an attack against Kanemitsu's southwest defenses, initially achieving success but ultimately being repelled by Japanese counterattacks. In the meantime, the Pingda garrison, devastated by cholera, was reaching its breaking point. Consequently, the Matsui Force was dispatched to provide relief on July 11, successfully reaching their designated gathering point northwest of Pingda after a challenging two-day march. On July 13, Matsui's initial assaults only secured the forward positions of the 226th Regiment; however, the following day, they managed to breach the Chinese defenses, delivering much-needed supplies to the Pingda Garrison and evacuating its sick patients. Having performed its mission, the Matsui Task Force started its return trip on the morning of 15 July. The following evening, an enemy group was discovered near Chungchai and the Task Force prepared to attack. Just before the actual launching of the attack, Col. Matsui received a message from division headquarters stating that, "A powerful enemy force is advancing toward Mangshih. The Matsui Force will return as soon as possible." To the north, Song opted to halt the sporadic attacks and initiated a synchronized assault with his four divisions on July 23. Backed by intense artillery fire, the Chinese exerted significant pressure, eventually overrunning the Hondo Position by the end of July. Only the timely intervention of Japanese fighters halted the offensive. Further north, following the subsiding of the storms and a heavy air bombardment, Huo finally launched a general offensive on July 26, supported by artillery and mortars. Moving swiftly and with strength, the Chinese successfully demolished all fortifications on Laifeng Hill, compelling the Japanese, grappling with ammunition shortages and heavy casualties, to abandon their other outposts in the vicinity.  The Chinese attack that followed revealed that previous experiences with Japanese positions had not been wasted. The Chinese infantry moved off quickly, on time, and as whole regiments rather than squads committed piecemeal. Mortar and artillery fire was brought down speedily on suspected Japanese positions, and the infantry took full advantage of it by advancing again the minute it lifted. Having taken one pillbox, the Chinese infantry kept right on going rather than stopping to loot and rest. At nightfall they were on top of the mountain and had taken a fortified temple on the summit. After mopping up the next day, the Chinese tallied about 400 Japanese dead. They themselves had lost 1200. Nevertheless, the speedy capture of Laifeng Hill was a brilliant feat of arms and dramatic evidence of the capabilities of Chinese troops when they applied proper tactics While the simultaneous attack on the southeast wall of Tengchong did not breach the massive wall, the Chinese now held a solid position in the sparse cluster of mud huts just outside the wall. Yet that will be all for today for the Burma-Yunnan front as we now are heading over to the Marianas. As we remember, Admiral Spruance devised a plan to initiate the invasions of Guam and Tinian following the capture of Saipan. Tinian's strategic significance stemmed from its close proximity to Saipan and its relatively flat terrain, making it more suitable for bomber airfields compared to its mountainous counterpart. However, its natural features also posed challenges for a seaside landing, with most of its coastline characterized by steep cliffs. Consequently, the American forces had limited options for landing: the well-defended beaches of Tinian Town, particularly the northeast Yellow Beach at Asiga Bay, or the less fortified but narrow White Beaches on the northwest coast. However, the latter option risked congestion and immobility due to the confined space. After assessing the landing beaches firsthand, they opted for the latter, anticipating lower resistance. General Smith's Northern Landing Forces were tasked with this operation, although there were some changes in the chain of command. Smith was appointed commander of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, overseeing all Marine Corps combat units in the region. General Schmidt assumed command of the 5th Amphibious Corps and the Northern Landing Forces, while Major-General Clifton Cates replaced him as commander of the 4th Marine Division. Additionally, Admiral Hill assumed command of a reorganized Northern Attack Force for the amphibious assault. The strategy outlined was for Cates' 24th and 25th Marines to land on the White Beaches on July 24, securing a beachhead line encompassing Faibus San Hilo Point, Mount Lasso, and Asiga Point. This offensive would receive heavy artillery support from Saipan, as well as backing from carrier-based aircraft, Aslito airfield-based planes, and naval gunfire. One of the main justifications for the final decision to land over the unlikely beaches on the northwestern shore of the island was the feasibility of full exploitation of artillery firing from Saipan. Consequently, all of the field pieces in the area except for the four battalions of 75-mm. pack howitzers were turned over to 14th Corps Artillery during the preliminary and landing phase. General Harper arranged his 13 battalions, totaling 156 guns and howitzers, into three groupments, all emplaced on southern Saipan. Groupment A, commanded by Col. Raphael Griffin, USMC, consisted of five 105-mm. battalions, two each from the Marine divisions and one from V Amphibious Corps. It was to reinforce the fires of the 75-mm. pack howitzers and be ready to move to Tinian on order. Groupment B, under the 27th Division's artillery commander, General Kernan, was made up of all of that division's organic artillery except the 106th Field Artillery Battalion. It was to reinforce the fires of Groupment A and also to be ready to displace to Tinian. Groupment C, commanded by General Harper himself, contained all the howitzers and guns of 24th Corps Artillery plus the 106th Field Artillery Battalion. It was to support the attack with counterbattery, neutralization, and harassing fire before the day of the landing, deliver a half-hour preparation on the landing beaches immediately before the scheduled touchdown, and execute long-range counterbattery, harassing, and interdiction fire. Concurrently, General Watson's 2nd Marine Division would stage a feint near Tinian Town before landing behind the main assault force post-beachhead establishment. Meanwhile, General Griner's 27th Division would remain on standby in corps reserve, ready to embark on landing craft at short notice. A notable logistical innovation for Tinian involved a dual shuttle system to prevent congestion. Loaded trucks and Athey trailers shuttled between Saipan's base supply dumps and Tinian's division supply depots, while amphibious vehicles directly transported supplies from ship to shore to division dumps, aiming to minimize beachside handling of supplies. Additionally, General Geiger's 3rd Amphibious Corps, comprising the 3rd Marine Division and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, assisted by Admiral Conolly's Southern Attack Force, were tasked with capturing Guam. Due to formidable coastal defenses, Geiger's plan necessitated landings north and south of Apra Harbor on July 21, bypassing the heavily fortified Orote Peninsula. General Turnage's 3rd Marine Division was tasked with landing on the shores between Adelup Point and the Tatgua River mouth, proceeding southward to occupy the eastern area of Apra Harbor. Simultaneously, General Shepherd's 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was to land between Agat village and Bangi Point, then pivot northward towards the base of the Orote Peninsula. The establishment of a secure beachhead line from Adelup Point to Facpi Point was crucial before Geiger's forces could launch their assault on Orote Peninsula and subsequently secure the rest of the island. With the 27th Division committed elsewhere, Major-General Andrew Bruce's 77th Division, slated to assemble at Eniwetok by July 18, was designated as the new reserve under Geiger's command. The 305th Regiment was assigned to land behind Shepherd's Marines to reinforce the beachhead line. To optimize support for the troops, Conolly divided his Southern Attack Force into two: his Northern Attack Group, backing the 3rd Marine Division's landing, and Rear-Admiral Lawrence Reifsnider's Southern Attack Group, aiding the 1st Provisional Brigade's landing. Coordination of pre-landing bombardments was planned between Conolly's ships and aircraft, synchronized with scheduled strikes by aircraft from Admiral Mitscher's Task Force 58.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The time had finally come for the Japanese home islands to be subjected to the horrors of modern bombing campaigns. It would begin gradually, but would escalate to a literal horror show that starved the population of Japan into submission. Meanwhile Hideki Tojo was finally sacked, though by no means was he gone.

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1166, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Hollywood Ugly 1: This actress was quite ugly before her transformation in "Miss Congeniality". Sandra Bullock. 2: No one wants to date Julia Stiles in this 1999 movie except Heath Ledger, and he does it on a lark. 10 Things I Hate About You. 3: Of the frumpy sorority girls led by Anna Faris in "The House Bunny", this "American Idol" runner-up sure stands out. Katharine McPhee. 4: When this loner gets a makeover in "The Breakfast Club", we realize she was pretty all the time. Ally Sheedy. 5: Rachael Leigh Cook, the "ugly duckling", is pursued by Freddie Prinze Jr. in this high school comedy. She's All That. Round 2. Category: While Henry Viii Was King 1: Cosimo I refounded the university of this city and parents of the time leaned towards sending their kids there. Pisa. 2: In his 1512 "Commentariolus" he stated the planets travel around the sun. Copernicus. 3: In 1534, after working on the tomb of the Medici, this artist moved from Florence to Rome. Michelangelo. 4: In 1534 he published "Gargantua", part 2 of "Pantagruel". Rabelais. 5: In 1526 Babar set up this dynasty in Delhi. Mogul. Round 3. Category: Lead Singer Of The Band 1: Chris Martin. Coldplay. 2: Gwen Stefani. No Doubt. 3: Rob Thomas. Matchbox 20. 4: For much of the '80s and '90s, Michael McDonald. The Doobie Brothers. 5: Pat Monahan. Train. Round 4. Category: 20Th Century Bestsellers 1: The concept of a "whisperer" who calms animals was popularized by this Nicholas Evans novel. The Horse Whisperer. 2: 1916's "Mr. Britling Sees It Through" by this author tried to make sense of the madness of WWI; no time travel involved. H.G. Wells. 3: The disaster movie genre really took off when this 1968 novel about Trans America flight No. 2 out of Chicago came to the screen. Airport. 4: This Edith Hull bestseller about forbidden love in the desert became a 1921 film starring Rudolph Valentino. The Sheik. 5: In a 1952 book a craftsman fashions "The Silver" this title drinking vessel to house the Holy Grail. chalice. Round 5. Category: Crown Plaza 1: This queen has been on more coin types of numerous countries than any other human being. Elizabeth II. 2: King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz reversed policy and allowed foreign fighters in this country in 1990. Saudi Arabia. 3: In 2006 the first male in over 40 years was born into this land's Chrysanthemum Throne imperial family. Japan. 4: The last English king with this name reigned less than a year, in 1936. Edward (VIII). 5: Rudolf II moved this dynastic family's royal court from Vienna to Prague in the late 1500s. the Hapsburgs. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

In this week's episode, the Krewe conclude their discussion with Dr. Hiromu Nagahara on the history of the Japanese Imperial Family. In part two, Dr. Nagahara teaches the Krewe about the role of the shogun throughout Japanese history, how the imperial family evolved throughout WWII, and modern controversies surrounding former Princess Mako. This is an episode you won't want to miss!Check out Dr. Nagahara's book:https://www.amazon.com/Tokyo-Boogie-Woogie-Japans-Pop-Discontents/dp/0674971698 This podcast is brought to you by the Japan Society of New Orleans:https://japansocietyofneworleans.wildapricot.org/

In this week's episode, The Krewe sit down with associate professor of history at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.), Dr. Hiromu Nagahara for part one of their discussion on the history of the Japanese Imperial Family. In part one, Dr. Nagahara shares his background, the origins of the Japanese emperor, what makes the Japanese Imperial family distinct form other royal families, and so much more!Check out Dr. Nagahara's book:https://www.amazon.com/Tokyo-Boogie-Woogie-Japans-Pop-Discontents/dp/0674971698 This podcast is brought to you by the Japan Society of New Orleans:https://japansocietyofneworleans.wildapricot.org/

The Krewe rings in 2022 with a deep-dive look back at a wild and crazy 2021. Nigel, Jenn & Doug recap many of the major news stories that came out of Japan in 2021, from the Covid-19 & Olympics to Starbucks regional fraps & Mie Prefecture's crackdown on dog pee. Join the Krewe in saying goodbye to 2021 on last time! For more on the Japan Society of New Orleans visit:https://japansocietyofneworleans.wildapricot.org/

Photo: "Reiwa" in kanji. Reiwa is the current era of Japan's official calendar. It began on 1 May 2019, the day on which Emperor Akihito's elder son, Naruhito, ascended the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan. The day before, Emperor Akihito abdicated the Chrysanthemum Throne, marking the end of the Heisei era. The kanji characters for Reiwa are derived from the Man'yōshū, an eighth-century (Nara period) anthology of waka poetry.  ..  ..  ..  #Japan: Reiwa (orderly harmony) needing a marketplace of ideas. Noah Sneider @TheEconomist https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/12/07/a-country-that-is-on-the-front-line

After the passing of Fujiwara Yoshifusa, his protege and adopted son Fujiwara Mototsune took the reigns of the Fujiwara clan. Emperor Yozei, however, proved an unsuitable candidate for the Chrysanthemum Throne and Mototsune would need to find a way to remove him while preserving the integrity of the office of Tennō.For portraits of Yoshifusa, Mototsune, Emperor Yozei and Emperor Kōkō, check out the supplemental post!Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/AHistoryOfJapan)

Ken Ruoff’s Japan’s Imperial House in the Postwar Era, 1945-2019 (Harvard UP, 2020), is a revised and expanded version of the author’s The People’s Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, 1945-1995 (2003). The book is an extensive and detailed treatment of the Japanese imperial institution as it enters a new era, Reiwa, with the abdication of the Heisei emperor (Akihito) in 2019. In addition to The People’s Emperor’s discussions of the creation of the postwar imperial institution as a “constitutional symbolic monarchy,” the continued (clandestine) role of Hirohito in politics, the postwar emperors’ approach to Japan’s war responsibility, the “massification” of the imperial family as a kind of model “middle-class” household for the postwar, and various forms of resistance from conservatives, Japan’s Imperial House adds two new chapters and an extensive and important addendum to one other. The two new chapters, respectively, provide a retrospective on the Heisei era (1989-2019) and an overview of the challenges facing the imperial line with Akihito’s son, Naruhito, now on the Chrysanthemum Throne as the Reiwa emperor. The addendum is to chapter 5, which discusses the ways in which anti-democratic and otherwise revanchist forces in postwar Japan coopted the playbook of democratic organizing to achieve (largely symbolic) victories. As we discuss in the interview, Ruoff returns to this topic because his analysis turned out to presage the tactics and successes of Nippon Kaigi, Japan’s most influential nongovernmental ultra-conservative lobbying group, during the Abe Shinzō regime. Terms and names perhaps unfamiliar to some listeners that get bandied about in our discussion include tennō (sovereign, emperor), Yoshida Shigeru (influential early postwar prime minister), Kobayashi Yoshinori (an often-controversial manga artist), and Yasukuni Shrine (which has enshrined prominent Class-A war criminals in addition to the general war dead since March 1978). Nathan Hopson is an associate professor of Japanese and East Asian history in the Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/east-asian-studies

Ken Ruoff's Japan's Imperial House in the Postwar Era, 1945-2019 (Harvard UP, 2020), is a revised and expanded version of the author's The People's Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, 1945-1995 (2003). The book is an extensive and detailed treatment of the Japanese imperial institution as it enters a new era, Reiwa, with the abdication of the Heisei emperor (Akihito) in 2019. In addition to The People's Emperor's discussions of the creation of the postwar imperial institution as a “constitutional symbolic monarchy,” the continued (clandestine) role of Hirohito in politics, the postwar emperors' approach to Japan's war responsibility, the “massification” of the imperial family as a kind of model “middle-class” household for the postwar, and various forms of resistance from conservatives, Japan's Imperial House adds two new chapters and an extensive and important addendum to one other. The two new chapters, respectively, provide a retrospective on the Heisei era (1989-2019) and an overview of the challenges facing the imperial line with Akihito's son, Naruhito, now on the Chrysanthemum Throne as the Reiwa emperor. The addendum is to chapter 5, which discusses the ways in which anti-democratic and otherwise revanchist forces in postwar Japan coopted the playbook of democratic organizing to achieve (largely symbolic) victories. As we discuss in the interview, Ruoff returns to this topic because his analysis turned out to presage the tactics and successes of Nippon Kaigi, Japan's most influential nongovernmental ultra-conservative lobbying group, during the Abe Shinzō regime. Terms and names perhaps unfamiliar to some listeners that get bandied about in our discussion include tennō (sovereign, emperor), Yoshida Shigeru (influential early postwar prime minister), Kobayashi Yoshinori (an often-controversial manga artist), and Yasukuni Shrine (which has enshrined prominent Class-A war criminals in addition to the general war dead since March 1978). Nathan Hopson is an associate professor of Japanese and East Asian history in the Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Ken Ruoff’s Japan’s Imperial House in the Postwar Era, 1945-2019 (Harvard UP, 2020), is a revised and expanded version of the author’s The People’s Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, 1945-1995 (2003). The book is an extensive and detailed treatment of the Japanese imperial institution as it enters a new era, Reiwa, with the abdication of the Heisei emperor (Akihito) in 2019. In addition to The People’s Emperor’s discussions of the creation of the postwar imperial institution as a “constitutional symbolic monarchy,” the continued (clandestine) role of Hirohito in politics, the postwar emperors’ approach to Japan’s war responsibility, the “massification” of the imperial family as a kind of model “middle-class” household for the postwar, and various forms of resistance from conservatives, Japan’s Imperial House adds two new chapters and an extensive and important addendum to one other. The two new chapters, respectively, provide a retrospective on the Heisei era (1989-2019) and an overview of the challenges facing the imperial line with Akihito’s son, Naruhito, now on the Chrysanthemum Throne as the Reiwa emperor. The addendum is to chapter 5, which discusses the ways in which anti-democratic and otherwise revanchist forces in postwar Japan coopted the playbook of democratic organizing to achieve (largely symbolic) victories. As we discuss in the interview, Ruoff returns to this topic because his analysis turned out to presage the tactics and successes of Nippon Kaigi, Japan’s most influential nongovernmental ultra-conservative lobbying group, during the Abe Shinzō regime. Terms and names perhaps unfamiliar to some listeners that get bandied about in our discussion include tennō (sovereign, emperor), Yoshida Shigeru (influential early postwar prime minister), Kobayashi Yoshinori (an often-controversial manga artist), and Yasukuni Shrine (which has enshrined prominent Class-A war criminals in addition to the general war dead since March 1978). Nathan Hopson is an associate professor of Japanese and East Asian history in the Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/political-science

Ken Ruoff’s Japan’s Imperial House in the Postwar Era, 1945-2019 (Harvard UP, 2020), is a revised and expanded version of the author’s The People’s Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, 1945-1995 (2003). The book is an extensive and detailed treatment of the Japanese imperial institution as it enters a new era, Reiwa, with the abdication of the Heisei emperor (Akihito) in 2019. In addition to The People’s Emperor’s discussions of the creation of the postwar imperial institution as a “constitutional symbolic monarchy,” the continued (clandestine) role of Hirohito in politics, the postwar emperors’ approach to Japan’s war responsibility, the “massification” of the imperial family as a kind of model “middle-class” household for the postwar, and various forms of resistance from conservatives, Japan’s Imperial House adds two new chapters and an extensive and important addendum to one other. The two new chapters, respectively, provide a retrospective on the Heisei era (1989-2019) and an overview of the challenges facing the imperial line with Akihito’s son, Naruhito, now on the Chrysanthemum Throne as the Reiwa emperor. The addendum is to chapter 5, which discusses the ways in which anti-democratic and otherwise revanchist forces in postwar Japan coopted the playbook of democratic organizing to achieve (largely symbolic) victories. As we discuss in the interview, Ruoff returns to this topic because his analysis turned out to presage the tactics and successes of Nippon Kaigi, Japan’s most influential nongovernmental ultra-conservative lobbying group, during the Abe Shinzō regime. Terms and names perhaps unfamiliar to some listeners that get bandied about in our discussion include tennō (sovereign, emperor), Yoshida Shigeru (influential early postwar prime minister), Kobayashi Yoshinori (an often-controversial manga artist), and Yasukuni Shrine (which has enshrined prominent Class-A war criminals in addition to the general war dead since March 1978). Nathan Hopson is an associate professor of Japanese and East Asian history in the Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University. Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/japanese-studies

Ken Ruoff’s Japan’s Imperial House in the Postwar Era, 1945-2019 (Harvard UP, 2020), is a revised and expanded version of the author’s The People’s Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, 1945-1995 (2003). The book is an extensive and detailed treatment of the Japanese imperial institution as it enters a new era, Reiwa, with the abdication of the Heisei emperor (Akihito) in 2019. In addition to The People’s Emperor’s discussions of the creation of the postwar imperial institution as a “constitutional symbolic monarchy,” the continued (clandestine) role of Hirohito in politics, the postwar emperors’ approach to Japan’s war responsibility, the “massification” of the imperial family as a kind of model “middle-class” household for the postwar, and various forms of resistance from conservatives, Japan’s Imperial House adds two new chapters and an extensive and important addendum to one other. The two new chapters, respectively, provide a retrospective on the Heisei era (1989-2019) and an overview of the challenges facing the imperial line with Akihito’s son, Naruhito, now on the Chrysanthemum Throne as the Reiwa emperor. The addendum is to chapter 5, which discusses the ways in which anti-democratic and otherwise revanchist forces in postwar Japan coopted the playbook of democratic organizing to achieve (largely symbolic) victories. As we discuss in the interview, Ruoff returns to this topic because his analysis turned out to presage the tactics and successes of Nippon Kaigi, Japan’s most influential nongovernmental ultra-conservative lobbying group, during the Abe Shinzō regime. Terms and names perhaps unfamiliar to some listeners that get bandied about in our discussion include tennō (sovereign, emperor), Yoshida Shigeru (influential early postwar prime minister), Kobayashi Yoshinori (an often-controversial manga artist), and Yasukuni Shrine (which has enshrined prominent Class-A war criminals in addition to the general war dead since March 1978). Nathan Hopson is an associate professor of Japanese and East Asian history in the Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

New reign, new name. Empress Kōken returns to the Chrysanthemum Throne as Empress Shōtoku and sets about removing potential rival claimants and showing favor to Dōkyō, the priest who had healed her years before. However, Dōkyō was not just a humble clergyman, but an ambitious noble who passed the favors forward to his family members in the Yuge clan and seems to have set his eyes on an office even higher than Daijo-Daijin...For a picture of a statue of Wake Kiyomaro, as well as a beautiful photo of Usa Hachimangu Shrine, check out the supplemental post!Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/AHistoryOfJapan)

It’s an old school episode of Wikifreakz, and by that we mean we’re going back - all the way back to the beginning of recorded human history! First we kick off in Ancient Greece with ALEXANDER II ZABINAS. Did you know he kicked CLEOPATRA THEA and her husband Demetrius II out of Antioch in 125 BC? And CLEOPATRA THEA was married in a sumptuous ceremony in ACRE, ISRAEL. Turns out ACRE is one of the OLDEST INHABITED CITIES in the world! And so is HEIJŌ-KYŌ, the old capital of Japan. And Japan’s fourth Empress was EMPRESS GENMEI! She ruled the CHRYSANTHEMUM THRONE for only five years. And wait, who is the Emperor of Japan today? NARUHITO! And he is the 126th Monarch of Japan following JAPAN’S TRADITIONAL ORDER OF SUCCESSION. The first emperor of Japan, Kamu-yamato Iware-biko no Mikoto, was claimed to be descended from the sun goddess AMATERASU. And the sun goddess is only one of the “Three Precious Children” of the creator IZANAGI! That’s right Freakz, we get deep into the ancient world in this episode. Listen up and enjoy! Follow Jill Weiner on IG and Twitter @jill_lives www.jilllives.com Venmo @jill-weiner-1 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Follow Connor Creagan on IG and Twitter @connorcreagan www.connorcreagan.info Venmo @connor-creagan -------------------------------------------------------------------- Follow WikiFreakz IG and Twitter @wikifreakzz

Morteros Escolares, Nasheed Barroco, Tony Master, Picaresca Hindu, Ciudad Oscura. 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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/11/austria-to-introduce-preventive-detention-after-deadly-attack Negacionista Cabreado https://metro.co.uk/2020/11/12/man-who-crashed-into-police-station-snapped-over-10000-covid-fine-13583261/ Perros Robot https://www.thedefensepost.com/2020/11/11/tyndall-base-robot-dogs/ Violación Satisfactoria http://community.thenationonlineng.net/forum/rape-victim-refuses-to-testify-against-abuser-reveals-he-satisfie?xg_source=twitter Salafos PinchaOjos https://www.meganoticias.cl/mundo/318724-taliban-ciega-a-punaladas-por-trabajar-1ab.html Patron Alarmente https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/12/a-great-loss-afghan-journalist-killed-in-a-blast-in-helmand Trigo Importado https://www.arabnews.com/node/1760821/saudi-arabia Ejercito Robotico https://www.elespanol.com/omicrono/tecnologia/20201110/ejercito-tierra-reino-unido-robots/534946864_0.amp.html Iman Tiktoker https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/un-imam-juge-a-pontoise-pour-apologie-du-terrorisme-20201112 Morteros Escolares https://www.euronews.com/2020/11/09/french-police-targeted-by-mortar-fire-in-clashes-outside-high-school Compañero de Mimos https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/sociedad/2020/11/12/tener-companero-mimos-solucion-belgica-llevar-mejor-confinamiento/00031605180694636526954.htm Bestia Sexual https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/depraved-sex-beast-coerced-teenage-22997301 Organos Caros https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/mum-drowns-toddler-baby-because-22990583 Niños Salafos https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/article/polemique-apres-l-arrestation-de-quatre-enfants-de-10-ans-pour-apologie-du-terrorisme_81193ee6-2105-11eb-928e-b7119636ce41/ Sultan Pagon https://www.monitordeoriente.com/20201110-turquia-ayuda-a-pagar-la-deuda-de-somalia-con-el-fmi/ Droga de la violacion https://metro.co.uk/2020/11/12/actor-22-found-dead-with-fatal-levels-of-date-rape-drug-in-his-body-13581244/ Unidad DANAB https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somali-special-forces-kill-senior-al-shabaab-commander-in-raid Colau Offshore https://canarias-semanal.org/art/29016/barcelona-ada-colau-adjudica-servicio-publico-a-un-fondo-radicado-en-un-paraiso-fiscal Peludito Muerdehuevos https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1531610/miracle-twin-lost-genitals-dog Phil Cerdins https://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/abci-exmujer-phil-collins-asegura-musico-no-quiso-ducharse-lavarse-dientes-durante-202011101022_noticia.html AeroRuina https://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/10876036/11/20/Norwegian-se-asoma-a-la-quiebra-tras-la-negativa-de-Noruega-a-dar-mas-ayudas.html Halal manchuriano https://www.egyptindependent.com/egypt-south-korea-organize-korean-halal-food-festival/ Etoo hostiado http://saharareporters.com/2020/11/09/cameroon-football-legend-samuel-eto%E2%80%99o-involved-car-crash Taquiya judicial https://www.abc.es/espana/catalunya/abci-dios-prometio-paraiso-vosotros-infierno-202011101207_noticia.html Bandidos devuelven niñas https://thenationonlineng.net/bandits-release-26-abducted-girls-to-governor/ Sustento basureril https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/trash-for-cash-south-africans-fight-hunger-with-digital-currency-6ad09893-8113-4ff8-ac14-a2e2645964a2 Mision espacial del Eje https://www.europapress.es/ciencia/misiones-espaciales/noticia-japon-alemania-enviaran-mision-asteroide-faeton-2024-20201112133909.html Refugees variados https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201106-turkey-policemen-kurdish-mp-flee-to-greek-island-in-refugee-boat/ Boko Financial https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/uae-court-convicts-six-nigerians-over-alleged-funding-of-boko-haram/ Emperador Smombie https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-8926097/Crown-Prince-Fumihito-sworn-line-Chrysanthemum-Throne.html Promesa escolar https://en.turkmen.news/news/schoolchildren-in-turkmenistan-promise-not-to-view-banned-websites-parents-promise-to-promote-hand-hygiene/ Presidente mafioso te abre las puertas https://www.rferl.org/a/in-symblic-action-fence-around-kyrgyz-government-building-torn-down/30933418.html Gata Bizantina https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201109-turkeys-famous-hagia-sophia-mosque-cat-gli-passes-away/ Otomanos rodeados se retiran https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201103-turkey-evacuates-largest-military-base-in-syria/ Veterinario Millonario https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4468281/0/albert-bourla-ceo-pfizer-farmaceutica-vacuna-covid-19/ Zelensky bicheado https://peru21.pe/mundo/coronavirus-ucrania-presidente-volodymyr-zelensky-es-hospitalizado-tras-dar-positivo-al-covid-19-nndc-noticia/ Bufete Salman https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201104-assange-attorney-joins-bin-salmans-defence-team/ Pelucones guillltineros https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201027-frances-love-affair-with-decapitation/ Severiano Salmancito https://www.cronista.com/especiales/Arabia-Saudita-anuncia-eventos-historicos-de-Ladies-European-Tour-20201002-0044.html Ayuda USAID https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201107-us-aid-agency-to-grant-20-million-to-fund-sudan-wheat-purchases/ Renuncia al cirilico https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-ministers-to-work-on-latin-based-alphabet-/30938794.html Disidente turkmena https://www.rferl.org/a/rights-groups-urge-ankara-not-to-deport-turkmen-activist-fearing-she-ll-be-tortured/30888821.html Nieta maltratadora https://www.abc.es/espana/comunidad-valenciana/abci-detenida-joven-y-novio-valencia-mantener-encerrada-abuela-202011071122_noticia.html Campo Compartido https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201102-iran-announces-joint-saudi-oil-field-project-in-the-gulf/ Ugandesas inconscientes https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1531619/gender-ministry-petitioned-ban-labour-export-middle-east Letrado Rivera https://www.huffingtonpost.es/entry/pp-contrata-albert-rivera_es_5fa923c4c5b67c3259b10832?utm_hp_ref=es-noticias-politica Previsiones lanzaenanistas https://www.expansion.com/economia/2020/11/11/5fabddca468aebc81d8b4626.html Hyperloop https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4467789/0/claves-hyperloop-tren-futuro/ Funcionarios extranjeros https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201109-kuwait-to-cut-state-employees-increase-private-sector-jobs/ Advertencia de Salmancito https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201105-saudi-to-us-dont-use-universal-jurisdiction-to-prosecute-crown-prince/#at_pco=smlwn-1.0&at_si=5fa92eeaf471d45e&at_ab=per-2&at_pos=0&at_tot=1 Salman Cuántico https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201106-saudi-arabia-signs-ai-agreements-with-leading-tech-firms/ Salman adelanta la pasta https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201022-saudi-to-pay-millions-for-sudan-to-accelerate-normalisation-with-israel/ Maricas brasileiros https://www.lmneuquen.com/bolsonaro-brasil-tiene-que-dejar-ser-un-pais-maricas-n746436 Yegua Black https://www.semana.es/casas-reales/familia-real-espanola/yegua-victoria-federica-investigada-anticorrupcion-20201110-002282765/ Brujas Verdes https://www.diariopopular.com.ar/policiales/brujas-verdes-incautaron-5-toneladas-marihuana-y-detuvieron-4-personas-n515422 PostAnalisis Electoral https://www.insidehook.com/daily_brief/internet/how-americans-watched-porn-on-election-day Satélite Argentino https://www.lmneuquen.com/mira-las-primeras-imagenes-del-satelite-argentino-saocom-1b-n746348 Nobel de la Paz https://www.cronica.com.ar/info-general/Nominaron-a-dos-veteranos-de-Malvinas-al-Premio-Nobel-de-la-Paz-20201110-0024.html Buitre encubridor https://www.lmneuquen.com/acusaran-macri-y-aguad-encubrir-el-hundimiento-ara-san-juan-n746531 Vizcarra Out https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2020/11/10/5fa9eec9fc6c8371158b45e2.html Comitiva Buitre https://www.diariopopular.com.ar/economia/llega-la-nueva-mision-del-fmi-comenzar-negociar-un-nuevo-programa-n515407 Sillito pinchado https://www.diariopopular.com.ar/internacionales/grupo-criminal-deja-un-hombre-apunalado-una-silla-ruedas-un-mensaje-n515414 Queen Reptil haciendo ritos https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20201108/49320409788/reino-unido-isabel-ii-visita-tumba-soldado-desconocido-westminster-video-seo-ext.html Historia Trucha https://www.algemeiner.com/2020/11/09/keynote-speaker-at-palestine-book-fair-says-jews-made-up-their-history/ Belgas solidarios https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201109-belgium-asks-israel-for-compensation-following-demolition-of-palestinian-homes/ Charltonhestismo Laboral https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201107-egypt-3-million-egyptians-work-in-saudi-arabia-sponsorship-system-will-not-be-completely-suspended/ Putitas calvinistas piden perdon https://www.algemeiner.com/2020/11/08/dutch-protestant-church-apologizes-for-failure-to-protect-jews-during-the-holocaust/ Merienda angla https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/food/article-8819713/Expert-reveals-SUCKING-not-chewing-sweet-treat-pairing-cheese.html Bibi City https://www.algemeiner.com/2020/11/09/israel-approves-establishment-of-new-western-negev-town/ Hermann Larios https://www.elplural.com/fuera-de-foco/locura-hermann-tertsch-tilda-biden-marioneta-gobierno-podemos_252577102 Fake Bulala https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/boxing/article-8928759/Mike-Tyson-reveals-used-FAKE-PENIS-pass-drugs-test.html Marioneta Hana https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201106-giant-puppet-to-walk-8000km-to-highlight-plight-of-child-refugees/ Tom Hanks Jr anegrado https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-8928631/Tom-Hanks-son-Chet-slammed-using-fake-Jamaican-accent-video-rant.html Perro Dorado https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54894828 Desminadores zimbaweños https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/world/malvinas-cleared-of-mines-says-uk-government-38-years-from-end-of-war.phtml Reinas Indignadas https://noticias.perfil.com/noticias/internacionales/letizia-y-maxima-indignadas-con-las-imagenes-de-la-princesa-de-tailandia.phtml?_ga=2.38536998.426954365.1605201687-802180693.1604585166 Asesinato Palilleril https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/philippines-judge-is-shot-and-killed-in-her-office-with-courts-chief-clerk-as-main Puta mierda de vacaciones https://www.diariopopular.com.ar/general/verano-20202021-campings-y-hoteles-reabriran-ventiladores-ni-aire-acondicionado-n515727 Maricas hambrientos https://en.mercopress.com/2020/11/12/brazil-forced-to-import-rice-to-help-keep-domestic-prices-down-given-the-expected-smaller-crop Darwinismo Matrimonial https://www.diariopopular.com.ar/general/murieron-ahogados-al-intentar-recrear-una-escena-titanic-las-fotos-su-casamiento-n515967 Robot Matias Prats https://www.perfil.com/noticias/tecnologia/robot-debuto-como-presentador-noticias-china.phtml Crucero Gusanero https://www.diariopopular.com.ar/internacionales/viaje-gratis-crucero-placery-protocolo-n515815 Poppin khoser https://www.ynetnews.com/environment/article/rye800cWFD MiniCentrales Anglas https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54703204 Tecnología Camellil https://techxplore.com/news/2020-11-camel-fur-inspired-power-free-harnesses-insulation-evaporation.html Langur birmano https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54894681 Gallo criminal https://www.ynetnews.com/environment/article/SJqEO2Huw Arsenal antipeluditos https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/arsenal-ganzberg-beer-dog-meat-b1721865.html Salamandras Takbir https://www.ynetnews.com/environment/article/ryQOQGwFP#autoplay No hay un clavo https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/sanchez-anticipo-liquidez-fondo-europeo_0_1409260665.html Instagramer Subnormal https://www.lasprovincias.es/alicante/instagramer-cuelga-gruas-20201112122522-nt.html Asrocoqueta siniestrada https://elintranews.com/2020/11/12/insolito-impactante-hallazgo-de-cocaina-conmociona-a-guatemala/ RuinaNieto Traidor https://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/preacceso/articulo/default.aspx?__rval=1&urlredirect=https://www.reforma.com/acusa-fgr-a-pena-nieto-de-traidor-y-jefe-criminal/ar2069289?v=2 Culpan del periodista https://www.sinembargo.mx/11-11-2020/3892118 Jamones para los compañeros https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/bbva-jamones-secretaria-villarejo-corrochano-policias_0_1409559498.html Asesino narco https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/11/11/san-luis-potosi-bajo-el-asedio-del-narco-cuales-son-los-carteles-en-disputa-por-el-control-de-la-plaza/ El P90 https://diariomexico.com/integrantes-del-cdg-se-llevan-al-p90-lider-del-cdn/ Pasion Sirreña https://mtpnoticias.com/viral/virales/ejecutan-a-4-integrantes-de-pasion-sirrena-despues-de-una-tocada-en-ciudad-de-mexico/ Cinco diarios https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-homicidios-vuelven-incrementarse-salvador-octubre-fiscalia-registra-media-cinco-dia-20201111171809.html Bus carcelario https://www.hoy.com.py/nacionales/explosivos-incautados-en-bus-tenian-como-destino-la-carcel-de-itapua Ingenieria takbir https://g1.globo.com/pr/oeste-sudoeste/noticia/2020/11/10/presos-cavam-tunel-e-fogem-da-cadeia-em-pato-branco-video.ghtml Senado haitiano https://www.telesurtv.net/news/preven-abolicion-senado-haiti-nueva-constitucion--20201111-0016.html Ciudad Oscura https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20201112/49417122736/suspenden-eleccion-municipal-en-una-ciudad-de-brasil-por-un-prolongado-apagon.html Duelo Titánico en Asia Central 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The Roman Catholic Papacy is one of the oldest institutions in the world, second only to the Chrysanthemum Throne in Japan. Since its inception, there have been 266 popes, and a couple of anti-popes as well.  The pope is not only the head of a religion but also the leader of a sovereign, albeit small, state as well. The process of choosing a pope is unlike any other in the world.  http://www.audibletrial.com/EverythingEverywhere -------------------------------- Executive Producer James Makkyla Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/EEDailyPodcast/ Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/ Learn more about the selection process for picking a new pope on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.

Most popular discussions of the Mongol invasions of Japan simply end with the typhoon of 1281 wiping out the Yuan fleet off the coast of Kyushu. This was not the end of Kublai Khan’s dreams to conquer Japan though, nor do such retellings present the long term consequences of the invasion. Today, we will do just that, describing what happened in the years after the events of the new video game, Ghost of Tsushima. Our previous two episodes have discussed the first invasion in 1274, the story of Takezaki Suenaga, a samurai who fought in both invasions, and went over in brief the invasion of 1281. If you’re following Kings and Generals on Youtube, then you’ve also seen one of our newest videos, focusing on the battles on Tsushima and Iki islands. Now, we’re going to tie together everything we’ve talked about, and how this huge expenditure of men and resources affected both Japan, and Kublai Khan’s Yuan Empire. I’m your host David, but just before we get to today's content, we here at Ages of Conquest would like to say thank you to you, our listeners who download the podcast every week. Your support is greatly appreciated and the reason we do this. You could help us even more by donating through our patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals or by leaving a five star review in your podcast app of choice! And now, this is,Ages of Conquest.   We’ll start off with the impact on Japan and then go into the consequences for Kublai later on in the episode. In Japan, the impact was significant but not immediate. In the days after the typhoon in August 1281, the Japanese killed the Mongol and Korean survivors they found. The Chinese were spared the sword, instead enslaved with few returning. Though a victory, the Japanese government, the shogunate ruling from Kamakura city, was wary. It was impossible for them to judge the full might of the Yuan, and Mongol envoys continued to arrive over the next few years demanding Japanese submission. In preparation for a third invasion, defences continued to be manned, the long sea wall built around Hakata Bay maintained, and garrisons stationed for the next 50 years. The Bakufu -the Japanese term for the shogunate- again considered launching an attack against Korea, the departing point for Mongol fleets in both invasions. Korean naval experience and ships were an important part of Mongol naval capabilities. It’s difficult to gauge how far these talks actually went, but they never materialized into anything concrete. The shikken, Japan’s de facto ruler, Hojo Tokimune, kept Japan on a war footing, a process which consolidated the power of the Bakufu, especially on Kyushu island where the fighting had happened.    This was valuable, due to the rather… wonky nature of Japanese government. The shikken was officially regent for the shogun, who was ruling in the name of the emperor, who still had his own court, but the actual power in the court was the peculiar Japanese position of the retired emperor, or emperor emeritus. Sometimes called ‘cloistered rule,’ an emperor would retire after a short reign, and then allow a son to become emperor, who dealt with court protocol and ceremony while the retired emperor made the actual decisions. During this period, the shogun was also the grandson of the late emperor Go-Daigo. Of course, this isn’t mentioning the layers of regional and local lords and vassals the government worked through. Officially the shikken could only boss around vassals of the shogun, and was in theory only in charge of military matters. The crisis brought on by the Mongol threat was a great opportunity to expand the power of the bakufu, placing allies and members of the Hojo clan into prominent military governor positions, bringing these into the direct hold of the bakufu. The only troops the bakufu could raise were the gokenin, or‘housemen,’ the vassals of the shogun. But in the danger of the oncoming second invasion, non-gokenin forces in western Japan were mobilized, making the precedent for increased military reach of the bakufu.    In 1281 Hojo Tokimune was still young with foresight and great energy, and intended to further strengthen his family’s hold on Japan. What more would he get away with using the justification of another Mongol attack! The position of the shogun and the emperor were totally compliant to Tokimune, and factions within his own clan were kept tightly in check. What might have been, had Tokimune not suddenly died in April 1284, only 34 years old. He was succeeded by his son, Hojo Sadatoki, too young to rule in earnest. The young Sadatoki was dominated by two advisors, Adachi Yasumori and Taira Yoristuna. The two had been at odds for years, but Tokimune had kept the peace. Without his presence, their cooperation could only be temporary. In late 1285, Taira Yoristuna and his faction suddenly attacked and killed Adachi Yasumori, leaving Yoristuna to control the young Sadatoki. From 1285 until 1293, Japan was ruled by the regent of the regent acting for the shogun acting for the emperor, who was also sidelined by the retired emperor.    The murder of Adachi Yasumori sent shockwaves across the bakufu. A popular man who had been energetic in promoting judicial reforms, his death prompted murders and suicides of Adachi loyalists and family, as well as armed revolts in Kyushu. The loss of many prominent officers was a first blow to the bakufu’s governing ability. Taira Yoritsuna also had to deal with the growing discontent of the samurai clamouring for rewards after the 1281 invasion. As we discussed in our previous episode, it was the custom for samurai to be rewarded for bravery in battle, generally with land confiscated from the defeated enemy. After the Genpei War, which saw the rise of the Shogunate in the 1190s, a whole class of land owning samurai was created, the gokenin, rewarding loyal samurai who fought for the Minamoto clan with inhabited lands. They’d collect the revenues, send part to the shogun and use the remainder to support themselves; the lands could then be inherited by their children. By the 1280s, these lands had been parcelled up and divided, and then divided again, leaving many of the gokenin facing destitution. Enough gokenin were forced to sell or pawn their lands that by the late 1260s the bakufu was issuing laws forbidding this and ordering lands to be returned. For many, the rewards they expected to receive from fighting the Mongols was the difference between maintaining the status quo and impoverishment. The Kamakura Bakufu proved slow to doll out the rewards: under Taira Yoristuna, the rewards largely went to important Hojo and Bakufu supporters, leaving out the poorer gokenin who actually needed it. A large group of well armed men with little stake in the status quo was gradually being formed.   In 1293, the shikken Hojo Sadatoki had Taira Yoristuna and his supporters assassinated, ushering in an era of attempted centralization. Sadatoki was only 24 years old in 1293 and wanted to consolidate the power of the bakufu like his father, largely through force and largely unsuccessfully. He struggled to reduce factionalism within the bakufu, and tried to employ the gokenin in suppressing bandity and piracy. Too late was it realized that in many cases the bandits were the gokenin, and such suppression efforts proved futile. All while dealing with the expenditure of continuing to prepare for a Mongol return. When Sadatoki died in 1311, he was remembered as a tired politician who had decreed innumerable death sentences. Sadatoki was succeeded by a nine year old son, Takatoki, dominated by his advisers. Largely ignoring political matters, even when he came of age he was unable, and unwilling, to exert a redirection on the ailing Bakufu.   Takatoki was a poor figure to match another growing threat facing the bakufu.  Back in 1221 the retired emperor Go-Toba attempted to throw off the rule of the Hojo, only to be quickly defeated and Hojo rule secured. In the aftermath, the Hojo asserted greater power over the emperors, including the mandate to decide the imperial succession as needed, though generally left this to the retired emperor. Since the 11th century, the retired emperors held authority and influence over the sitting emperors, just to add that extra layer of confusion to medieval Japanese politics. The Bakufu had a particularly good relationship with the emperor Go-Saga, who reigned as Japan’s 88th emperor, ruling from 1242 to 1246 but acting as retired emperor until his death in 1272. Go-Saga’s son Prince Munetaka became Shogun in 1251, his next son was the 89th Emperor, Gofukakusa and a third son was the 90th emperor, Kameyama, reigning until his retirement in 1274. Go-Saga had never declared whether Gofukakusa or Kameyama would control the succession, anticipating that the Bakufu would simply decide. In theory Gofukakusa, as the senior retired-emperor on Go-Saga’s death in 1272, had control over the succession. The Bakufu sought the opinion of Go-Saga’s widow, who told them to instead choose Kameyama. For the first time in 200 years the sitting emperor, Kameyama, was dominant over the retired emperor, Gofukakusa. It was a step towards the empowerment of the emperors which led to the downfall of the Bakufu.    A consequence of this was both Gofukakusa and Kameyama each thought his own children should sit on the Chrysanthemum Throne. When Kameyama retired in 1274 he declared his son to succeed him as the 91st Emperor, Go-Uda. When it was apparent that Gofukakusa was angry at this, the Bakufu made an unusual decision: they declared that the throne would alternate between the two lines, with Go-Uda to make his heir Gofukakusa’s son, the future 92nd Emperor, Fushimi.  The motive isn’t exactly clear: historian Ishii Susuma has suggested this was a means of control. Facing the threat of the Mongol invasion, the first in 1274 and a second sure to follow, the Bakufu may have believed tightly controlling the imperial succession was another way to secure their power in the crisis of the Mongol threat. Whatever the case, the Bakufu now interfered with the succession at will, demanding the resignation of an emperor whenever rumour reached them of anti-Bakufu sentiment. By the early 1300s the alternating succession was formalized, and the antagonism between the lines of Gofukakusa and Kameyama institutionalized. By the time the two brothers died in 1304 and 1305, the competition between their families had gone on for some 30 years. By 1318 the Bakufu enforced further guidelines, limiting each emperor to a maximum ten year reign and forbidding the offspring of the new monarch, the 96th emperor Go-Daigo, a grandson of Kameyama, from ever taking the throne. For Go-Daigo, who dreamed of overthrowing the shogunate, this was infuriating.    Luckily for Go-Daigo the time was ripe to topple the Kamakura Bakufu. The current shogun was Go-Daigo’s cousin, a grandson of Gofukakusa and an absolute non-entity. The shikken until 1326 was the distracted Takatoki, who retired that year and brought further crisis to the leadership of the bakufu. His successor resigned after only a month, due to an assassination attempt by Takatoki’s mother, who then installed Takatoki’s brother as the final shikken of the Kamakura Bakufu, Hojo Moritoki. The political leadership of the shogunate was hamstrung.  The unrest among the gokenin and earlier banditry turned into rebellion, small armies emerging across Japan challenging the shogunate’s rule. Go-Daigo shopped for allies and didn’t have far to look. In 1333 Go-Daigo’s star general, the masterful tactician Kusunoki Misahige, defeated a Bakufu army. With their military might broken, or at least the longstanding belief in it, the key underpinning of Bakufu rule was removed. Bakufu commanders such as Ashikaga Takauji and Nitta Yoshisada joined the imperial cause.Yoshisada attacked the Bakufu’s capital of Kamakura. The leadership of the Hojo committed suicide and the Shogunate was dismantled. The Emperor was now back in real power for the first time in generations… for about three years.   The aforementioned Ashikaga Takauji hadn’t fought for the restoration of imperial power, but rather, to make himself shogun: essentially, replace the Kamakura Bakufu with one led by his own family. Emperor Go-Daigo’s failure to reward his new military supporters with confiscated Kamakura lands alienated his fragile base of support.  In 1335 some Hojo survivors briefly recaptured Kamakura, and this was the spark for Ashikaga Takauji’s own putsch. Retaking the city, Takauji acted as shogun, ordering lands of his political foes confiscated and redistributed. In 1336 Takauji marched on the imperial capital of Kyoto. Go-Daigo fled before him and when Takauji set up a puppet emperor in Kyoto from the line of Gofukakusa, Go-Daigo set up a rival court in the mountains south the city. So began the 60 year period in Japanese history known as the Northern and Southern Courts, with the Northern Court, based in Kyoto, puppets to legitimize the Ashikaga Shogunate, and a southern court officially challenging them. Not until 1392 was this settled and the long running conflict between the lines of Gofukakusa and Kameyama brought to an end. The Ashikaga Shogunate nominally ruled Japan until 1588, but never matched the strength of the Kamakura Bakufu. Though the Ashikaga Shoguns held high pretensions- the third Shogun called himself the King of Japan in official correspondence- over the 15th century their hold weakened precipitously, and by the 1490s Japan’s famous Sengoku Jidai period began, the warring states period which eventually yielded to the control of the Tokugawa Shoguns.   The Mongol invasion on Japan undermined the Kamakura Bakufu, both causing and compounding fractures within the shogunate. Other than this, the impact of the invasion was much more limited, and not until recently was it seen as a ‘national’ event for the Japanese. On Kyushu, where the fighting had been and home of most of the actual defenders, the Mongol invasion held a high place in memory, shaping the identity of many warrior families. The island’s administration and judicial system were greatly affected, both by increasing Bakufu control and decades of preparing for Mongol returns. For the majority of Japanese though, other than the government shifts and conflicts, they saw little influence of the invasion on their lives. Claims that it prompted a shift in Japanese perceptions of the “foreign” have little basis in the 13th or 14th centuries. Samurai like Takezaki Suenaga saw it as just another battle for which to claim reward, rather than a national emergency: his own account simply calls the Mongols ‘pirates,’ or ‘rebels.’ The invasion did not prompt a national consciousness for Japan. Outside of Kyushu, after the 13th century wider Japanese interest in the invasions did not pick up until Takezaki Suenaga’s scrolls depicting the invasion began to be copied and distributed at the end of 1700s. Since the Samurai no longer had an actual military role by then, they were eager to celebrate the heroic combat of their ancestors -not because of victory over foreigners or civil wars, but that they had done brave deeds.   If the slow distribution of the scrolls promoted knowledge of the invasions, it was the forced opening of Japan and interaction with western imperial pressure in the mid-1800s in which, retroactively, the Mongol invasions became the “first round” of ‘Japan vs the world.’ The Mongol invasion was a popular medium to depict the Americans and Europeans as invaders coming to Japan.  The last of the Tokugawa Shoguns was ousted in 1868, and the 122nd emperor, Meiji, was the first to hold real power since the defeat of Go-Daigo some 500 years prior. Under Meiji, a national historiography was promoted to catch on to this new-fangled European idea of ‘nation-states.’ The Mongol Invasions were especially prominent in the new history textbooks, appearing on the currency and in popular art. With the boom in Japanese nationalism at the turn of the century and military victories over China and the Russian Empire, the Japanese government made the Mongol invasion a useful propaganda tool, presenting Japan as a divinely protected, and superior, nation to its foes. It’s roughly this time that the term kamikaze specifically came to be associated with the storms which marked the end of both invasion attempts. As we mentioned in previous episodes, the 13th and 14th century Japanese sources make little mention of the storms; divine support was seen in the fact that the Japanese won, rather than a specific manifestation via the storms. In the late 19th century, as both knowledge and popularity of the invasions grew, the storms became the sign of Japan’s divine favour, an idea which is now irrevocably tied to the invasions. The connotations of divine rescue in Japan’s hour of need reached their ultimate evolution with the kamikaze pilots of 1944, a last ditch effort to slow the American approach on the Japanese home islands.   The consequences of the invasion on the Mongol Empire were not as significant. Kublai Khan’s immediate reaction to the defeat in August 1281 was to demand a third invasion. Envoys were again sent to Japan demanding its submission, and orders were sent across his realm for ships and rice for another attack. Only by 1286 were Kublai’s advisers able to dissuade him against another attack.  Thought for invading Japan did not totally go away though: in 1280, the “Mobile Bureau for the Subjugation of Japan,” was established in Korea which was officially to prepare for further incursions. Dissolved and reformed several times, it became the highest arm of Mongol authority in Korea until the end of Yuan rule in the late 14th century.    We will explore Kublai’s career in greater detail in future episodes, but by the mid-1280s his most trusted advisers, his chief and most beloved wife and his favourite son and heir were dead. Losing the only voices that could rein Kublai in, he became depressed, seeking solace in food and alcohol, suffering from gout and obesity. Japan was not his only failed foreign venture; he also ordered inconclusive invasions against Vietnam, Burma, Java and fought rebellions in Central Asia, Mongolia, Manchuria and Tibet. Having lost direct rule over the rest of the empire, the destruction of the fleets against Japan must have felt to Kublai like a failure to complete the Mongol conquest of the world. The defeats only deepened the morose of Kublai’s final years, but the invasion of Japan did not singularly cause this.    More immediate effects were economic. The expenditure of men, ships and resources against Japan, and other overseas ventures, were enormous for no gain. To try to make up the difference, Kublai demanded his finance ministers bring in ever greater tribute and taxation. In Chinese sources, these men are called the “three Villainous Ministers,” or some variation thereof- Ahmad Fanakati, Lu Shirong and Sangha, who, in their attempts to meet the demands  of the aging Khan, with some personal enrichment along the way, were accused of heinous crimes and greed, from stealing women to looting tombs of the Song Emperors. While some accusations are likely exaggerations, the impression gained by the Chinese was one of mistreatment, and undid much of the goodwill Kublai earned from his other reconstruction efforts. The 1280s up until Kublai’s death at the start of 1294 saw mismanagement and corruption set in which Kublai’s less able successors never shook off. The attacks did not end Japanese trade with China; it continued after Kublai’s death, but with increasing restriction and regulation ordered by the Yuan government. To protect themselves, Japanese ships coming to China came with armed men, which gave way easily to piracy. Hence, wako pirates once again threatened the Korean and Chinese coastlines from the 14th century on.   To the Chinese and Mongols, they were left with an impression of the Japanese as tough warriors, but at that time little else was learned of them. Marco Polo, who arrived in China after the first invasion, provides the first European mention of Japan -Zipangu, he calls it- and a garbled version of the invasion. Describing the Japanese as incredibly wealthy, he describes the storm sinking the fleet, but with the addition that shipwrecked survivors were able to sneak into the Japanese capital city and take it, a paltry attempt to preserve the image of Mongol invincibility. It is from Polo’s account that Japan would first appear on European maps, some 200 years before Europeans first physically set foot on Japan in the 1540s.    Our final note is a brief one;  The sword used by the samurai at the time of the Mongol invasion was the tachi, a long, single-edged blade with a pronounced curvature.  It seems to some extent the Japanese found the swords ill suited to the task, that the sword was deemed too fragile against either the Mongol armours, particularly full iron lamellar, or Mongol and Chinese swords which were shorter, thicker and sturdier made than the Japanese equivalents. As the Japanese did not use shields, attempts to block sword blows with the tachi may have resulted in significant chipping of the blade. According to the theory this spawned a need to redesign the tachi, making it stronger, shorter and somewhat straighter. The centralization of the Kamakura Bakufu and large mobilization of warriors resulted in hundreds, if not thousands, of men making the trips across Japan and to the capital and beyond. This provided a means to pass on technical knowledge of changing sword designs, and by the late 14th century spawned the emergence of a new weapon for the samurai: the katana. In that respect at least, the expansion of the Mongol Empire was an irregular road to providing a classic weapon for thousands of anime characters. Such is the nature of history!   This ends our series on Mongol Invasions of Japan; hopefully you’ve listened to this, the previous episodes and our newest video while you’ve been playing Ghost of Tsushima, and perhaps learned something along the way. Our next episode will go back to our regular series, picking up with the western expansion of Hulegu against the ‘Abbasid Caliph in the 1250s. If you’d like to help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on patreon at www.patreon/kingsandgenerals. I’m your host David, and we’ll catch you on the next one.

Emperor Naruhito Completes his ascension to acient Chrysanthemum throne in ritual- bond ceremony

Pour aller un peu plus loin... “Future role of Japan's imperial women in spotlight as family numbers decline”, The Japan Times, 2019DURAND Damien, « Japon : les groupes nationalistes et l’empereur, une liaison dangereuse ? », Slate, 2019DURAND Damien, « Le Japon n'a plus guère d'empereurs potentiels en stock », Slate, 2019GUNIA Amy, “Five Things to Know About the Modern Japanese Monarchy”, Time, 2019MAIZLAND Lindsay, “The Japanese Emperor’s Role in Foreign Policy”, Council on Foreign Relations, 2019TENNANT Ella, “Japan: a new emperor and a new era – but women are still excluded from the Chrysanthemum Throne”, in The Conversation, 2019

Au programme ce mois-ci, nous parlons du changement d'Empereur au Japon, nous analysons la feuille de route signée entre la France et l'Irak (12:40), et abordons la question du cyber avec l'attaque qu'a subi Israël (25:10)! Pour le grand dossier, nous avons enfin notre invité du mois dernier, sans problèmes techniques cette fois-ci! Mohamed Badine El Yattioui nous explique quelles sont les routes du narcotrafic, notamment entre l'Amérique latine et l'Afrique de l'ouest (35:05). Veuillez nous excuser pour la qualité, nous avons enregistré ce grand dossier à partir de trois pays différents. Pour aller un peu plus loin... Le nouvel Empereur du Japon “Future role of Japan's imperial women in spotlight as family numbers decline”, The Japan Times, 2019 DURAND Damien, « Japon : les groupes nationalistes et l’empereur, une liaison dangereuse ? », Slate, 2019DURAND Damien, « Le Japon n'a plus guère d'empereurs potentiels en stock », Slate, 2019GUNIA Amy, “Five Things to Know About the Modern Japanese Monarchy”, Time, 2019MAIZLAND Lindsay, “The Japanese Emperor’s Role in Foreign Policy”, Council on Foreign Relations, 2019TENNANT Ella, “Japan: a new emperor and a new era – but women are still excluded from the Chrysanthemum Throne”, in The Conversation, 2019 Les relations franco-irakiennes « Pompeo en visite surprise en Irak, avertit l’activité de l’Iran », Reuters, 2019LAGNEAU Laurent, « La France et l’Irak vont renforcer leurs relations militaires », OPEX 360, 2019GUIBERT Nathalhie et SALLON Hélère, « La France et l'Irak signent « une feuille de route stratégique » pour renforcer la coopération bilatérale », Le Monde, 2019 Israël et le cyber Revue stratégique de cyberdéfense, SGDSN, 2018DANINO Olivier, « La cyberstratégie cyberétqiue de l’Etat d’Israël », ESKA « Sécurité globale », 2013/2 n°24, pp. 15-24FRUHLINGER Josh, “What is WannaCry ransomware, how does it infect, and who was responsible?”, CSO, 2018FRUHLINGER Josh, “What is Stuxnet, who created it and how does it work?”, CSO, 2017O’FLAHERTY Kate, “Israel Retaliates To A Cyber Attack With Immediate Physical Action In A World First”, Forbes, 2019NOCETTI Julien, « Géopolitique de la cyber-conflictualité », Politique étrangère, 2/2018, pp. 15-27P. CARLIN John, “Inside the hunt for the world’s most dangerous terrorist”, Politico, 2018PERLROTH Nicole and KRAUSS Clifford, “A Cyberattack in Saudi Arabia Had a Deadly Goal. Experts Fear Another Try.”, The New York Times, 2018 Les routes du narcotrafic “Cocaine Trafficking in West Africa: The threat to stability and development”, ONUDC, 2007 BASTIN et BRETONNIERE, “Essor et évolution du trafic de cocaïne en Afrique de l’Ouest, Amérique latine-Afrique: deux continents émergents à l’épreuve du trafic de drogue”, ANAJ-INHEDN, 2014, pp. 25 BERGHEZAN, Georges, “Panorama du trafic de cocaïne en Afrique de l’Ouest”, Groupe de recherche et d’information sur la paix et la sécurité (GRIP), 2012, p. 6 BROWN David E., “The challenge of drug trafficking to democratic governance and human security in West Africa”, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2013, pp. 2-3 CHAMPIN Christophe, “L’Afrique de l’Ouest: une zone rebond de la cocaïne destinée au marché européen”, Drogues, observatoire français des drogues et toxicomanies (OFDT), No. 4, 2007, p. 1 SIMON Julien, “Le Sahel comme espace de transit des stupéfiants. Acteurs et conséquences politiques”, Hérodote, No. 142, 2011, p. 132

Europe Editor Patrick Smyth looks ahead to the EU summit in Sibiru, Romania. It was billed as a Brexit-Free opportunity to plan for Europe's future, but the failure of the UK to leave on time means the meeting still takes place in Brexit's shadow. Also looming is the probability of a realignment of power in the European parliament. Plus, David McNeill in Tokyo on the significance of the ascension of a new Emperor to Japan's Chrysanthemum Throne.

A new emperor and a changing Japan? What this means to the US. TOKYO – Japan's future new emperor is a musician and historian who ascends the Chrysanthemum Throne on May 1. Japan's constitution limits the emperor to a symbolic role, and Naruhito is likely to emulate his father, 85-year-old Akihito. (PHOTO: FOX NEWS)

In 2016, Emperor Akihito announced he intended to step down from the throne because of his age and declining health.  Now, with just two weeks until Akihito’s son Naruhito becomes the country’s 126th emperor and with the name of the new Reiwa Era announced, Deep Dive asks: What does it mean to be Emperor of Japan, and what can we expect from the next person to sit atop the Chrysanthemum Throne?  Sakura Murakami joins Oscar Boyd to discuss. We had a lot of fun finding early Showa Era songs that run in the breaks in this episode. In order they were: * "Southern Bride" by Meiko Takamine * "Koiwa Umibe De" by Mitsuko Watanabe * "Sendo Kawaiya" by Kikutaro Takahashi Thanks to Dr. Kenneth Ruoff, author of several books on Japan's Imperial Family, for contributing to this podcast.

Dan and Sam are back with a packed 2nd episode of The Superfluous Podcast. This time they cover three subjects as opposed to the normal two.After briefly discussing their favorite things (Texas, food, beer, etc), Sam starts by discussing the 1970s adult film Deep Throat and how it created a seminal horror film. After that, Dan expounds on Peking Opera and horribly mispronounces all over the place.Sam ends the episode by talking about the Chrysanthemum tradition and its importance in the Japanese ruling family.  Oh, and we spend a few minutes in Louisiana, just for fun.

Colm "Colabear" Brophy, Eoin "Hida O-Win" Burke, Justin Walsh, Andy Gordon and Barry "Bazleebub" Sheppard discuss the dynasty pack The Chrysanthemum Throne. Visit the Site - http://imperialadvisor.com Watch live on Twitch - http://twitch.tv/imperialadvisor Follow on Twitter - http://twitter.com/imperialadvisor Like of Facebook - http://facebook.com/imperialadvisor Listen on SoundCloud - https://soundcloud.com/imperialadvisor Subscribe on iTunes - https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/imperial-advisor/id1233996425?mt=2

This week's English News Weekly podcast looks at remarkable news from Japan where the government has enacted a one-off law that will allow the current Emperor to abdicate. This is the first time since the beginning of the 19th Century that a Japanese Emperor is willingly abdicating. The current emperor, Akihito, has been on the Chrysanthemum Throne since 1989 and announced his desire to abdicate last year. When will happen? English News Weekly will try to explain all... (PDF) Download MP3

This week's English News Weekly podcast looks at remarkable news from Japan where the government has enacted a one-off law that will allow the current Emperor to abdicate. This is the first time since the beginning of the 19th Century that a Japanese Emperor is willingly abdicating. The current emperor, Akihito, has been on the Chrysanthemum Throne since 1989 and announced his desire to abdicate last year. When will happen? English News Weekly will try to explain all... (PDF) Download MP3

Prince Harry arrives in Sydney, a new bill passed in the Japanese Parliament, John Key receives a Knighthood in New Zealand and the Queen's Birthday in Australia.See more in this week's show.Visit our website http://rightroyalroundup.com.au.Like us on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/RightRoyalRoundup, follow us on Twitter @RightRoyalRound and Instagram @rightroyalroundup.

The Anime Addicts discuss the Emperor of Japan's desire to retire and step down from his role and the Japanese government's refusal to allow him to do so. We also review the anime Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress! For less than $1 per episode you can get Hentai Episodes, After Parties, and our Hobby Addicts podcasts at http://www.aaapodcast.com

The ANC, the political party of Nelson Mandela, has barely lost a vote since the end of apartheid in 1994. Now it has lost control of several districts in municipal elections, in what's being called a tipping point in the nation's political history. Bill Corcoran reports from Johannesburg. Akihito, Emperor of Japan, is not allow to comment on Japanese politics or laws - including the law that established his own position. Therefore it was tricky for him to let the nation know that he'd quite like to retire at the age of 82, says David McNeill in Tokyo. And here in our Dublin studio, Ruadhan Mac Cormaic explains how a new selection process for U.N. Secretary General allows potential replacements for Ban Ki-moon to get the message and drop out with dignity, if they lack support - but there's still room for plenty of politicking over the crucial appointment.