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The fourth and final episode in our series on the Jinshin no Ran: we cover the campaign in Afumi (aka Ōmi - 近江).  Prince Ōama and Prince Ōtomo (aka Kōbun Tennō), have drawn up their forces.  Last episode we covered the fighting in the Nara Basin, around the ancient Yamato capital: Asuka.  This episode focuses on the defense of the Karafu and Fuwa passes and the eventual march to the bridge at Setagawa. This is a name heavy episode, and we'll be noting some of it here: https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/episode-132   Rough Transcript Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua and this is episode 132: The Jinshin no Ran, Part 4: The Afumi Campaign The Afumi soldiers on the western side of the bridge looked across the open expanse of water towards their Yoshino rivals on the eastern side.  If it weren't for the banners and the red tags barely visible on the sleeves of the opposing forces, it would be hard to know which side was which.  Both were equipped in similar ways, and a few of the soldiers could even make out familiar faces on the other side.  That is the nature of civil wars—especially in a conscript society, where the soldiers often had little choice which side they were fighting for.  Not that it necessarily mattered much to them which side came out on top, whatever their commanders might have told them. The bridge across the Seta river was large and wide, and normally quite well traveled.  Now, however, the central boards had been pulled up for a span of about 30 feet or so, leaving a gap spanned by only a single, narrow plank.  That plank was, itself, tied to a rope, which was being held by the Afumi troops.  The soldiers knew that should any of the enemy try to cross, they could pull the plank out from under them and they would fall into the river, their metal armor dragging them down into the dark depths of swirling water below.  Even should they somehow make it across without being peppered by arrows, there would be no reinforcements coming: they would be slaughtered, and the trap would be reset. It seemed like the Afumi forces held all the cards in this battle, and yet they were still tense. Archers could still shoot across the distance. The front rank of troops held wooden shields as a defense, but there were still openings in the formation and the armor, and in the chaos of battle, nobody was truly safe. And so the Afumi forces waited.  Confident, but wary. A commotion on the eastern side of the bridge grabbed the spotlight.  The Yoshino forces had approached, and they were clearly preparing for something.  The Afumi soldiers strained to see what was going on.  Suddenly, the front line of the Yoshino forces parted, and a strange sight confronted the Afumi soldiers.  It took them a moment to fully comprehend what was barreling towards them at full tilt: a soldier that looked almost like two soldiers put together, wearing armor placed over armor, in an attempt to protect from harm.  It must have been heavy, and as he stepped on the beam, it visibly buckled under the weight.  The Afumi archers let loose with their arrows and crossbow bolts, but to no avail.  They simply stuck in the armor, adding to the bizarre and otherworldly appearance of their opponent. The spell was broken on the Afumi side as arrows came cascading in.  The Yoshino forces weren't just sitting idly back, they were making sure they were doing everything they could to keep the Afumi forces distracted.  And for a split second it worked—and a split second was all they needed.  Before the soldiers could gather up their wits about them enough to pull the rope there was a terrifying sound of metal on wood.  The Afumi soldiers pulled the rope, but it came all too easy—the Yoshino soldier had dashed across and cut the rope tied to the plank.  Behind him, the Yoshino forces were now pouring across the bridge.  Soon they would establish a foothold, and behind the front line they would be able to have other soldiers place more planks so that the number of Yoshino soldiers on the Western side of the bridge only continued to increase. Realizing that their trap had been circumvented, the Afumi forces fell back, but their strategic withdrawal soon turned into a full on retreat.  While pockets of soldiers resisted, many were suddenly all too aware that perhaps it was better to live and fight another day, instead.  Despite threats and even attacks from their own commanders, the Afumi forces fled the battlefield, leaving the Yoshino army victorious.  With the Seta bridge now secured, there were no more major obstacles in their way:  They would march to the capital at Ohotsu and finish this war.   Welcome back!  This is Part 4, and so if you haven't already done so, I recommend going back and starting with Part 1.  That said, we'll briefly recap here. Over the past three episodes, we've talked about the causes of the war between Prince Ohotomo and Prince Ohoama as they vied for the throne.  Prince Ohotomo seemingly had the stronger position, as he was actually running the Yamato state from the Afumi capital in Ohotsu.  He had the various ministers and all the official organs of the state on his side.   He was also 23 years old. Ohoama, on the other side, was Ohotomo's paternal uncle.  His own son, Prince Takechi, was 19 years old and helping to lead the army.   Upon learning that the State was gathering forces against him, Ohoama had quickly moved east, gathering forces as he went, and now he stood near Fuwa, modern day Sekigahara, prepared to begin his march on the capital.   This episode we are going to cover the conclusion of the war.  Warning, though, this is going to be a *lot*.  A lot of place names and people names.  Apologies if it is hard to follow.  I'll have a rough map and info on the various players on the podcast blog, so you may want to bring that up if you are having problems following. In Part I of this series we covered the causes leading up to the conflict.  In Part II we covered Ohoama's mad dash to Fuwa, at modern Sekigahara.  Last episode, Part III we covered the fighting in the Nara Basin. This episode we are going to talk about the last two fronts of the war: the defense of the Iga area and Kurafu Pass, and the march from Fuwa to the Afumi capital of Ohotsu. Before we go into the details of the next battles, let's look at what each side of the conflict was doing, what they are concerned about, and where they are on the board.  We'll then go into how the rest of the war played out, and its conclusion and aftermath.     Ohoama's Yoshino forces had largely been drawn from the countries in the east—the very same countries that Ohoama was denying to the Afumi court.  In response, the Afumi court had drawn their forces from where they could.  There were those that they had already called up under the pretense of building Naka no Oe's burial mound, but they had sent others out to raise troops in Yamato and out the western side of Honshu, all the way to Tsukushi—modern Kyushu.  However, not everyone in the Western region of the archipelago was friendly to the Afumi court—especially the regions of Kibi and Tsukushi.  This was significant.  Kibi was an ancient rival of Yamato, and likely could contribute a sizeable force.  Tsukushi, on the other hand, was quite large, and besides the conscripts from among the regular inhabitants, Tsukushi also was in charge of defending the archipelago from invasion—they were the first line of defense.  They had constructed numerous castles and fortifications to defend against a possible invasion, and those castles and fortifications were no doubt manned by troops that had been raised for that purpose.  If they could now be turned inwards, that could be enough to really turn the tide against Ohoama and his Yoshino army. The only problem was that neither Kibi nor Tsukushi were exactly sympathetic to the Afumi court.  The governor of Kibi and Prince Kurikuma, the viceroy of Tsukushi, both had ties to Ohoama, and the ministers suspected them of sympathizing with their Yoshino rivals.  As such the envoys that were sent out were authorized to take whatever drastic steps they felt necessary to secure the troops. So how did that all go down?  Well, last episode we talked about how Hodzumi no Momotari and his crew had been stopped from raising troops in Asuka by Ohotomo no Fukei, whose bluff of pretending to be Prince Takechi and a host of cavalry soldiers caused the conscripted troops to flee, and ended up in the death of Momotari and the capture of his compatriots. In Kibi, things took a turn in Afumi's favor.  When the Afumi government's envoy arrived at the government center in Kibi, he tricked the governor into taking off his sword.  Once he had done so, the envoy drew his own sword and killed the governor.  Without the governor to get in his way, the envoy then went about securing the land and troops for the Afumi court. Prince Kurikuma, the viceroy in Tsukushi, at the Dazaifu, was not quite so easily fooled, however.  Kurikuma knew how the court operated, and was apparently well informed of what was going on.  When the Afumi court's envoy met with Kurikuma, the Prince was flanked by two of his sons, Prince Mino and Prince Takebe, each one armed.  When Prince Kurikuma heard what the Afumi court wanted—for him to send the troops from Tsukushi to help quell Ohoama's rebellion—Kurikuma responded that he needed those troops to hold the border.  After all, the Tang dynasty was still a potential threat, and what good would it do to send the troops from the border regions to fight an internal war, only to then have an invader come in and destroy the state entirely?  No, he reasoned, he would not be sending the troops as the Afumi court requested. We are told that for a moment, the Afumi envoy thought about grabbing his sword and killing Prince Kurikuma, as the Afumi court had suggested, but with both of Kurikuma's sons armed on either side of him, he realized that he didn't have great odds, and so he eventually left, empty handed, but alive. This is significant.  While we don't know exact numbers, it is likely that there were quite a few troops stationed in Kyushu and the islands, all in case of foreign invasion.  By not supplying them to the Afumi court, Prince Kurikuma dealt a huge blow to the Afumi's ability to make war.  Add to that the fact that Ohoama had likewise blocked the court's access to the eastern countries, and that further narrowed the troops that Afumi had access to.  Nonetheless, they still had enough to be dangerous, and it is impossible to say exactly what might happen in a war. So we know where the Afumi and Yoshino forces ostensibly came from, but let's talk about the battlefield.  All of the fighting that we talk about was happening in an area between Naniwa—modern Ohosaka—and Fuwa, modern Sekigahara, northwest from the modern city of Nagoya. There are three main theaters we are talking about.  The first is in the Nara basin, which we talked about extensively in the last episode.  The Nara basin itself was not necessarily of the most strategic importance, militarily, but it was of huge symbolic importance.  After all, that was still the ancient capital, even though the governmental functions had been moved north, to Ohotsu, on the shores of Lake Biwa.  The second is in the Suzuka mountains.  This includes the areas of Iga and Kouka, and it is bordered by the Nara basin on the west, the Mie coastline on the east, and Afumi, the area around lake Biwa, to the north.  This is the same region that Ohoama had to naviagate through on his way from Yoshino to the east, and the mountains and valleys make it so that there are only so many traversable routes through.  For our narrative we are going to be primarily talking about the Kurafu Pass, between Kouka and Iga, at modern Tsuge city.  This pass  was an important route between Kouka, Iga, and Mie.  The road followed the Soma River which eventually flowed into Lake Biwa.  This made it a route out of Afumi, and if the Afumi forces could secure the Kurafu pass and the fields of Tara, just on the other side, they could split Ohoama's forces and cut off any help that he could possibly send to the Nara basin, and possibly even take Ohoama from behind. Finally, let's talk about our third theater:  Afumi itself.  Specifically, we are looking at the southern and eastern sides around Lake Biwa.  Biwa is the largest lake in Japan, and it is almost entirely surrounded by mountains except for where the Seta river flows south, eventually winding its way to Naniwa.  Today, the area of Afumi is largely co-located with modern Shiga Prefecture. Back in 668, after finding themselves on the losing side of the Baekje-Tang war, Naka no Oe, aka Tenji Tennou, had moved the capital to Ohotsu, or Big Port, in Afumi, on the shores of Lake Biwa, likely for the protection it gave.  From Afumi, there were three major routes out of the basin, and a few minor ones.  All of them were through defensible mountain passes, like Karafu Pass, Fuwa Pass, and Suzuka Pass.  Three such passes:  Fuwa, Suzuka, and Arachi would become prominent barriers, or seki, along the ancient roads, and were known as the Sangen, or Three Barriers, protecting the capital region.  Suzuka no seki, at the pass of the same name, was in the south.  To reach it from Afumi, one crossed the Karafu pass, and then turned east through a pass near Mt. Miyama.  At the northern tip of the Suzuka mountains was Fuwa pass, future home of the Fuwa barrier.  The Barrier, or “Seki” would give its name to the area in another form:  Sekigahara.  This was along the Tousandou, the Eastern Mountain road, and even today it is the path through which roads and even the Shinkansen traverse between eastern and western Honshu.  Finally, though less important to our story, was the Arachi pass. Arachi no seki was part of the Hokurikudo, the Northern Land Route, and led to the ancient country of Kochi and the port of Tsuruga, which had a long history as an alternate port, especially for ships sailing from Goguryeo.  Later, Arachi no seki would be replaced in the Sangen ranking by another pass between Afumi and modern Kyoto, which would be known as the Afusaka, or Ohosaka, Pass.  This was the pass that would have been used to get to Yamashiro and, from there, to Naniwa and the Nara Basin. These three passes would come to define the island of Honshu, and became the dividing line between the Kanto region, in the east, and the Kansai region, in the west.  By holding the Suzuka and Fuwa passes, Ohoama effectively denied any travel to the eastern regions.  Sure, Afumi could have tried going through the Arachi pass and into Kochi, but then they would have had to traverse the Japan alps—no small feat, especially without modern conveniences like the trains and busses used today. From Fuwa Pass, where Ohoama and Prince Takechi had set up their headquarters, it was largely a straight shot to the Afumi capital of Ohotsu.  Between Lake Biwa and the Suzuka mountains is a wide, flat plain, divided primarily by the rivers and streams running out from the mountains into the lake.  Immediately west of Fuwa is the area of Maibara.  Following the shore of the lake one traverses through modern Hikone, to Yasu.  Yasu would also have been the location where the road to the Karafu pass broke off into the Suzuka mountains.  Beyond that was the bridge across the Seta River. The Seta river was one of the largest obstacles that would have to be negotiated, and the Afumi forces knew this.  Just as Ohoama would set up at Fuwa pass, a large number of the Afumi forces were set up on the western bank of the Seta river.  If the Yoshino forces could get across, however, it would mean that they had a more or less unimpeded route to the capital at Ohotsu. So now let's talk about what was happening in each of these places. Ohoama had set up at Fuwa—Sekigahara—and had begun to call soldiers to him.  Not only did did this allow him to block the rival Afumi troops from accessing the Eastern countries and possibly raising troops to use against him, but he was also able to maintain a line of communication with ancient Yamato, in the Nara Basin.  In order to keep his communication lines open, and to ensure that the Afumi forces couldn't sneak up behind him, Ohoama split his forces in two.  He knew that Afumi forces were trying to take his stronghold in Yamato, and if successful, from there they could move in to Uda and on to Iga.  thereafter that, they could march up behind him through the Suzuka pass.  Alternatively, the forces in Afumi could come up through Kouka and the Karafu pass, and then try to divide and conquer So the first group of Ohoama's army were to go south, through the Suzuka pass into their mountain namesake.  Once there, Oho no Omi no Honji was to hold Tarano, the Plain of Tara, where the routes to Suzuka, Kafuka, and Iga met.  Tanaka no Omi no Tarumaro went with him, with orders to guard the Kurafu pass, which is to say the road to Kouka.  This first group was headed by Ki no Omi no Abemaro, and also included Miwa no Kimi no Kobito, and Okizome no Muraji no Usagi.  Along with what we are told were tens of thousands of men, this first made their way south from Fuwa  through Mie and Ise and over the Suzuka pass.  Once there, they took up their positions at Karafu and Tarano.  It was a good thing, too, because only a couple of days after they arrived, the enemy struck.   Now as soon as he got there, Oho no Honji had fortified Tarano with some three thousand men, and Tanaka no  Tarumaro was sent to guard the Kurafu pass.  Prior to this, Tarumaro had been the official in charge of the Hot Springs in Ise, but he had joined Ohoama and the Yoshino forces when they first arrived over the Suzuka Pass.  Now he was in charge of a military force, encamped along the road through the Kurafu pass, waiting for the enemy. Unbeknownst to him, a deputy commander of the Afumi forces, Tanabe no Wosumi, was approaching from Mt. Kafuka.  Presumably he'd been sent out from Ohotsu and had followed the road along the Yasu and Soma rivers towards the pass.  Wosumi had  sizeable force with him, but he was not looking for a direct assault.  Even if he would win, he would suffer casualties, especially trying to attack an entrenched enemy in a fortified position.  He needed to be sneaky.  He had no way of knowing that, centuries later, the lands of Iga and Kouka would be known for their sneaky warriors—their legendary ninja—but I digressed.  What Wosumi did was this.  First, he rolled up his banners and muffled the drums.  He even had his men gag themselves—a continental custom where soldiers were given a stick to hold in their mouth, like a horse's bit, to discourage any talking amongst the ranks as they approached.  Presumably, they kept them in until just before attacking, because they also devised a watchword “kane”—transcribed as metal or gold.  Wosumi knew that it would be hard enough to tell who was who in the daytime—after all, it wasn't like these were regimented forces with uniforms.  The soldiers were likely all wearing whatever they had available, and clothing and armor would have been similar across the two armies.  At night, even some kind of mark or flag would hardly be enough to tell who was who in the dark.  As lines broke and melee ensued, it would be easy to get turned around, and find yourself facing a friend.  By saying the watchword you could distinguish friend from foe. Sure enough, this tactic worked.  The Afumi forces broke through the Yoshino fortifications in the middle of the night and swarmed into the encampment.  Men who had been asleep were waking up to chaos.  Tarumaro's Yoshino soldiers were thrown into confusion.  Tarumaro himself, escaped, but just barely.  we are told that he noticed that the enemy kept shouting the word “kane”, and so he started doing it as well. The Afumi forces, assuming he was one of their own, left him alone.  Still, he only escaped with difficulty. His escape was no doubt critical, however.   He presumably would have headed to Tarano to try and warn Oho no Honji, but this may not have been possible, as we are told that on the following day, after the attack at Karafu pass, the Afumi commander Wosumi continued his advance, and came upon the Yoshino encampment at Tarano unexpectedly.  Still, General Honji did not back down.  With a force of hand-picked soldiers, Honji counterattacked against Wosumi and struck him.  We are told that Wosumi made it out—the only one who did—but that he did not try and make another attack.  The Yoshino forces would ultimately hold the pass and the critical juncture of Tarano.  The Afumi forces would not get a second chance. By the way, a quick note here:  I can't help but notice a bit of a trope showing up in these stories:  At Narayama, General Fukei is defeated, and is the only person who makes his escape.  Then Tarumaro is the only person to escape his defeat.  Finally, Wosumi is the only one of his forces to leave the plain of Tara. I am more than a little incredulous that these generals are the only ones who actually survived, and that the rest of the army was slaughtered.  In fact, you may recall that at the battle at Taima, General Fukei told his men not to pursue the fleeing common soldiers.  As I've tried to point out, the common soldiers were not likely as invested in the cause.  In fact, it is just as possible that the common soldiers may have changed sides and joined the other army if they thought it would serve them well.  Or maybe they were escaping and just blending into the countryside.  After all, the elites weren't really spending the time to get to know them, let along record any details about them.  So I suspect that it was more about the fact that the various armies would be broken, and the soldiers flung to the four corners, rather than that they were necessarily slaughtered.  After all, if you had the choice, would you have stayed there? A few days after Wosumi was defeated, the Yoshino general that Ohoama had sent to Iga along with Honji and Tarumaro, Ki no Omi no Abemaro, heard that their ally, Ohotomo no Fukei was in trouble in the Nara Basin.  He'd been defeated by the Afumi general Ohono no Hatayasu at Narayama,  and without reinforcements, the entire Nara Basin could fall, along with the ancient Yamato capital at Asuka. So Abemaro sent Okizome no Muraji no Usagi with more than a thousand cavalry to go assist.  They met Fukei at Sumizaka, and suddenly, things were looking up in the Nara Basin.  For more on how that turned out, check out last episode, where we covered the events in the Nara Basin. Once the events in the Nara Basin settled out, then both the Nara Basin and the Karafu pass would be well and truly in the hands of the Yoshino forces.  But there was no way for those guarding those locations to know that the fighting was over, and they would have to hold their positions until the fighting had definitively stopped.  Which brings us back to Ohoama and the Yoshino troops gathered at Fuwa, where things were about to kick off as well.  The troops at Fuwa, while being led by Ohoama and his 19 year old son, Takechi, were placed under the command of Murakuni no Muraji no Woyori—who, , as things progressed, would be noted as the primary general for the campaign that would lead Yoshino troops from Fuwa, on the offensive towards Ohotsu. The only reason that they seem to have waited before going on the offensive was that every day, more troops were coming in.  So even as the fighting was going on in Nara and at the Karafu pass, the Yoshino army at Fuwa gathered men and made their preparations.  As they did so, the Afumi court Was going to do whatever they could to try and break them, hoping that they could stop the threat posed by Ohoama and his men before they began their march. For the Afumi forces first attempt to break the Yoshino defenses at Fuwa pass, they picked troops to try and make an incursion into the village of Tamakurabe, which appears to have been in the pass itself; it was probably modern Tama district of Sekigahara.  They were repelled, however, by Izumo no Omi no Koma, who drove them off. Later, the Afumi court ordered another force of several tens of thousands of men to attack under the command of Prince Yamabe no Ou, Soga no Omi no Hatayasu, and Kose no Omi no Hito.  Soga no Hatayasu and Kose no Hito were both part of the inner circle of the Afumi court, or so it would seem.  When Prince Ohotomo had taken the reins of the government in a ceremony in the Western Hall of the Palace, he was attended by the ministers of the right and left, as well as Soga no Hatayasu, Kose no Hito, and Ki no Ushi.  They were at the very heart of this whole matter.  Prince Yamabe is a little bit more of a mystery.  We know he was someone of note, and when Prince Ohotsu was brought to his parents, they were apparently traveling under the guise of Prince Yamabe and another prince, Prince Ishikawa.  But we know little else. The three men and their Afumi troops headed out and camped on the bank of the Inukami river, near modern Hikone.  There, however, trouble broke out. The Nihon Shoki does not record exactly what it was, but there must have been some kind of falling out.  Prince Yamabe no Ou was killed by Soga no Hatayasu and Kose no Hito.  We don't know if this was due to some quarrel or what, but either way, it threw the army into a state of disarray and there was no way for them to move forward.  Soga no Hatayasu appears to have taken responsibility for whatever happened, as he headed back from Inukami, presumably back to Ohotsu, where he took his own life by stabbing himself in the throat.  There would be no attack on Fuwa Pass, however. Finally, the Nihon Shoki also recounts the story of another Afumi general, named Hata no Kimi no Yakuni, and his son, Ushi.  Together with others, who remain unnamed, they surrendered themselves to Ohoama and the Yoshino forces, rather than fighting.  It isn't clear if they were deserters, if they had been part of one of the other two attempts to take Fuwa Pass, or if there was something else going on.  Either way, Ohoama was so pleased that he welcomed them in and we are told that Hata no Yakuni was “granted a battle axe and halberd” and appointed a general.  This is probably stock phrasing, but it does seem he was given some measure of trust.  Yakuni's men were then sent north, to Koshi. We aren't quite sure what those forces' ultimate objective was.  It may have been that he was to take the northern pass and make sure that none of the Afumi troops tried to escape and head to the East along that road.  Many of the accounts of this war seem to suggest that he, or at least some part of the forces, were to head north and then come around Lake Biwa the long way.  This would mean that if Ohoama attacked, there would be no easy way to flee.  From Ohotsu they couldn't turn north without running into more troops, and their only escape would seem to be through the Afusaka pass towards the area of modern Kyoto.  And of course, whoever was victorious in the Nara Basin would then be able to control the route to the coast. It is unclear how much Ohoama could have actually known, though, about what was happening across the various distances.  Messages would have meant riders on swift horses carrying them; they couldn't just text each other what was going on. And so, with one attack repelled, another aborted, and a turncoat now on their side, Ohoama's Yoshino forces were finally ready to head out on the offensive themselves.  According to the Nihon Shoki this was on the 7th day of the 7th month—Tanabata, today, but I doubt people were paying much mind to the Weaver and the Cowherd.  Murakuni no Woyori, with the group advancing from Fuwa to Afumi, set out, and met with their first resistance at the Yokugawa river in Okinaga.  As far as I can tell, this is likely the Amano River in modern Maibara, which anyone who takes the Shinkansen between Kanto and Kansai probably recognizes as one of the usual stops.  Once again, we have a situation where, while they would have had banners flying, in the crush of battle it could be quite easy to mistake friend for foe, especially with large numbers of troops who were pulled from vastly different regions.  You had to have some way of knowing quickly who was on your side – that's why the Afumi commander Wosumi had his troops use the password “kane”, for example.  Ohoama's approach was to have his men place a red mark—possibly a ribbon or similar—on their clothing so that one could tell who, at a glance, was on their side.  As a note, later samurai would sometimes attach flags to their shoulder armor, or sode, and these “sode-jirushi” would help identify you even if people didn't recognize your armor.  Ohoama's troops may have used something similar. And so Woyori's Yoshino forces attacked the Afumi defenders, and the Afumi troops were clearly outmatched.  Woyori's men killed the Afumi commander and defeated the opposing forces. But that was just the beginning.  Afumi forces had been stationed all along the route from Fuwa to Ohotsu.  Thus it was that only two days later Woyori and his men made it to Mt. Tokoyama, probably in Hikone, by the Seri river.  There they met more Afumi soldiers, but once again they were triumphant and slew the opposing commander.   Woyori and his men were on a roll. I would point out that these battles aren't given much detail, but we do see how it progressed.  There are names of various individuals and commanders—certainly not much on the common people.  From what we can tell, this was not a rush to Ohotsu, but rather a slow march, probably doing their best to fortify their positions and make sure that nobody was sneaking up on them.  After each battle, it is some days before the next, probably spent spying out ahead and formulating plans. Woyori and his men next fought a battle on the banks of the Yasukawa River, presumably near modern Yasu city.  Here, Aston's translation claims that he suffered a great defeat, but more likely I suspect it means to say that he inflicted a great defeat on the Afumi forces, because if he had been defeated, how would he have pressed on only a few days later.  We are told that  two men, presumably the Afumi commanders, were both taken prisoner. Since we don't have anything more about them in the narrative all we can really do is assume that they must have therefore been on the side of the Afumi forces. By taking Yasu, that would have likely cut off the Afumi forces from any future considerations about using the Kurafu Pass.  The noose around Ohotsu was slowly tightening. Four days after that, on the 17th day of the 7th month, Woyori attacked and repulsed the Kurimoto army—presumably a force loyal to the Afumi court under a general named Kurimoto, or possibly raised from a place called Kurimoto, perhaps over on Awaji.  Either way, it was another victory on Woyori's belt. From there, Woyori and his men arrived at Seta, where they would have to cross the Setagawa—the Seta River. The Seta River is a wide river, and the only one flowing out of Lake Biwa.  It winds its way south and west, eventually becoming the Uji and then the Yodo rivers, which flow all the way to Naniwa—modern Ohosaka.  At the Seta river, there was a major bridge, the only way across, other than to swim.  Prince Ohotomo and his ministers, along with their entire army, were encamped on the west side of the bridge.  Their forces were so numerous that it was said you could not see all the way to the back of them.  Their banners covered the plain, and the dust of their movement caused a cloud to rise into the sky.  Their drums and songs could be heard for miles around.  We are told they even had crossbows, and when they were discharged the arrows fell like rain.  Of course, some of this may have just been more poetic license by the authors of the Nihon Shoki, but you get the picture:  There were a lot of troops on the western side of the river. The bridge itself was defended by General Chison.  We know very little of this general, as he only appears in this one part of the record, but his name implies that he may have been from the continent.  We aren't given a surname, and it is possible he was one of the Baekje refugees, now fighting for the Afumi court.  He led an advance body of specially selected troops, and in the middle of the bridge they had removed planks for about three rods or thirty feet.  Across that span was a single plank, daring anyone to try and cross it.  Of course, if they did, they would be a sitting duck in front of the enemy archers, and the plank was attached by a rope so that it could always be pulled out from under them.  It seemed as if it were impossible to advance. Finally, one of Woyori's soldiers, Ohokida no Kimi no Wakaomi, got up the courage to cross.  We are told that he put on double armor, put down his long spear, and drew his sword.  He then charged suddenly across the plank and cut the rope on the other side before the Afumi troops could pull it back.  In spite of the arrows that were raining down on him, he entered the ranks of the Afumi troops, slashing with his sword as he went.  The Afumi forces were thrown into confusion and some of them tried to leave, but General Chison drew his own sword and began to cut down anyone who tried to flee.  Still, he was unable to check the rout.  Woyori's troops secured the bridge and soon were pouring across it.  They cut down General Chison and advanced into the Afumi army, who broke and ran.  The Afumi sovereign, Ohotomo, aka Koubun Tennou, along with the Ministers of the Left and Right, narrowly escaped with their lives. Woyori and his troops marched to the foot of Awazu hill, and we are told that Hata no Yakuni, the Afumi commander who had earlier defected, and whose men were sent north to Koshi, set a siege to Miwo castle along with Izumo no Koma, who had defended against the attempted seizure of Tamakurabe.  Presumably this is Mio, south of Ohotsu, and it was likely guarding the southern approach to the Afumi capital. The only thing here that gives me pause is that we were earlier told that Yakuni's men, after he defected, were sent to Koshi.  So was Yakuni not with them?  Had he returned?  Or had the troops made it all the way around Lake Biwa already, taking the longer route up and around the lake? Regardless of how it happened, Yakuni and Koma were able to take Miwo castle.  As a reminder, a “castle” at this time would have likely been defined more by its walls, which were probably rammed earth and wood—not the elegantly sloping stone walls and  donjon base that would come to typify castles of the Warring States period. The following day, Woyori and his men continued their pursuit.  At the Awazu marketplace, Woyori ran into the Afumi generals Inukahi no Muraji no Isokimi and Hasama no Atahe no Shihote.  We mentioned Isokimi last episode—he was the Afumi commander attacking the Middle Road in the Nara Basin.  His deputy, Kujira, had been defeated, and it seems Isokimi had retreated back to Afumi and rejoined the main force. He would not be quite so fortunate this time.  Isokimi and Shihote were both slain, and Ohotomo fled once again.  He didn't get very far, hiding at Yamazaki, thought to be near the site of the modern city hall, in Ohotsu. Despite his best efforts, he knew he would be discovered, and he eventually strangled himself, rather than facing the humiliation and punishment that would come with capture. With Ohotomo dead, the other ministers of the Afumi court dispersed and fled.  Woyori and his men, meeting up at Sasanami, hunted down the Ministers of the Left and Right—Soga no Akaye and Nakatomi no Kane—as well as others who had fought with Ohotomo and who were considered criminals. They were all marched back to Fuwa, where, on the 25th day of the 7th month, Ohotomo's head was presented to Ohoama.  The war, it seems, was over. Or at least, the fighting was over.  There was still a lot to be settled.  First off, it would hardly have been practical to wipe out every single person on the losing side.  For one thing, that would have devastated the Court even further, likely creating a huge power vacuum.  In addition, many of the supporters on both sides were not necessarily there out of purely partisan reasons.  I would point out that many of the family names that we see in the record are found on both sides of the conflict.  Inukahi no Isokimi may have fought for Ohotomo, but we also see an Inukahi no Ohotomo fighting on the behalf of Ohoama.  Fumi no Nemaro was a major commander in Ohoama's army, while Fumi no Kusuri had been sent by the Afumi court to raise troops in the East Country.  And Hasama no Shihote was killed with Isokimi at Awazu, while a Hasama no Nemaro was working under the command of General Fukei, in Nara, to guard Tatsuta. There wasn't necessarily a simple divide along family lines.  It is possible that these individuals were all fairly well removed from each other, and from different parts of their respective families, or clans. They are often given different kabane, the family rank system used at this time, though I suspect that may have more to do with later changes, with those on the winning side being promoted over those who supported the Afumi court.  However, it is also the case that Japan has a long history of family members supporting both sides in any major conflict.  That way, no matter who wins, the family itself finds itself on the winning side. But there did have to be some accountability.  This is something that one can point to time and again—if the losing side is not held accountable for their actions, then what is to prevent them from just regrouping and trying again?  And yet that need for justice and punishment must be tempered with some amount of humanity. Ultimately, about one month after the end of the war, eight of the Afumi ministers were found guilty of truly heinous offences and they were condemned to suffer what the Nihon Shoki says was the “Extreme Penalty”.  The Minister of the Right, Nakatomi no Kane, was executed at Tane, in Asai.  Meanwhile the Minister of the Left, Soga no Akaye; along with the Dainagon, or Grand Councillor, Kose no Hito, as well as their children and grandchildren, along with the children of the late Nakatomi no Kane and Soga no Hatayasu, were all sent into banishment.  All others were pardoned. And of course those who had supported Ohoama, and who had come to his aid, were given public favour and reward.  In many cases this likely meant receiving high office and corresponding rank, along with increased stipend payments.  There is a notable shift in the makeup of the court, going forward, and it seems clear that families would want to associate themselves with those who fought on Ohoama's side, rather than Ohotomo's, if they could help it.  That was no doubt a part of works like the various diaries and house records that would have been used to compile the Nihon Shoki, recording the deeds that any house did for the throne. Along with all of the punishments and plaudits that were meted out in the 8th month of 672, there was one more event—something of an outlier.  We are told that Chihisakobe no Muraji no Sabichi, the governor of the province of Wohari, went off into the mountains and committed suicide. Sabichi had originally met Ohoama at the Kuwana district house—the local government office—when he had first arrived from Yoshino.  He had a large number of troops—20,000 by the Nihon Shoki's count—which helped Ohoama to ultimately defeat the Afumi court.  So why he would go off into the mountains and commit suicide was anyone's guess.  The Nihon Shoki suggests that it was possible that his allegiance had changed, and he may have been trying to plot against Ohoama.  Perhaps he had been convinced that Afumi court was going to come out on top, and so had begun some plot.  Or he just had a falling out or became disillusioned for some reason.  Whatever it was, it remains a mystery, even today. With the war concluded, it was time for Ohoama to make his way from the field to the Capital so that he could transition to ruling the State properly.  But Ohoama was not interested, it would seem, in setting himself up in his brother's capital.  Setting up in the Ohotsu capital may have raised a few eyebrows.  It had not been a completely popular move to begin with, and it was also the home of the Afumi court's legitimacy.  To take up the throne there, I can only imagine that it would have further reinforced the idea that Ohoama was the usurper, taking the throne that was meant for his nephew.  Instead, he made the decision to travel to the ancient capital, in Asuka, but he was not in a hurry. They headed out on the 8th day of the 9th month of 672, making it from Fuwa to Kuwana.  Here he likely met up with his wife, Princess Uno, and his ten year old son, Prince Ohotsu.  The following day they headed out, traveling back along the route that they had taken from Yoshino, but at a much more leisurely route.  The royal carriage stayed the night in Suzuka.  From there, it was another day to Abe, likely referring to modern Ahai county, in Iga, near Ueno city.  They then continued on to Nabari.  Finally, on the 12th day,they arrived at the Yamato capital—that is to say Asuka—and Ohoama took up residence for a time at the Shima Palace.  This was only, it seems, to give people time to get the actual palace ready, because three days later, Ohoama moved into the Wokamoto Palace.  And with that, Ohoama began the work of running the state—but there was still plenty to prepare.  For one thing, there were foreign embassies—Kim Ap-sil and others arrived.  It was still going to take a while to get the capital ready for guests, though.  From what we can tell, they were probably building a grand new palace, and it would take some time for it to be prepared.  So the Silla embassy was entertained in Tsukushi, where Prince Kurikuma would have been in charge of hosting them.  They were likely filled on the new developments and provided a ship. Meanwhile, Ohoama made sure that all of the appropriate rewards were given out.  On the 4th day of the 12th month, we are told that all those who had rendered services were given higher cap-ranks, based on what they had done. And as the year 672 closes out—and with it, the first of the two Chronicles for Ohoama, the soon-to-be elevated Temmu Tennou. But there is one final entry, marking the death of Wina no Kimi no Takami in the 12th month of the year.  We know that Wina no Kimi no *Iwasuki* was working for the Afumi court, sent to rally troops in the East, but he fled when they encountered Ohoama's troops at Fuwa Pass.  Takami, on the other hand, we know little about, but I suspect may have been on the side of Ohoama.  It is an odd entry, and, like so many, unexplained.  Perhaps it meant something to the people of the early 8th century, but if so, that meaning is likely lost to us. And so we close the book on the Jinshin no Ran—the Jinshin War, or possibly the Disturbance or even Rebellion, depending on how you feel about it.  This account is one of the most detailed we have of this kind of event, and yet it does not seem that it was entirely unique.  There are plenty of indications that previous sovereigns had to fight their way to the throne, or else had to repel others who would try to take it by force.  This was almost a tradition among the royal house of Yamato.  But now that the matter of succession was well and truly settled, it was time to get on with other things. Who knows what an Afumi court may have done and how they could have changed things.  What we do know is what Ohoama—and his queen, Uno no Himemiko—did.  They built upon, or in some cases possibly even fabricated, the legacy of Naka no Oe.  They would set in stone many of the things that had been put in place, and at the same time make certain changes, as well.  The Yamato state was getting started. And we'll start to dive into that next episode.  Until then, thank you once again for listening and for all of your support. If you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website,  SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  

Shoot us a Text.Episode #1122: Ford's Doug Field maps a Silicon Valley–style path to a $30K EV truck, Mitsubishi debuts a luxury-inspired “Gallery” store concept, and OpenAI brings GPT-4o back after users missed its supportive “yes man” tone.Meet the man behind Ford's push for affordable EVs: Doug Field, Ford's EV chief, is channeling his inner Elon Musk by leaning on hardcore engineering, radical manufacturing changes, and first-principles thinking.Field's career spans some of the most ambitious mobility projects of the last 20 years—Segway, Tesla's Model 3, and Apple's secretive car program.Applying “first principles thinking,” he's cutting battery size, body weight, and part count by 20% while keeping Mustang-like acceleration.“Physics isn't proprietary,” Field noted when asked about similarities to Tesla's approach. “The best part is no part.”He admits shifting a century-old company isn't easy: “Doing something new at an established company requires overcoming inertia… I came in with slightly unrealistic expectations of how quickly [things could be changed], but that's an industry thing, not just a Ford thing.”Mitsubishi Motors will open its first U.S. “Gallery” dealership in Antioch, Tenn., by Q1 2026, blending luxury-style retail with mass-market appeal as part of its Momentum 2030 growth plan.Located in the Century Farms mixed-use development, the store will be designed for browsing, with a no-pressure, open-format showroom more common in luxury brands.Instead of a traditional lot packed with vehicles, the Gallery will store inventory off-site at its partner dealer—City Auto Mitsubishi—and bring in vehicles as customers progress toward a purchase.Trained brand specialists from the partner dealer will walk shoppers from discovery through final paperwork, focusing on experience rather than volume.CEO Mark Chaffin says Mitsubishi is “underrepresented” in the U.S., aiming to grow from one-third to over half of new-car markets by 2030.“The Gallery dealership program is key to introducing customers to our vehicles in a welcoming, surprise-and-delight way,” Chaffin said.Responding to user backlash over GPT-5's cooler tone, OpenAI has reinstated the beloved GPT-4o model for Plus subscribers, promising to make GPT-5 warmer over time. CEO Sam Altman says many missed GPT-4o's overly-agreeable “yes man” style — for some, it was the only real encouragement they'd ever received.GPT-4o's style, removed earlier this year, was criticized as “too sycophant-y,” gushing over mundane prompts with “absolutely brilliant” and similar praise.Altman says some users found it life-changing: “Please can I have it back? I've never had anyone in my life be supportive of me.”He warns even small tone tweaks can impact billions of chatJoin Paul J Daly and Kyle Mountsier every morning for the Automotive State of the Union podcast as they connect the dots across car dealerships, retail trends, emerging tech like AI, and cultural shifts—bringing clarity, speed, and people-first insight to automotive leaders navigating a rapidly changing industry.Get the Daily Push Back email at https://www.asotu.com/ JOIN the conversation on LinkedIn at: https://www.linkedin.com/company/asotu/

The Tennessee quadruple murder suspect appeared in court, but he was more concerned about reconnecting with his pregnant baby mama who is not only a former prison guard, but a relative of the murder victims! A couple's Chihuahuas munched on a dead threesome partner's body while they cashed in his social security checks...for months. Plus, a shear love of rap lands a son behind bars! Jennifer Gould reports. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

New NIL idea at Tenn and updated eligibilty conversation at IndianaSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

(1) Jason Smith describes the significance of Tenn Collegiate Academy (2) Bennett Doyle, Grind City Media & Grizz Radio, with Jason Smith on Titans (3) Rashee Rice allowed to play 1st 4 games of the season news

The small, majority-Black town of Mason, Tenn., has approved reopening a closed prison as an ICE detention center, turning it over to CoreCivic despite the company's record of fines, lawsuits, and inmate deaths. Supporters say it will bring jobs and revenue; opponents call it complicity in abuse and mass deportations under President Donald Trump. Subscribe to our newsletter to stay informed with the latest news from a leading Black-owned & controlled media company: https://aurn.com/newsletter Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

(1) NFL Preseason and Shedeur Sanders awesome debut (2) Tennessee Collegiate Prep BREAKING NEWS - launched prep hoops at TRA school

Accused quadruple killer Austin Drummond is facing the needle for annihilating four members of a single Tennessee family. Turns out the ex-con was having a forbidden affair the victim's aunt, who was also a prison guard where he served time! A father of two rapes a new mom after she refuses his repulsive fetish demand. Plus, a homeowner cuffed for protecting his turf. Jennifer Gould reports.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

On this edition of Labor 131, presented by the National Labor Office of Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, Carie Rael, Assistant Professor in History at California State University, Long Beach, joined the America's Work Force Union Podcast to discuss the 1984 Disneyland strike, recent labor victories and the evolving landscape of union representation at the theme park.   Tim Smith, Director of Region 8 for the United Auto Workers, joined the America's Work Force Union Podcast to discuss ongoing organizing efforts at Volkswagen in Chattanooga, Tenn., recent investments by General Motors and the UAW's push to utilize existing manufacturing capacity in the U.S. auto industry.

On the eve of World Elephant Day, we celebrate with one of Tennessee's best kept secrets — The Elephant Sanctuary.Nestled in the woods and knolls of Hohenwald, Tenn., about 80 miles southwest of Nashville is a 3,000-acre refuge for retired elephants where they can live out their days out of the spotlight. These magnificent animals spend their remaining years in a natural habitat developed specifically for their needs. In this episode, we get a rare report from within the complex, which is off limits to the public. Members of the Elephant Sanctuary team also join us in the studio to discuss their mission, philosophy of care, and elephant conservation.This episode was produced by Mary Mancini.GuestsJanice Zeitlin, President & CEO, The Elephant SanctuaryKristy Eaker, Senior Manager of Elephant Care, The Elephant SanctuaryLaura Roddy, Education Manager, The Elephant Sanctuary

Letting go of attachments and finding security in the Lord. Bishop Mark Beckman delivers the homily at the 11 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

Ken and James are joined by Kat Shoulders, previously of the Tenn and Two podcast, currently a beloved part of the Worn and Wound team. They chat about watches, bags, photography gear, and a whole bunch more. ...Wrist Check.Kat - Nomos Clubsport Worldtimer Dune colourKen - Modded Casio 6900 with 6600 module. James - Doxa sub 200t Sharkhunter on Erikas original strap.Shownotes.Tenn and Two PodcastKatlen Schmidt NorqainLuc Albert IGKats beetle and hound on IGRolex Sea Dweller 5 DigitGrand Seiko SBGM221Giant Mouse Jutland SlipjointTactile Turn PensHuckberry Goruck GR1 26L SlickEvergoods CAP 01Mission Workshop rolling pouchLeica SL2.Panasonic 100mm Macro L mount lens.Canon RF 100mm Macro lens.Wotancraft Leica Q Case/pouch.Oberwerth Leica Q bag.Protective Wrap for Cameras exampleEd Jelley.Tactile Turn Switch.Sony RX1r III.Imogene & Willie Denim from Nashville.Topo Designs.Iron Snail YouTube..Homework. Kat - Good Hang podcast.Ken - Tudor watch documentary, written up by Jason Heaton for Hodinkee. James - Spinal Tap 2 trailer. Lego Game Boy. Lego Porsche 911 GT3.

Tenn. school district stops excusing absences for doctors appointments. South Park creators talk about a fake promo they made. Plus, Chris Caray apologizes for a wrong call. Are you okay with this? See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The ways we connect and communicate with God. Father Danny Herman delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

Hospitality, atonement, and hope. Father David Boettner delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

Title: Languaging in Hampton RoadsEpisode 18: Williamsburg Poet Laureate talks character, community and spitting barsHosts: Jill Winkowski and Prue SalaskyDate: July 18, 2025Length: 36 minutesPublication Frequency: Fourth Friday (approx) of each monthIn this episode, a follow to Ep. 6 (June 2024) we catch up with Lacroy “Atlas” Nixon, a spoken word artist, slam performer and founder of the nonprofit Slam Connection. He's the newly named inaugural poet laureate of Williamsburg, Va. In Ep. 6: Creative Community: Spoken Word in Hampton Roads, published a year ago in June 2024, we featured interviews with three of the region's spoken word performers, Tanya Cunningham, George Mendez, and Nixon to showcase the genre and the local community.Since then, Nixon has been named poet laureate for the City of Williamsburg. In this interview, (recorded on June 29, 2025, and lightly edited) we spoke to him about his new role which officially started this month. In it, he explains the process of becoming a poet laureate and says that the emphasis of his two-year post will be on engaging the area's youth. Much of his work will involve pursuing partnerships with existing organizations, such as:Slam Connection, (https://slamconnection.my.canva.site)established by Nixon in 2022, has a mission of encouraging self-expression, healthy discourse and spitting bars (a term explained in Nixon's interview), and empowering youth through spoken word poetry. It hosts open mic nights, slam contests, and writing events. It also involves a strong service component. 2. The Ampersand International Arts Festival, www.ampersandfestival.com, an annual arts festival held in Williamsburg in March, “is part of the CIty of Williamsburg's initiatives to support town and gown collaboration between the City, the College of William and Mary, Colonial Williamsburg, and partners.” 3. 2nd Sundays, Williamsburg's Art & Music Festival, https://2ndsundayswilliamsburg.com4. The Poetry Society of Virginia, https://poetrysocietyofvirginia.org; a 100-year-old nonprofit dedicated to cultivating the writing and enjoyment of poetry.5. Writers Guild of Virginia, https://www.writersguildva.com; Nixon is a board member of the nonprofit that offers classes, workshops and events for writers.In the interview, Nixon references first Friday open mic nights at Column15 Cafe and Roastery, 701 Merrimac Trail R, Williamsburg; www.column15.com; and slam competitions at the Kimball Theatre, Duke of Gloucester Street, www.colonialwilliamsburg.org.He also credits the location Bazaaro's Deli in the Williamsburg Premium Outlets,  63A 5715 Richmond Rd, Williamsburg, www.bazaaros.com for hosting slam contests.He also talks about competing in Southern Fried,www.southernfriedpoetryslam.com, one of the largest spoken word and performance poetry tournaments in the world. The event is held annually in a southern US city in the first week of June. Nixon's team placed sixth in the 2025 competition in Knoxville, Tenn. Send your feedback, comments and questions to languaginghr@gmail.com. Also, check out our newly updated website, languaginghr.wordpress.com and engage with us on Facebook and Instagram. Thanks to our summer interns, Kaitlyn Asato of Christopher Newport University and Sarah Phillips of Old Dominion University, for their work on the website and social media respectively. 

On his weekly Chipped Ham & Football podcast, Post-Gazette Steelers insider Brian Batko welcomes receiver Calvin Austin III to tackle a range of hot topics ahead of training camp at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe next week. Calvin shares his message for kids in his native Memphis, Tenn., ahead of his youth camp coming up this weekend; explains why he likes the getaway nature of coach Mike Tomlin's camp; gives his reaction to the big Minkah Fitzpatrick, Jalen Ramsey and Jonnu Smith trade a couple of weeks back; and dishes details on the throwing session QB Aaron Rodgers held with receivers in Malibu, Calif., following minicamp. An impromptu practice routine that included other teammates such as DK Metcalf, Pat Freiermuth, Roman Wilson and others.

Tennessee State Representative Justin Jones invited MINNESOTA Congress-Lady Ilhan Omar to Tennessee's 5th district to hold a townhall, because the 5th district's actual representative Andy Ogles wouldn't. However, Veterans for Peace Radio was there and will share some of the discussion of issues that Andy is not willing to discuss. It was raucous! Then the Trump administration has sanctioned UN Special Rapporteur. We will share clips of her continuing revelations of the US complicity with genocide with its support of Israel despite these sanctions.

Rutherford County, Tenn. - On this special District Attorney Edition of the WGNS Action Line, host J. Paul Newman, retired Assistant District Attorney for Ru

Geoff Calkins--Ryan Mitchell (Houston HS/Gatorade POTY Tenn) drafted 2nd Round Pick #55 by the Cardinals 2025 MLB Draft

How to help and how to receive help. Father Marcin Gladysz delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

On Episode 3,582, the guys look ahead to UFC on ESPN 70 in Nashville, Tenn., and talk the latest news in MMA, including reaction to Ben Askren speaking for the first time since his double lung transplant. The fellas also welcome Belal Muhammad and Anthony Hernandez to the show.

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A plan for life and spiritual success. Father Danny Herman delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

In this episode, Jim Garrity argues for more frequent videotaping of depositions, especially those of parties and witnesses likely to be unavailable at trial. The reason? Unlike live witnesses - who are generally called once in trial - videotaped testimony can be played two or more times. This technique utilizes one of the most effective tools of persuasion ever invented, repetition, borrowed straight from Madison Avenue, where repetition is everything. Clips played during the trial, during closing, and sometimes in opening by consent or court order, allow you to essentially present the same witness and testimony multiple times. This kind of repetition isn't possible with live witnesses, and is far superior to reading deposition transcripts to the jury. In a world where people are accustomed to getting their information through video, reading a transcript of testimony is likely to test your jurors' attention span (and patience). Garrity discusses a UCLA professor's "7-38-55 rule" to underscore the point. The gist of this rule is that when people communicate, only 7% of the message is conveyed through words, 38% through tone and voice, and a whopping 55% through body language. That's what makes the presentation of deposition testimony by video clips so powerful. Listen in!SHOW NOTESSmith, et al. v. City of Chicago, etc., Case No. 21-cv-1159, 2025 WL 1744919 (N. D. Ill. June 24, 2025) (denying use of video depo testimony in opening, but allowing it in closing argument that was admitted into evidence during trial, over objections by defendants that permitting video testimony during closing statements would be “unfairly prejudicial because it emphasizes testimony that is presented by video through repetition, and that opportunity does not exist for a live witness”)Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., No. C-05-00334 RMW, 2008 WL 190990, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 21, 2008) (denying use of video depo testimony in opening, but would consider allowing reading from transcript; “If the parties wish to read a portion of a deposition transcript in their opening statement, they are to exchange any excerpt with opposing counsel sufficiently in advance of opening statements so that the court can rule on any dispute over use”)Doe v. City of San Diego, No. 12CV689-MMA (DHB), 2014 WL 11997809, at *6 (S.D. Cal. July 25, 2014) (collecting cases refusing to allow playing of videotaped deposition testimony during opening statements) (“See In re Ethicon, Inc., 2014 WL 505234, at *8 (S.D. W. Va. Feb. 5, 2014) (“[T]he use of video clips during opening statements is precluded as to all parties ....”) (quoting In re Bard, Inc., 2013 WL 3282926, at *8 (S.D. W. Va. June 27, 2013)); Carpenter v. Forest Meadows Owners Ass'n, 2011 WL 3207778, at *7 (“Video recordings of the deposition will not be permitted.”) (emphasis in original); Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare W., No. 09–2972 KJM, 2011 WL 6396500, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 2011) (denying the plaintiff's motion to use portions of videotaped depositions during opening statement); Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus, Inc., 2008 WL 190990, at *1 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (“Neither side shall use any videotaped deposition testimony in its opening statement.”); but see Sadler v. Advanced Bionics, LLC, at *3 (W.D. Kent. April 1, 2013) (providing that the court “may” consider allowing the parties to utilize videotaped deposition testimony during opening statements); MBI Acquisition Partners, L.P. v. Chronicle Pub. Co., 2002 WL 32349903, at *2 (permitting party to play segments of video deposition in its opening statement))Beem v. Providence Health & Servs., No. 10-CV-0037-TOR, 2012 WL 13018728, at *2 (E.D. Wash. Apr. 19, 2012) (rejecting request to play videotaped deposition during opening, and rejecting argument by plaintiff that, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 32(a)(3), she may use the deposition of an adverse party “for any purpose,” stating that “What Plaintiff proposes to do, is to introduce evidence during opening statement. The Court will not allow the showing of video deposition excerpts during opening statement. The motion is denied.”)K.C. ex rel. Calaway v. Schucker, No. 02-2715-STA-CGC, 2013 WL 5972192, at *7 (W.D. Tenn. Nov. 8, 2013) (“there is no per se ban on the use of video excerpts of depositions in closing arguments”; also citing 88 C.J.S. Trial § 300 (2013) (“[T]here is no blanket prohibition against counsel playing selected portions of a videotaped deposition for a jury during closing argument, and trial courts have discretion to permit, or to refuse, the replaying of videotape segments in closing argument.”)MBI Acquisition Partners, L.P. v. Chron. Pub. Co., No. 01-C-0177-C, 2002 WL 32349903, at *1 (W.D. Wis. Oct. 2, 2002) (allowing use of video depo excerpt in opening, stating, without further discussion, that “Defendants may use excerpts from the video deposition of David Straden during opening argument. Counsel are to advise plaintiff's counsel promptly of the particular excerpts they intend to show”)Sadler v. Advanced Bionics, LLC, No. 3:11-CV-00450-TBR, 2013 WL 1340350, at *3 (W.D. Ky. Apr. 1, 2013) (preliminarily allowing use of videotaped deposition testimony in opening statements, saying If this testimony is otherwise admissible at trial and is not unnecessarily lengthy, the Court may consider allowing this procedure for both parties”)Northfield Ins. Co. v. Royal Surplus Lines Ins. Co., No. SACV 03-0492-JVS, 2003 WL 25948971, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 7, 2003) (subject to further objection and ruling before trial, “The Court is generally of the view that a party in opening statement may use any piece of evidence which the party in good faith believes will be ultimately received at trial. Rule 32(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits the use of a party deposition “for any purpose”) you like the shoes I wore in high schoolSmith v. I-Flow Corp., No. 09 C 3908, 2011 WL 12627557, at *4 (N.D. Ill. June 15, 2011) (“The Court denies I–Flow's request to bar use in opening statement of excerpts from video deposition testimony. The Court will expect plaintiffs to disclose by no later than noon on the Friday before the start of trial any such excerpts they intend to use in opening statements and will expect defendants to make reciprocal disclosures by no later than 5:00 p.m. on the Saturday before the start of trial.”)Fed. R. Civ. P. 32(a)(3) (providing that "An adverse party may use for any purpose the deposition of a party or anyone who, when deposed, was the party's officer, director, managing agent, or designee...") (emphasis added)

Send us a textErin, Audra, and Dee from The Tenn. Shadow Chasers are my guests in this powerful episode on investigating the paranormal. They talk about the most haunted and what scared the team so bad they all bolted to the door falling over each other to get out. I had such a great time with these girls that I can't wait later in the year have them back on to get an update on the most recent investigations.The Tenn. Shadow Chasers Links:Facebbook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/6324365737620824/Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/tennesseeshadow/Tik Tok:https://www.tiktok.com/discover/tennessee-shadow-chasersAl Cooley's book based on a true story - Spencer's Ghosts - The Guardianwww.authoralcooley.comIf you would like to appear on the showcooley54@gmail.comSupport the showAl Cooley - Host / Music by Energetic Music / Artwork by Al Cooley / Please contact Ghosts In The Valley Podcast at cooley54@gmail.com if you'd like to appear on the show. Also go to www.authoralcooley.com to purchase Al Cooley's first book 'SPENCER'S GHOSTS' and catch all the episodes of GHOSTS IN THE VALLEY PODCAST.

"49ers Talk" co-host Jennifer Lee Chan visits the fifth annual Tight End University (TEU) in Nashville, Tenn., an event hosted by San Francisco tight end George Kittle, Kansas City Chiefs star Travis Kelce and NFL alum and FOX Sports analyst Greg Olsen. Jennifer and Matt Maiocco discuss the 49ers' tight position group and break down the numerous activities surrounding TEU. Jennifer then catches up with new 49ers tight end Luke Farrell, who is attending the event for the first time, and asks about how he has settled with his new teammates. Also, Kittle speaks with Jennifer about how the event has grown over the years and how excited he is for the upcoming season. Later, Matt and Jennifer address cornerback Deommodore Lenoir's arrest and release for obstruction of justice.--(1:00) Breaking down Tight End U as an evolving event(3:00) Kittle has put in work to grow TEU, help fellow tight ends(7:00) Farrell reflects on joining 49ers in offseason(8:00) Farrell excited to learn from Shanahan(14:00) Kittle discuss TEU, Brock Purdy getting paid(18:00) Addressing Lenoir's arrest in Los Angeles

Lauren Tom is an American actress. She began her career on stage, winning an Obie Award, and gained recognition for her role in The Joy Luck Club(1993). On television, she is known for her roles in the NBC sitcom Friends (1995–96), the ABC shows Grace Under Fire (1997–98) and Men in Trees (2006–08), The CW series Supernatural (2012–14), and the Disney Channel series Andi Mack (2017–19).In animation, Tom has voiced Amy Wong in Futurama, Dana Tan on Batman Beyond, Jinx and Gizmo in Teen Titans and Teen Titans Go!, Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone on King of the Hill, Numbuh 3 in Codename: Kids Next Door, and Mrs. Maybank and Dr. Jamanpour on Hamster and Gretel.Tenn Graneet  John Sner from San Ramon emailed Us: whats the back story I've been seeing about the gunner In Star Wars who fired the death Star:Tenn joined the Republic Navy as an assistant gunner when he was 20 years old, serving throughout the Clone Wars and continuing to do so after the Galactic Republic's transformation into the Galactic Empire. He was eventually promoted to the rank of master chief gunnery officer and transferred to the Death Star. Tenn was ecstatic about this at first; he was a staunch supporter of the Empire who reveled in the opportunity to wield such a powerful weapon. He did not expect it to actually be used against inhabited planets. He assumed that the Empire only built it as a fear tactic, which was partially true, but Grand Moff Tarkin believed that the greatest way to inspire fear was to make an example of Alderaan. As soon as Tenn fired the superlaser, he was wracked with guilt and suffered a mental breakdown. With the pull of a lever, he had wiped out two billion lives.

United by mission and grace. Father Jhon Mario Garcia delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

Immerse yourself in captivating science fiction short stories, delivered daily! Explore futuristic worlds, time travel, alien encounters, and mind-bending adventures. Perfect for sci-fi lovers looking for a quick and engaging listen each day.

Practicing what we believe. Father Danny Herman delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

Send us a textHunter Roberts is a stand-up comic, former wrestler and Disney enthusiast in Gate City, Va. He wrestled for a few years -- becoming a champion -- before making his second attempt at stand-up stick in 2012. Based out of Johnson City, Tenn., he travels all over the Midwest and has a hate-hate relationship with Cleveland. He's be at the Rubber City Comedy Festival in Akron, Ohio, from June 25-28. His car might be stolen, but he probably won't take a suplex after his set. Follow Hunter Roberts: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/hunterstandup/YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheHunterShowTikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@hunterstandupTwitch: https://www.twitch.tv/hunterstandupWebsite: https://hunnahh.weebly.com/Support the show

The early loss of Celebrity Chef, Anne Burrell "A Body to Live In" screens at the SF International Film Fest Austin Wolf pleads guilty this week for child pornography charges.... Tyler Perry sued for sexual assault... Artist Fletcher on changing her music to all about the "Boy" from her former all female subjects... Kodi introduces the artwork for his upcoming new single... Older gays go viral on visibility this Pride! Supreme Court in Tenn. ban Trans Health Care... Pride in Wilton Manor catch a potential threat... Gay Weddings are fueling our economy! Advice: Can A.I. be our next relationship?... Advice: You just broke up...how to navigate your 'slutty' phase...we got you! Thirst Trap: Who took the hottest pic of the week and why... Support TAGS and get extra special perks! New Bonus Episode for 2025 out now! Patreon.com/tagspodcast Grab a tier or get our Free Tier and get Behind the Scenes content plus you can now purchase individual content! Follow Steve V. on IG: @iam_stevev Follow Kodi on IG: @mistahmaurice Wanna drop a weekly or one time tip to TAGSPODCAST - Show your love for the show and support TAGS! Visit our website: tagspodcast.com Needs some advice for a sex or relationship conundrum? Ask TAGS! DM US ON IG or https://www.talkaboutgaysex.com/contact Follow Of a Certain Age on IG: @ofacertainagepod

Top headlines for Thursday, June 19, 2025In this episode, we explore a personal message of encouragement sent to President Donald Trump by U.S. Ambassador to Israel, Mike Huckabee, highlighting their ongoing diplomatic relationship. Then, we discuss the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision to uphold a Tennessee law that prohibits body-altering surgeries and hormone therapies for trans-identifying minors, a ruling that has sparked considerable debate. Finally, we examine a new survey revealing that nearly half of Americans are attending multiple churches, with online worship gaining popularity post-COVID-19 pandemic.00:11 Huckabee tells Trump he 'will hear from Heaven' on Iran conflict01:18 Supreme Court upholds Tenn. law banning trans surgeries for kids02:08 Bible college attended by Minnesota shooting suspect responds02:59 Calvary Chapel urges Calif. Supreme Court to reverse $1.2M fine04:00 Päivi Räsänen describes blessing behind gov't prosecution of faith04:59 Law forcing violation of confessional seal faces new lawsuit05:59 Nearly half of churchgoers attend more than 1 congregation: study Subscribe to this PodcastApple PodcastsSpotifyGoogle PodcastsOvercastFollow Us on Social Media@ChristianPost on TwitterChristian Post on Facebook@ChristianPostIntl on InstagramSubscribe on YouTubeGet the Edifi AppDownload for iPhoneDownload for AndroidSubscribe to Our NewsletterSubscribe to the Freedom Post, delivered every Monday and ThursdayClick here to get the top headlines delivered to your inbox every morning!Links to the NewsHuckabee tells Trump he 'will hear from Heaven' on Iran conflict | WorldSupreme Court upholds Tenn. law banning trans surgeries for kids | PoliticsBible college attended by Minnesota shooting suspect responds | U.S.Calvary Chapel urges Calif. Supreme Court to reverse $1.2M fine | U.S.Paivi Rasan describes blessing behind gov't prosecution of faith | WorldLaw forcing violation of confessional seal faces new lawsuit | PoliticsNearly half of churchgoers attend more than 1 congregation: study | Church & Ministries

A relatable God. Father Danny Herman delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

Peace and renewing the face of the earth. Bishop Mark Beckman delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

A message in a bottle, a window, and water and wine. Father David Boettner delivers the homily at the 9 a.m. Mass at the Cathedral of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Knoxville, Tenn.

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HOSTS: Miranda Reiman and Mark McCully GUESTS: Tyler and Andy Musgrave  Musgrave Angus wants to be known for balanced, moderate cattle that thrive in different environments. On this episode brothers Tyler and Andy Musgrave share their philosophy on using their own sires vs. sourcing outside genetics, how they've created outliers while also remaining consistent, and the importance of maintaining the tradition Angus “look.” From Bando 1961 to LD Capitalist, they tell the stories of some of their most well-known sires and then give their outlook for the future challenge in the Angus breed.  Brothers Tyler and Andy Musgrave are the second generation to raise Angus cattle on their western Illinois farm. Since 1961 Musgrave Angus has been breeding and selecting cattle that work in the fescue grass environment and perform under the stress of a humid climate. Feet, fleshing ability, structure and phenotype set the base for their program. Their parents, Melvin and Cathy Musgrave, started the operation, and today Tyler and his wife, Sarah, and their four sons; and Andy, his wife, Beth, and their three sons each take on their own roles.SPONSOR: Ingram AngusAt Ingram Angus near Pulaski, Tenn., they have a code for doing business: “Integrity is what we stand by: good quality people who deal with good quality cattle.” Learn more about their program at IngramAngus.com. The whole Ingram crew wants to wish all the juniors “good luck” at their shows this summer. RELATED CONTENT: New Maternal EPDs Expand Selection Tools for Users of Angus Genetics The People Business  Don't miss news in the Angus breed. Visit www.AngusJournal.net and subscribe to the AJ Daily e-newsletter and our monthly magazine, the Angus Journal.

Arsenio Hall used to have a segment on his show, things that make you go hmm! This episode of my podcast is filled news that make you go HMM & SIGH!. The State of Tennessee is at it again, didn't the Nico saga teach them anything? listen and find out. Old Bill Bellechoak/Blellecheck is still making news the wrong way. A key piece of evidence was laid out before our eyes in the Tom Brady roast and we all missed it. Plus, Bill got UNC to do something that no other football coach could do before. A deal has made for the 2025 CFP and I explain all the fallout and power grabbing going on in it's wake. The are a lot tentacles on this monster.  Judge Wilkins remain silent and there was no new news of her ratifying the House case. All the big new reports were expecting a Friday news dump from her office. They got silence. More change in the ways college sports are govern, this does not effect FB or BB.  Lastly, find out why the busy body at 1600 Pennsylvania avenue back off his power move on college sports. If you can give to relief efforts for the people of St. Louis, please do. An F-3 Tornado hit a week ago. I give an update on that story. https://tombarnardpodcast.com Title Sponsor: minnesotapersonalinjury.com Sponsor: www.Linkzart.com www.jaybeesgloverepair.com   @SZS, @Strikezonesports, #SZS #StrikeZoneSPorts, #CFP, #Collegesports, #whitehose, #housecase, #Billbelecheck, #STL, #STLtornado, #tombrady, @thetombarnardpodcast, #Tenn     

Crosby, Tenn., is shocked when a beloved father and pastor is found dead outside a ransacked house.Season 32, Episode 3Originally aired: March 5, 2023Watch full episodes of Snapped for FREE on the Oxygen app: https://oxygentv.app.link/WatchSnappedPodSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

   The red hot royals are on such a roll... they are winning now even when they haven't earned it.  The White Sox gift one to the Royals, thank you very much.  This one was absolutely crazy.    NPR affiliate KCUR in Kansas City is whining that Trump is cutting $500k from their annual budget but wait until you hear how little that is.  It's shocking.    I'm starting to think Canada as the 51st state was just the opening salvo from Trump and he's got his eyes set on something else.  A conservative, oil rich province.    ICE working with Tennessee State Troopers set up a roadblock this week and stopped 150 cars with illegal aliens, drugs, gang members and everything else you can imagine.  Dems are losing their minds over this.   Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent announces he's meeting with China regarding trade rules.  It's happening this weekend in Switzerland.     The New York Mets continue an outrageous streak and a Colorado Buffaloes fan is suing the NFL over Shedeur Sanders draft position.

The Sunday Sprint is back! J.D. PicKell is bringing you the best of the best from The Hard Count this week! We've packed all of J.D.'s top takes and sound bites into one must-listen episode for college football fans.This week J.D. takes an early look at some of the marquee matchups in the college football season following the conclusion of spring practice and the spring portal. Breaking down Ohio State vs Texas, Miami vs Florida, and Syracuse vs Tennessee in September. Next J.D. pulls back the curtain on USC sitting atop the 2026 recruiting rankings before breaking down the recent report suggesting that the Texas Longhorns roster could be costing them upwards of $40 million this season. Ending the sprint with some College Football 26 video game talk after Arch Manning and Steve Sarkisian declined the deluxe cover photoshoot and unpacking if Ohio State wideout Jeremiah Smith should have an 100 overall rating in the game. 

HOSTS: Miranda Reiman and Mark McCully GUESTS: Scott and Andrew Foster At Seldom Rest Farms the business model is different than many: Angus youth are their main target demographic. Selling Angus show heifers across the United States allowed brothers Scott and Bruce Foster to bring the next generation back to the Michigan farm. Today Scott's son, Andrew, and his family are active in the day-to-day management of the nationally renowned operation. Phenotype matters, but having an end product is also important. Hear how they balance it all, the reason they're so invested in the next generation of Angus enthusiasts and why they believe opening their farm gates to beef marketers makes a real difference.  Scott Foster is a Niles, Mich., native and second generation Angus breeder. He and his siblings grew up on a row crop farm with a small herd of Angus show cattle, which first sparked his interest in the ring. Scott earned a degree in animal husbandry from Michigan State University, married his wife Elaine and raised their children, Andrew and Danielle, with a strong involvement in the National Junior Angus Association. Along with his brother, Bruce, Scott grew Seldom Rest Farm into a nationally recognized program, which has received many honors including 2023 Certified Angus Beef Ambassador of the Year and 2022 Master Breeder of the Year Award at the All-American Angus Breeders' Futurity show in Louisville.  Andrew Foster grew up in the National Junior Angus Association, serving as vice chairman of the National Junior Angus Association Board. After earning an animal science degree from Oklahoma State University, he returned to become a partner in Seldom Rest Farms. He was honored as the 2013 Herdsman of the Year and is a well-known cattle judge across the United States. He and his wife, Emily, are raising their three daughters in the lifestyle he grew up in.  SPONSOR: Deer Valley Farms invites you to their Spring Cow Sale on Saturday, May 10th, at 11 a.m. at the farm near Fayetteville, Tenn.  Several of the donor females have been huge contributors to their program — see what they can do for your herd! For more information, visit https://deervalleyfarm.com/.  RELATED CONTENT:    Building Bonds Watch: The Foster Family, Seldom Rest Farms, 2023 Ambassador Awards     Don't miss news in the Angus breed. Visit www.AngusJournal.net and subscribe to the AJ Daily e-newsletter and our monthly magazine, the Angus Journal.

A rising senior from Chattanooga, Tenn., linebacker Trey McDonald recently was awarded the prestigious T. Rodney Crowley Jr. Memorial Scholarship. McDonald is a student in UVA's McIntire School of Commerce.

When your CFI asks for your name and you respond with "standby" – you're experiencing what pilots call a helmet fire. In this episode, Ben, Brian, and Ted dive into the phenomenon of task saturation that affects pilots at every level, from Ben's instrument approach adventures where he made what sounded like "Charlie Brown's teacher" over the radio, to Ted's coastal flight where turning back was the smartest option. The crew shares practical strategies for extinguishing these cognitive infernos: slowing down both mentally and physically, asking for delay vectors, and constantly thinking ahead by asking "what are the next two things?" They discuss how flying with other pilots can increase pressure, why preparation is critical, and how everyone from students to seasoned pilots can recover when they fall behind the airplane. Plus, updates on the upcoming T82 fly-in (80 attendees, 39 aircraft!), community milestone celebrations, and a reminder that, as Wendell Geek says, "helmet fires are like exercise – they suck in the moment, but in the long run they make you stronger."Mentioned on the show:* VLD - Valdosta Georgia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdosta_Regional_Airport* The Underbelly Project: https://viralart.vandalog.com/read/chapter/the-underbelly-project/* The Towering Inferno: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Towering_Inferno* M02 - Dickson County Airport, Tenn: https://www.airnav.com/airport/M02* the Dixie Dregs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Dregs* L.P. Hartley, The Go-Between, "The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there": https://rylandscollections.com/2015/09/19/the-past-is-a-foreign-country-l-p-hartleys-the-go-between/

A high school basketball player gets charged after intentionally breaking opponents nose. Plus, University of Tenn. QB decided to 'shop' around and is now released. Are you okay with this? See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this episode, Jim Garrity highlights three brand new deposition-related court rulings. The first presents the question of whether witnesses and their counsel can be prohibited from discussing the witnesses' testimony during recesses. The second addresses the propriety of asking foundational questions of privilege-bearing deponents to determine if the assertion of privilege is legitimate; the opinion explains what "foundational" questions are, gives examples, and details the procedure for deposing such witnesses and then presenting the issue to a court for decision. The third case in the spotlight highlights an avoidable problem when a lawyer seeks to depose an individual who has already testified in a 30(b)(6) capacity. Citations to the cases appear in today's show notes. Thanks for listening.SHOW NOTESVillareal v. Texas, Case No. 24-557, __ US __ (Apr. 7, 2025) agreeing to review ruling denying criminal defendant's request to confer about his testimony with his counsel during overnight breaks) petition for writ of certiorari at https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/24/24-557/331695/20241113121417971_cert%20petition%20Villarreal%20v%20Texas.pdf; Brief in Opposition at https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/24/24-557/348537/20250225093718236_250219a%20BIO%20for%20efiling.pdf; Reply Brief at https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/24/24-557/351275/20250305130135816_cert%20reply%2024-557%20Villarreal%20v%20Texas.pdfAllergan, Inc. et al. v. Revance Therapeutics, Inc., No. 3:23-cv-00431, 2025 WL 1006372 (M. D. Tenn. Apr. 3, 2025) (outlining the procedure for questioning witnesses claiming privilege, and holding that foundational questions about the allegedly privileged communications must be allowed to determine whether a privilege exists)In re Social Media Adolescent Addiction/Personal Injury Products Liability Litigation, Case Number 22–MD–03047–YGR (PHK), 2025 WL 1009362 (N. D. Calif. Apr. 4, 2025) (denying request for deposition of a witness in an individual capacity, on basis that deposing party should have combined such a deposition with the 30(b)(6) deposition of the same person)