Podcasts about Iki

Happy New Year!  As we start a new year, here is a new recap, covering all of the previous year and bringing us up to date with where we are today.  Enjoy! As usual, we have our sources and more over at our website:  https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/newyears2026   Rough Transcription: Shinnen Akemashite!  Happy New Year and Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua, and this is the New Year's Recap episode for 2026! Here's hoping that everyone has had a great new year.  I'm not sure about everyone else, but this past year seemed particularly long, and yet what we have covered on this podcast is only a relatively small part of the history of Yamato, so let's get into it. And in case anyone is wondering, this is covering episodes 118 to episode 140, though we will likely dip a little bit into the past as well, just to ensure we have context, where needed. We started last year in the 650's, in the second reign of Takara Hime, where we know her as Saimei Tennou.  We discussed Yamato's place in the larger world, especially in connection with the Silk Road.  In fact, we spent several episodes focused on the wider world, which Yamato was learning about through students, ambassadors, and visitors from far off lands.  Of course, that all came to a head at the Battle of Baekgang, when Yamato and their ally, Baekje, were defeated by a coalition of Tang and Silla forces, putting an end to the Kingdom of Baekje and driving Yamato to fall back and reinforce the archipelago. This was also the start of the formal reign of Naka no Oe, who would go on to be known as Tenji Tennou.  Naka no Oe would be a major proponent of substantial reforms to the Yamato government, as well as moving the capital to a new, more defensible location called Ohotsu, on the shores of Lake Biwa, in the land of Afumi.  He also introduced new concepts of time through water clocks both in Asuka and in the Afumi capital. Upon Naka no Oe's death, almost immediately, violence broke out between the Yamato court's ruling council led by Naka no Oe's son, Prince Ohotomo, and Naka no Oe's brother, Prince Ohoama.  Ohoama would emerge victorious and ascend the throne, being known as Temmu Tennou.   During his reign he took his brother's government and placed upon it his own stamp.  He reinvigorated Shinto rites while also patronizing Buddhism.  Meanwhile, relations with the continent appear to be improving. So that is the summary, let's take a look at what we discussed in more detail. First off, back to the reign of Takara Hime, aka Saimei Tennou—as opposed to her first reign, where she is known as Kougyoku Tennou.  Takara Hime came back to the throne in 654 after a nine-year hiatus, having abdicated in 645 when her son, Prince Naka no Oe, had killed Soga no Iruka in front of her at court, violently assassinating one of the most powerful men in Yamato. Naka no Oe had then gone on to take out Soga no Iruka's father, Soga no Emishi, a few days later.  Upon abdicating, Taka Hime's brother, Prince Karu, aka Koutoku Tennou, took the throne, but there are many that suggest that the real power in court was Naka no Oe and his allies—men such as the famous Nakatomi no Kamatari.  When Karu passed away, Naka no Oe still did not take the throne, officially, and instead it reverted back to his mother. Takara Hime is interesting in that she is officially recognized as a sovereign and yet she came to the throne when her husband, known as Jomei Tenno, passed away, even though neither of her parents were sovereigns themselves.  This may have something to do with the fact that much of the actual power at the time was being executed by individuals other than the reigning sovereign.  First it was the Soga family—Soga no Emishi and Soga no Iruka—but then it was Naka no Oe and his gaggle of officials.  This makes it hard to gauge Takara Hime's own agency versus that of her son's. Still, the archipelago flourished during her reign.  This was due, in no small part, to the growing connectivity between the Japanese archipelago and the continent—and from there to the rest of the world.  And that world was expanding. We see mention of the men from "Tukara" and a woman—or women—from Shravastri.  Of course it is possible, even likely, that these were a misunderstanding—it is most likely that these were individuals from the Ryukyuan archipelago and that the Chroniclers bungled the transcription, using known toponyms from the Sinitic lexicon rather than creating new ones for these places.  However, it speaks to the fact that there were toponyms to pull from because the court had at least the idea of these other places.  And remember, we had Wa students studying with the famous monk Xuanzang, who, himself, had traveled the silk road all the way out to Gandhara and around to India, the birthplace of Buddhism.  The accounts and stories of other lands and peoples were available—at least to those with access to the continent.  This helped firm up the Japanese archipelago's location at the end of a vast trading network, which we know as the Silk Road.  Indeed, we find various material goods showing up in the islands, as well as the artisans that were imported to help build Buddhist temples. And just as all of this is happening, we hit a rough patch in relations between Yamato and the Tang dynasty.  In fact, in one of our most detailed accounts of an embassy to date, thanks to the writings of one Iki no Hakatoko.  Because the fateful embassy of 659 saw the Tang take the odd step of refusing to let the embassy return to Yamato.  It turns out that the Tang, who had, for some time now, been in contact with Silla, had entered into an alliance and were about to invade Baekje.  It was presumed that if the Yamato embassy left the Tang court they might alert Baekje, their ally, that something was up.  And so it was safer to place them under house arrest until the invasion popped off. Sure enough, the invasion was launched and in less than a year King Wicha of Baekje and much of the Baekje court had been captured.  With the initial invasion successful, the Yamato embassy was released, but that is hardly the end of the story.  Baekje had sent a request to Yamato for support, but it came too late for Yamato to muster the forces necessary.  That said, some factions of the Baekje court remained, and one of their Princes was still in Yamato.  And so, as they had done in the past, Yamato sailed across the strait with the goal of restoring a royal heir to the throne. Unfortunately, this was not quite as simple as it had been, previously.  For one thing, the Tang forces were still in Baekje, and the fight became long and drawn out.  Things finally came to a head in the early months of 663, at the mouth of the Baekgang river—known in Japanese as Hakusuki-no-e.  This was a naval battle, and Yamato had more ships and was also likely more skilled on the water.  After all, much of the Tang fighting was on land or rivers, while the Wa, an island nation, had been crossing the straits and raiding the peninsula for centuries.  Even with all of the resources of the Tang empire, there was still every reason to think that the forces from the archipelago could pull off a victory.  However, it was not to be.  The Tang forces stayed near the head of the river, limiting the Wa and Baekje forces' ability to manuever, drawing them in and then counterattacking.  Eventually the Tang ended up destroying so much of the fleet that the remaining Wa ships had no choice but to turn and flee. This defeat had profound consequences for the region.  First and foremost was the fall of Baekje.  In addition, Yamato forces pulled back from the continent altogether.  Along with those Baekje refugees who had made it with them back to the archipelago they began to build up their islands' defenses.  Baekje engineers were enlisted to design and build fortresses at key points, from Tsushima all the way to the home countries.  These fortresses included massive earthworks, some of which can still be seen.  In fact, parts of the ancient fortifications on Tsushima would be reused as recently as World War II to create modern defenses and gun placements. Even the capital was moved.  While many of the government offices were possibly operating out of the Toyosaki palace in Naniwa, the royal residence was moved from Asuka up to Ohotsu, on the shores of Lake Biwa.  This put it farther inland, and behind a series of mountains and passes that would have provided natural defenses.  Fortresses were also set up along the ridgelines leading to the Afumi and Nara basins. And all of this was being done under a somewhat provisional government.  The sovereign, Takara Hime, had passed away at the most inconvenient time—just as the Yamato forces were being deployed across to the peninsula.  A funerary boat was sent back to Naniwa, and Naka no Oe took charge of the government.  That there was little fanfare perhaps suggests that there wasn't much that actually changed.  Still, it was a few years before the capital in Ohotsu was completed and Naka no Oe formally ascended the throne, becoming known to future generations as Tenji Tennou.  Naka no Oe's rule may have only formally started in the 660s, but his influence in the government goes all the way back to 645.  He assassinated the Soga family heads, and then appears to have been largely responsible for organizing the governmental reforms that led that era to be known as the Taika, or era of great change.  He served as Crown Prince under Karu and Takara Hime, and from that office he ensured his supporters were in positions of authority and instituted broad changes across the board. He continued in this position under the reign of his mother, Takara Hime, and so the transition upon her death was probably more smooth than most.  This also explains how things kept running for about three years before he took the throne. In officially stepping up as sovereign, however, Naka no Oe continued to solidify the work that he had done, focused largely on consolidating power and control over the rest of the archipelago.  There were tweaks here and there—perhaps most notably changes to the ranking system, which allowed for a more granular level of control over the stipends and privileges afforded to different individuals as part of the new government.  This work was presumably being done with the help of various ministers and of his brother, Ohoama.  Ohoama only really shows up in the Chronicle around this time, other than a brief mention of his birth along with a list of other royal progeny of the sovereign known as Jomei Tennou. We also see the death of the Naidaijin, Nakatomi no Kamatari—and supposedly the head of what would become known as the Fujiwara family.  His position as Inner Great Minister was not backfilled, but rather Naka no Oe's son, Ohotomo, was eventually named as Dajo Daijin, the head minister of the Council of State, the Dajokan, placing a young 20 year old man above the ministers of the left and right and in effective control of the government under his father—though his uncle, Prince Ohoama, maintained his position as Crown Prince. However, even that wasn't for long.  As Naka no Oe became gravely ill, he began to think of succession.  Ohoama, having been warned that something was afoot, offered to retire from his position as Crown Prince and take up religious orders down in Yoshino, theoretically clearing the line of succession and indicating his willingness to let someone else inherit.  His actual suggestion was that Naka no Oe turn the government over to his wife, who could act as a regent for Ohotomo.  What actually happened, however, was that the movers and shakers in the Council of State pledged their loyalty to the Dajo Daijin, Prince Ohotomo, who was named Crown Prince and ascended the throne when his father passed away. Here there is a bit of a wobble in the historical record.  The Chronicles never mention Prince Ohotomo formally assuming the throne and therefore the Chroniclers never provide him a regnal name.  It isn't until more modern times that we get the name "Kobun Tennou" for his short-lived reign. And it was short-lived because early on Ohoama raised an army, and after several months of fighting, took the throne for himself.  Because the year this happened was known by its sexagenary term as "Jinshin", often colloquially known as a Water Monkey year, the conflict is known as the Jinshin no Ran.  "Ran" can mean disturbance, or chaos, and so is often translated as "Jinshin Disturbance", "Jinshin Revolution", or the "Jinshin War".  The entirety of the fighting is given its own chapter in the Chronicles, known as either the first year of Temmu or sometimes as the record of the Jinshin War.  This chapter actually shows some stylistic differences with the chapter on Tenji Tennou, just before it, and tells the story of the events slightly differently, in a light generally favorable to Ohoama, who would go on to become Temmu Tennou.  As such, while the broad strokes and military actions are likely correct, there are a lot of questions around the details, especially around the motivating factors. Regardless, what is known is that Ohoama was able to quickly move from his quarters in Yoshino eastward towards Owari and Mino, where he was able to cut off the capital from support and gather troops from the eastern lands.  The Court tried to take the Nara Basin—a huge symbolic and strategic point—as well as cut off his supply lines, but these actions were thwarted by those loyal to Ohoama.  Attempts to gather troops from the west had mixed results, with several allies of Ohoama resisting the Court—most notably Prince Kurikuma, who at that time was the head of the government presence in Kyushu, where a large number of troops had been stationed to defend against a possible Tang invasion.  Eventually, Ohoama's troops defeated those of the Court.  Ohotomo was killed, and those running the government, including Soga no Akae, Nakatomi no Kane, Soga no Hatayasu, Kose no Hito, and Ki no Ushi, were either executed or exiled. Ohoama then swept into power.  He moved the court back to Asuka—the move to Ohotsu had not been a popular one in the first place—and took up residence in his mother's old palace, renovating it.  It would eventually be known as the Kiyomihara palace.  From there Ohoama continued his brother's reforms, though with his own spin. First off was a reform to the ceremonies around royal ascension.  Taking the existing feast of first fruits, the Niiname-sai, Ohoama made it into a new public and private ceremony known as the Daijo-sai, which is still practiced today upon the elevation of a new sovereign.  He reformed the government court rank system and also instituted reforms around the ancient kabane system—the ancient rank system that contained both clan and individual titles. These old kabane titles had certain social cachet, but were otherwise being made obsolete by the new court ranks, which were, at least on paper, based on merit rather than just familial connections.  Of course, the truth was that family still mattered, and in many ways the new kabane system of 8 ranks simply merged the reality of the new court with the traditions of the older system. And this was something of a trend in Ohoama's reign.  The court seems to have taken pains to incorporate more kami-based ritual back into the court, with regular offerings, especially to gods associated with food, harvest, and weather.  There is also a clear focus on the shrine at Ise.  The Chroniclers claim that Ise was established and important since the time of Mimaki Iribiko, but it is only rarely mentioned, and while its founding story might be tied to that era, the Chroniclers, who appear to have started their work this reign, appear to have done their best to bolster that connection. As for actual governance, we see another change from the government of Naka no Oe.   The former sovereign relied heavily on noble families to run the government, granting them positions of responsibility.  In the Ohoama court, however, most of those positions appear to lay dormant.  Instead we see copious mention of princes—royal and otherwise—being delegated to do the work of the throne. Indeed, Ohoama seemed to want to reinstate the majesty of the royal society, including both the royal family, but also others with royal titles as well.  Still, there were plenty of ways that the noble families continued to have an influence in various spheres of government, they just weren't handed the kind of prime ministerial powers that previous generations had achieved. Within the royal family, itself, Ohoama attempted to head off future succession disputes.  He had been through one himself, and history was littered with the violent conflicts that followed on the heels of a sovereign's death.  So Ohoama gathered his family together, to include sons and nephews of consequence, and he had them swear an oath to support each other and the Crown Prince.  After doing so, he seems to have utilized them to help run the country, as well. Of course, we've seen how such pledges played out in the past, so we'll have to wait to see how it all plays out, eventually.  I'm sure it will be fine… Whilst the archipelago was going through all of this transition—from the death of Takara Hime, and then the reign and death of her son, Naka no Oe, along with the Jinshin no Ran that followed-- we have a glimpse of what was happening on the peninsula.  Yamato had fortified against a combined Silla-Tang invasion, but it seems they needn't have done so.  First off, that alliance's attention was turned northwards, to Goguryeo.  With the death of the belligerent tyrant and perpetual-thorn-in-the-side-of-the-Tang-Court, Yeon Gaesomun, the Tang armies were finally able to capture the Goguryeo court.  However, for years afterwards they were dealing with rebellions from those who had not gone quite so quietly.  And to make matters worse it turns out that these Goguryeo recalcitrants were apparently being funded by none other than Silla, the Tang's supposed ally. From the Yamato perspective this manifested, initially, as embassies from both the Tang court and the Silla court.  While the content of the embassies' messages are not fully recorded, we can imagine that both the Tang dynasty and Silla were looking for support.  At one point there was a direct request for military support, but Yamato offered a half-hearted reply along the lines of the fact that they didn't have as many able-bodied men as they once did—not after the fighting in Korea.   And that might have even been true. Either way, the Tang embassies petered out, as the Silla influence came to dominate the embassies and trade more generally.  The Tang attempted to push back against Silla, militarily—their alliance now long since dead.  Silla took some initial losses, but ultimately was able to push the Tang off of the peninsula, uniting everything from Pyongyang south.  North of Pyongyang, though still nominally under Tang dynasty control, a rebel Goguryeo court continued to act as though they were still a going concern.  They hitched a ride on Silla ships and traveled to Yamato for regular missions, maintaining diplomatic ties. As such, Yamato itself relaxed, to a certain extent, its defensive posture—but not entirely.  They continued to maintain the fortresses and there were several edicts addressing military preparedness, so as to ensure that Yamato would be ready should anything occur. And though the missions to the Tang court themselves may have been stymied in this period, it doesn't mean that Yamato lost interest in continental learning.  They had acquired numerous texts, and appear to have been devouring them, as well as generating their own observational data.  They were recording a variety of phenomena, some more clearly consequential than others.  Some of that was practical, but, in a time where there was very little dividing the natural and the supernatural in the minds of the people, they were just as likely to record a storm or an earthquake as they were the finding of a white or albino animal that is not normally that color.  Science, myth, and legend often clashed and intermingled.  Regardless, they carried on, figuring out what they could and filling in the gaps where they had to do so. And I believe that catches us up for the year.  If I were to add anything, it would probably be a short note on Ohoama's wife, Uno no Sarara hime.  Uno no Hime is only mentioned occasionally during Ohoama's reign, and yet those few times are more than many others appear to have been mentioned.  She is explicitly said to have traveled with him when he went on campaign, and is said to have been there when he made his prayers to Ise shrine.  She was also there when the family was gathered to swear to assist each other in the smooth running of the government. There is plenty to suggest that, especially with many of the Great Minister roles left empty, that Uno Hime had a much greater role in the administration of the government than is otherwise assumed.  This may have also been the case with Naka no Oe's wife.  Both women are mentioned in ways that suggest they were considered to have some amount of political clout and savvy, and had greater agency than one might otherwise conclude.  Remember, Takara Hime had twice reigned in her own right, and we aren't so many generations removed that people wouldn't know the name of Kashikiya Hime, aka Suiko Tennou.  We also know that there was a lot more going on, but the focus of the Chronicles is pretty firmly on the sovereign, and it is only with the greatest  of reluctance that the Chroniclers turn that lens on anyone else except the sovereign who was reigning at the time.  So I think it is safe to say that Uno likely played a large role in the court, and we will see even more of that in the coming year. But first, there is going to be more to say about the reign of Ohoama.  After all, we aren't entirely through with his reign.  We have only barely touched on the various Buddhist records in the Nihon Shoki, nor some of the various court events, as well as some sign of how the government enforced these new laws and punishments—the Ritsuryo system.  Finally, we'll talk about Ohoama's dream and vision for a new capital—a permanent capital city unlike anything that had yet been seen.  Ohoama would not see that through to completion, but we can talk about what it meant, the first permanent capital city in the archipelago:  Fujiwara-kyo. Until then, I hope that everyone had a wonderful holiday season.   As usual, thank you for listening and for all of your support.  Thanks also to my lovely spouse, Ellen, for their continued work at helping to edit these episodes! Remember, if you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website, SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to Tweet at us at @SengokuPodcast, or reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.

Artėjančios Kalėdos, kai šeimos susės prie bendro vakarienės stalo, daliai jaunuolių taps ne artumo ir susitaikymo laiku, o laiku, kai įsikniaubi į pagalvę ir tik jai vienai išsakai savo širdies gėlą. Kasmet daugėja jaunuolių, kurie vos sulaukę 18-os netenka namų. Ne todėl, kad būtų baigę mokslus. Ne. Dažnas jų yra dar tik vienuoliktokas ar dvyliktokas.Iki valstybinių brandos egzaminų telikę vos keli mėnesiai, bet jiems tenka egzaminams ruoštis gatvėje. Kasvakar jie turi galvoti, kur gauti šilto maisto, lovą ir kaip išgyventi iki ryto. Neretai dažnas jų į pamokas ateina tiesiai iš laiptinių, laikino prieglobsčio, pavyzdžiui, nakvynės namų, kuriuose naktis leidžia suaugę benamiai ar kitų svetimų namų – bendraklasių, „Carito“, vienuolynų.Gimnazijų vadovai šią situaciją vadina tėvų ir vaikų santykių krize, kuri vis dažniau baigiasi kraštutiniu sprendimu – vaikas išmetamas iš namų. Tėvai tai aiškina pervargimu, negebėjimu susikalbėti, „nevaldomu paauglio elgesiu“.Tiesa, Civilinis kodeksas aiškiai numato tėvų pareigą išlaikyti vaikus, kurie mokosi pagal bendrojo ugdymo programą. Tačiau realybėje ši pareiga dažnai lieka tik teisiniu sakiniu. Jaunuoliai vengia bylinėtis su savo tėvais, net jei jiems advokatai siūlo nemokamas teisines paslaugas; mat jaunuoliai bijo galutinai nutraukti ryšius, jaučiasi kalti, pasimetę, neturintys jėgų kovoti.Taigi, reali pagalba gula ant mokyklų administracijų pečių. Gimnazijų direktoriai ir pavaduotojai skambina, ieško, kur apgyvendinti jaunuolius. Didžiuosiuose miestuose dar pavyksta rasti laikiną stogą virš galvos. Provincijoje dažnai nėra jokio sprendimo.Prieš šv. Kalėdas, kai kalbame apie šeimos vertybes, ši tyli problema tampa ypač aštri.LRT radijo švietimo laidoje dalyvauja Vilniaus Žemynos gimnazijos direktorė Aldona Šventickienė ir Vilniaus „Carito“ Alternatyvaus mokymosi centro jaunimui vadovas Donatas Nagumanovas.Ved. Jonė Kučinskaitė.

Po keliolika valandų trukusių svarstymų, Lietuvos nacionalinio radijo ir televizijos (LRT) vadovo atleidimą lengvinančios pataisos įveikė antrąjį balsavimą Seime. Iki pataisų priėmimo linko vienas žingsnis. Valdantieji tikisi tai padaryti dar Seimo rudens sesijoje.Apie perspektyvą ir situaciją – tiesioginėje laidos transliacijoje iš protestui besirengiančios Nepriklausomybės aikštės.Ved. Liepa Želnienė

Kitais metais įsigalios Europos Sąjungos Skaidraus darbo užmokesčio direktyva, o kartu su ja prasidės ir naujas darbo santykių etapas. Iki 2026 m. birželio visos ES šalys privalo perkelti Skaidraus darbo užmokesčio direktyvą į nacionalinę teisę. Šiuo metu jau yra parengtas Darbo kodekso pakeitimo projektas. Ką tai reiškia verslui, darbdaviams ir darbuotojams? Į ką aktualu atkreipti dėmesį jau dabar? Komentuoja teisinių paslaugų įmonės „Fondia Lietuva“ vyresnioji teisininkė Simona Česiulienė.Būsto pirkimas paprastai baigiasi notarų biure – tai bene paskutinis, bet ne visiems aiškus svarbaus sandorio etapas. Nors atrodo, kad tai tik formalumas, daugeliui žmonių kyla klausimų: kokius žingsnius atlikti, ką tikrina notaras ir kaip pasiruošti, kad viskas praeitų užtikrintai, be kliūčių? Kaip vyksta notarinis būsto pirkimo sandoris, kaip jam pasirengti, kad procesas būtų sklandus ir be streso? Pataria NT projektų plėtros kompanijos „Citus“ pardavimų vadovė Odeta Šlyčkova.Statybos rangos sutartys yra vienos sudėtingiausių civilinės teisės sutarčių rūšių, nes jų vykdymo metu gali paaiškėti įvairių nenumatytų aplinkybių, kurios turi įtakos ne tik darbų apimčiai, bet ir kainai. Ką turėtų žinoti rangos sutartis sudarantys asmenys? Kokios esminės rangos sutarčių nuostatos ir kokios klaidos dažniausiai daromos? Pokalbis su advokatų kontoros „AKUMEN “ advokatu Mariumi Choniakovu.Ved. Artūras Matusas

Daugiau žmonių galės nemokamai pasiskiepyti nuo erkinio encefalito. Iki šiol nemokamas vakcinas galėjo gauti 50-55 metų amžiaus žmonės, o nuo dabar – 50-60 metų amžiaus žmonės.Paišinėjimas popieriuje susirinkimo ar paskaitos metu gali būti laikomas nepagarbos ženklu, tačiau iš tiesų šis užsiėmimas suteikia nemažai naudos.Kaip prisijaukinti tamsųjį metų laiką?Kultūros ministeriją nuo „Nemuno aušros“ apsaugojusi Kultūros asamblėja plečiasi. Regionuose kuriasi Kultūros asamblėjos padaliniai, kuriuose buriasi vietos kultūros žmonės. Rubrika „Savaitgalis už Vilniaus“.Sekmadieniais iki pat Kalėdų kviečiame išgirsti pasakojimus apie švenčių laukimą. Šįkart lankomės „Mamų unijoje“, kur jau beveik dešimtmetį vyksta Advento kojinaičių projektas.Prezidentas ir premjerė sveikina politinių kalinių išlaisvinimą Baltarusijoje. Po Jungtinių Valstijų ir Baltarusijos vadovo Aliaksandro Lukašenkos derybų režimas paleido 123 kalinius. Pagal šį susitarimą Jungtinės Valstijos panaikino Baltarusijos trąšoms taikomas sankcijas, o derybas vedęs amerikiečių pasiuntinys praneša, kad Lukašenka neva sutiko stabdyti oro balionų skrydžius į Lietuvą.Ved. Edvardas Kubilius

Towerbank, banca tradicional, cripto, Bitcoin y adopción masiva.En este episodio de La Vida Crypto hablamos con Joan Hernández, líder de activos digitales en Towerbank, el primer banco crypto friendly de LATAM. Descubre cómo integran banca y blockchain, cómo funciona la app IKI y qué nueva funcionalidad podría cambiar por completo la forma de usar Bitcoin dentro del sistema financiero.

Susisiekimo ministras Juras Taminskas į šį postą pateko Vyriausybės vairą perėmus Ingai Ruginienei. Iki tol dirbęs viceministru, buvo laikomas ir kandidatu į Krašto apsaugos ministro kėdę. Kritikai priekaištauja ministrui už per menką įsitraukimą sprendžiant reguliariai uždaromo oro uosto ir vežėjų problemas.Koks bus susisiekimo ministras Juras Taminskas?Laidoje dalyvauja susisiekimo ministras Juras Taminskas.Ved. Marius Jokūbaitis

Sukčiai vis dažniau apsimeta prekybos tinklais. Internete, socialiniuose tinkluose siūlo dovanų kortelių, ragina dalyvauti žaidimuose ar įsigyti pigių prekių. Siekdami įtikinti gyventojus savo apgaule, naudoja panašius logotipus ar kitas priemones.Išsamiau šia tema – „Maxima“ atstovas ryšiams su žiniasklaida Titas Atraškevičius, „IKI“ komunikacijos vadovė Gintarė Kitovė ir „Prisijungusi Lietuva“ lektorius-ekspertas Nerijus Urbelionis.

„Su gamta nepakovosi, gali tik prisitaikyti“, – sako Nemuno žemupyje, Pagėgių savivaldybėje, ūkininkaujantis Tomas Ambroza, valdantis vidutinį pieno ūkį. Iš 400 hektarų turimos žemės,  pusė jų – užliejamos pievos. Tiek šios pievos, tiek dirbama žemė šiemet skęsta. Kukurūzų derlius nuimamas tiesiog vandenyje. Norint įveikti gamtos iššūkius ūkininkui reikia galingesnės technikos, tačiau tokią techniką įsigyti paramos lėšomis vidutiniam ūkiui neįmanoma. Stambaus pieno ūkio savininkui Tomui Kazlauskui iš Šilutės rajono pavyko gauti paramą įsigyti našesnės technikos, bet įrodinėti, kodėl jam reikia tokios technikos, paramos skirstytojams teko labai ilgai. Ir turint techniką šių metų iššūkius įveikti sunku. Šienaujant užliejamose vietose teko gelbėti visą techniką ir darbus nutraukti. Dabar baiminamasi tokios pat situacijos permirkusiuose kukurūzų laukuose. 30 metų kepa daugiau nei 100 skirtingų gardumynų, bet tik šiemet ryžosi dalyvauti Lietuvos gamintojus pristatančioje parodoje „Rinkis prekę lietuvišką“ ir parodos medalių konkurse. Tradicinis „Lapė kepė“ šimtalapis su aguonomis buvo įvertintas auksiniu medaliu. Apie tai pasakoja šeimos verslą puoselėjantys Renata ir Artūras Venckai iš Alytaus.„Verta žinoti“. Jei jūsų žemės ūkio paskirties sklype, kur nors pamiškėje, buvusioje ganykloje ar dirvonuojančioje žemėje, pridygo savaiminių berželių, ąžuoliukų, klevų, galite gauti paramą ir imtis auginti mišką.  Iki kitų metų kovo mėnesio Aplinkos projektų valdymo agentūra renka paraiškas ir moka dotacijas.Ved. Kristina Toleikienė

Lietuvai stiprinant oro erdvės kontrolę, nustatytas 26-ių ribojamųjų zonų tinklas visoje šalies teritorijoje. Šios zonos bus aktyvuojamos prireikus skubiai panaudoti karinę jėgą prieš bepiločius, kurie pažeidė Lietuvos oro erdvę. Iki 2026-ųjų gegužės nustatytas terminas, kai privačius civilinei aviacijai skirtus orlaivius turintys gyventojai turės įsirengti autoatsakiklius ir radijo ryšį.Lietuvoje daugėja vienalyčių porų, kurios įregistruoja partnerystę teismų keliu. Teismams nekilo abejonių, kad pareiškėjų puoselėjami šeiminiai santykiai, pagrįsti tarpusavio pasitikėjimu, turėtų būti oficialiai pripažinti. Teismai nesutiko su Teisingumo ministerijos siūlymu atidėti partnerystės registravimą Registrų centro duomenų sistemose metams, kaip buvo siūloma. Ministerija įpareigota techninius sprendimus įgyvendinti iki šių metų gruodžio.Ar laikas gamtoje gali pagerinti sveikatos būklę? Švedija – pirmoji šalis pasaulyje, kurią receptu jums gali išrašyti gydytojai. Naujausia šios Skandinavijos šalies reklaminė kampanija skelbia, kad klasikinė sauna aktyvuoja parasimpatinę nervų sistemą ir leidžia giliai atsipalaiduoti. Švedai reguliariai atsitraukia nuo kasdienybės ir ieško gamtos, stresą mažinančių veiklų, pvz., miško vonios ir gilaus miego poilsio centrai.Šakių rajone ūkininkaujanti Daina Janušaitienė sako, kad jei nebūtų ūkininkė, tai dirbtų žurnaliste. Dainai ne kartą teko atremti Zanavykų turgaus pirkėjų nepasitikėjimą, esą ji tik perpardavinėja daržoves. Tuomet ji ryžosi savo Facebook paskyroje talpinti trumpus vaizdo įrašus iš ūkio.Auksinio proto atrankos žaidimas.Auksinio proto aptarimas.Ved. Darius Matas.

Experimental songforms, percussion, breakbeats, prepared piano, sound-art… LISTEN AGAIN to the art of sound… stream on demand at fbi.radio or podcast here. Not Drowning, Waving – Amaravot [Not Drowning, Waving Bandcamp] We’re starting with an Australian band who were really decades ahead of the ball with ambient pop, melding field recordings and live tapes with creative studio techniques, acoustic instrumentation, effects and electronics. Because of David Bridie‘s soft voice and slice-of-life lyrics, I feel Not Drowning, Waving were seen as less revolutionary than they really were – and yet when David released solo albums that emphasised songwriting over sonic creativity, the music media predictably celebrated his “maturity” and suchlike nonsense. I love David’s solo work, and the often-twee but always lovely work of the post-NDW acoustic ensemble My Friend The Chocolate Cake, but Not Drowning, Waving nevertheless hold a special significance. For many, their career higlight was the groundbreaking album Tabaran, much of which was recorded with musicians in Rabaul, Papua New Guinea including the remarkable vocalist Telek (now Sir George Telek MBE!). Their travels to PNG triggered the band’s strong sense of social justice, and they became tireless promoters of West Papuan independence. The song “Blackwater“, about the brutal suppression of independence for West Papua, is haunting and still as relevant today. Fast forward to now, and David Bridie & George Telek have been friends for more than half their lives. A concert performing Tabaran was put together early last year, celebrating 50 years of Papua New Guinean independence, and the band (including Telek) enjoyed being together so much that they created a whole album’s worth of new material. My dirty secret is that, despite the stunning highlights like “Blackwater”, I always preferred the albums before (Cold and the Crackle and Claim) and after it (Circus) in their catalogue because I wasn’t so into the Papuan stringband music. However, whether I’ve mellowed over the years (lol, lmao) or whatever it is, this new album feels wonderful from start to finish, and Telek is an integral member. What an achivement! I have no idea how it sounds to those who didn’t, to some extent, experience the band while they previously existed, but I hope they have an enduring legacy. On Diamond – It’s Me Calling [Eastmint Records/Bandcamp] Naarm/Melbourne’s On Diamond are the perfect example of indie pop done experimental. Frontwoman Lisa Salvo writes beautiful, touching songs that have slippery chord changes and deeply unusual arrangements created together by the band. Previous members, often involved in the more experimental end of Naarm’s music scene include the brilliant drummer/composer Maria Moles, drummer Joe Talia (who recorded & mixed the album), and guitarist/vocalist Hannah Cameron (who contributes backing vocals along with Aarti Jadu and others). Along with Salvo’s vocals, Jules Pascoe on bass, Myka Wallace on drums and Scott McConnachie on synths and those frequently demented guitar solos, the band itself now features the glittering harp of Genevieve Fry and the percussion of Australian legend Duré Dara, born in Malaysia to an Indian background, a celebrated restaurateur with Order of Austrlaia Medal as well as jazz musician and improvisor. That’s a loaded band, put in service of Salvo’s aforementioned songs, which take strange, sidelong looks at matters of grief, longing and the passing of time. In a better world we’d be hearing these songs on rotation all day, but you – yes you – have the power to fix that, in the palm of your hand. gushes – Game One [PTP/Switch Hit Records/Bandcamp] gushes – CUT [PTP/Switch Hit Records/Bandcamp] Trust PTP (aka Protect The Peace, fka Purple Tape Pedigree) to release one of the most bizarre & brilliant albums of the year (in conjunction with artist collective Switch Hit Records). Jennae Santos’ gushes presents an unrestrained amalgam of prog metal, psych rock, jazz & classical and electronic experimentation. But there’s more than just this: the album begins with voices talking in Tagalog, and influences from Indigenous Filipinx psychology and combat swirl around with land-sea ecologies, plant medicine and queer politics of decolonization… Delicious Collision is a fully-through-composed experimental rock opera, appropriately given Santos’ background (on top of everything else) in theatre, site-specific performance & dance. Agriculture – The Reply [The Flenser/Bandcamp] With The Flenser you know you’re going to expect dark, probably metal-adjacent music, and you know it’ll probably diverge from typical genre norms. Ecstatic black metal band Agriculture do indeed employ black metal’s tremolo guitars and blast beats to reach for altered states, but then the thunder gives way to a different kind of ecstasy at times – gorgeous harmonies and clean guitar? The last track on the album somehow combines it all together – blissful chugging blackgaze, and a fragile interlude of just voice and guitar. Channeling Zen Buddhism and social collapse alongside queer history & survival, The Spiritual Sound is easily among the albums of the year. sunn O))) – Raise the Chalice [Sub Pop/Bandcamp] So yeah, the southern lords of drone metal, sunn O))), have signed to Sub Pop, the little label that could. That’s the Sub Pop that was the centre of the Seattle sound, from Mudhoney & early Soundgarden to Nirvana – in fact Nevermind‘s profits, after their contract was bought out by Geffen, were what brought them back from early ’90s financial difficulties, and their (excellent) debut Bleach, which remained a Sub Pop release, was enough to keep the label chugging along for ages. The label pretty quickly expanded out of Seattle/grunge into all sorts of other areas, as diverse as Fleet Foxes, The Postal Service, and the greatest, Clipping. Still, the stentorian, rumbling noise of sunn O))) is an interesting step sideways, hopefully a great move for both parties. Their first EP for Sub Pop follows a 7″ (yes, two tracks under 6 minutes each!) back in 2023 for the Sub Pop Singles Club, but one side of this 12″ is the 14-minute “Eternity’s Pillars”, while the flip has 2 tracks each around 8 minutes – still pretty contained. The band for these tracks is the back-to-basics core duo of Greg “The Lord” Anderson and Stephen O’Malley, and the crushingly slow unison guitar/bass is by and large the totality of the sound, but I do love the disconcerting high-pitched flicker that rises through the last part of “Raise the Chalice”. Susannah Stark – Minor Gestures [Night School Records/Bandcamp/STROOM.tv/Bandcamp] When Utility Fog started back in 2003, folktronica was a genre of which I was very fond – but it was already pretty hazy as to what it was. Slightly glitchy hip-hop sampling acoustic instruments like Four Tet was what I thought, I guess, although when Tunng came on the scene literally later that year, it held a lot of similarity without quite being the same. And meanwhile The Books were doing studio-mediated music with acoustic instruments that somehow was something else entirely, despite arguably fitting the mould. So I love that in the years since, there have been untold different approaches to “folk” + “electronics”. On her new album Minor Gestures, Scottish musician Susannah Stark takes her Gaelic (Gàidhlig) folk music in experimental directions, which might involve drone passages on harmonium or modular synth, interpolated field recordings, or sample-based programming. The production touches only serve to heighten the sense of an arcane, otherworldly setting, as if being performed just out of sight or transmitted from a past-future. It’s quite a remarkable album. Haykal, Julmud, Acamol | هيكل، جلمود، أكامول – A'saab أعصاب [Bilna’es/Bandcamp] Cross-media artistic duo Basel Abbas and Ruanne Abou-Ramme formed the record label & publishing platform Bilna’es along with producer Muqata’a as a space for artistic expression & criticism in Palestine & beyond. Along with the amazing productions of Muqata’a, a highlight was the 2022 solo album from Julmud, Tuqoos | طُقُوس. Now Julmud teams up with label founder Abbas, the latter under the name Acamol (Arabic for Panadol/paracetamol), along with Palestinian rapper Haykal on a new album Kam Min Janneh | كم من جنّة (How Many Heavens). The beats, produced by Julmud & Acamol separately & together, present a glitched version hip-hop drawn from the music & percussion of the MENA region, while Julmud & Haykal swap verses evoking the life of dispossession under occupation, colonization & genocide. It bears mentioning that while the killing continues in Gaza despite the so-called ceasefire, settlers continue to violently disrupt the lives of Palestinians in the West Bank with impunity – destroying property, beating and killing people and blocking access to their own land. In that context, this is a powerful work of resistance and solidarity (and some injections of humour). As I’m writing this late, you can read Emad Al Hatu’s excellent article on fbi.radio, as this was made album of the week at the beginning of November. Mohammad Reza Mortazavi – Zendegi [Latency/Bandcamp] Mohammad Reza Mortazavi – Silent [Latency/Bandcamp] French label Latency have no interest in following any kind of expectations – they’ll flip from chamber jazz to minimal techno to post-classical to percussive bass. In 2019 they released the album Ritme Jaavdanegi by Berlin-based, Iran-born percussionist Mohammad Reza Mortazavi, and now Mortazavi is back on Latency with his new album Nexus. The previous album showcased Mortazavi’s incredibly detailed and complex rhythms on traditional Persian instruments – the tombak and daf. On Nexus, Mortazavi’s playing is just as accomplished, but he extends the percussion with electronic effects and his own voice. The music is full of an otherworldly sensation, of suspension in time and place. There’s an incredible 25-minute remix by Ricardo Villalobos of the track “Swamp” from this album, coming out on December 5th – don’t miss it! IKI – Regenerate [IKI Bandcamp] IKI – Dance [IKI Bandcamp] It’s a sure bet that anything involving Danish singer Randi Pontoppidan is going to be something unique, challenging and beautiful. While she hasn’t been a member of Scandinavian vocal ensemble IKI since the beginning, she’s a perfect fit for IKI’s improvisational, electronically-mediated style. Pontoppidan joined Danish, Norwegian & Finnish singers Anna Mose, Guro Tveitnes, Johanna Sulkunen and Kamilla Kovacs four or five years ago, and BODY is their most intimate album. It can sound extremely electronic at times, but even at their most sharply edited & granulated, every sound comes from the voices of the five women. The recorded works reflect the group’s interest in how life extends past the body, and explores how the women become one organism when performing together. george-i & Older Brother – To Be A Man [GRACE/Bandcamp] Portugal-based MC Darius Rodrigues aka Older Brother has been working with London producer George Harris aka george-i for ages. Now the duo have finally come out with the Warm Skin EP on Berlin-based DJ Katiusha‘s label GRACE. And these four tracks of trip-hop-inflected bass music do walk with grace, holding Older Brother’s lyrics about the state of the world, and – on this closing track – seeking a new, post-patriarchy definition of maleness. Sun People – Herbie’s Delay [All Things Records] Austrian producer Sun People has released some creative and hard-hitting jungle & drum’n’bass that hybridizes with footwork and techno. His All Things Records provides an avenue for music of all kinds, so his new LP Look Within isn’t tied to any tempo – faster or slower than 160bpm, with a few beautifully-produced beatless tracks too. But as with “Herbie’s Delay”, there’s still some creative, syncopated jungle/d’n’b to be found too. Hyperfocus – Sentinel [Machinist Music/Bandcamp] For his fifth release (in two years!) on Canadian drum’n’bass master John Rolodex‘s Machinist Music label, Hyperfocus brings beats precision-tooled in the Machinist Music labs with evocative atmospheres and restless basslines. This is where the jungle revival bleeds back into the d’n’b mainstream, and I’m here for it. San – In Plain Sight [Rua Sound/Bandcamp] Appearing for a third time on Dublin jungle/bass label Rua Sound is Bristol’s San, a slightly mysterious individual who is apparently a techno producer working under a separate alias. This is dark stuff for haunting rave dancefloors and lying on your back with headphones on. Constantly changing cut-up breakbeats, deadly deep subs and spooky atmos, taking the cyberpunk ethos of mid-’90s drum’n’bass and applying it to contemporary jungle. POL100 – TRIBE [early reflex/Bandcamp] Turin’s early reflex label brings as usual cutting-edge experimental bass & club music as part of their Eyes series of two-track EPs. Here’s Italian producer POL100 mutating jungle and techno into strange new shapes – it’s half drumfunk and half electro maybe? Well worth your time. Hello Psychaleppo – Al Wa6an | الوطن [Fake Lines/Bandcamp] Joy Moughanni – I Can’t Seem to Find it At Home | مش عم لاقيه بالبيت [Fake Lines/Bandcamp] The first release from non-profit label Fake Lines has launched itself with a mega compilation – 36 tracks over 3 vinyl LPs – called Fake Lines: Sono Levant. It’s packed to the brim with excellent music, gregarious with genre – it may lean towards electronic music but there’s folk, hip-hop and rock of a sort. There’s an emphasis on Levant artists, but the tracklist also reaches further afield to other MENA countries and more. Montreal-based Syrian DJ Hello Psychaleppo contributes some stuttering samples and bass heft, while Lebanese producer Joy Moughanni combines jagged almost-rhythms and sound design to impressive effect. Lone – Ascension.png [Greco-Roman/Bandcamp] I’ve had an on-and-off relationship with Lone‘s music, but new single “Ascension.png” combines chromed cyberpunk and fuzzy vaporwave with jungle and rave bliss, and that makes a winner. Kelly Moran – Chrysalis [Warp/Bandcamp] A year and a half after releasing her last album, Moves in the Field, Kelly Moran returns to her more familiar territory of chiming prepared piano and electronics, with an album that’s complementary to last year’s. For Moves in the Field, Moran took her piano compositions and programmed them into a Disklavier, a physical piano that can be played via digital programming. So Moran was able to perform alongside her digital copy, with dazzling patterns climbing up and down the keyboard. On Don’t Trust Mirrors, the sound is more uncanny – synths and prepared piano melting into each other – but the performances are more clearly human. And those familiar with the previous album will hear echoes of those pieces throughout. Quartz Sand – Chemical Sedimentary (excerpt 2) [Flaming Pines/Bandcamp] I was lucky to get to see Kate Carr & Cath Roberts playing together at a gallery in Hoxton, London back in May. Carr is an Australian sound-artist who runs the impeccable Flaming Pines label and is one of our finest proponents of field recording, as well as music made from non-musical objects; Roberts is an improviser and composer who has been working with the Lyra-8 synthesizer, an “organismic” synthesizer, whose 8 voices interact in non-linear ways along with some effects. The duo’s name, “Quartz Sand”, suggests minerals and inorganic matter (quartz is silicon dioxide, perhaps the most basic inorganic molecule), and the idea of the album’s title, Stratigraphy, is to imply a vertical structure – rather than a typical horizontal time-based structure – as primary. But don’t be fooled: these two near-half-hour pieces aren’t static at all. It’s just that the action happens often between the crinkly, whistly high frequencies and the gurgling, grinding bottom end. It’s like listening to a cross-section of the earth’s crust – in a good way. Lea Bertucci – Two Way Mirror [Cibachrome Editions] It should be well-known and universally acknowledged now that Lea Bertucci is one of the best sound-artist/composers of the last decade and a half. Whether site-specific works exploring & exploiting – for instance – the resonance of a hollow bridge in Köln (2020’s Acoustic Shadows), myriad works live-processing her own saxophone and other instruments, or her work with reel-to-reel tape machines, she’s a master of her craft. Recent times have seen a number of incredible collaborations from Bertucci: in 2022, she operated tapes & electronics around Robbie Lee‘s baroque & medieval instruments on Winds Bells Falls, while on Murmurations, her tapes were as prominent, but she also brought various wind instruments and her voice to the table, next to Ben Vida‘s synths & voice; and on her tectonic collaboration in 2023 with Brisbane’s own Lawrence English, cello, viola and lap steel guitar emerge as well. Earlier this year Lawrence’s ROOM40 released an astounding work of Bertucci together with another masterful sound-artist, Olivia Block. So needless to say her new album The Oracle is a tour de force, engaging her many instruments, field recordings and, importantly, her own voice, all filtered through tape manipulation and digital processing. Only on the last track are percussionists from the Wesleyan University Taiko Ensemble enlisted for a booming – yet obscured – finale. Of course, it’s not just technially interesting or impressive (although it is those things) – it’s also music that will draw you in and move you, despite the vocals being twisted into non-textual shapes. It’ll easily be high on my albums of the year list for 2025. Alexandra Spence – Magenta (with Delphine Dora) [Students of Decay/Bandcamp] Back to Sydney to finish, Alexandra Spence is another brilliant sound-artist who works with field recordings and found objects to tell a story about place and memory. Her last two albums (from 2022) arose from a fascination with oceans and waterways; the scope is wider here, from mountains to backyards, but the ecological and geological also interact here with the personal. As well as recordings of places and non-musical objects, Spence (a clarinettist) here uses sounds from Serge Modular synths and a custom-built lyre, and on tonight’s track, Spence also brings in the voice and instrumentation of French composer & musician Delphine Dora. Listen again — ~222MB

Savaitgalį šalį sukrėtė skaudi avarija Šilutės rajone, per kurią žuvo 2 moterys, sužeisti 8 nepilnamečiai. Eismo įvykių statistika rodo prastėjančią situaciją mūsų keliuose – lyginant su pernai metų tuo pačių laikotarpiu išaugo tiek avarijų, tiek žuvusiųjų, tiek sužeistųjų skaičiai. Iki spalio 12 dienos Lietuvos keliuose žuvo 99 žmonės.Laidoje dalyvauja Bendrovės „Mobility Consultants“ partneris Egidijus Skrodenis, Policijos departamento Viešosios tvarkos biuro vadovas Vytautas Grašys. Transporto kompetencijų agentūros Transporto paslaugų skyriaus vedėjas Evaldas Morkūnas, vairavimo instruktorė Olga Židovlenkova.Ved. Agnė Skamarakaitė

Nuosavų automobilių remontas prieš išsinuomojant valdišką, rūpinimasis sutuoktinių transportu ir kelių automobilių priežiūra vienu metu – tai parodė LRT Tyrimų skyriaus atlikta Seimo narių išlaidų analizė. Nors politikai ginasi, kad griežtai laikosi taisyklių, Kultūros komiteto pirmininkas po LRT klausimų dalį pinigų jau grąžino. Komentuoja LRT tyrimų skyriaus žurnalistas Mindaugas Aušra.Iki moksleivių rudens atostogų liekant kelioms savaitėms, tėvai suka galvas, kur palikti mažesnius vaikus, jei patys tuo metu negali atostogauti. Marijampolės savivaldybė kol kas vienintelė šalyje pasiūlė per mokinių atostogas leisti pradinukams lankyti prailgintas grupes. Kur jūs paliekate vaikus per atostogas, ar reikėtų, kad ir kitos savivaldybės leistų pradinukus leisti per atostogas į prailgintas grupes? Komentuoja Marijampolės „Šaltinio“ progimnazijos direktorė Asta Kulbokienė ir Lietuvos mokyklų vadovų asociacijos prezidentas Dainius Žvirdauskas.Kiekvienas žmogus galės tapti ne tik komercinių bankų, bet ir centrinio banko klientu. Tokią galimybę suteiks skaitmeninis euras. Europos centrinis bankas dabar kaip tik bando ištestuoti, kaip viskas veiks realybėje. Komentuoja žurnalistė Irma Janauskaitė.NATO šalių gynybos ministrai renkasi Aljanso būstinėje Briuselyje. Susitikimų darbotvarkėje: NATO pajėgumų stiprinimas ir karinė parama Ukrainai.Kol valdantieji ieško naujo kandidato į kultūros ministrus, laikinai kultūros ministrės pareigas eina Švietimo, mokslo ir sporto ministrė Raminta Popovienė. Ji šią savaitę buvo susitikusi su kultūros ministerijos darbuotojais. Komentuoja Raminta Popovienė.Kaune atsinaujino diskusijos, kas turėtų prisiimti atsakomybę už Žaliakalnio funikulieriaus likimą. Šiuo metu vienas seniausių Kauno simbolių ir valstybės saugomas kultūros paveldo objektas neveikia dėl prastos techninės būklės. Komentuoja Ieva Radzevičiūtė.Ved. Rūta Kupetytė.

Aktualus klausimas. Viešųjų pirkimų tarnyba jau kurį laiką tikrina, kaip mokyklų konkursus laimėjusioms įmonėms sekasi maitinti vaikus ir mokytojus. Kaip vertinate savo mokyklų maitinimo kokybę ir maisto kainas?Dalis Seimo narių kritikuoja Aviacijos įstatymo pakeitimus, kurie numato, kaip turi būti tikrinamos lėktuvų įgulos ir kada jiems išduodami leidimai dirbti Lietuvoje.Iki kitų metų liepos visos didelės Lietuvos įmonės privalės užtikrinti lyčių pusiausvyrą savo valdybose – jei dauguma vyrai, ne mažiau kaip trečdalį narių turės sudaryti moterys. Ir atvirkščiai.Socialdemokratai savaitgalį nutarė iš „Nemuno aušros“ atsiimti Kultūros ministeriją ir patys ieškoti kandidato į šios ministerijos vadovus. Tuo metu dalis „Nemuno aušros“ atstovų atsiriboja nuo pirmininko Remigijaus Žemaitaičio penktadienio išpuolio prieš Nacionalinės dailės galerijos vadovą Arūną Gelūną ir viešai kritikuoja partijos lyderį. Kaip toliau dirbs valdančioji koalicija? Pokalbis su abiejų partijų atstovais.Dusetos netrukus turės tris kartus daugiau gyventojų, mat Zarasų savivaldybė nusprendė prie jo prijungti kelis kaimus ir taip padidinti dusetiškių skaičių. Vietos valdžia taip siekia prisitraukti į miestą vaistinę, kurios čia neliko prieš keletą metų.Ved. Edvardas Kubilius.

1605-ieji, Krokuva. Dievobaiminga didikė iš Habsburgų giminės ruošiama vestuvėms su jos mirusios sesers vyru. Dėl šių vestuvių jos tėvai bei jungtinės Lietuvos ir Lenkijos valstybės valdovas Zigmantas Vaza susitarė kai mergaitei buvo 10 metų. Iki 17-kos ji auginta būsimam vyrui, kurio vardą tiksliai žinojo, jo atvaizdą matė portretuose.Po vestuvių ji bus karūnuota, tačiau slapčiausias jos troškimas – pagimdyti įpėdinį, likt gyvai ir išvysti savo sūnų valdovo soste. Ką reiškė būti moterimi Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės laikais? Kas šiandien mums kelia nuostabą ir kas nesikeičia per amžius? Kodėl jos santuoka buvo išskirtinė? Kokį pėdsaką ji paliko Lietuvos istorijoje?Apie ją nerasime nei biografijos, nei filmo. Tačiau jos istorija atspindi ano meto moters didikės gyvenimo papročius ir paradoksus.Šios radijo dokumentikos herojė – Lietuvos didžioji kunigaikštienė Konstancija Habsburgaitė (1588-1631), kurios istoriją pasakoja muzikologė, senosios muzikos specialistė dr. Aleksandra Pister.Redaktorė – Rūta DambravaitėMontažo režisierius – Pijus JuškaIstorinių šaltinių ištraukas įgarsino Adomas Zubė, Audronė Šapogaitė ir Viktoras Paulavičius.Šis kūrinys yra mokymų ir mentorystės programos LRT RADIJO AKADEMIJA 2024 tęsinys.

Karolis Tiškevičius, Jonas Miklovas ir Lukas Malinauskas Eurolygos sezono išvakarėse apžvelgia visų komandų situacijas ir spėlioja, kur kitų komandų fone įsiterps Kauno „Žalgiris“. Vyrukai taip pat pateikia po dvi drąsias prognozes ir apžvelgia pirmuosius pasirinkimus BasketNews Fantasy. Tinklalaidės partneriai: – Boozt.com - skandinaviška elektroninė parduotuvė https://www.boozt.com/. Su nuolaidos kodu BASKETNEWS25- VISOMS prekėms taikoma net 25% nuolaida! Kodas galioja perkant bent už 69 EUR nuo rugsėjo 29 iki spalio 13d., nuolaida nesumuojama su kitomis nuolaidomis ir kodais. – Nord VPN. Apsilankykite https://nordvpn.com/basketnews ir dvejų metų planui gaukite keturis papildomus mėnesius. Jei nepatiks - per 30 dienų galite atgauti pinigus. – Atrask legendinį „Džiugo“ skonį ir laimėk išskirtinius prizus – registruok čekį svetainėje www.dziugaszaidimas.lt – Nealkoholinis alus „Gubernija“, daugiau informacijos – https://gubernija.lt/ Temos: Nė nepastebėjom, kaip atėjo Eurolyga (0:00); Prabangūs senelių namai Barselonoje (4:57); Monakas intriguoja ar priešingai – išsigaravę? (7:26); Brangiausi titulai Europoje (10:17); Kuo intriguoja Madrido „Real“? (14:41); Kiek naudingas bus T.J. Shortsas? (17:35); Neatpažįstamas „Anadolu Efes“ ir įdomūs naujokai (23:48); Didžiausia Eurobasket sensacija Belgrade (26:11); Ryškus geriausiųjų šešetas? (30:55); „Bet kas gali nugalėti bet ką“ (33:38); Adekvati „Žalgirio“ vieta? (42:17); Įdomu stebėti tai, ką turi Fantasy (44:37); Naujos teisėjavimo taisyklės (46:30); „Žalgiris“ – juodasis arkliukas? (49:18); „Valencia“ ir „Paris“ galimybės pasirodyti geriau, nei prognozuoja (51:29); Iki naujų metų neatleistas nė vienas treneris? (54:17); „Žalgirio“ pasistiprinimas (56:31); Ar Trinchieri grįš į Eurolygą? (59:54); Izraelio komandų ateitis Eurolygoje (1:02:34); Istorinė Tomo Masiulio ramybė (1:11:04); Suspendavimai dviem žvaigždėms (1:13:18); „Neptūno“ sugrįžimas į Europą (1:16:24); Lietuvių situacijos Monake (1:18:02); Fantasy lygos aukščiausi šaukimai (1:22:03); Paulius Motiejūnas, kokio prieš kameras niekas nematęs (1:34:38); Liako rubrika: kas pelnė daugiau taškų? (1:37:18).

Žemės ūkio ministerija inicijavo viešąsias konsultacijas su pieno sektoriaus dalyviais. Tai yra pirmas etapas rengiant teisinio reguliavimo pasiūlymus ir Pieno įstatymo projektą. Iki šios rasti kompromisų tarp sektoriaus dalyvių nepavyko.Įkūrusi mažąją bendriją „Dustos“, Zarasų rajono Padustėlio kaimo ūkininkė Vilma Pupeikienė ėmėsi perdirbti įvairius žemės ūkio produktus. Pradžioje liofilizavo – džiovino šalčiu tik savo išaugintas įvairias uogas, daržoves, prieskonius. Teikė šią paslaugą kitiems kaimo gyventojams. Kartu plėtė uogynų plotus. Pagamintą produkciją parduoda mugėse, per įvairius renginius. Plėsti gamybos neketina. Baiminasi, kad dėl didelio kiekio neprarastų kokybės.Norvegijoje uždirbtais pinigais sukūrė ūkį Lietuvoje. Svečioje šalyje jauni žmonės Dalia ir Mindaugas Latviai daug dirbo, taupė, turėdami vieną tikslą – grįžę į Lietuvą sukurti ūkį ir dirbti sau. Taip ir padarė: Šilalės rajone, Žvilių kaime, statė pastatus, pirko techniką ir jau augina smidrus, lazdyno riešutus, moliūgus, levandas. Svarsto apie kitas kultūras, galvoja, kaip perdirbti užaugintą produkciją.Ved. Regina Montvilienė„Gimtoji žemė“ – penktadienį, rugsėjo 26 d., 6.07 val. per LRT RADIJĄ.

Vieną vasaros dieną NARA komanda sulaukė skambučio. Su mumis susisiekė draugės, mūsų klausytojos, esamos ir buvusios Jaunimo linijos ir Vaikų linijos savanorės ir savanorių mokytojos, psichoterapijos klinikos „Gali būti“ kolegės Laura ir Jonė. Jos norėjo savo profesinį klausimą – Jonės žodžiais, „suprasti, kaip ir kodėl žmonės gyvena“, – kelti garsinių pokalbių formatu. Mes sutarėme pabandyti. Tinklalaidės, kurias Laura (pilnas vardas – Laura Riaubaitė-Pinzar) ir Jonė (Jonė Piekuraitė-Dudėnė) įrašė, mus sužavėjo savo profesionalumu, atvertu temų peizažu ir saugia erdve kelti bet kokius klausimus. It psichologo kabinete, pasitikint viena kita ir klausytoju. Lauros ir Jonės epizoduose – NARA tinklelyje jie taip bus ir pavadinti – jos kalbėsis apie žmonių santykius ir dilemas, kurios kyla daugeliui mūsų. Jų tikslas nėra piršti atsakymus, priešingai. „Tai – apie gerų klausimų uždavinėjimą“, – savo tikslą įvardija Laura. „Geras klausimas yra toks, kuris skatina išsigryninti: o kaip norisi man?“ Išgirskite pažintinį Karolio Vyšniauskio interviu su Laura ir Jone NARA tinklalaidėje jau dabar. O pirmą pačių Lauros ir Jonės rengtą epizodą išleisime rytoj, rugsėjo 24-ąją. Jo tema bus pinigai ir kaip jie veikia poros santykius. Iki susitikimo ausinėse. Bertos Tilmantės fotografija, Martyno Gailiaus muzika.

Šeduvoje atsidarė muziejus „Dingęs štetlas“. Pasakoja Indrė Kaminckaitė. Režisierius Valentynas Vasyanovičiussavo juostoje „Iki pergalės“ žvelgia į Ukrainos visuomenę po pergalės kare. Kokius iššūkius jis bando parodyti savo filme, apdovanotame pagrindiniu Toronto kino festivalio prizu? Domisi Marius Eidukonis.Ji – Mikalojaus Konstantino Čiurlionio dukra, niekada nemačiusi savo tėvo, bet mamos Sofijos auginta tautos šviesulių apsuptyje. Čiurlionio gimtadienio išvakarėse – paskutinis Kotrynos Lingienės ciklo „Čiurlioniai“ pasakojimas. Pasaulio kultūros įvykių apžvalgoje apie dar neužbaigtą Banksio paveikslą iš galerijos Londonepavogusių plėšikų bylą, šią savaitę mirusio amerikiečių kino legendos Roberto Redfordo palikimą – jo įkurtą Sandanso kino festivalį – bei naują kanadiečių atlikėjos Saros McLachlan muziką.Rašytojos Dalios Staponkutės komentaras „Apie smurtą ir drąsą savyje“.„Viešpatie, apsaugok mus nuo karo, bado maro ir kino kronikos“, – buvo rašoma tarpukario spaudoje. O Lina Hall svajoja, kaip būtų nuostabu atrasti filmuotų Laikinosios sostinės priemiesčių vaizdų. Su ja bendrauja Kotryna Lingienė. Šiandien Ričardas Gavelis būtų it nuo rūgštumo sutraukiantis vitaminas C, sako literatūrologė Jūratė Čerškutė. Rugsėjo pradžioje pasirodė dešimtmetį laukta jos monografija „Galvoja fizikas! Ričardo Gavelio prozos sistema“. Kokius Gaveliovidinius portretus ilgų tyrinėjimų procese pavyko pažinti Jūratei Čerškutei, teiraujasi Urtė Karalaitė. Ved. ir red. Indrė Kaminckaitė

Savaitgalį išdalinti „Emmy“ apdovanojimai. Juose net aštuonis apdovanojimus gavo serialas „Paauglystė“.Praėjusiais metais išleidęs knygą, kurioje dalijasi savo paties dienoraščių eilutėmis, eseistas, poetas, prozininkas Donaldas Kajokas – šių metų Grigorijaus Kanovičiaus literatūrinės premijos laureatas.Bendras lietuvių ir ukrainiečių filmas „Iki pergalės!“ pelnė pagrindinį apdovanojimą Toronto kino festivalyje.Šiaulių istorijos muziejuje pristatyta paroda „1915-ieji Didžiosios istorijos paraštėse“. Ji skirta Pirmojo pasaulinio karo Šiaulių mūšio 110-osioms metinėms paminėti.Ved. M. Eidukonis

Rugsėjo 11-oji pakeitė pasaulio istoriją ir amžiams įsirašė į kolektyvinę atmintį. Iki šiol jaudina fotografijos ir vaizdo įrašai su į Pasaulio prekybos centro dangoraižius Niujorke įsiręžiančiais teroristų užgrobtais lėktuvais, sukrečia keleivių ir komandos skambučių įrašai, degančiuose bokštuose įkalintų žmonių balso žinutės. Kaip prisimenama ir minima ši diena, kokie iššūkiai kilo rengiant Rugsėjo 11-osios memorialo konkursą? Kaip pasikeitė paminklo samprata ir kodėl šiandien svarbu ne įamžinti, o gyvai prisiminti kuriant naujas atminties formas? Apie tai ir Jameso Youngo antimonumento idėją, po II pasaulinio karo pasikeitusias paminklų funkcijas bei formas ir šiuolaikinius trauminės atminties refleksijos būdus kalbamės su Vilniaus miesto muziejaus direktore dailėtyrininke dr. Rasa Antanavičiūte ir menininke, rašytoja ir kuratore, VDA docente Paulina Pukyte.Ved. menotyrininkė Laima Kreivytė

6 balai iš 10 – tokį įvertinimą savo seksualiniam gyvenimui skiria tyrimo dalyviai. Šių metų rugpjūčio mėn. atliktas „Spinter“ tyrimas rodo, kad seksualinio gyvenimo vertinimo situacija keičiasi nežymiai. Tačiau būdas joms spręsti vis dar kelia daug klausimų – vienas pagrindinių atsakymų – „ieškau informacijos internete“.Baltijos šalių tyrimas parodė, kad Lietuvos tėvai dosniausi kišenpinigių. Lietuvoje yra tėvų, kurie vidutiniškai per mėnesį vienam vaikui perveda daugiau negu 200 eurų kišenpinigių. Tačiau didžioji dauguma apsiriboja kelis kartus mažesnėmis sumomis.Į Klaipėdos gatves išrieda 40 naujų elektrinių autobusų. Uostamiestis - vienas iš lyderių tarp didžiųjų šalies miestų, mat daugiau nei pusė viso viešojo transporto yra varoma elektra. Iki 2030-ųjų visas viešasis transportas turės būti netaršus, tad, anot specialistų, sparčiau atnaujinti savo autobusų parką turės ir kiti miestai.Ved. Liuda Kudinova

Vašingtonas ketina stabdyti karinės paramos programą su Rusija besiribojančioms valstybėms, o tarp jų – ir Lietuvai, Latvijai ir Estijai. Baltijos šalims ankstesnė Džou Baideno administracija buvo patvirtinusi kelių šimtų milijonų dolerių paramos programą. Politikai situaciją vertina skirtingai - vieni sako, kad finansinė parama buvo ne itin reikšminga, kiti - pabrėžia simbolinę programos reikšmę ir šiame žingsnyje įžvelgia Trampo administracijos gestą Rusijai.Kas pretenduos į likusių dviejų – Aplinkos ir Energetikos ministerijų – vadovus vis dar neaišku. Naująją Vyriausybę paskirtoji premjerė Seimui turėtų pristatyti trečiadienį. Iki tol susitikimams su likusiais kandidatais Prezidentas turės laiko tik antradienį, mat pirmadienį šalies vadovas paskirs į Lietuvą atvykstančiam naujai išrinktam Lenkijos prezidentui. Studijoje Vaidotas Burokas.Jurbarke rimta gelbėjimo operacija. Pagalbos prireikė į keliasdešimties gylio šulinį įkritusiam 37-rių vyriškiui. Galiausiai jį pavyko ištraukti. Jurbarko priešgaisrinės gelbėjimo tarnybos viršininkas Tomas Statkus sako, kad gelbėjimo operacija buvo sudėtinga, o laukiant pagalbos iš Kauno , į šulinį buvo nuleista maisto ir vandens.Radviliškio rajone surengta tradicinė auksinių vestuvių šventė. Joje dalyvavo keliasdešimt porų, drauge gyvenančių 50 metų. Poros tikina, kad svarbiausia yra pagarba ir atjauta vienas kitam, tik tuomet galima gyventi ne tik ilgai, bet ir laimingai.Energetikos ministerijai pasiūlius Vyriausybė laikinai – mėnesiui – nutarė sustabdyti daugiau nei 3 mlrd. eurų vertės 700 megavatų galios antrojo jūros vėjo parko vystytojo konkursą.Ved. Liepa Želnienė

Lietuvos Nacionalinis operos ir baleto teatras paskelbė, kad kilus abejonei dėl šiandien vyksiančios premjeros „Lietuviai“ muzikos vadovo, italų dirigento Gianlucos Marcianò galimo dalyvavimo muzikiniuose renginiuose Rusijoje, LNOBT vadovybė atsisako šio dirigento paslaugų. Pokalbis su dirigentu Gianluca Marcianò.Kūdikis negimsta vienas, kartu su juo gimsta ir mama, sako lėlininkė, aktorė ir spektaklio apie motinystę idėjos autorė Monika Mikalauskaitė-Baužienė. Rugsėjo 5 dieną spektakliu „Aš visada šalia“ Klaipėdos lėlių teatras atveria duris į naują sezoną. Pasakoja Agnė Bukartaitė.Italijoje, Stia mieste, vyksiančios Europos kalvystės bienalės „Biennale Europea d'Arte Fabbrile“ metu bus pristatyta žymiausių Lietuvos kalvių kryžių-saulučių paroda „Lietuva. Šimtas saulių geležinių“. Pokalbis su festivalio „Užventis mene“ organizatore Milda Balvočiūte-Knyzeliene ir kalviu Virgilijumi Mikuckiu.Rugsėjo 6 d. prasideda penktą kartą rengiamas festivalis „Garsų potvynis Zapyškio Senojoje bažnyčioje“. Iki rugsėjo pabaigos organizatoriai kviečia lankytojus į drąsius klasikinės kultūros ir šiuolaikinių technologijų dialogus. Pasakoja Andrius Baranovas.Rubrikos „Be kaukių“ viešnia – grafikė Birutė Zokaitytė.Ved. Donatas Šukelis

„Kandidatės patirtis savivaldoje – teigiamas aspektas, nes daug kalbame apie kultūrą regionuose. Bet jai reikės per labai trumpą laiką pakilti į nacionalinį ir tarptautinį lygmenį“, – Vaidos Aleknavičienės kandidatūrą į kultūros ministrus vertina Lietuvos nacionalinės filharmonijos vadovė Rūta Prūsevičienė. Socialdemokratams dėliojant galimą ministrų kabinetą, šią savaitę priimtas sprendimas – jame nebeliks laikinojo kultūros ministro Šarūno Biručio, jo vietai užimti iškelta Seimo Švietimo ir mokslo komiteto pirmininkės Vaidos Aleknavičienės kandidatūra. Pasakoja Indrė Kaminckaitė.Trečiadienį sostinės savivaldybės taryba nusprendė ant Vilniaus rotušės pastato atminimo lentoje įamžinti Lietuvoje viešėjusio Vokietijos kanclerio Friedricho Merzo pareikštą įsipareigojimą, jog Lietuvos saugumas yra ir Vokietijos saugumas. Tiesa, tai ne pirma tokia citata, įamžinta ant Rotušės sienos. Komentuodamas idėją įamžinti Vokietijos kanclerio pažadą, filosofas Paulius Gritėnas sako, kad tokius žodžius turime įgyvendinti patys, o ne iškaldami tikėtis, kad tai įtvirtins tikrovę. Pasak jo, mes patys kuriame tikrovę. Kokį komunikacinį svorį turi toks savivaldybės žingsnis ir kokias vertes atneša mums, kaip visuomenei, ekspertų teiraujasi Urtė Karalaitė.Užsienio spaudos apžvalgoje – apie Prahoje pirmą kartą Europoje eksponuojamus žmogaus protėvės Liusi kaulus. Taip pat – naujas tyrimas apie ožio simboliką senovės mene ir netikėti atradimai muzikos pasaulyje: mokslininkai išsiaiškino, kokia melodija maloniausia laukiant telefoninio pokalbio. Pasakoja Justė Luščinskytė.„Naujųjų mokslo metų išvakarėse lieka viltis, kad bent pavieniai mokytojai ir mokiniai sugebės vieni kituose įžvelgti žmoniškumo pradmenis, kuriuos prasminga ugdyti“, – komentare svarsto istorijos mokytojas ekspertas, Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Istorijos katedros dėstytojas Domas Boguševičius.Prūsų palikuonis Mantas Maziliauskas teigia: mūsų piliakalniai savo masteliu lenkia Egipto piramidžių fenomeną. Kuo svarbi baltiškoji prūsų kultūra mūsų kraštui? Minint Prūsijos 500 metų sukaktį, tuo domėjosi kolegė Karina Metrikytė.Slemo scenoje Jovarą Kelpšą žavi nuolatinis pokytis, lietuvių kalbos mokytojo darbe – tikras ryšys su vaikais. Kaune gyvenantis šiaulietis taip pat dirba populiariame muziejuje, kur veda patyrimines ekskursijas. Iki trisdešimt penkerių jis tikisi spėti išleisti debiutinę poezijos knygą. Visa tai telpa į žodį „literatas“. Su Jovaru, savo ir taip nenuobodų gyvenimą marginančiu jam tarptautinę šlovę atnešusios anties simbolika, kalbasi Kotryna Lingienė.Ved. Marius EidukonisRed. Indrė Kaminckaitė

Maždaug šimtas žmonių šeštadienį surengė protestą prie Rusijos kariuomenės bazės Armėnijos mieste Giumri, reikalaudami išvesti Rusijos kariuomenę iš šalies. Armėnija ilgą laiką pasikliovė Rusija, siekdama sustiprinti savo saugumą konflikte su kaimyniniu Azerbaidžanu. Tačiau ilgamečių sąjungininkų santykiai tapo įtempti po 2023 metų Azerbaidžano įvykdyto puolimo Kalnų Karabache. Tą kartą Maskva neįsikišo ir neapgynė Armėnijos. Tuo metu tarp Armėnijos ir Azerbaidžano santykiai šiltėja. Armėnija ir Azerbaidžanas rugpjūčio pradžioje paskelbė savo taikos susitarimo tekstą.Rubrikoje „Aktualus klausimas“ - artėjant naujiems mokslo metams šiandien klausiame jūsų – kiek kainuoja jūsų vaiką, vaikus ar anūkus išleisti į mokyklą?Iki mokslo metų pradžios likus mažiau nei savaitei Kalvarijos gimnazijos pradinių klasių mokytoja ir mokytojų profesinės sąjungos pirmininkė Eglė Navickienė paskelbė bado streiką. Ji sako, kad taip protestuoja prieš gimnazijos direktoriaus Evaldo Ulevičiaus mobingą ir nuolatinį psichologinį spaudimą. Direktorius sako, kad mokytojos elgesys mokinių ir kolegų atžvilgiu nėra tinkamas.Dėl artėjančių pratybų Zapad Lietuvai uždarius dalį oro erdvės, kariuomenės pajėgos kraštutiniais atvejais turi teisę numušti pažeidėjus. Prieš tai jie būtų perspėjami radijo ryšiu. Tačiau mažųjų lėktuvų ir skraidyklių pilotams radijo ryšys nėra privalomas. Kiek saugūs pramoginiai skrydžiai pasienyje?Į antrąjį neeilinės sesijos posėdį susirinkęs Seimas šiandien spręs, ar socialdemokratė Inga Ruginienė turėtų būti skiriama į premjeres. Balsavimo išvakarėse Seimo Socialdemokratų, Nemuno aušros bei „valstiečių“ frakcijų vadovai pasirašė koalicinę sutartį. Naujoji koalicija turi aštuoniasdešimt du balsus. Tam, kad Ingos Ruginienės kandidatūra būtų patvirtinta - Seime reikia paprastos balsų daugumos. „Ryto garsuose“ kandidatė į premjeres Inga Ruginienė.Iki mokslo metų pradžios likus mažiau nei savaitei Kalvarijos gimnazijos pradinių klasių mokytoja ir mokytojų profesinės sąjungos pirmininkė Eglė Navickienė paskelbė bado streiką. Ji sako, kad taip protestuoja prieš gimnazijos direktoriaus Evaldo Ulevičiaus mobingą ir nuolatinį psichologinį spaudimą. Direktorius sako, kad mokytojos elgesys mokinių ir kolegų atžvilgiu nėra tinkamas.Maždaug šimtas žmonių šeštadienį surengė protestą prie Rusijos kariuomenės bazės Armėnijos mieste Giumri, reikalaudami išvesti Rusijos kariuomenę iš šalies. Armėnija ilgą laiką pasikliovė Rusija, siekdama sustiprinti savo saugumą konflikte su kaimyniniu Azerbaidžanu. Tačiau ilgamečių sąjungininkų santykiai tapo įtempti po 2023 metų Azerbaidžano įvykdyto puolimo Kalnų Karabache. Tą kartą Maskva neįsikišo ir neapgynė Armėnijos. Tuo metu tarp Armėnijos ir Azerbaidžano santykiai šiltėja. Armėnija ir Azerbaidžanas rugpjūčio pradžioje paskelbė savo taikos susitarimo tekstą.Rubrikoje „Aktualus klausimas“ - artėjant naujiems mokslo metams šiandien klausiame jūsų – kiek kainuoja jūsų vaiką, vaikus ar anūkus išleisti į mokyklą?Iki mokslo metų pradžios likus mažiau nei savaitei Kalvarijos gimnazijos pradinių klasių mokytoja ir mokytojų profesinės sąjungos pirmininkė Eglė Navickienė paskelbė bado streiką. Ji sako, kad taip protestuoja prieš gimnazijos direktoriaus Evaldo Ulevičiaus mobingą ir nuolatinį psichologinį spaudimą. Direktorius sako, kad mokytojos elgesys mokinių ir kolegų atžvilgiu nėra tinkamas.Dėl artėjančių pratybų Zapad Lietuvai uždarius dalį oro erdvės, kariuomenės pajėgos kraštutiniais atvejais turi teisę numušti pažeidėjus. Prieš tai jie būtų perspėjami radijo ryšiu. Tačiau mažųjų lėktuvų ir skraidyklių pilotams radijo ryšys nėra privalomas. Kiek saugūs pramoginiai skrydžiai pasienyje?Į antrąjį neeilinės sesijos posėdį susirinkęs Seimas šiandien spręs, ar socialdemokratė Inga Ruginienė turėtų būti skiriama į premjeres. Balsavimo išvakarėse Seimo Socialdemokratų, Nemuno aušros bei „valstiečių“ frakcijų vadovai pasirašė koalicinę sutartį. Naujoji koalicija turi aštuoniasdešimt du balsus. Tam, kad Ingos Ruginienės kandidatūra būtų patvirtinta - Seime reikia paprastos balsų daugumos. „Ryto garsuose“ kandidatė į premjeres Inga Ruginienė.Iki mokslo metų pradžios likus mažiau nei savaitei Kalvarijos gimnazijos pradinių klasių mokytoja ir mokytojų profesinės sąjungos pirmininkė Eglė Navickienė paskelbė bado streiką. Ji sako, kad taip protestuoja prieš gimnazijos direktoriaus Evaldo Ulevičiaus mobingą ir nuolatinį psichologinį spaudimą. Direktorius sako, kad mokytojos elgesys mokinių ir kolegų atžvilgiu nėra tinkamas.Ved. Rūta Kupetytė

Iš koalicijos išmestą demokratų sąjungą „Vardan Lietuvos“ keičia marga „valstiečių“ frakcija. Iki naujos vyriausybės sudarymo dar laukia derybos dėl koalicijos sutarties ir naujų ministrų.Socialdemokratus užpylė kritikos banga už naujus santuokos įžadus su „aušriečiais“, politologai įžvelgia dar stipresnį Remigijaus Žemaitaičio vaidmenį siekiant įtakos, ir pasigenda Ingos Ruginienės balso.Ar naujoji koalicija bus stabili?Laidoje dalyvauja socialdemokratė Rasa Budbergytė, Demokratų sąjungos „Vardan Lietuvos“ atstovas Domas Griškevičius, „Valstiečių“ frakcijos atstovas Dainius Gaižauskas, „Nemuno aušros“ atstovas Aidas Gedvilas, konservatorė Gintarė Skaistė, politologas Liutautas Gudžinskas.Ved. Marius Jokūbaitis

In this third installment of our series on the Jinshin no Ran, we are covering the battles that took place in the Nara basin.   Of course, while the fighting focuses on the generals, most of it was done by conscripts--farmers and other common people called up to fight. For more, check out of podcast webpage:  https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/episode-131   Rough Transcript: Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua, and this is episode 131: The Jinshin no Ran, Part 3: Fighting in the Nara Basin   Maro stood under the tsuki tree and gazed at the walls of the great temple.  The gates and tiled roof were truly an incredible sight.  Maro's home wasn't that far away, but until he'd been called up for service to the government, he hadn't thought much beyond the valley where he and his family tilled the land.  Their life had been largely spent in the village, tucked up in the valley, farming rice, hunting in the mountains, and gathering firewood.   He remembered how, years ago, his brothers had been the ones to go and do their service.  They had been called up to build some kind of giant fortress on the top of a mountain.  The stories they  brought back were incredible—it was one thing to hear tales of the outside world from merchants and itinerant priests, but it was different to hear them from someone you actually knew.  Now, it was Maro's turn.  But he hadn't been called up for labor—he was going to have to fight.  He tried to psych himself up.  Many of the men and, frankly, young boys who were there with him were in a similar boat.  Some were old hands, having served multiple times.  Others were new and, like Maro, there for the first time.  None of them were professional soldiers, though you wouldn't know that by the way some of them swaggered through the camp.  They had been called up quickly, with only a little information.  Apparently Prince Ohoama, they were told, had rebelled against the government.  He and his men were gathering in the east and at any moment they could attack the capital in Ohotsu, and from there they would swing down and attack the ancient capital.  So here they were, several hundred conscripts, pulled from households around the ancient capital, gathered and waiting for their weapons and armor so that they could then get their marching orders—quite literally. Suddenly, Maro heard a commotion in the north.  He couldn't see what was happening, but the murmurs turned to shouting.  Prince Takechi, the son of the demonic rebel, Ohoama, was here, coming from the north with hundreds of expert soldiers on horseback!  Panic set in, and even though a few of the officers tried to quell the disturbance, it wasn't enough.  Afraid for what might come, Maro and those like him broke ranks and fled.  Maro gave little thought to what might happen to his family and friends if he deserted—he was no longer thinking rationally.  Along with his compatriots—his would-be brothers-in-arms if they had been given any—he hoped that he could hide, and that, if he survived, maybe, just maybe, he could somehow make it back home in one piece.   Welcome back.  Content warning for this episode—we are going to be talking about war, including death, fighting, and suicide. As I noted at the start, this is part three of our look at the Jinshin no Ran, the Jinshin War—sometimes translated as a “Disturbance” or a “Rebellion”.  This was the war between the supporters of Prince Ohoama, also known as Temmu, and Prince Ohotomo, aka Koubun.  Ohoama's side is sometimes called the Yoshino or even the Yamato court, as he had quote-unquote “retired” from the world and become a monk at a temple in Yoshino, south of Asuka, in the old area of Yamato.  Meanwhile, Ohotomo's supporters were the Afumi court—including most of the ministers running the state from the capital in Ohotsu, on the shores of lake Biwa, the area known as Afumi.  So let's take a look at what has happened so far, and then we can get into the events we are talking about today: a look at the soldiers who were fighting, their gear, and then some of the fighting that went on—specifically the fighting that happened in the Nara Basin.  I'll do my best to organize things based on the rough timeline that they seem to have occurred. Now previously, we had covered how Ohoama, brother to Naka no Oe aka Tenchi Tennou, had given up his title as Crown Prince and retired, supposedly to prevent any concerns that he might rebel and try to take the throne, but this wasn't enough for Ohotomo and the Court, who had begun to raise forces against him.  And so Ohoama and his supporters had just made a desperate dash eastwards, across the mountain roads to Ise.  From there they secured the Fuwa and Suzuka passes, two of the main routes to the East Countries.  Ohoama had then sent out requests for assistance to those same countries, hoping to find allies who would support him against the apparently legitimate government in Ohotsu. We are told that Ohoama was joined at this time by two of his sons: Prince Takechi and Prince Ohotsu. And here I want to pause to note something that I didn't point out last episode: These princes were not quite as old as you might think from the way they are portrayed in the Chronicle.  Prince Takechi, who had been given command of the troops at Fuwa Barrier, was only 19 years old.  Granted, that is only 4 years younger than their rival, Prince Ohotomo, and only a couple of years younger than the famous Minamoto Yoshitsune would be when he joined his brother in the Genpei Wars, over 500 years later.  Prince Ohotsu, however, was a bit younger, as he is believed to have been about 10 years old at this time, which likely explains why he is not so prominent in the narrative.  I mention this because the Nihon Shoki often omits details like age and can make it seem like these were all seasoned adult men and women, when it may have been that they were simply of high enough status to be mentioned, even though others were likely running their affairs for them.  In Prince Takechi's case, while he was likely old enough to take charge of the forces at Fuwa, it is also clear that his father was nearby and overseeing things, so everything didn't rest solely on his son's shoulders. Meanwhile, the Afumi court was raising its own soldiers.  While their delegation to the East was stopped at the captured Fuwa Pass, they also had sent word to the west.  Kibi and Tsukushi are specifically mentioned, but we know that they were raising troops elsewhere, including in the home province regions of Yamato and Kawachi. Here it should be noted that the Nihon Shoki is pretty clearly pro-Temmu, in other words pro-Ohoama.  There is some evidence from textual analysis, however, that the Temmu portions of the narrative differ from the Tenchi portions.  Torquil Duthie, in his book, “Man'yōshū and the Imperial Imagination in Early Japan”, recounts how scholarship has identified at least two—possibly three—different groups of compilers who managed different reigns.  The Tenchi narrative is more neutral, while the Temmu narrative provides a bit more of an accusatory tone, and both narratives provide slightly different accounts of the same events—notably the death of Naka no Oe, Prince Ohoama taking vows, and Prince Ohotomo succeeding his father.  On the other side, Duthie mentions  the Kaifusou, a collection of Sinitic style poetry created in 751, just 31 years after the Nihon Shoki, where in the introduction, the author seems to be much more sympathetic to Prince Ohotomo and his cause, implying that Oama was the one rising up against the legitimate government. I mention this just to help us remember that our primary source is not exactly neutral about all of this, and we should keep that in mind as we are trying to sort out what was going on.  The narrative also often makes it seem as though the outcome was inevitable, but we should remember that at the time all of these events were going down, the people involved couldn't have known how they were going to turn out— in the moment, anything could have happened, especially in times of war. Speaking of which, we know that the two sides were raising troops, so let's talk about what we know about those troops and what combat may have looked like at this time.  While we don't exactly have detailed accounts, there is a lot we can piece together through the archaeological record and other sources.  To that end we have evidence of armor and weapons, as well as shields, and we can also look at haniwa through the 6th and even early 7th century to give us an idea of local armor styles.  Let's first look back on how soldiers were conscripted.  Each household seems to have been responsible for supplying a soldier, when required.  They were also to supply their equipment.  This included a sword, armor, bows and arrows, as well as a flag and drum. In historical parades, today, we often see row upon row of soldiers kitted out in matching clothing, appearing relatively cohesive and well-regimented.  In truth it is hard to know just how similar any one group might have been.  Based on later historical examples, it is safe to assume that many of the soldiers may not have had much armor, if any, and even if they did it might have been made of wood or leather, which were unlikely to survive to the modern day. Of course, I would also question just how often they were able to afford everything mentioned.  And since we are told that as the government was gathering soldiers it was also opening up storehouses of weapons and armor, I suspect that indicates that not everyone had their own.  And even if they did, it may have been of questionable quality. That said, if a warrior did have armor, it was likely one of two types, variations of which were both found on the continent. The first type is characterized by a solid, circular cuirass, often called a “tankou”, or short armor.  These were made of strips of iron that were shaped on a wooden form and then riveted or tied together into a solid cuirass, which is why it is also called a type of “plate” armor.  One side of the armor was hinged and could open so that the wearer could get in.  There are some tankou with a hanging skirt of tassets that flare out as well, protecting the legs, and even examples of pieces that also go around the neck, shoulder guards, and arm guards.  The tankou seems to date from at least the 3rd or 4th century, with changes in design over time, and we know that it continued through at least the 6th century. Compare this to the keikou, or hanging armor.  Keikou was a kind of lamellar armor, made of individual scales, later known as “sane”.  These metal scales, also known as lamellae, were held together with lacing, and made for a much more flexible, and presumably comfortable, armor.  The tradeoff for this comfort was that keikou likely took a lot more labor to make, and thus were considered a more elite armor, possibly used by men on horseback or at least by those leading the troops.  Looking into the future a bit, we know that in the 8th century there were “tankou” and “keikou” being donated to the Shousouin repository at Toudaiji.  However, it isn't clear that “tankou” and “keikou” in the 8th century referred to exactly this kind of armor, and we may have been dealing with something else entirely, because there is a lacuna in our understanding of armor on the archipelago between the end of the Asuka period and the appearance of the more familiar yoroi in the Heian period comes about.  There are conjectured transitional armors, based on continental models, which are thought to have been used.  Still, at this very point in time, when Ohoama is mounting his rebellion against Ohotomo, the Keikou and Tankou are generally thought to have still been in use, and this is generally how you will see the two sides represented. As for weapons, perhaps the most common that we see is the bow and arrow.  Archery is extremely practical, not only for its ability to be used from a distance, but also because in times of peace people can use the same bows to hunt, thus making hunting prowess a kind of stand-in for military prowess.  The way of the bow—in fact the way of the horse and bow, or Kyuuba no Michi—would be the main pillar of martial prowess in the archipelago for centuries.  The iconic sword, while important—it was, after all, one of the three sacred regalia—was more of a side-arm, deployed in close quarters combat.  It was still important, as it could be easily carried with you.  However, it is more likely that massed troops might have had spears and various types of polearms, providing reach.  Those are harder to just casually carry around, however, especially if you are mainly using a bow.  Perhaps that is part of the reason that we don't hear as much about such weapons, and most of the focus seems to be on the archers and on swords. There were also at this time shields.  We know that the Hayato of southern Kyushu were particularly known for them, but there evidence that they were more widely used.  After all, a shield made of wood would have made an important defense against a rain of arrows coming from the enemy. As for the horses, some of them may have even had their own barding, or armor, though I suspect, again, that was rare, and reserved for elites.  All of this together gives us some idea of what it may have looked like when Ohoama and Ohotomo's forces engaged in battle, though it is still conjecture.  We know that they had spears, and swords, and bows.  We know that some of the first men that Prince Ohoama picked up on his journey was to conscript archers to his service, who then were pressed into taking a government post station.    We also don't necessarily see a lot of individual fighting described in the records, though there are exceptions. Later on, there was a tradition of individual warriors calling out challenges in the midst of battle, that became an accepted practice in the early culture of the bushi, or samurai, but we don't see that in the Chronicles.    Certainly we see moments of individual valor which are remembered, likely because of the benefits that the hero's descendants could then claim for themselves.   But for the most part it seems that the people actually doing the fighting were groups of conscripted soldiers, not the hired warriors of later periods.  Even among groups like the Mononobe, the Be of the Warriors, it isn't clear that they would have been the ones on the front lines—not if they could help it, anyway.  Most of these were farmers and similar commoners, who were called up to fight as necessary.  Some of them may have seen action over on the Korean peninsula, or even in local skirmishes.  Others would have been fresh out of the fields, joining the ranks for the first time.  They were not exactly volunteers, but also didn't have much of a choice.  It was the draft on steroids. I also suspect that the act of conscription, where a soldier was offered up by a household, or family,, meant that desertion would mean that their family would be punished. While the elite generals providing the men were no doubt gauging how this would affect their own political and economic fortunes, I imagine that the average soldier had much less agency and could look forward to many fewer rewards.  In fact, I suspect his main goal would have been one of survival.  Perhaps if one fought well, they could earn something more for themselves, and perhaps there were cultural concepts of loyalty to one's local elites and leadership.  And maybe there were leaders who inspired them to do great things.  However, works like the Nihon Shoki were rarely concerned with the lives of the common people, except when it shined a light on the sovereigns and their court.   It was much more concerned with how this affected the upper caste of society. There is also the question about just what kind of fighting this system led to.  Again, these are not the bushi—a warrior class who prided themselves on their martial prowess.  And neither were they standing armies.  While there were likely some who regularly served and trained and found they had a skill at war, how many were simple farmers who were now holding a spear instead of a spade?  These are things to keep in mind as we follow along with tales of glorious victory or ignoble defeat. So, that's a glimpse at who was actually doing the fighting.  As for the timeline of the battle, let's get into it.  But first, a caveat:  as we should be used to by now, the exact chronology of the events listed in the Nihon Shoki is not entirely clear.  The Nihon Shoki provides a narrative, but often it includes actions that took several days or even weeks on a single date where the events apparently culminated.  Using cues, such as “one day later” or such things, we can piece together a narrative, but I may not have it 100% accurate.  It doesn't help that the Nihon Shoki seems to focus on different campaigns separately, even though much of it was happening at the same time.  That's compounded by the fact that all of this was being recorded much later, and so there is also a great possibility that even some of the seemingly clear dates were also wrong, or were adjusted to make for a better flow in the narrative.  So I'm going to do my best to piece together what I roughly feel was the chronological order, but just be aware that dates may not be all that precise.    In the coming conflict we see several main arenas.  First, there is the area around Lake Biwa, from the Fuwa pass towards Ohotsu.  This was Ohoama's main path to try and put an end to this whole affair—to make his way to Ohotsu, the capital, and cut off the head of the snake.  To do that he would have to leave his defensive position and venture out around the lake, where Afumi forces no doubt lay in wait.  At the same time, there was also fierce fighting in the Nara Basin, with Yoshino and Afumi forces clashing there across the plains.  And we cannot forget the Kafuka, or Kouka, pass over to Suzuka.  If the Afumi forces could push through to Suzuka, then they could march along the coastal plains of Mie up through Owari and come at Ohoama's forces from behind. In previous episodes we covered the leadup to this part of the conflict, and while there had been some fighting at the post stations on the road to Suzuka, as well as captured envoys at Fuwa Pass, so far we haven't seen any major fighting.  If the timeline in the Nihon Shoki is to be believed, the first serious clashes seem to have occurred in the Yamato region and the Nara basin. In general, however, there seems to have been two main campaigns.  There was the fighting in the Nara Basin, and then there was the fighting along the shores of Lake Biwa. Everything started off at the end of the 6th month with Ohoama's mad dash to capture the passes at Suzuka and Fuwa, where he waited while he gathered up men from the Eastern countries.  While that was happening, the Afumi court was out recruiting men for their own war.  This would lead to some of the earliest formal battles between the two sides taking place in the Nara Basin, originally a recruitment center, it turned into a battle zone.  Yoshino aligned forces would push north, only to be blocked by armies coming down from the capital at Ohotsu, as well as forces coming through the gap between Yamato and Kawachi, where the Yamato river leaves the basin through the western mountains.  The fighting happened largely over the course of a week or so.  It started around the 29th day of the 6th month, and seems to have ended between the 4th or 6th day of the 7th month.  So keep that in mind. As you may recall from last episode, two brothers, Ohotomo no Muraji no Makuda and Ohotomo no Muraji no Fukei, upon hearing that Ohoama was rising up, both feigned illness, using that as an excuse to leave the court at Ohotsu and return to their family compounds in the Yamato region.  From there, Makuda made haste to catch up with Ohoama and his men, but his brother, Fukei, stayed behind to see what he could do in Yamato. Originally, Fukei's success was limited.  He started calling various allied families together and tried to drum up support for Ohoama, but he could only gather a few tens of men.  Not the hundreds, let alone thousands, that would be needed.  At the same time, the Afumi court was conscripting men of the Yamato region into service.  This was being organized by Hodzumi no Obito no Momotari and his younger brother, Hodzumi no Obito no Ihoye, along with Mononobe no Obito no Hiuga, who had all been sent to Yamato on the orders of the Afumi court, apparently arriving shortly after Fukei.  This group set up their base of operations at the Wokamoto palace—it was, after all, the official government presence and they were the official government representatives —and they used the grounds west of Houkouji, aka Asukadera, as their assembly grounds. Ohotomo no Fukei knew that something would have to be done.  If those conscripted Yamato soldiers were formed into a proper army and sent out, it could cause a lot of trouble for Ohoama and his men.  And fortunately, Fukei had a man on the inside: apparent ally, Sakanouhe no Atahe no Kumage, the officer in charge of the Wokamoto Palace, working for Prince Takazaka who resided there.  And so Fukei had a plan—he would impersonate the Royal Prince Takechi, son of Ohoama, and pretend to lead a force of cavalry to attack the camp at Asukadera.  To strengthen the illusion, Fukei would come in from the north, which is where Prince Takechi and his men would presumably be coming from.  Now remember, Fukei only had tens of people that were actually on his side at this point, and the camp was presumably much larger.  If they didn't fall for his ruse, Fukei would be marching straight to his death. Fukei marshalled his troops at the house of Kudara, which is to say “Baekje”, and then left out of the south gate.  He then had an accomplice, Hada no Miyatsuko no Kuma, dressed in nothing but a loincloth, mount a horse and gallop as fast as he could towards the camp.  You can imagine the confusion in the camp as this wild, naked man gallops up to them in a panic and starts telling them that Prince Takechi and his men were on their way with a huge force. When the conscripted soldiers heard this, they panicked.  While the men were gathered, it seems that they hadn't yet been outfitted with weapons and armor, so the entire camp broke and fled.  And so Fukei was able to waltz in with his tens of men and take the camp at Asukadera, capturing Prince Takazaka and those sent from Ohotsu to levy troops.  Fukei's ally, Kumage, the man on the inside, helped with this, along with the soldiers under the command of him and the Aya no Atahe.  And so they were able to disperse the conscripted Yamato forces before they were even assembled.  However, it turned out that someone was missing.  Hodzumi no Omi no Momotari, who had been appointed leader of the operation, was not at Asukadera.  It turns out that he was over at the Woharida Palace, where he was reviewing the armory, taking out the weapons and armor for the troops that he thought were still over at Asukadera. And so Fukei continued the ruse: he sent a messenger to summon Momotari, claiming to be a summons from Prince Takechi himself. Momotari, hearing this, likely knew that he had lost, but he apparently maintained his dignity.  He didn't run away or rush to the camp.  Instead he approached on horseback in a leisurely fashion.  When he reached the encampment, now under Fukei's command, one of the soldiers shouted at Momotari to get off his horse, but Momotari, likely trying to keep what remained of his dignity, was slow in doing so.  The men around him didn't care one whit for his dignity, however.  They grabbed his collar and pulled him off of the horse, dragging him to the ground.  He was shot with an arrow and then a man drew his sword and struck him and killed him.  We aren't even told who did this deed, just how it was done. As for the others, Momonatari's brother, Hodzumi no Ihoye and Mononobe no Hiuga were bound, but eventually they were released amongst the troops, where they were no doubt watched carefully.  Princes Takazaka no Ou and Wakasa no Ou, the representatives of the Afumi court in Asuka, were made to follow behind the army.  With this victory under his belt, Ohotomo no Fukei sent messengers to Prince Ohoama, at the Fuwa pass, to let him know what had happened.  When the messengers finally reached Ohoama we are told that he was quite pleased with the result.  After all, it meant that his rearguard was that much more secure. We are told that these events took place on or about the 29th day of the 6th month, around the same time that Ohoama was overseeing the troops at Wazami, only a few days after he and the real Prince Takechi had made their way to that camp.  Things were evolving quickly.  Fukei's success drew others to his banner.  Miwa no Kimi no Takechimaro, Kamo no Kimi no Yemishi, and othes all joined Fukei's forces, “like an echo”.  With a now more sizeable force, it seems that Fukei believed he was ready to take the fight to the Afumi court.  He and his advisors drew up plans for invading Afumi, selecting men to be deputy commanders and military commanders, providing a hierarchy and some organization.  From there, a few days later, he began to march north from Asuka, towards Nara. Now Nara at this point was just a name for the northwest area of the basin—they probably didn't even think of it as the Nara basin back then.  But it was along the road that led north, through the mountains, and from there through Yamashiro and eventually on to Afumi.  As Fukei was headed north, however,  he received word that there was another force coming from the Kawachi in the west.  And so he split his forces.  Sakamoto no Omi no Takara and others were sent with some 300 troops to take a defensive position at Tatsuta.  Sami no Kimi no Sukunamaro was also sent with another several hundred men to Ohosaka… no, not that Ohosaka.  Afusaka in modern Kashiba, in western Nara Basin.  This area would have been a strategic defensive point for any troops taking the road from Kawachi, so if anyone got past Sakamoto no Takara, Sukunamaro and his troops would be waiting. The now General Fukei also sent Kamo no Yemishi with another several hundred men to guard the Iwate road, to defend that approach as well.  Now Sakamoto no Takara, who had been sent to engage the troops coming from Kawachi, reached the area of Hiraishi when he heard that Afumi forces were occupying the nearby castle of Takayasu mountain.  You may recall that Takayasu was one of the Korean style fortresses that had been built in anticipation of a possible invasion from the continent, and it had even been repaired a few times.  Now it was being used not against an outside enemy, but in an internal conflict. Takara and his men marched up the mountain, intending to attack the castle, and here we should probably give a better idea of just what this castle was like.  If you think of a modern Japanese castle the thing that likely stands out, no pun intended, is the Tenshukaku, or donjon; the multi-storied tower located somewhere inside the walls and moats of the castle proper.  This would be an ideal location to spy over the walls and see where the enemy were, as well as an area from which one could make a last ditch stand. The castles of the Asuka period were not like this.  They were built off of a continental model, and their defining feature was not the donjon—though they likely did have gate and guard towers set up so that one could see attacking forces.  No, the defining feature was really the walls.  Long, compacted-earth walls, possibly lined with stone, which snaked around the top of a mountain.  This castle style leveraged the natural contours of existing mountain tops to provide its defense.  It didn't hurt that they also provided clear views of what was happening on the plains below, and required attacking troops to march up a steep mountain climb and then attack uphill.  The tradeoff was that these weren't the kind of places that people would live, when most of the infrastructure of the state was in the fertile plains and surrounding areas.  So these castles had granaries to keep troops fed, and perhaps some basic buildings erected within the walls, but they were largely a practical design. You can still go see the Takayasu ruins, today, and you don't have to hike up the mountain as Takara and his men did.  Instead you can take a cable car up to the top, or even a regular car on the roads that drive up to the old castle site, though how much you can see I'm not sure.  There are also other castle ruins and even old kofun on the mountain, as its prominence has been recognized as important in many different centuries. There likely weren't a lot of troops manning the castle, certainly not enough that they felt they had much chance of defending it.  So when Takara and his men made it up to the top, they Afumi forces burned the granaries, so as to deny him any supplies, and then took off, discretion being the better part of valor.  Takara and his men spent the evening at the castle, no doubt recovering from their hike up.  Remember, this wasn't just a leisurely stroll—they were no doubt fully kitted out for war.  When they woke the next morning they looked out over the surrounding countryside, of which they now had fantastic views, and   Takara noticed a large army coming down along the Ohotsu-Tajihi road.  They carried flags, which I don't know how Takara could have seen at that point, which identified them as being the enemy - troops of the Afumi general, Iki no Fubito no Karakuni. And so Takara and his men descended from Takayasu, crossed the Ega River—now known as the Ishi river, and engaged Karakuni's army.  They were only 300 men, however, and Karakuni had a much larger forcem so  Takara was unable to maintain a defense.  And so they made a strategic withdrawal—in other words retreated—back to Kashikosaka, apparently a part of Afusaka, where Ki no Omi no Oho'oto had been set to guard.  So Ohotomo and the Afumi court finally scored a win. Besides his victory against Takara and his men, we are also told that Karakuni had come upon Kume no Omi no Shihoko, the governor of Kawachi.  Shihoko had been gathering troops to go fight for Ohoama, but he was found out by Karakuni.  Karakuni captured him and was going to execute him, but before he could, Shihoko took his own life, instead. As Takara was retreating and setting up a new defensive position, Fukei had his own problems to worry about.  As he was camped with his troops on Mt. Narayama, one of his men, Aradawo no Atahe no Akamaro, addressed him and suggested that they should make sure to fortify Asuka, just in case.  Fukei agreed, and sent Akamaro as well as Imbe no Kobito to guard the Okamoto Palace in Asuka.  They also made sure to remove the planks from any bridges, using them to setup fortifications along the road.  Now any army that wished to cross would either have to swim or they would need to come across the narrow beams that were all that was left of the bridges.  This was not ideal at the best of times, but you can imagine doing it as troops on the other side were shooting arrows at you.  And yet this has become a near classic trope in Japanese war stories and it won't be the only time it comes up in various historical contexts.  It wouldn't even be the only time it shows up in this current conflict. A day later, Fukei found himself engaged with an Afumi general, Ohono no Kimi no Hatayasu, on Mt. Narayama itself.  Despite Fukei having had time to set up a defensive position, the Afumi forces overwhelmed Fukei's men.  They were defeated and Fukei himself barely escaped with his life.  Fukei fled south with only one or two men, also on horseback, with Hatayasu hot on his heels, only stopping when they reached Hatta and the Yamato river.  At that point the fortifications were in place, and Hatayasu likely knew that any trying to cross the river after Fukei would likely not go nearly as well as it did at Narayama. As for General Fukei he kept going all the way until he reached Sumizaka, which appears to be in Uda.  There he fell in with Okizome no Muraji no Usagi, at the head of several tens of thousands of men.  Usagi had been with Ohoama , but upon hearing of the fighting in Yamato, Ohoama had sent him  and others to go back through the Suzuka pass to provide reinforcements.  One can only imagine how happy Fukei was at this point to see Usagi and all of thise men.  Fukei turned back around and encamped at Kanatsunawi—possibly modern Imai-cho, Kashihara city.  There he was able to gather many of the dispersed troops back into a force once again. About this time, Fukei heard that the Afumi forces were also approaching along the Afusaka road.  So now they were approaching from both the north and the west.  They were also taking several different roads—inside the largely flat area of the Nara Basin, they likely had several choices.  Takara and Oho-oto had been unable to meet the enemy and had kept retreating, likely seeking a defensible position.  As they did this, Fukei came from the east with his reinforcements.  He made it to where the roads branched at Tahema—modern Taima—where he fought with Iki no Karakuni nearby Ashi-kie pond, possibly somewhere near modern Chimata.  During the battle, one of Fukei's men, a brave warrior known to us only as “Kume”, drew his sword and rushed straight into the midst of the enemy army.  Of course one lone man wasn't likely to do much, but he inspired a cavalry charge, and men on horseback followed closely at his heels.  Seeing this force bearing quickly down on them, the Afumi troops broke, and soon it was a rout.  Fukei's men pursued, cutting down the Afumi soldiers as they fled, until Fukei finally reined them in. At this point, Fukei then admonished his troops that their goal was to take out the ringleaders, not to just indiscriminately murder the common people.  Remember, which side of the battlefield you ended up fighting on was largely a function of who had conscripted you, and Fukei evidently knew this.  As the men were still retreating, though, Fukei noticed that the Afumi general, Karakuni – one of those ringleaders - had gotten himself separated from his men.  Fukei ordered Kume—presumably the same one who had charged the army in the first place—to shoot at him, but Kume's arrow missed, and Karakuni made his escape.  Rather than pursuing, Fukei returned back to his headquarters. Once there, Fukei now learned that there were enemy forces approaching from the East, as well.  So Fukei took the army and divided it into three, defending the Upper, Middle, and Lower roads, and he took personal charge of the forces on the middle road, likely so that he could easily keep in touch with the other forces.  He was also waiting for the next challenge, and he didn't have to wait for long: the Afumi general Inukai no Muraji no Isogimi approached along the Middle Road.  He halted at Muraya, but his deputy commander, Ihoriwi no Miyatsuko no Kujira, attacked Fukei's camp with 200 specially picked soldiers.  Now it turns out that when they reached the camp, there were only a few people actually there at the time, including one Tokumaro, described as a slave of Ohowidera temple, and four “people following the army” – in other words, these might not have been actual soldiers.  .  Nevertheless, together this small group rallied, formed an advance guard and went forward, shooting arrows at Kujira's forces.  Kujira, not knowing that Fukei's camp was all but empty, halted his advance. Meanwhile, over on the Upper Road, Miwa no Takechimaro and Okizome no Usagi, who had been sent by Ohoama from Fuwa, fought with the Afumi army at the Hashi Misasagi—which is assumed to be the Hashihaka kofun, and they overwhelmingly defeated the Afumi army there, such that they was able to pivot from there and swing their forces over to the Middle road.  There they slammed into the flank of Kujira's army, who had stopped to trade blows with Fukei's camp.  Many of the common soldiers were killed, and the general, Kujira, ran off, mounted on a white horse.  Unfortunately for him, the horse took a misstep and tumbled into a muddy-rice field. Kujira was bogged down in the mud and having trouble getting out.  General Fukei, seeing this, sent a brave soldier of Kahi to shoot at Kujira, but as the soldier came up to the edge of the rice paddy, Kujira whipped his horse vigorously, and got it to extricate itself and Kujira, who galloped off and escaped.  Fukei, for his part, returned again to his headquarters and camped with his men there.  Though they were ready for another conflict, nothing ever came.  The Afumi forces had withdrawn.  The battle for the Nara basin was over, and the Yoshino forces were victorious. General Fukei, however, was anything but finished.  Remember, he had planned to take the fight to the Afumi court, and so, having subdued the enemy forces in Yamato—which is to say the Nara basin—Fukei marched out through Afusaka to Naniwa, and then marched on Yamazaki, where he set up camp.  From there, he sent messengers to all the governors of the Western Provinces.  He forced them to give up their keys, their posting-bells, and their posting tallies—basically he had them formally submit to the Yoshino faction, and thus to Ohoama. Meanwhile, Ohoama had his own campaign to conduct, and it kicked off in the middle of Fukei's defense of the Yamato Home Province.  He also would engage various generals in battle, but we'll save that campaign for Part Four. But before we go I do want to point out, once again: this wasn't a simple and straightforward matter of attack and defense.  Notice that generals on both sides sometimes were victorious and sometimes had to flee.  You can only imagine how, after the defeat at Narayama, General Fukei must have felt that all hope was lost, only to run into a force ten thousand strong come to relive him and his paltry troops.  But it could just as easily have been that he didn't make it.  In fact, how many warriors died?  Heroically, perhaps, but still died.  And if there were no descendants to carry on their name and remember their deeds, then who knows how many people just didn't get written about at all.  And then there are all of those common soldiers.  Individuals without any recorded name, but who nonetheless were there and who fought. They may not have been the people that later authors cared to write about, and yet they were all someone's child, and possibly their sibling or parent.  They loved and laughed, and certainly died.  All to determine who would sit next upon the Yamato throne.  One has to wonder if winning or losing really changed anything for them, or perhaps they won simply by surviving. And on that cheerful thought, I'll take my leave.  Until next time, thank you once again for listening and for all of your support. If you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website,  SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  

Antrą kartą per mėnesį į Lietuvą galimai iš Baltarusijos įskridus bepiločiam orlaiviui, Krašto apsaugos ministrė Dovilė Šakalienė žada uždaromos oro erdvės koridorius, kurie leist lengviau neutralizuoti galimas grėsmes.Nuo balandžio Lietuvoje daugiau žmonių gali pasinaudoti viešojo transporto lengvatomis. Pavyzdžiui, 50 proc. nuolaida tolimojo susisiekimo autobusuose ar traukiniuose taikoma visiems vaikams iki 18 metų. Tarp naujų lengvatų – 50 proc. lengvata visiems pensinio amžiaus sulaukusiems žmonėms važiuoti tolimojo susisiekimo autobusais ir traukiniais. Iki šiol tokia lengvata buvo galima pasinaudoti tik nuo septyniasdešimties. Lengvatų yra ir daugiau, tačiau pastebima, kad dalis gyventojų apie jas nežino ir nesinaudoja.Kauno rajone, Domeikavoje, rodomas spektaklis, kuriuo siekiama mažinti socialinę atskirtį Lietuvoje. Jame vaidina ne profesionalūs aktoriai, bet gyventojai iš skirtingų visuomenės grupių ir profesijų. Organizatoriai sako, kad norinčių prisijungti netrūko, tačiau dėl vyraujančių stereotipų ir baimės teko susidurti su sunkumais ieškant vietos repeticijoms bei premjerai.Šiaulių rajono gyventoja pasakoja, kad jos nepilnametis sūnus su draugu buvo sumušti bendraamžių. Paaugliai buvo parklupdyti automobilių stovėjimo aikštelėje, juos spardė kaukėti taip pat nepilnamečiai. Vaizdo įrašas vėliau platintas internete. Iš vaizdo įrašo mama sako ir sužinojusi, ką patyrė sūnus, tuomet parašė pareiškimą policijai. Tačiau policija ikiteisminio tyrimo nepradėjo, nes įtariami smurtautojai neturi 16 metų ir negali būti traukiami baudžiamojon atsakomybėn. Policija pasiūlė mamai pačiai kreiptis į teismą.Ved. Rūta Kupetytė

Klaipėdoje visai netrukus duris atvers Memelio porceliano namai, kur visi galės susipažinti su porceliano kolekcionieriaus Adolfo Gritėno sukaupta kolekcija. Per daugiau nei dešimtmetį į kolekciją nugulė daugiau nei dvylika tūkstančių išskirtinių porceliano dirbinių.Amžius ar negalia – nėra kliūtis mėgautis gyvenimu ir išbandyti naujus dalykus. Tą įrodyti siekia projekto „Bangos visiems“ organizatoriai bei dalyviai. Klaipėdos paplūdimiuose senjorai mokosi valdyti specialias banglentes, o ateityje planuojama ir daugiau veiklų, į kurias bus įtraukti tiek senjorai, tiek neįgalieji.Klaipėdoje prasideda 91-oji Jūros šventė. Iki pat sekmadienio mieste vyks daugybė renginių, netrūks ir jūrinių akcentų.Žemaitijos pakraštyje, Kretingoje atnaujinamas 19-to amžiaus pabaigoje puoselėtas, tačiau sovietų okupacijos metu suniokotas dvaro parkas. Nors parko viduryje dar stovi keli nenaudojami garažai, prieš mėnesį nugriautas paskutinis sovietinis bendrabutis. Muziejaus darbuotojai naujose erdvėse norėtų atsodinti Tiškevičių laikotarpiu žydėjusį prancūziško stiliaus gėlyną, tačiau susiduria su iššūkiais.Ved. Paulius Selezniovas

Saray'a operasyon Kıyım başladı; iki ismin daha suyu ısındı   Tarık Toros   Manşet   10 Temmuz 2025

Iki spalio pabaigos kartą per mėnesį - nemokami baseinai Vilniaus senjorams: galimybe jau pasinaudojo virš 2,2 tūkst. sostinės senjorų.Pristatytas tyrimas apie Dainų šventės poveikį emocinei ir fizinei savijautai. Rezultatai rodo, kad 100-mečio dainų šventėje žmones bene labiausiai vienijo V. Kernagio daina „Mūsų dienos kaip šventė“.Apklausos rodo, kad kas penkta moteris Lietuvoje yra patyrusi seksualinį priekabiavimą darbe. Apie daugelį tokių atvejų niekas nesužino, nes moterys baiminasi neigiamos kolegų, vadovų reakcijos.10–12. Ved. Ignas Andriukevičius

Iki spalio pabaigos kartą per mėnesį – nemokami baseinai Vilniaus senjorams: galimybe jau pasinaudojo virš 2,2 tūkst. sostinės senjorų. Apie šią iniciatyvą ir kaip sekasi mokytis plaukti, kai pradedi vyresnio amžiaus ar turi baimių – pokalbis LRT RADIJO laidoje „10-12“ su Simona Bieliūne, Vilniaus vicemerė, ir Simona Sigariova, plaukimo trenere, iniciatyvos „Plaukti neskęsti“ bendraautore.Ved. Ignas Andriukevičius

Tarptautinėje filosofijos olimpiadoje Vilniaus licėjaus dvyliktokė Gustė Antanaitytė pelnė sidabro medalį. Kaip sudominti jaunimą filosofiją? Kokią naudą jos išmanymas duoda?Klimato kaitos rubrika. Kas yra tvari mada ir kaip suprasti, kai šiomis sąvokomis manipuliuojama? Pokalbis su tvarios mados dizainere Olesia Les.Iki birželio 1d. vyksta „Poezijos pavasaris“. Pokalbis su poete Rūta Vižintaite-Lajiene, kuriai buvo įteikta Zigmo Gaidamavičiaus–Gėlės premija už geriausią pirmąją poezijos knygą. Jos knyga vadinasi „Liuksemburgo jūra“.Ved. Agnė Skamarakaitė

#ikigai #propositodevida #felicidad #meditacion #omnitymeditacion #meditacionguiadaEl Ikigai se compone de cuatro bases fundamentales, que según la sabiduría ancestral Japonesa, son la fórmula que atrae a nuestra vida la plenitud y felicidad.Se compone de dos palabras: Iki; cuyo significado es "vida" y Gai; que representa el valor o méritos del ser.Mediante una música de frecuencia alta y una voz guiada que te acompañará durante este viaje. Una buena alternativa para INTERIORIZAR este interesante concepto para alcanzar la FELICIDAD y tu PROPÓSITO de VIDA.Esta meditación está dedicada con amor a Ana García.Comprueba que es fácil conectar con tu ser más poderoso, tu mism@.

Vokietijos parlamentarai šiandien palaikė Frydricho Merco kandidatūrą į šalies kanclerio postą po to, kai pirmajame ture jam nepavyko surinkti pakankamai balsų.Migrantai per Baltarusiją vėl aktyviai bando patekti į Europos sąjungą: prie trijų valstybių sienų sankirtos Kapčiamiesčio užkardos pasieniečiai šeštadienį fiksavo įžūlų bandymą patekti į Lenkiją.Iki gegužės 9 d. parado Maskvoje likus kelioms dienoms – masinė Ukrainos dronų ataka, sutrikdžiusi oro uostų darbą.Izraelio vyriausybė patvirtino naują karo veiksmų planą Gazos Ruožui, pagal kurį numatomas teritorijų užkariavimas ir jų išlaikymas neribotam laikui, perkeliant šimtus tūkstančių palestiniečių į ruožo pietus.Rytoj Vatikane prasideda konklava, kurios metu bus renkamas naujasis popiežius.Kaune prie Dariaus ir Girėno stadiono atidarytas Prezidento Valdo Adamkaus vardu pavadintas lengvosios atletikos maniežas. Šis maniežas – moderniausias Lietuvoje.Legendinę krepšininko karjerą baigęs 45-erių Mindaugas Lukauskis sieks tapti treneriu. Anot jo, atėjo laikas šeimai ir poilsiui.Ved. Agnė Skamarakaitė

Jungtinės Amerikos valstijos ir Ukraina pasirašė ilgai derintą susitarimą dėl Ukrainos naudingųjų iškasenų gavybos ir bendro fondo steigimo. Buvęs Ukrainos premjero patarėjas ir šiuo metu Kyjive dirbantis verslo konsultantas Adomas Audickas sako, kad susitarimas puikus tiek Ukrainai, tiek Jungtinėms valstijoms, tačiau netiki, kad reali mineralų kasyba gali prasidėti greitai. Pasak jo, sutartimi pasidalintas dar neiškeptas pyragas.Baigėsi stojamieji į atrankines Vilniaus mokyklas. Paaiškėjo, kad jos darosi vis populiaresnės ir stojančiųjų skaičiai kasmet auga. Negana to, atliktos tėvų apklausos rodo, kad vis dažniau aštuntokams samdomi korepetitoriai tam, kad moksleiviai įstotų į kuo geresnę gimnaziją. Savo ruožtu Vyriausybė planuoja tokių mokyklų išvis atsisakyti.Organizacijos „Reporteriai be sienų“ paskelbtame žiniasklaidos laisvės indekse Lietuva smuktelėjo viena vieta žemiau ir atsidūrė 14 vietoje. Praėjusiais metais Lietuva užėmė 13 vietą, o 2023 metais – rekordiškai aukštą - septintąją.Lietuvoje, atsiskaitant grynaisiais pradėta apvalinti pirkinių krepšelio suma. Iki šiol tokią praktiką taikė 7-ios euro zonos valstybės, o dabar prie jų prisijungė ir Lietuva.Ved. Liepa Želnienė

Following the death of Takara Hime, and the war on the Korean peninsula, Naka no Ōe was taking hold--or perhaps keeping hold--of the reins of government.  He wasn't finished with his changes to the government.  He also had a new threat--the Tang Empire.  They had destroyed Yamato's ally, Baekje, and defeated the Yamato forces on the peninsula.  While the Tang then turned their attention to Goguryeo, Yamato could easily be next.  The Tang had a foothold on the Korean peninsula, so they had a place to gather and launch a fleet, should they wish to bring Yamato into their empire. For more, especially to follow along with some of the names in this episode, check out our blogpost at https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/episode-125     Rough Transcript Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua and this is episode 125: The Sovereign of Heavenly Wisdom The people of Baekje looked around at the strange and unfamiliar land.  They had fled a wartorn country, and they were happy to be alive, but refugee status was hardly a walk in the park.  Fortunately, they still knew how to farm the land, even if their homeland was hundreds of miles away, across the sea, and occupied by hostile forces.  Here, at least, was a land where they could make a home for themselves. Some of them had to wonder whether this was really permanent.  Was their situation just temporary until their kingdom was restored?  Or were they truly the last people of Baekje, and what would that mean? Either way, it would mean nothing if they didn't work the land and provide for their families.  And so, as with displaced people everywhere, they made the best of the situation.  They had been given land to work, and that was more than they could have asked for.  They might never return to Baekje, but perhaps they could keep a little of it alive for themselves and their descendants. Greetings, everyone, and welcome back.  Last episode we talked about the downfall of Baekje and the defeat of the Yamato forces at the battle of Hakusukinoe, also known as the Battle of Baekgang, in 663.  And yet, something else happened as well: the sovereign, Takara Hime, aka Saimei Tennou, died as the Yamato forces were setting out.  Immediately Prince Naka no Oe took the reins of government.  He would be known to later generations as Tenji Tennou, with Tenji meaning something like “Heavenly Wisdom”. Now Prince Naka no Oe has been in the forefront of many of our episodes so far, so I'd like to start this episode out with a recap of what we've heard about him so far, as all of this is important to remind ourselves of the complex political situation.  I'm going to be dropping – and recapping – a lot of names, but I'll have many of the key individuals listed on the podcast website for folks who want to follow along.  I would note that this episode is going to be a summary, with some extrapolation by me regarding what was actually happening.  Just remember that history, as we've seen time and again, is often more messy and chaotic than we like, and people are more complex than just being purely good or evil.  People rarely make their way to the top of any social hierarchy purely through their good deeds.  To start with, let's go back to before the year 645, when Naka no Oe instigated a coup against Soga no Iruka and Soga no Emishi.  In the Isshi Incident, covered in Episode 106, Naka no Oe had Soga no Iruka murdered in court, in front of his mother, Takara Hime, when she sat on the throne the first time.  And yet, though he could have taken the throne when she abdicated in apparent shock, he didn't.  Instead, he took the role of “Crown Prince”, but this wasn't him just sitting back.  In fact, evidence suggests that he used that position to keep a strong hand on the tiller of the ship of state. Prior to the Isshi Incident of 645, the rule of the Yamato sovereign had been eroded by noble court families.  These families, originally set up to serve the court and its administration, had come to dominate the political structures of the court.  The main branch of the Soga family, in particular, had found its way to power through a series of astute political marriages and the support of a new, foreign religion:  Buddhism.  Soga no Iname, Emishi's grandfather, had married his daughters to the sovereigns, and thus created closer ties between the Soga and the royal line.  He also helped ensure that the offspring of those marriages would be the ones to take over as future sovereigns.  Soga no Iname, himself took the position of Oho-omi, the Great Omi, or the Great Minister, the head of the other ministerial families.  As Prime Minister, he held great sway over the day-to-day running of the court, and execution of much of the administration.  Much of this was covered in previous episodes, but especially episodes 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 98, 99, and 103. Soga no Umako, who succeeded his father as Oho-omi, was joined in his effort to administer the government by his grand-nephew, Prince Umayado, also known as Shotoku Taishi, son of Tachibana no Toyohi, aka Youmei Tennou, and thus grandson of Umako's sister, Kitashi-hime, and the sovereign known as Kimmei Tennou.  Umayado's aunt, sister to Tachibana no Toyohi, was Kashikiya Hime, or Suiko Tennou.  The three of them:  Soga no Umako, Prince Umayado, and Kashikiya Hime, together oversaw the development of Yamato and the spread of Buddhism.  Buddhism was also controversial at first, but they turned it into another source of ritual power for the state—ritual power that Soga no Umako, Prince Umayado, and even Kashikiya Hime were able to harvest for their own use. Unfortunately, the Crown Prince, Umayado, died before Kashikiya hime, suddenly leaving open the question of who would take the throne.  Soga no Umako himself, passed away two years before Kashikiya Hime.  When she in turn passed away, there was another struggle for the throne, this time between the descendants of Crown Prince Umayado and Soga no Umako.  Eventually, Soga no Umako's son and heir, Soga no Emishi, made sure that a more pliant sovereign, Prince Tamura, would take the throne, and Prince Umayado's own son, Prince Yamashiro no Oe, was cut out of the succession.  Soga no Emishi, serving as prime minister, effectively ran things much as his father had.  When Tamura diedhis queen, Takara Hime, took the throne, rather than passing it back to Umayado's line—no doubt with Emishi's blessing.  He was careful, however, not to provoke direct action against Yamashiro no Oe, possibly due to the reverence in which Yamashiro's father, Prince Umayado, aka the Buddhist Saint Shotoku Taishi, was held.  Meanwhile, Emishi appears to have been cultivating his grandson by way of Prince Tamura, Furubito no Oe, to eventually succeed to the throne, trying to duplicate what his own father Umako and even grandfather had been able to accomplish. Soga no Emishi's son, Soga no Iruka, was not quite so temperate, however.   Who would have thought that growing up at the top of the social hierarchy might make one feel a bit arrogant and entitled?   When Soga no Emishi was ill, Soga no Iruka took over as Prime Minister, and he didn't just stand back.  He decided that he needed to take out Furubito no Oe's competition, and so he went after Yamashiro no Oe and had him killed. Unfortunately for him, he apparently went too far.  There were already those who were not happy with the Soga family's close hold on power—or perhaps more appropriately, this particular line of the Soga family.  This kind of behavior allowed a group of discontented royals and nobility to gain support. According to the popular story recounted in the Nihon Shoki, the primary seed of resistance started with a game of kickball, or kemari.  Nakatomi no Kamako, aka Nakatomi no Kamatari, was the scion of his house, which was dedicated to the worship of the traditional kami of Yamato.  The Nakatomi were ritualists: in charge of chanting ritual prayers, or norito, during court ceremony.  This meant that their powerbase was directly challenged by the increasing role of Buddhism, one of the Soga patriarchs' key influences on the political system. Kamatari was feeling out the politics of the court, and seemed to be seeking the support of royal family members who could help challenge the powerful Soga ministers.  He found that support in two places.  First, in Prince Karu, brother to Takara Hime, the current sovereign, who had been on the throne ever since her husband, Tamura, had passed away.  And then there was the Prince Katsuraki, better known to us, today, as Prince Naka no Oe.  A game of kemari, where a group of players tried to keep a ball in the air as long as they could, using only their feet, was a chance to get close to the Prince.  When Naka no Oe's shoe flew off in the middle of the match, Kamatari ran over to retrieve it.  As he offered the shoe back to its owner, they got to talking, and one of the most impactful bromances in Yamato history was born. The two ended up studying together.  The unification of the Yellow River and Yangzi basin regions under the Sui and Tang, and the expansion of the Silk Road, had repercussions felt all the way across the straits in Yamato.  Naka no Oe and Kamatari were both avid students and were absorbing all that the continent had to throw at them about philosophy and good governance.  As is so often the case, it seems like idealistic students were the fertile ground for revolutionary new thoughts. There were problems implementing their vision, however.  Although the Nihon Shoki claims that Naka no Oe was the Crown Prince, that honor was probably given to Prince Furubito no Oe, who would have no doubt perpetuated the existing power structures at court.  This is something that the Chroniclers, or perhaps those before them, glossed over and may have even tried to retconned, to help bolster the case that Naka no Oe was actually working for the common good and not just involved in a naked power grab for himself.  There is also the question as to where Yamashiro no Oe had stood in the succession, as he likely had a fair number of supporters. With the destruction of Yamashiro no Oe's family, however, the balance of power shifted.  Although Soga no Emishi had long been an influential member of the court, and not solely because of his role as Prime Minister, Soga no Iruka was relatively new to power.  Yamashiro no Oe's family, in turn, likely had a fair number of supporters, and even neutral parties may have been turned off by Iruka's violent methods to suppress an opponent who had already been defeated politically.  Naka no Oe and Kamatari seem to have seized on this discontent againt the Soga, but they needed at least one other conspirator.  They achieved this by offering a marriage alliance with Soga no Kurayamada no Ishikawa no Maro, a lesser member of the Soga household, whose own immediate family had been supporters of Yamashiro no Oe, and so likely had plenty of grievances with his cousins.  Naka no Oe married Ishikawa no Maro's daughter, Wochi no Iratsume, also known as Chinu no Iratsume.  Together, these three—Naka no Oe, Kamatari, and Ishikawa no Maro—brought others into their plot, and finally, in 645, they struck.  Soga no Iruka was killed at court, in front of a shocked Takara Hime and Prince Furubito no Oe.  By the way, this is another thing that suggests to me that Furubito no Oe was the Crown Prince, because why was he front and center at the ceremony, while Naka no Oe was able to skulk around at the edges, tending to things like the guards?  After the assassination at the court – the Isshi Incident -- Naka no Oe gathered forces and went after Soga no Emishi, since they knew they couldn't leave him alive.  With both Soga no Emishi and Soga no Iruka dead, and Takara Hime having abdicated the throne in shock at what had just occurred, Naka no Oe could have taken the throne for himself.  However, in what was probably a rather astute move on his part, he chose not to.  He recognized that Furubito no Oe's claim to the throne was possibly stronger, and those who had supported the Soga would not doubt push for him to take the throne.  And so, instead, he pushed for his uncle, Prince Karu, to ascend as sovereign.  Karu was Takara Hime's brother, and they could use Confucian logic regarding deference to one's elders to support him.  Plus, Karu's hands weren't directly bloodied by the recent conflict. As for Prince Furubito, he saw the way that the winds were blowing.  To avoid being another casualty, he retired from the world, taking the vows of a Buddhist monk.  However, there were still supporters who were trying to put him on the throne and eventually he would be killed, to avoid being used as a rallying point. Prince Karu, known as Jomei Tennou, ruled for around a decade. During that time, Naka no Oe and his reformers helped to cultivate a new image of the state as a bureaucratic monarchy.  Naka no Oe was designated the Crown Prince, and Nakatomi no Kamatari was made the “Inner Prime Minister”, or Naidaijin.  Ishikawa no Maro was made the minister of the  Right, while Abe no Uchimaro was made Minister of the Left, and they ran much of the bureaucracy, but the Naidaijin was a role more directly attached to the royal household, and likely meant that Kamatari was outside of their jurisdiction, falling into a position directly supporting Naka no Oe.  They instituted Tang style rank systems, and set up divisions of the entire archipelago.  They appointed governors of the various countries, now seen as provinces, and made them report up to various ministers, and eventually the sovereign.  After all, if you were going to manage everything, you needed to first and foremost collect the data.  This period is known as the Taika, or Great Change, period, and the reforms are known as the Taika reforms, discussed in episode 108. They even built a large government complex in the form of the Toyosaki Palace, in Naniwa, though this may have been a bit much—for more, check out episodes 112 and 113. Years into the project, though, things seem to have soured, a bit.  Rumors and slander turned Kamatari against his ally, Ishikawa no Maro, resulting in the death of Ishikawa no Maro and much of his family.  Naka no Oe and other members of the royal family eventually abandoned the Naniwa palace complex, leaving now-Emperor Karu and the government officials there to run the day-to-day administration, while much of the court made its way back to the Asuka area.  Karu would later pass away, but the throne still did not pass to Crown Prince Naka no Oe, despite his title.  Instead, the throne went back to Takara Hime.  This was her second reign, and one of only two split reigns like this that we know of.  The Chroniclers, who were creating posthumous titles for the sovereigns, gave her two names—Kogyoku Tennou for her reign up to 645, and then Saimei Tennou for her second reign starting in 655.   During her latter reign, Naka no Oe continued to wield power as the Crown Prince, and the Chroniclers don't really get into why she came back into power.  It may be that Naka no Oe, in his role as Crown Prince, had more freedom: although the sovereign is purportedly the person in power, that position can also be limiting.  There are specific things which the sovereign is supposed to do, rituals in which they are expected to partake.  In addition, there were restrictions on who was allowed into the inner sanctum of the palace, and thus limits on who could interact with the sovereign, and how.  That meant that any sovereign was reliant on intermediaries to know what was going on in their state and to carry out their orders.  As Crown Prince, Naka no Oe may have had more flexibility to do the things he wanted to do, and he could always leverage the sovereign's authority. When Baekje was destroyed, and Yamato decided to go to their aid, Naka no Oe appears to have had a strong hand in raising forces and directing movements, at least within the archipelago.  When Takara Hime passed away rather suddenly, he accompanied her funerary procession much of the way back, and then returned to Tsukushi—Kyushu—to direct the war.   This is the same thing that Toyotomi Hideyoshi would do when he sent troops to Korea in the late 16th century.  Moving headquarters closer to the continent would reduce the time between messages.  Theoretically he could have moved out to the islands of Iki or Tsushima, but I suspect that there were more amenities at Tsukushi, where they even built a palace for Takara Hime—and later Naka no Oe—to reside in.  It was likely not quite as spectacular as the full-blown city that Hideyoshi developed in a matter of months, but the court could also leverage the facilities previously created for the Dazaifu. The war took time.  This wasn't like some “wars” that were more like specific military actions.  This was a war that dragged on for several years, with different waves of ships going over to transport people and supplies.  Things came to a head in the 9th month of 663, roughly October or November on the Western calendar.  The Baekje resistance was under siege, and their only hope was a fleet of Yamato soldiers coming to their aid.  The Yamato fleet met with a much smaller Tang fleet at the mouth of the Baek River—the Hakusukinoe.  They attempted to break through the Tang blockade, but the Tang had positional advantage and were eventually able to counterattack, destroying the Yamato fleet.  Without their relief, the Baekje resistance fell. The remnants of the Yamato army, along with those Baekje nobles that were with them, headed out, fleeing back to the archipelago.  One presumes that there may have been other Baekje nobles, and their families, who had already made the trip. After the entry describing this rout, on the 24th day of the 9th month of 663, we have a gap in the Chronicles of just a little more than 4 months.  We then pick up with Naka no Oe's government starting to look at internal affairs.  For one thing, we are told that he selected his younger brother, the Royal Prince Ohoama, as Crown Prince, and he made updates to the cap-rank system, changing it from 19 ranks to 26 ranks.  The first six ranks remained the same, but the name “kwa”, or “flower”, for the 7th through 10th ranks was changed to “Kin”, meaning “brocade”.  Furthermore, a “middle” rank was added between the Upper and Lower ranks, further distinguishing each group, and adding 6 extra ranks.  Finally, the initial rank, Risshin, was divided into two:  Daiken and Shouken.  We aren't told why, but it likely meant that they could have more granular distinctions in rank. At the same time that was going on, the court also awarded long swords to the senior members of the great families, and short swords to the senior members of lesser families.  Below that, senior members of the Tomo no Miyatsuko and others were given shields and bows and arrows.  Furthermore, the vassals, or kakibe, and the domestic retainers, or yakabe, were settled, to use Aston's translation.  The kanji used in the text appears to refer to settling a decision or standardizing something, rather than settling as in giving a place to live.  It seems to me to mean that the court was settling servants on families: determining what kind and how many servants that various houses could have based on their position in the hierarchy.  I can't help but notice that all of these gifts were very martial in nature.  That does not mean, of course, that they were necessarily because of the war over Baekje, nor that they were in response to the concern about a possible Tang invasion -- we've seen in the past where swords were gifted to people who had served the court --but it is hard not to connect these gifts with recent worries.  We also know that this year, Naka no Oe turned his focus on building defenses, setting up guards and beacon fires on the islands of Tsushima and Iki.   Should any unknown fleet be seen coming to the archipelago, the fires would alert the forces at Kyushu, so they could send word and prepare a defense. In addition, the court built an impressive defense for Tsukushi—for the Dazai itself, the seat of the Yamato government in Kyushu.  It is called the Mizuki, or Water Castle, though at the time “castle” was more about walls and fortifications than the standalone fortress we tend to think of, today.  Along those lines, the Mizuki was an earthen embankment, roughly 1.2 kilometers long, extending from a natural ridgeline to the west across the Mikasa river.  Archeological evidence shows it had a moat, and this line of fortifications would have been a line of defense for the Dazai, should anyone try to invade.  This construction was so large and impressive that you can still see it, even today.  It stands out on the terrain, and it is even visible from overhead photographs. In the third month of 664, we are told that Prince Syeongwang of Baekje and his people, were given a residence at Naniwa.  In fact, even though Baekje was no longer an independent kingdom, there appear to have been thousands of Baekje people now living in Yamato, unable to return home.  Many of these were former nobles of the Baekje court, which Yamato treated as a foreign extension of its own.  Resettling these people would be a major theme for the Chronicles, but we will also see, as we read further on, how their talents were leveraged for the state. Also in the third month, a star fell in the north—it says “in the north of the capital”, but I suspect that anywhere north, south, east, or west of the capital would have seen the same thing “in the north”.  There was also an earthquake, which isn't given any particular significance, beyond its mention as a natural phenomenon. On the 17th day of the 5th month of 664, so roughly 2 months later, we are told that Liu Jen'yuan, the Tang dynasty's general in Baekje, sent Guo Wucong  to Yamato with a letter and gifts.  We aren't told the contents of the letter, but one imagines that this may have been a rather tense exchange.  Yamato had just been involved in open warfare against Tang forces on the peninsula, and they still weren't sure if the Tang empire would come after them next.  Their only real hope on that front was Goguryeo, since the Tang and Silla were still trying to destroy the Goguryeo kingdom, and that may have kept the Tang forces tied up for a while.  No doubt Guo Wucong would have seen some of the defenses that Yamato was constructing during his visit. Guo Wucong would hang around for about seven and a half months.  He was given permission to take his leave on the 4th day of the 10th month.  Naka no Oe had his friend and Inner Prime Minister, Nakatomi no Kamatari send the Buddhist Priest, Chisho, with presents for Guo Wucong, and he and his officers were granted entertainments  before they left as well. Finally, Guo Wucong and his people returned to the Tang on the 12th day of the 12th month. While the delegation from the Tang was in Yamato, we are told of several tragedies.  First was that Soga no Murajiko no Oho-omi had passed away.  Soga no Murajiko appears to have been another son of Soga no Kuramaro, and thus brother to Soga no Ishikawa no Maro.  Unfortunately, we don't have much more on him in the record. Just a month later, we are told that the “Dowager Queen” Shima passed away.  Aston translates this as the Queen Grandmother, suggesting that she was Naka no Oe's grandmother. We are also told, that in the 10th month of 664, around the time that Guo Wucong was given leave to depart, that Yeon Gaesomun, the Prime Minister—though perhaps more correctly the despotic ruler—of Goguryeo, died.  It is said that he asked his children to remain united, but, well, even if we didn't know how it all turned out, I think we would look somewhat skeptically on any idea that they all did exactly as they were told.  Sure enough, in 667 we are told that Gaesomun's eldest son, Namseng, left the capital city of Pyongyang to tour the provinces, and while he was gone his younger brothers conspired with the nobility, and when he came back they refused to let him back in.  So Namseng ran off to the Tang court and apparently helped them destroy his own country. This is largely corroborated by other stories about Goguryeo, though the dates do seem to be off.  Tang records put Gaesomun's death around 666 CE, which the Samguk Sagi appears to follow, but on his tomb the date would appear to be 665.  Confusion like this was easy enough given the different dates and trying to cross-check across different regnal eras.  Sure, there were some commonalities, but it was very easy to miscount something. One last note from the twelfth month of 664—it seems that there were omens of apparent prosperity that came to the court from the island of Awaji.    First, there was rice that grew up in a farmer's pig trough.  The farmer's name is given as Shinuta no Fumibito no Mu, and Mu gathered this rice and stored it up, and thus, every day his wealth increased.  Then there was the bridal bed of Iwaki no Sukuri no Oho, of Kurimoto district.  They claimed that rice grew up at the head of his brides' mattress during her first night's stay with him.  And this wasn't just some brand new shoot, but overnight it formed an ear, and by the morning it bent down and ripened.  Then, the following night, another ear was formed.  When the bride went out into the courtyard, two keys fell down from heaven, and after she gave them to her husband, Oho, he went on to become a wealthy man. The exact purpose of these stories is unclear, but it seems to be that the Chroniclers are choosing to focus on stories of wealth and growth, which speak to how they wanted this reign as a whole, including the sovereign, to be remembered. However, more tragedy struck the following year, in 665,  when Hashibito, another Dowager Queen – this time the wife of Karu, aka Koutoku Tennou - passed away on the 25th day of the 2nd month.  On the first day of the 3rd month, 330 people took Buddhist vows for her sake. We are also told that in the second month the ranks of Baekje were cross-referenced with the ranks of Yamato, and then ranks were given out to some of the Baekje nobles that had come over to Yamato.  Kwisil Chipsa, who was originally ranked “Dalsol” in Baekje, was accorded “Lower Shoukin”.  That was rank 12 of the 26.  In comparison, “Dalsol” seems to have been the 2nd rank of 16 in Baekje.  Along with handing out rank, over 400 Baekje commoners, both men and women, were given residence in the Kanzaki district in Afumi.  This appears to be an area along the Aichi river, running from the Suzuka Mountains, west towards Lake Biwa. The court granted them rice-lands in the following month.  At the same time, several high ranking Baekje nobles were put in charge of building castles at strategic points around the archipelago.  These included one castle in Nagato, as well as the castles of Ohono and Woyogi, in Tsukushi.  Two years later, in 667, we also see the building of Takayasu castle, in Yamato and Yashima castle in Yamada, in Sanuki—modern Kagawa, on Shikoku, facing the Seto Inland Sea passageway.  Kaneda castle in Tsushima was also a Baekje-built one. We mentioned something about these castles last episode.  They were in the Baekje style, and as I said, the term “castle” here is more about the walls, which were largely made of rammed earth ramparts.  This means that you pile up earth and dirt in a layer and then the laborers use tools specifically to tamp it down until it is thick and hard.  Then another layer is piled on top and the process is repeated.  These walls were often placed on mountain tops, and they would follow the terrain, making them places that were easy to defend.  Beyond that, they didn't necessarily have a donjon keep or anything like that—maybe a tower so that one could see a little further, but being at the top of a mountain usually provided all the visual cues that one needed. We know there were other castles made as well.  For example, I mentioned last week about Kinojo, in Okayama, the ancient Kibi area.  Kinojo is not mentioned in the Nihon Shoki, but it clearly existed back then, and matches the general description of a 7th century mountain castle as built in Baekje.  The name means Demon Castle, and there is a story about it that is connected to the local Kibitsu Jinja—the Shrine to Prince Kibi.  According to legend, Kibitsu Hiko, aka Prince Kibitsu or, perhaps more appropriately, the Prince of Kibi, came to the area around the time of the Mimaki Iribiko, so probably about the 3rd century, at the head of a large force.  Kibitsu Hiko had come to defeat the demon, Ura, who lived in the nearby castle, hence Kinojo, and legend says that he freed the people from the demon's rule. As I also mentioned, last week, this particular castle may have ended up in the Momotaro story.  There are those who believe that the story of Momotarou is based on the story of Prince Kibitsu Hiko, and his defeat of the so-called demon, “Ura”.   Certainly the story has grown more fantastical, and less connected to the ancient history of the Kibi region, but it still may have its origin in a much more standard legend of a founding prince of the ancient Kibi kingdom that was later changed into a fairy tale.   More likely, the castle was built by a Baekje nobleman, often thought to be a prince, who settled in the area.  There is the possibility that the demon's name “Ura” came from a mistranslation of his name, or it is also possible that he was unrelated to the story at all.  The Kibitsu Hiko legend may have incorporated the castle, Kinojo, at a later date, once people had forgotten when and why the castle was actually built. It would make sense if Kinojo had been built as part of the defenses for Yamato, as that area overlooks a large part of the fertile plains of Okayama and out beyond Kojima to the Seto Inland Sea -- it is perched over a key overland route from the western edge of Honshu to Yamato, and there would have been several ways to signal boats to put to sea to intercept forces on the water.  . This all suggests to me that Kinojo was probably part of Naka no Oe's castle-building effort, even if it isn't specifically remembered in the Chronicle.  But building castles wasn't enough to bring peace of mind that Yamato would survive a Tang invasion, and it is possibly as a defensive measure that Naka no Oe would go on to do something truly incredible—he would eventually move the capital from Asuka and Naniwa all the way to the shores of Lake Biwa itself, establishing the Ohotsu palace.  This was a truly extreme step that didn't endear Naka no Oe to the court, but it had several advantages.  For one thing, this move pulled the capital further away from the sea routes, meaning that if they were attacked, they had a more defensible position.  Even more so than Yamato, the Afumi region around Lake Biwa is surrounded by mountains, with a few narrow passes that restricted movement in and out. One of these is the famous Sekigahara, which remained a choke point even up to modern times.  The name even means the Field of the Barrier, indicating the barrier and checkpoint that had been set up there in ancient times.  Moving the capital also pulled the court away from some of the previous political centers, which may have been another feature that made it attractive to Naka no Oe.  Many capital moves have been made, at least in part, to get farther away from strong Buddhist temples, and this certainly would have moved things out of the Asuka region, which by now was a hotbed of Buddhist temple activity. But we'll talk about that all more, next episode.  Until then, thank you once again for listening and for all of your support. If you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website,  SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan

Iki gegužės 2 d. gyventojai turi galimybę ne tik deklaruoti pajamas, bet ir skirti paramą. Kam gyventojai skiria savo 1,2 proc. pajamų mokesčio ir ar jiems paprasta tai padaryti?Viešoji įstaiga „Siena“, siekianti užtikrinti migrantų, pabėgėlių ir prieglobsčio siekėjų teises pagal tarptautinius įsipareigojimus, išplatino pranešimą, kad žmogaus teisių organizacija „Amnesty International“ kviečia užsieniečius, kurie buvo sulaikyti Lietuvoje 2021–2022 m., prisijungti prie grupės skundo teismui.Parlamentarams siūlant įvesti nemokamą maitinimą visiems pradinukams, Vyriausybė tą numato padaryti 2028 metais. Prieš metus įstatymas buvo pateiktas Seimui, tuomet siūlytą nemokamą maitinimą visiems pradinukams suteikti nuo tų metų liepos 1 d. Anot išvadą parengusių Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos atstovų, šiuo metu valstybė neturi finansinių išteklių įgyvendinti tokį projektą.Siekdama didesnio kelių eismo saugumo ir geresnės oro kokybės visoje Europos Sąjungoje, Komisija siūlo iš esmės peržiūrėti Bendrijos kelių eismo saugumo ir transporto priemonių registracijos taisykles. Viena jų – įdiegti skaitmeninius transporto priemonių registracijos ir periodinės techninės apžiūros pažymėjimus ir įpareigoti vairuojančius 10 metų ar senesnius automobilius techninę apžiūrą atlikti kasmet.Ved. Darius Matas.

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Gaminantys vartotojai, įsirengę elektros energijos kaupimo įrenginius, jau nuo šiandien gali sulaukti valstybės paramos. Kreiptis dėl paramos gyventojai kviečiami tik po elektros energijos kaupiklio įsirengimo savo namuose.„Aktualus klausimas“ - ar pritartumėte keturių dienų darbo savaitei? Du trečdaliai Lietuvos gyventojų teigia, jog norėtų 4 darbo dienų savaitės Lietuvoje, dalis iš jų net jei dėl to sumažėtų atlyginimas. 15 proc. to nenorėtų bet kokiu atveju. Tokius duomenis rodo LRT užsakymu atlikta apklausa.Toliau smunkant pasaulio akcijų rinkoms - kritimus savo sąskaitose stebi ir investuojantys tautiečiai. Vieni dėl sąskaitų tuštėjimo nerimauja ir svarsto investavimą nutraukti, kiti - atvirkščiai - nebijo ir mato daugiau galimybių nei grėsmių.Iki 2030-ųjų krašto apsaugai Lietuva siekia skirti 5–6 proc.nuo BVP. Pinigų numatoma gauti iš įvairių šaltinių. Tarp jų Prezidentas siūlo Seimui padidinti Lietuvos banko pelno įmoką į valstybės biudžetą, didžiąją šių lėšų dalį skiriant Valstybės gynybos fondui. Kaip papildomų pinigų skyrimas gynybai paveiks Lietuvos ekonomiką?Pirmosios šarvuotosios divizijos sukūrimas Lietuvoje svarbus ne tik tuo, kad suteiks šaliai papildomų karinių pajėgumų, bet ir pagerins kariuomenės vadovybės integraciją ir koordinaciją bendrose NATO pajėgose. Taip sako Pensilvanijos nacionalinės gvardijos generolas viešėjęs Vilniuje Baltijos karinėje konferencijoje.Ved. Rūta Kupetytė

This episode we will discuss various embassies to and from Yamato during the reign of Takara Hime, with a particular focus on the embassy of 659, which occured at a particularly eventful time and happened to be extremely well-recorded fro the period by Iki no Hakatoko, who was apparently on the mission to the Tang court itself. For more, check out our blog post at: https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/episode-123 Rough Transcript Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua, and this is episode 123: Embassy Interrupted.   Iki no Hakatoko sat in his room, gazing out at the city.   It was truly an amazing place, filled with all kinds of people from around the world.  And yet, still, after 9 months of confinement, the place felt small.  Sure, there he hadwere visits from ranking nobles and dignitaries, but even the most lenient of house arrests was still house arrest. But that didn't mean that he had nothing to do.  There were books and more that he had access to—many that had not yet made it to the archipelago, and some of which he no doubt hoped he could bring back with him.  And of course, there was paper, brush, and ink. And then there were the experiences he and others had acquired on this mission to the Great Tang.  From the very beginning the missionit washad been plagued with disaster when they lost half of their ships and company mission to rogue winds on the open seas.  Now they were trapped because the Emperor himself wouldn't let them return home.  They had experienced and seen so much, and that provided ample material for one to catalogue. As the seasons changed, and rumors arrived that perhaps his situation would also something would change soon, Iki no Hakatoko spread out the paper on the desk in front of him, dipped his brush in the ink, and began to write.  He wrote down notes about his experiences, and what had befallen him and the others.  He had no idea who It is unclear whom he thought might read it, and if he was intending this to be an official or personal record, but he wrote it down anyway. Hakatoko He couldn't have known then that his words would eventually be captured in a much larger work, chronicling the entire history of Yamato from its very creation, nor that his would be one of the oldest such personal accounts records to be handed down.  His Itwords  wwould only survive in fragments—or perhaps his writing was simply that terse—but his words they would be preserved, in a format that was still being read over a thousand years later.     Last episode we finished up the story of Xuanzang and his Journey to the West—which is to say the Western Regions -- , and thence on to India, or Tianzhu, where he walked in the footsteps of the historical Buddha, studied the scriptures at the feet of venerable teachers, such as Silabadhra at the Great Monastery of Nalanda, and eventually wound up bringingbrought back hundreds of manuscripts to Chang'an to , which he and others be translated and disseminated, impacting Buddhist thought across East Asia.  HisXuanzang's travels lasted from around 629 to 645, and he was still teaching in Chang'an in the 650s when various student-monks from Yamato  arrived to study and learn from him, eventually bringing back his teachings to the archipelago as part of the Faxiang, or Hossou, school of Buddhism. Before that we talked about the visitors from “Tukhara” and “Sha'e” recorded in the Chronicles.  As we noted, these peopley were morest likely from the Ryukyuan islands, and the names may have been conflated with distant lands overseas – but regardless, .  Whether or not it was a mistake, this it does seem to indicated that Yamato had at least an inkling of the wider world, introduced through the continental literature that they had been importing, if not the direct interactions with individuals from the Korean peninsula and the Tang court. This episode, we're going to talk about some of the relations between Yamato and the continent, including the various embassies sent back and forth, as well as one especially detailed embassy from Yamato to the Tang Court that found itself in a bit of a pickle.  After all, what did you do, back in those days, when you were and ambassador, and your country suddenly went to war?  We'll talk about that and what happened. To reorient ourselves in time, we're in the reign of Takara Hime, called aka Kyogoku Tennou during her first reign, who had reascended to the throne in 655, following the death of her brother, Prince Karu.  The Chroniclers would dub her Saimei Tennou in her second run on the throne. From the very beginning of her second reign, Takara Hime was entertaining foreign envoys.  In 654, the Three Han of the Korean Peninsula—Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla—all sent ambassadors to express their condolence on the death of her brother, and presumably to witness her ascension.  And in the 8th month of her reign, Kawabe no Maro no Omi, along with others, returned from Chang'an.  He Kawabe no Maro no Omi had been the Chief Ambassador to the Tang on an embassy sent , traveling there in the 2nd month of the previous year.  Originally he had been He was under the command of the controlling envoy, Takamuku no Obito no Kuromaro, but Kuromaro who unfortunately died in Chang'an and so Kawabe no Mari no Omi took over his role. That same year, 655, we know that there were about 100 persons recorded in Yamato from Baekje, along with envoys of Goguryeo and Silla.  These are likely the same ones we mentioned back in episode 117 when 150 Baekje envoys were present at court along with multiple members of the Emishi. Silla, for their part, had sent to Yamato a special hostage , whom we know as something like “Mimu”, along with skilled workmen.  Unfortunately, we are told that Mimu fell ill and died.  The Chronicles are pretty sparse on what this meant, but I can't imagine it was great.  After all, the whole idea of sending a hostage to another nation was as a pledge of good behavior – the idea being that the hostage was the idea that they werewas valuable enough that the sending nation wouldn't do anything too rash.  The flip side of that is if the hostage died, Of course, if they perished, the hosting country lost any leverage—and presumably the sending nation would be none too pleased.  That said, people getting sick and passing away was hardly a hostile action, and likely just considered an unfortunate situation. The following year, in 656, we see that Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla again all sent ambassadords were all sent to offer “tribute”.  The Chronicles mention that dark purple curtains were drawn around the palace site to entertain the ambassadors—likely referring to the new palace site at Asuka no Wokamoto, which probably was not yet fully built out, yet.   We are given the name of the Goguryeo ambassador, Talsa, and associate ambassador, Ilchi,  in the 8th month, Talsa and Ilichi, with 81 total members in the Goguryeo retinueof the embassy.  In seeming response, Yamato sent an embassy was sent to Goguryeo with the likes of Kashiwade no Omi no Hatsumi as the Chief Ambassador and Sakahibe no Muraji no Iwasuki as the Associate Ambassador.  Other names mentioned include We also see the likes of Inugami no Shiromaro, Kawachi no Fumi no Obito—no personal name is given—and Ohokura no Maro.  We also see thea note in the Chronicles that Yamato ambassadors to the quote-unquote “Western Sea”—which seems to refer to the Tang court, but could possibly refer to anything from the Korean Peninsula west—returned in that same year.  The two are named as Saheki no Muraji no Takunaha and Oyamashita no Naniha no Kishi no Kunikatsu.  These are both families that were clearly involved in cross-strait relations , based on how they are frequently referenced in the Chronicles as being associated with various overseas missions.  but  However, we don't seem to have clear evidence of them when these particular individualsy leavingft on this mission.  “Kunikatsu” mightay refer to an earlier ambassador to Baekje, but the names are different, so that is largely just speculation.  In any case, Uupon their return, they are said to have brought with them a parrot.  This wasn't the first parrot the court had seen—that feathery traveler had arrived in 647, or at least that is the first parrotinstance  we have in the written record -- .  Aand that one came from Silla as part of that embassy's gifts. Continuing on, in 657, The following year there was another group of ambassadors returned coming  from the “Western Seas”, in this case coming back from—or through—Baekje.  Thisese wasere Adzumi no Muraji no Tsuratari and Tsu no Omi no Kutsuma.  The presents they brought back were, of all things:  one camel and two donkeys.  And can you imagine bringing a camel back across the sea at this point?  Even if they were using the larger ships based on continental designs, it still must have been something else to put up with a camel and donkeys onboard, animals that are not exactly known for their easy-going and compliant nature. Speaking of boats, we should probably touch on what we *think* they were usinghas been going on here.  I say *think* because we only get glimpses  of the various boats being used in the archipelago, whether from mentions in or around Yamato, archaeology, or artistic depictions, many of which came from later periods., and wSo while it is generally assumed that they the Yamato were using Tang style vessels by the 8th and 9th century, there does not appear to be clear evidence of exactly what kind of boats were being used during the early earlier periods of contact. A quick note on boat technology and navigation: while travel between the Japanese archipelago and the Korean Peninsula, and up the Yellow Sea, wasn't safe, it would have been possible with the vessels of the time.  Japan sits on the continental shelf, meaning that to the east where the shelf gives way to the Pacific Ocean with the Phillippine Sea to the south, the waters are much, much deeper than they are to the west.  In deep waters, waves are not necessarily affected by the ocean floor, meaning they can build up much more energy and require different kinds of technology to sail.  In shallower areas, such as the Sea of Japan, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea or the Korean Straits to the west of the archipelago, there's more drag that dampens out the wave effect – it's not that these areas are uniformly shallow and calm, but they are calmer and easier to navigate in general.  Our oldest example of boats in the archipelago of any kind are dugout canoes, .  These are logs that are hollowed out  and shaped. , and tThese appear to be what Jomon era populations used to cross to the archipelago and travel between the various islands.  Though they may be considered primitive, without many of the later innovations that would increase stability and seaworthiness—something I'll touch on more a bit later—, they were clearly effective enough to populate the islands of the Ryukyuan chain and even get people and livestock, in the form of pigs, down to the Hachijo islands south of modern Tokyo.    So they weren't ineffective. Deep waters mean that the waves are not necessarily affected by the ocean floor.  Once it hits shallower water, there is more drag that affects larger waves.  This means that there can be more energy in these ocean waves.  That usually means that shallower areas tend to be more calm and easier to navigate—though there are other things that can affect that as well. We probably should note, however, that Japan sits on the edge of the continental shelf.  To the west, the seas are deep, but not nearly as deep as they are to the east, where continental shelf gives way to the Pacific ocean, with the Philippine Sea to the south.  These are much deeper waters than those of the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, or the Korean Straits.  The Sea of Japan does have some depth to it, but even then it doesn't compare in both size and depth. Deep waters mean that the waves are not necessarily affected by the ocean floor.  Once it hits shallower water, there is more drag that affects larger waves.  This means that there can be more energy in these ocean waves.  That usually means that shallower areas tend to be more calm and easier to navigate—though there are other things that can affect that as well. All this to say that travel between the Japanese archipelago and the Korean Peninsula, and up the Yellow Sea, were all things that were likely much easier to navigate with the vessels available at the time, but that doesn't mean that it was safe. Later, we see a different type of vessel appear: .  This is a built vessel, made of multiple hewn pieces of wood.  The examples that we see show a rather square front and back that rise up, sometimes dramatically, .  There are with various protrusions on either side. We see examples of this shape , and we've seen examples in haniwa from about the 6th century, and we have some corresponding wooden pieces found around the Korean peninsula that pretty closely match the haniwa boat shapesuggest similar boats were in use there as well, .  Nnot surprising given the cultural connections.  These boats do not show examples of sails, and were likely crewed by rowers.  Descriptions of some suggest that they might be adorned with branches, jewels, mirrors, and other such things for formal occasions to identify some boats as special -- , and we even have one record of the rowers in ceremonial garb with deer antlers.  But none of this suggests more than one basic boat typevery different types of boats. In the areas of the Yellow and Yangzi rivers, area of modern China, particularly in the modern PRC, the boats we see are a little different.  They tend to be flat bottomed boats, possible evolved from  which appear to have been designed from rafts or similar .   These vessels would have evolved out of those used to transport goods and people up and down the Yellow and Yangzi rivers and their tributaries.  These boats y had developed sails, but still the boats wwere n'ot necessarily the most stable on the open ocean.  Larger boats could perhaps make their way through some of the waves, and were no doubt used throughout the Yellow Sea and similar regions.  However, for going farther abroad, we are told thatcourt chronicles note that there were other boats that were preferred: . These are sometimes called  the Kun'lun-po, or Boats of the Kunlun, or the Boats of the Dark-skinned people.  A quick dive here into how this name came to be. Originally, “Kunlun” appears to refer to a mythical mountain range, the Kunlun-shan, which may have originated in the Shan-hai-jing, the Classic of Mountains and Seas, and so may not have referred to anything specific terrestrial mountain range, ally.  Italthough the term would later attach be used to describe to the mountain chain that forms the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau, on the southern edge of the Tarim Basin. However, at some point, it seems that “Kunlun” came to refer to people -- .  Sspecifically, it came to refer to people of dark complexion, with curly hair.  There are Tang era depictions of such people, but their origin is not exactly known: it might .  It is thought that it may have have equally referred to dark-skinned individuals of African descent, or possibly referring to some of the dark-skinned people who lived in the southern seas—people like the Andamanese living on the islands west of modern Thailand or some of the people of the Malay peninsula, for example. It is these latter groups that likely were the origin, then, of the “Kun'lun-po”, referring to the ships of the south, such as those of Malay and AsutronesianAustronesian origin.  We know that from the period of at least the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and even into the early Tang, these foreign ships often , which were often plyingied the waters from trade port to trade port, and were the preferred sailing vessels for voyages to the south, where the waters could be more treacherous.  Indeed, the Malay language eventually gives us the term of their vessels as “Djong”, a term that eventually made its way into Portuguese as “Junco” and thus into English as “junk”, though this terms has since been rather broadly applied to different “Asian” style sailing vessels. So that leaves us with three ship types that the Yamato court could have been using to send these embassies back and forth to the continent: .  Were they still using their own style of native boat as seen on haniwa,, or were they adopting continental boats to their needs?   If so, were they using the flat-bottomed boats of the Tang dynasty, or the more seaworthy vessels of the foreign merchants?. Which were they using?  The general thinking is that IMost depictions I have seen of the kentoushi, the Japanese embassies to the Tang court, depict them as t is generally thought that they were probably using the more continental-style flat-bottomed, riverine vessels.  After all, they were copying so much of what the Sui and Tang courts were doing, why would they not consider these ships to likewise be superior to their own?  At least for diplomatic purposes.  I suspect that local fishermen did their own were keeping their own counsel as far as ships are concernedthing, and I also have to wonder about what got used they were using from a military standpoint for military purposes.  Certainly we see the Tang style boats used in later centuries, suggesting that these had been adopted at some earlier point, possibly by the 650s or earlier. Whatever they used, and while long-distance sailing vessels could Sailing vessels could be larger than short-distance riverine craft, this was not a luxury cruise.  , but conditions on board were not necessarily a luxury cruise.  From later accounts we know that they would really pack people into these shipspeople could be packed in.  It should be noted that individual beds and bedrooms were a luxury in much of the world, and many people probably had little more than a mat to sleep on.  Furthermore, people could be packed in tight.   Think of the size of some of these embassies, which are said to be 80 to 150 people in size.  A long, overseas journey likely meant getting quite cozy with your neighbors on the voyage.  So how much more so with a camel and two donkeys on board a vessel that was likely never meant to carry them?  Not exactly the most pleasant experience, I imagine – and this is not really any different than European sailing vessels during the later age of exploration.. So, from the records for just the first few years of Takara-hime's second reign, we see that there are lots of people going back and forth, and we have a sense of how they might be getting to and from the continent and peninsula.  Let's dive into Next, we are going to talk about one of the most heavily documented embassies to the Tang court, which set out in the 7th month of the year 659.  Not only do we get a pretty detailed account of this embassy, but we even know who wrote the account: as in our imagined intro, , as this is one of the accounts by the famous Iki no Muraji no Hakatoko, transcribed by Aston as “Yuki” no Muraji. Iki no Hakatoko's name first appears in an entry for 654, where he is quoted as giving information about the status of some of the previous embassies to the Tang court.  Thereafter, various entries are labeled as “Iki no Muraji no Hakatoko says:”, which   This would seem to indicate that these particular entries came are taken directly from another work written by Iki no Hakatoko and referred to as the “Iki Hakatoko Sho”.  Based on the quoted fragments found in the Nihon Shoki, itthis appears to be one of ourthis oldest Japanese travelogues.  It , and spends considerable time on the mission of 659, of which it would appear that Iki no Hakatoko was himself a member, though not a ranking one.  Later, Iki no Hakatoko would find himself mentioned in the Nihon Shoki directly, and he would even be an ambassador, himself. The embassy of 659 itself, as we shall see, was rather momentous.  Although it started easily enough, the embassy would be caught up in some of the most impactful events that would take place between the Tang, Yamato, and the states of the Korean peninsula. This embassy was formally under the command of Sakahibe no Muraji no Iwashiki and Tsumori no Muraji no Kiza.  It's possible In the first instance it is not clear to me if this isthat he is the same person as the previously mentioned associate envoy, Sakahibe no Iwasuki—but the kanji are different enough, and there is another Sakahibe no Kusuri who shows up between the two in the record.  However, they are both listed as envoys during the reign of Takara Hime, aka Saimei Tennou, and as we've abundantly seen, and it wouldn't be the first time that scribal error crept in. has taken place, especially if the Chroniclers were pulling from different sources. The ambassadors took a retinue with them, including members of the northern Emishi, whom they were bringing along with them to show to the Tang court.  TheThey also  embassy ttook two ships—perhaps because of the size of the retinue, but I suspect that this was also because if anything happened to the one, you still had the other.  A kind of backup plan due to the likelihood something went wrong.  And wouldn't you know it, something did go wrong.  You see, things started out fine, departing Mitsu Bay, in Naniwa, on the 3rd day of the 7th month.  They sailed through the Seto Inland Sea and stopped at Tsukushi, likely for one last resupply and to check in with the Dazai, located near modern Fukuoka, who would have been in charge of overseeing ships coming and going to the archipelago.  They departed from Ohotsu bay in Tsukushi on the 11th day of the 8th month. A quick note: Sspeedboats these were not.  Today, one can cross from Fukuoka to Busan, on the southeast corner of the Korean peninsula, in less than a day.  The envoys, however, were taking their time.  They may have even stopped at the islands of Iki and Tsushima on their way.  By the 13th day of the 9th month—over a month from leaving Kyushu behind -- , the  ships finally came to an island along the southern border of Yamato's ally, Baekje.  Hakatoko does not recall the name of the island, but o On the following morning, around 4 AM, so just before sunrise, the two ships put out to sea together to cross the ocean, heading south, towards the mouth of the Yangzi river.  Unfortunately, the following day, the ship Iwashiki was on met with a contrary wind, and was driven away from the other ship – with nothing known of its fate until some time afterwards.  Meanwhile, the other ship, under the command of Tsumori no Muraji no Kiza, continued on and by midnight on the 16th day, it arrived at Mt. Xuan near Kuaiji Commandary in the Yue district, in modern Zhejiang.  Suddenly a violent northeast wind blew up, and p.  Tthey were saileding another 7 days before they finally arrived at Yuyao.  Today, this is part of the city of Ningbo, at the mouth of the Qiantang river, south of Shanghai and considered a part of the Yangzi Delta Region.  This area has been inhabited since at least 6300 years ago, and it has long been a trade port, especially with the creation of the Grand Canal connecting between the Yangzi and the Yellow River, which would have allowed transshipment of goods to both regions. The now half-size Yamato contingenty  left their ship at Yuyao and disembarked, and made their way to Yuezhou, the capital of the Kuaiji Commandary.  This took them a bit of time—a little over a month.  Presumably this was because of paperwork and logistics: they probably because they had to send word ahead, and I suspect they had to inventory everything they brought and negotiate carts and transportationfigure out transportation., since   Tthey didn't exactly have bags of holding to stuff it all in, so they probably needed to negotiate carts and transportation.  The finally made it to Yuezhou on the first day of the 11th intercalary month.  An “intercalary” month refers to an extra month in a year.  It was determined by various calculations and was added to keep the lunar and solar years in relative synch. From Yuezhou, things went a bit more quickly, as they were placed on post-horses up to the Eastern Capital, or Luoyang, where the Emperor Tang Gaozong was in residence.   The Tang kept a capital at Luoyang and another to the west, in Chang'an.  The trip to Luoyang was long—over 1,000 kilometers, or 1 megameter, as it were.  The trip first took them through the Southern Capital, meaning the area of modern Nanjing, which they entered on the 15th day of the month.  They then continued onwards, reaching Luoyang on the 29th day of the 11th month.  The following day, on the 30th day of the 11th intercalary month of the year 659, the Yamato envoys were granted an audience with Emperor Tang Gaozong.  As was proper, he inquired about the health of their sovereign, Takara Hime, and the envoys reported that she was doing well.  He asked other questions about how the officials were doing and whether there was peace in Yamato.  The envoys all responded affirmatively, assuring him that Yamato was at peace. Tang Gaozong also asked about the Emishi they had brought with them.  We mentioned this event previously, back in Episode XXX117 , how the Emishi had been shown to the Tang Emperor, and how they had described them for him.  This is actually one of the earliest accounts that we have describing the Emishi from the Yamato point of view, rather than just naming them—presumably because everyone in Yamato already knew who they were.  From a diplomatic perspective, of course, this was no doubt Yamato demonstrating how they were, in many ways, an Empire, similar to the Tang, with their own subordinate ethnicities and “barbarians”. After answering all of the emperor's questions, the audience was concluded.  The following day, however, was something of its own. This was the first day of the regular 11th lunar month, and it also was the celebration of the Winter Solstice—so though it was the 11th month, it may have been about 22 December according to our modern western calendars.  The envoys once again met with the emperor, and they were treated as distinguished guests—at least according to their own records of it.  Unfortunately, during the festivities, it seems that a fire broke out, creating some confusion, and .  Tthe matters of the diplomatic mission were put on hold while all of that went on. We don't know exactly what happened in the ensuing month.  Presumably the envoys took in the sites of the city, may have visited various monasteries, and likely got to know the movers and shakers in the court, who likely would have wined and dined them, inviting them to various gatherings, as since they brought their own exotic culture and experiences to the Tang court. Unfortunately, things apparently turned sour.  First off, it seems clear that the members of this embassyy weren't the only Japanese in the court.  There may have been various merchants, of course, but and we definitely know that there were students who had come on other missions and were still there likely still studying, such as those who had been learning from studying with Master Xuanzang, whose journeys we mentioned in the last several episodes.  But Wwe are given a very specific name of a troublemaker, however:  Kawachi no Aya no Ohomaro, and we are told that he was aa servant of Han Chihung, who .  Han Chihung, himself, is thought to have possiblymay have been of mixed ethnicity—both Japanese and ethnic Han, and may .  Hhe may have traveled to the Tang court on or around 653. , based on some of the records, but it isn't entirely clear. For whatever reason, on the 3rd day of the 12th month of the year 659, Kawachi no Aya no Ohomaro slandered the envoys, and although .  Wwe don't know exactly what he said, but the Tang court caught wind of the accusations and found the envoys guilty.  They were condemned to banishment, until the author of our tale, none other than Iki no Hakatoko himself, stepped up, .  He made representation to the Emperor, pleading against the slander.  , and tThe punishment was remitted, .  Sso they were no longer banished.  However, they were also then told that they could no't return home.  You see, the Tang court was in the middle of some sensitive military operations in the lands east of the sea—in other words they were working with Silla to and invadeing the Kingdom of Baekje.  Since Yamato was an ally of Baekje, it would be inconvenient if the envoys were to return home and rally Yamato to Baekje's defense. And so the entire Yamato embassy was moved to the Western Capital, Chang'an, where they were placed under individual house arrest.  They no doubt were treated well, but they were not allowed to leave, and .  Tthey ended up spending the next year in this state. of house arrest. Unfortunately, we don't have a record of just how they passed their time in Chang'an.  They likely studied, and were probably visited by nobles and others.  They weren't allowed to leave, but they weren't exactly thrown in jail, either.  After all, they were foreign emissaries, and though the Tang might be at war with their ally, there was no formal declaration of war with Yamato, as far as I can make out.  And so the embassy just sat there, for about 9 months. Finally, in the 7th month of 660, the records tell us we are told thatthat tThe Tang and Silla forces had been successful: .  Baekje was destroyed..  The Tang and Silla forces had been successful.   News must have reached Chang'an a month later, as Iki Hakatoko writes that this occurred in the 8th month of the year 660.  With the Tang special military operation on the Korean peninsula concluded, they released the envoys and allowed them to return to their own countries.  They envoys began their preparations as of the 12th day of the 9th month, no doubt eager to return home, and left were leaving Chang'an a week later, on the 19th day of the 9th month.  From there, it took them almost a month to reach Luoyang, arriving on the 16th day of the 10th month, and here they were greeted with more good news, for here it was that they met up once again with those members of their delegation who had been blown off course. As you may remember, the ship carrying Iwashiki was blown off-course on the 15th day of the 9th month in the year 659, shortly after setting out from the Korean peninsula.  The two ships had lost contact and Tsumori no Muraji no Kiza and his ship had been the one that had continued on.   Iwashiki and those with him, however, found themselves at the mercy of the contrary winds and eventually came ashore at an island in the Southern Sea, which Aston translates as “Erh-kia-wei”.   There appears to be at least some suggestion that this was an island in the Ryukyuan chain, possibly the island of Kikai.  There, local islanders, none too happy about these foreigners crashing into their beach, destroyed the ship, and presumably attacked the embassy.  Several members, including Yamato no Aya no Wosa no Atahe no Arima (yeah, that *is* a mouthful), Sakahibe no Muraji no Inadzumi (perhaps a relative of Iwashiki) and others all stole a local ship and made their way off the island.  They eventually made landfall at a Kuazhou, southeast of Lishui City in modern Zhejiang province, where they met with local officials of the Tang government, who then sent them under escort to the capital at Luoyang.  Once there, they were probably held in a similar state of house arrest, due to the invasion of Baekje, but they met back up with Kiza and Hakatoko's party. The envoys, now reunited, hung out in Luoyang for a bit longer, and thus .  Thus it was on the first day of the 11th month of 660 that they witnessed war captives being brought to the capital.  This included 13 royal persons of Baekje, from the King on down to the Crown Prince and various nobles, including the PRimiePrime Minister, as well as 37 other persons of lower rank—50 people all told.  TheThese captives y were delivered up to the Tang government and led before the emperor.  Of course, with the war concluded, and Baekje no longer a functioning state, while he could have had them executed, Tang Gaozong instead released them, demonstrating a certain amount of magnanimity.  The Yamato envoys remained in Luoyang for most of the month.  On the 19th, they had another audience with the emperor, who bestowed on them various gifts and presents, and then five days later they departed the Luoyang, and began the trek back to the archipelago in earnest. By the 25th day of the first month of 661, the envoys arrived back at Yuezhou, head of the Kuaiji Commandery.  They stayed there for another couple of months, possibly waiting for the right time, as crossing the sea at in the wrong season could be disastrous.  They finally departed east from Yuezhou on the first day of the fourth month, coming to .  They came to Mt. Cheng-an 6 days later, on the 7th, and set out to sea first thing in the morning on the 8th.  They had a southwest wind initially in their favor, but they lost their way in the open ocean, an all too commonall-too-common problem without modern navigational aids.  Fortunately, the favorable winds had carried them far enough that only a day later they made landfall on the island of Tamna, aka Jeju island. Jeju island was, at this point, its own independent kingdom, situated off the southern coast of the Korean peninsula.  Dr. Alexander Vovin suggested that the name “Tamna” may have been a corruption of a Japonic or proto-Japonic name: Tanimura.  The island was apparently quite strange to the Yamato embassy, and they met with various residents natives of Jeju island.  They, even convincinged Prince Aphaki and eight other men of the island to come with them to be presented at the Yamato court. The rest of their journey took a little over a month.  They finally arrived back in Yamato on the 23rd day of the fifth month of 661.  They had been gone for approximately two years, and a lot had changed, especially with the destruction of Baekje.  The Yamato court had already learned of what had happened and was in the process of drawing up plans for an expedition back to the Korean peninsula to restore the Baekje kingdom, and pPrince Naka no Oe himself was set to lead the troops. The icing on the cake was: Tthe reception that the envoys received upon their return was rather cold.  Apparently they were had been slandered to the Yamato court by another follower of Han Chihung—Yamato no Aya no Atahe no Tarushima—and so they weren't met with any fanfare.  We still don't know what it was that Tarsuhima was saying—possibly he had gotten letters from Chihung or Ohomaro and was simply repeating what they had said. Either way, the envoys were sick of it.  They had traveled all the way to the Tang capitals, they had been placed under house arrest for a year, and now they had returned.  They not only had gifts from the Tang emperor, but they were also bringing the first ever embassy from the Kingdom of Tamna along with them.  The slander would not stand.  And so they did what anyone would do at the time:  They apparently appealed to the Kami.  We are told that their anger reached to the Gods of the High Heaven, which is to say the kami of Takamanohara, who killed Tarushima with a thunderbolt.  Which I guess was one way to shut him up. From what we can tell, the embassy was eventually considered a success.  Iki no Hakatoko's star would rise—and fall—and rise again in the court circles.  As I noted, his account of this embassy is really one of the best and most in depth that we have from this time.  It lets us see the relative route that the envoys were taking—the Chronicles in particular note that they traveled to the Great Tang of Wu, and, sure enough, they had set out along the southern route to the old Wu capital, rather than trying to cross the Bohai Sea and make landfall by the Shandong peninsula or at the mouth of the Yellow River.  From there they traveled through Nanjing—the southern “capital” likely referring, in this instance, to the old Wu capital—and then to Luoyang.  Though they stayed there much longer than they had anticipated, they ended up living there through some of the most impactful events that occurred during this point in Northeast Asia.  they And that is something we will touch on next episode.  Until then, thank you once again for listening and for all of your support. If you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website,  SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan

Mokslininkai ištyrė, kad bemiegės naktys žmones verčia laikytis didesnio socialinio atstumo ir net gali padidinti vienišumo jausmą. Plačiau apie tai naujame „Miego DNR“ epizode.Seime - siūlymas ilginti istorinių automobilių amžių. Iki šiol tokį statusą galėjo turėti automobiliai pagaminti prieš 30 metų, dabar siūloma padidinti iki 40ies. Vieni tam pritaria, kiti prieštarauja, esą reikia labiau kreipti dėmesį ne į amžių, o į istorinę vertę.Mokytojų trūkumas kasmet sukelia vis daugiau iššūkių. Vilnius ne išimtis - šiuo metu vidutinis pedagogų amžius siekia 50,5 metų. Savivaldybė kviečia pasinaudoti nemokama programa „Pradedu mokyti Vilniuje“.Mokslininkai teigia, kad vidutinis pasaulinis CO2 padidėjimas 2024 metais yra rekordinis. Kokios to padidėjimo priežastys?Vaikų teisių specialistai atkreipia dėmesį, kad tobulėjant dirbtinio intelekto įrankiams, vis didesnė grėsmė kyla vaikų saugumui. Pavojaus varpais skambina ir pedagogai. Jų teigimu, vaikai nebenori spręsti užduočių, patys priimti sprendimų ar kurti, dažniau renkasi viską patikėti dirbtiniam intelektui.Ved.Darius Matas

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Europos lyderiai bando įtikinti Donaldą Trampą neskaldyti sąjungininkų bei nenusigręžti nuo Ukrainos. Po susitikimo su britų premjeru Kiru Starmeriu Jungtinių Valstijų prezidentas sako, kad taikos susitarimo vilkinti nevalia - pasak Trampo, Putinas tikrai laikysis duoto žodžio, bet pats amerikiečių taikdarių siųsti neketina. Šiandien Ukrainos prezidentas Volodymyras Zelenskis Vašingtone turėtų pasirašyti sutartį, pagal kurią Jungtinėms Amerikos Valstijos suteiks teisę į gamtos resursus UkrainojePrasideda antroji jubiliejinėje 25-osios Vilniaus knygų mugės diena. Klausimas klausytojams - ar lankotės knygų mugėje? Ar keliaujate ten knygų, ar į renginius?Nuo rytojaus nebus galima prisiskambinti, jeigu telefono numeris prasideda skaičiumi 8. Jis turi būti pakeistas į +370 arba tiesiog 0. Vis tik daugybė žmonių ar įmonių numerių dar nesusitvarkė, o tie, kurie numerių pakeitimui naudoja specialias programėles, raginami jas rinktis atidžiai, kad nebūtų pasisavinti duomenys.Iki kitų metų sausio greitosios medicinos pagalbos tarnyboje turi nelikti vairuotojų. Sveikatos apsaugos ministerija siekia, kad vairuojantys greitosios pagalbos automobilius turėtų ir paramediko kvalifikaciją. Pusantro šimto vairuotojų turės apsispręsti, ar išeiti iš darbo, ar eiti mokytis.Palangos sporto centras vaikus sportuoti kvietė neturėdamas higienos paso. Centro atstovai aiškina, kad veikė legaliai ir dokumentus turėjo, o pažeidimai nustatyti supainiojus sąvokas. Visgi po specialistų patikrinimo Sporto centras suskubo juos taisyti - pateikė paraiškas higienos pasams gauti.Ved. Rūta Kupetytė

Tęsiantis akcijai „Radarom“, LRT žurnalistė Gerūta Griniūtė kviečia geriau pažinti Ukrainos kultūrą ir aktyviau aukoti.Vilniaus toliau kviečia senjorus laikinai globoti šunis ir kates – tuos gyvūnus, kurie jau seni, suluošinti ir vargiai rastų, kas juos priglaustų. Akcijos „Senjoras senjorui“ sumanytojai senjorų prašo tik dėmesio augintiniams, nes visu kitu – veterinarų priežiūra, ėdalu, kraiku – pasirūpinta. Kaip Jūs vertinate tokią akciją?Iki šiol mirti galėjo tik žmonės ir bitės, o visi kiti gyvi organizmai – arba nugaišti, arba kristi. Bet kalbininkai, gavę LRT RADIJO laidos „Sugyvenimai“ autorių klausimą, ar tikrai gyvūnai negali mirti, nusprendė, kad jie gali mirti. Taigi nuo šiol mirti gali ne tik žmogus ir bitės, bet ir žmogaus mylimas augintinis, pvz., šuo, katė, žiurkėnas. Kaip jūs vertinate tokį kalbininkų sprendimą?Kokios nuotaikos gėlių turgeliuose šią Valentino dieną, kokiems pirkėjų srautams nusiteikusios didžiosios parduotuvės?Kuo ypatingas Valstybėsatkūrimo dienos minėjimas Kuonio šile?Ved. Edvardas Kubilius

Prezidentas sako, kad „Nemuno aušros“ pirmininkas Remigijus Žemaitaitis savo pasisakymais apie Ukrainą bei Lietuvos saugumą diskredituoja Lietuvą. Vertindamas pastaruosius politiko pareiškimus, Gitanas Nausėda „Verslo žinių“ tinklalaidei teigia, kad Žemaitaitis tampa panašus į prorusiškomis pažiūromis pasižymėjusį Eduardą Vaitkų .Prieš daugiau nei metus nušovęs ligotą moterį policijos pareigūnas Darius Šerpytis nepiktnaudžiavo tarnyba ir neviršijo įgaliojimų. Griebtis ginklo buvo būtina, nustatė Vilniaus apygardos teismas. Pareigūnų bendruomenė šį sprendimą sveikina, tačiau yra ir abejojančių, ar dabar pareigūnai ginklo prieš pažeidžiamus asmenis nenaudos dažniau.Europos Sąjungoje pasigirsta kalbų, kad taikos derybose dėl karo Ukrainoje būtų galima kalbėti ir apie rusiškų dujų pirkimą. Financial Times skelbia, kad tai svarsto keli aukšti Europos Sąjungos pareigūnai. Be to, pastebima, kad laivais rusiškos dujos ir dabar pasiekia Europą.Penkeri metai nuo Jungtinės Karalystės pasitraukimo iš Europos Sąjungos. Daugybės skambių pažadų lydėtas procesas suskaldė šalį, tačiau visuomenė pradeda pamažu gyti. Dauguma pažadų atsimušė į realybę, o leiboristų vyriausybė į valdžią atėjo žadėdami peržiūrėti šį procesą ir gerinti santykius su Europa.Iki šių metų sausio pabaigos visi su vaikais dirbti planuojantys asmenis privalėjo išsiimti specialų brūkšninį kodą, rodantį, kad asmuo nėra teistas už lytinius ir sunkius tyčinius nusikaltimus. Tokia tvarka siekiama apsaugoti nepilnamečius nuo galimo fizinio ar seksualinio smurto mokyklose ar kitose įstaigose. Švietimo bendruomenė darbuotojus jau pradėjo tikrinti, tačiau griežtesnių kontrolės priemonių efektyvumų abejoja kai kurie teisininkai.Joniškio valdžia antrus metus vargsta ieškodama savivaldybės kontrolieriaus. Nuo praėjusio spalio Kontrolės ir audito tarnyboje nėra nė vieno darbuotojo, todėl stringa darbas tiek pačiai savivaldybei, tiek vadinamąjį „čekiukų“ tyrimą atliekančiai teisėsaugai.Ved. Liepa Želnienė

Keturių milijonų rubrikoje pokalbis su Jungtiniuose Arabų Emyratuose gyvenančia Laura Kornelija Inamedinova. Dar dvidešimties rinkodaros agentūrą įkūrusi lietuvė dirba su sėkmingiausiais verslininkais, o savo istorija ir patarimais dalijasi tarptautinėse konferencijose.Po pusės vienuoliktos žinių apie telefono numerių kodų pokyčius. Iki kada galėsime prisiskambinti su senuoju kodu 86? Kaip paprastai pakeisti daug numerių savo telefonuose? Ir apskritai kodėl reikia keisti telefonų numerių kodus?Antrą laidos valandą pokalbis apie pagalbą metant rūkyti. Jau beveik metus veikia pagalbos metant rūkyti linija. Išsiaiškinsime, kaip ji veikia, kiek skambučių sulaukia ir kokią pagalbą galima gauti. O Jūs savo klausimus galite užduoti paskambinę arba parašę elektroninį laišką.Vilniuje gyvenanti Giedrė Radzevičiūtė išsaugojo šimtametę senelių sodybą atokiame Šimaičių kaime Ukmergės rajone. Jau šešiolikti metai protėvių žemėse moteris pati augina daugybę vaistinių augalų, renka juos apylinkėse, kuria arbatas, rengia edukacijas ir savo svečius kviečia kuo ilgiau būti gamtoje.Ved. Urtė Korsakovaitė

Last time we spoke about the fall of Guam and actions in New Guinea. General Shepherd's Marines had secured the Orote Peninsula, while General Turnage's Marines pushed the Japanese northwards. General Bruce's 77th Division prepared for an eastward assault, and engineers attempted, but failed, to build a supply road to Yona. Geiger's offensive began on July 31, with Marines quickly capturing Agaña and advancing despite dense jungle and resistance. The 77th Division faced tough terrain but liberated 2,000 Guamanians. The push north continued, facing logistical challenges and mined roads. By August 7th, coordinated attacks cleared key areas, culminating in the defeat of remaining Japanese forces by August 11. Guam was back in American hands although scattered Japanese forces continued guerrilla warfare until the war's conclusion. Thus the Marianas campaign had finally come to a conclusion, and now the allies were adding more bass of operation to hit the Japanese home islands.  This episode is the Fall of Myitkyina Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  This week we are diving back over to the northern Burma front. Despite holding Myitkyina through a rainy, muddy summer-long siege, by late July, the Japanese had been gradually cornered into a small perimeter, cut off from all supply lines and running short on ammunition. The situation worsened due to a leadership crisis, between the two Japanese leaders was a matter of semantics. Colonel Maruyama of the 114th Regiment who was in charge of the defense of the city, interpreted his orders to “facilitate the future operations of 33rd Army ‘by securing the vital areas in the vicinity of Myitkyina',” as a call to defend the city street-by-street, house-by-house. When General Minakami of the 56th Division arrived, he pointed out that all Maruyama had to do to satisfy his orders was simply to continue to deny the Allies access to the Ledo-Kamaing road. Minakami thus found himself in a rather difficult position in regard to the command of the Myitkyina Garrison. Maruyama had conducted an excellent defense, was fully familiar with the situation and, because of his position as former commander, exercised considerable authority. Shortly after Minakami's assumption of command, General Honda asked how long Myitkyina could stand. Minakami replied that the garrison might be able to hold out for as long as two months. A few days later, Honda was surprised to receive a second message stating, "The Myitkyina Garrison finds it difficult to hold with the poor defense facilities and meager supplies of ammunition." The Army staff concluded that the first message was undoubtedly Minakami's personal opinion as it reflected his determined character and that the second message incorporated the views of Maruyama who was more cognizant of the actual situation. In order that there should be no doubt as to the importance of holding Myitkyina, Honda sent the following message, "Maj. Gen. Minakami will defend Myitkyina to the death” — a message sent with deep regret and sadness according to the staff officers who wrote and dispatched the order. Heavy casualties had reduced the Japanese forces from around 3,000 to fewer than 1,500, further weakening the garrison's defensive capabilities. This number included the heavily wounded and hospital patients, who could only be evacuated by drifting down the Irrawaddy River on rafts, often intercepted by the unforgiving Kachin Levies. On July 24, eight rafts and a boat laden with Japanese were attacked on the Irrawaddy by Kachins of the OSS Detachment 101. Twenty-four Japanese were killed, two captured, and then it was learned these were hospital patients fleeing Myitkyina. Three more Japanese seized by friendly Burmans revealed that hospital patients were being evacuated by the simple expedient of letting them drift down the river on rafts. As these fierce defenders began to falter, General Wessels felt ready to launch his final push. Reinforced by the 149th and 90th Regiments, the American-Chinese forces made daily gains of several hundred yards during the last days of July, though at a significant cost. As the Japanese-held area shrank, counterattacks became less dynamic, captured positions were less fortified, and many Japanese dead were found to be severely wounded men returned to the line. Unbeknownst to the Americans, the desperate defenders had requested a withdrawal to the east by the end of the month. Though Minakami had intended to fight to the last, he ultimately agreed to preserve his men's lives. On the night of August 1, the Japanese began their escape, crossing the Irrawaddy east of the town. Weighing the many evidences that control of the situation was rapidly passing into their hands, Wessels and his colleagues drafted a new plan of attack. It included an ingenious device, credited to General Pan Yu-kun of the 50th Division. A raiding party, formed into fifteen heavily armed sections, was organized and briefed on infiltrating Japanese lines facing the 50th Division. Having made its way through the Japanese lines in darkness, it was to remain hidden until 0430 when the 50th would assault while the raiders spread confusion behind the Japanese lines. Meanwhile, air reconnaissance revealed many rafts moored against the Irrawaddy within the Japanese lines. "At 0300 hours (3 August), when the moon went down and rain and thunder set in, the raiding party of the 50th Division moved out. The approach was detected only once and some shots were fired at the raiders, who hit the ground. The Chinese did not return fire however, and after laying low for a while, moved out again quietly and cautiously." While the raiders created confusion behind Japanese lines, the 50th Division launched a full attack, quickly overwhelming the remaining enemy positions and capturing 187 prisoners, thus securing Myitkyina for the Chinese. However, about 800 Japanese managed to escape eastward and later rejoined their allies. Minakami was not among them. As the 3rd of August meandered on in a haze of gunfire, blood and rain, Minakami went to sit with his back against a tree. There came the sound of a pistol shot. Japanese officers nearby sprinted to the scene. The general's orderly was in tears. They found Minakami's body erect against the tree trunk, facing northeast, towards Japan. The ten-week siege resulted in approximately 3,000 Japanese killed or captured; 972 Chinese killed, 3,184 wounded, and 188 evacuated due to illness; and 272 Americans killed, 955 wounded, and 980 evacuated sick. Overall, the total American-Chinese casualties in 1944 amounted to 13,618 Chinese and 1,327 American casualties. A week later, the Galahad Unit, reduced to only 130 combat-effective men from the original 2,997, was disbanded. The fall of Myitkyina was General Stilwell's greatest victory, earning him a promotion to full general on August 1, two days before the city fell. The attack was costly in terms of suffering and losses, but the Mogaung-Myitkyina area was a significant prize. It allowed Ledo Road builders and American transport planes to move to Myitkyina and enabled ground forces to link up with other Chinese forces in neighboring Yunnan. As the fighting moved further south down the Hukawng and Mogaung valleys, it became safer for transports to use the lower, more southerly routes to China. This, in turn, increased Hump deliveries to China from 13,686 tons in May to 18,235 tons in June and 25,454 tons in July.  While the Allies celebrated victories in northern Burma, the situation in China was dire as the Ichi-Go offensive resulted in many Chinese casualties. By August 1, General Yokoyama had amassed 110,000 troops around Hengyang, equipped with five heavy artillery pieces, fifty mountain artillery pieces, and 40,000 shells. Conversely, General Fang's resilient defenders had dwindled to 3,000 exhausted troops, with their defenses largely destroyed. General Xue Yue's reinforcements had failed to reach Hengyang, leaving the Chinese forces to rely on the 46th Army to launch an attack along the railway. On August 4, Yokoyama initiated his main offensive. The 68th and 116th Divisions launched a significant assault from the south and southwest, while the 58th Division quietly positioned itself near the enemy's northern defenses. Initially, progress was slow. However, by August 5, Yokoyama's forces had captured Yoping and School Hill. The next day, the 116th Division secured part of the city's defenses. On August 6, the 58th Division breached the city walls from the north, forcing Fang to redeploy troops to counter this new threat. Intense street fighting broke out on August 7 as the defenders valiantly tried to repel the Japanese attacks. By nightfall, the 68th Division had overrun the southern defenses and entered part of the Walled City. Gradually, enemy troops began to surrender, and before dawn on August 8, after 48 days of fierce resistance, Fang was compelled to surrender. Following the capture of Hengyang, Yokoyama declared the successful completion of the initial phase of Operation Togo and promptly began preparations for the subsequent offensive. In this phase, the Japanese reported casualties of over 3860 killed, 8327 wounded, and 7099 sick, with an estimated Chinese casualty count exceeding 100,000, including 8400 killed and 5000 captured in Hengyang alone. To spearhead the next stage of Operation Togo targeting Guilin and Liuzhou, General Okamura Yasuji's 6th Area Army was established on August 25, comprising the 11th, 23rd, and 34th Armies, along with the 27th, 40th, 64th, and 68th Divisions, alongside additional support units. This allowed General Hata to focus on countering potential American landings on the Chinese coast while Okamura directed the offensives in eastern China. Ahead of this operation, Lieutenant-General Tanaka Hisakazu of the 23rd Army initiated a preliminary offensive in late June, positioning the 23rd Independent Mixed Brigade in the northeastern sector of the Luichow Peninsula, advancing the 22nd Independent Mixed Brigade to the Tanjiang River, securing the Jiangmen area with the 22nd Division, and capturing the Qingyuan sector with the 104th Division. By late August, Yokoyama had deployed six divisions along the Shuangfeng-Leiyang line, poised to eliminate the enemy in the district west of Hengyang. On August 29, he launched the offensive, with over 100,000 troops advancing southwest amidst heavy artillery bombardment. Intense ground and aerial combat ensued, resulting in the loss of 10 Japanese planes and 15 enemy aircraft. Despite fierce resistance from Chinese defenders over three days, their entire line collapsed on September 1, prompting a retreat towards Shaoyang, Qiyang, and Jiahe. However, the Japanese advanced relentlessly, covering nearly 100 kilometers in the following days without pause. By September 5, both Qiyang and Huochangpingzhen had fallen, followed by the seizure of Lingling Airdrome on September 8 by the 3rd Division. Progressing along a north-south axis, Japanese forces secured Shaoyang and Changning, while the 58th Division captured Dongan on the same day. With initial objectives achieved, Yokoyama ordered further pursuit, with the 3rd and 54th Divisions converging in the Quanzhou area by September 14. Meanwhile, Tanaka prepared for his offensive, with the bulk of the 104th Division moving towards Taipingzhen, and a raiding unit conducting a wide envelopment maneuver along the Zhukeng-Huaiji road towards Wuzhou by September 6. Subsequently, the 23rd Brigade began its northward march from Suixi. However, Tanaka's offensive wouldn't commence for a couple of weeks. Turning to the broader context of the Pacific War, General Stilwell celebrated a major victory with the fall of Myitkyina, while General Slim's successful defense against Operation U-Go further bolstered Allied morale in the CBI Theater. In Thailand, Prime Minister Phibun's regime faced a significant crisis as Japan struggled to meet the country's essential import needs, leading to inflation, rationing, shortages, black markets, smuggling, corruption, and profiteering. The anti-Japanese Free Thai underground movement, spearheaded by Regent Pridi Banomyong, infiltrated the government, stoking public discontent against both the Japanese occupiers and Phibun's administration. As a result, following the downfall of the Tojo government, Phibun found himself compelled to step down in late July. For his part, Phibun also was thinking of ways, he claims, to prepare to turn against the Japanese. Part of these preparations included proposals to move the capital to remote Phetchabun, north of Bangkok, and construct a “Buddhist City,” a sort of center for world Buddhism, near Saraburi—both grandiose projects in typically extravagant Phibun style. Moving to the isolated, mountain-ringed Phetchabun, Phibun later argued, would facilitate a Thai uprising against the Japanese. Yet on July 18, the Tojo government in Japan resigned, and only six days later the Thai National Assembly turned down both government bills and forced the resignation of Phibun as prime minister. The deputies in the assembly voted against these plans motivated in part by the fall of Tojo, who was closely associated in their minds with Phibun, in part by their feeling that the war was turning against Japan, and in part by their feeling that Phibun was too closely identified with an authoritarian past that must now be buried for the sake of improving relations with the Allies.  Politician Khuang Aphaiwong then assumed his position as Prime Minister on August 1. Serving as a compromise candidate, he navigated between Phibun's supporters and the opposition while maintaining cooperation with the Japanese and safeguarding Free Thai members who had collaborated with the Allies. Meanwhile, in China, the success of Operation Ichi-Go led to another leadership crisis. Despite the initial rejection of Stilwell commanding troops in China in 1942, the effective Japanese offensive posed a threat of defeat to the Chinese Government, reigniting the debate over command authority. This was especially significant as Chinese troops under Stilwell's command were achieving significant victories in northern Burma. However, Stilwell's vocal criticism of Chiang Kai-Shek's corrupt regime and incompetent generals strained their relationship. Chiang favored General Chennault, who proposed that with a monthly allocation of 10,000 tons for operations in northern China, his 14th Air Force could halt the Japanese offensive. Despite his strained relationship with Chennault, Stilwell redirected Hump allocations to increase the 14th Air Force's allocation to 8,425 tons, although he couldn't secure an additional 1,500 tons from the Matterhorn allocation. Chennault's aircraft managed to disrupt the Japanese advance, but failed to halt it completely. In late June, Stilwell faced criticism when Vice-President Henry Wallace visited Chongqing. While Wallace persuaded Chiang to allow a small American observer mission into Communist territory, he also recommended Stilwell's recall due to his perceived lack of diplomacy and strained relations with the Chinese leadership. Nonetheless, Stilwell maintained the backing of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and President Roosevelt eventually nominated him to lead the China Theater, on the condition that he make every effort to avoid upsetting the Generalissimo. In July, the President attempted to persuade Chiang to accept this arrangement, but the Generalissimo employed various diplomatic maneuvers to reject the proposal, agreeing "in principle" only after an unspecified period for his forces to adjust. He also requested the presence of a presidential representative to facilitate smooth relations between himself and Stilwell. Major-General Patrick Hurley was appointed to this role and arrived in China in August. Concurrently, the Dixie Mission arrived in Yan'an, where over the following months, American observers assessed Communist society, military tactics, and guerrilla operations, issuing reports that commended them and suggested increased collaboration. Following the fall of Hengyang, tensions escalated in China, with rumors swirling about potential coup plans involving Marshall Li Zhongren and General Xue Yue against the Generalissimo. Meanwhile, Chennault urged Stilwell to divert Hump airlift capacity to supply ground forces in eastern China, a move opposed by Chiang, who feared supporting potential insurgents with lend-lease equipment. Stilwell, anticipating his imminent assumption of leadership in the China Theater, refrained from challenging Chiang's stance. With significant developments looming, the intensifying rift between Stilwell and Chiang foreshadowed the downfall of one of them. Elsewhere in the South Pacific, General MacArthur's troops had finished their final offensive in New Guinea and were preparing to return to the Philippines by way of an intermediate stop at Halmahera Island. To the east, Rabaul was completely surrounded, enduring heavy bombardment from Allied air forces. Meanwhile, on Bougainville, the remaining forces of the 17th Army had retreated to the island's southern region, unable to launch further counterattacks. The living conditions of the Japanese soldiers, never good under the best of circumstances, became increasingly desperate. Added to the dangers that forward troops always faced, such as contact with large American combat patrols, was the growing specter of starvation. Sealed off from regular supplies from New Ireland or New Britain, General Hyakutake's army had to depend entirely on its own laborers to acquire food. The normal rice ration of 750 grams of rice for each soldier was cut in April 1944 to 250 grams, and beginning in September there was no rice ration. A large portion of the available army and naval personnel had to be put to work growing food. Allied pilots took delight in dropping napalm on these garden plots whenever possible. The native workers who had been impressed into service were the first to defect, but soon many soldiers also just walked away from their units, taking the chance of surviving in the jungle on what could be gathered. After the failure of the March attack, morale in most units became deplorably low. There were instances, normally unimagined in the Japanese army, of open insubordination and even mutiny. Although General Hyakutake dreamed of a midsummer offensive, it became obvious that no operations as large as that smashed in March could be undertaken for months, if ever. Thus, almost as if by agreement, both sides adopted a defensive posture that minimized the conflict in the no-man's-land between them. In the Central Pacific, significant progress had been made over the past year, marked by the complete capture of the Gilbert, Marshall, and Mariana Islands, strengthening the Allied presence and providing a launching point for future offensives into the heart of the Japanese Empire. The next target for Admiral Nimitz was the Palaus, to be invaded concurrently with Halmahera. However, the architect of this southwestern advance was not Admiral Spruance, who had been overseeing operations with the 5th Fleet. Instead, it was Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet, known as the "Department of Dirty Tricks," that had been strategizing the next moves from Hawaii. Now, Admiral Halsey was set to assume command of the Pacific Fleet, leading the charge to the Palaus and the Philippines. This rotation in leadership between Halsey's 3rd Fleet and Spruance's 5th Fleet was orchestrated by Nimitz to maintain operational tempo and confuse the Japanese. The alternating command structure allowed for continuous planning of future operations while the active fleet conducted current ones. However, Tokyo was apprehensive about a potential invasion of the Philippines and sought to bolster its defenses. Following the surrender of the US Army Forces in the Philippines, the 14th Army, led by Lieutenant-General Tanaka Shizuichi, worked to establish military administration, secure cooperation from civilian institutions, and quell guerrilla groups across the countryside. Despite their endeavors, their control over certain regions, particularly in the Visayas and Mindanao, remained fragile. Allied submarines and aircraft from Australia and New Guinea also delivered supplies like signal equipment, weapons, explosives, propaganda materials, and counterfeit currency to support the guerrilla forces, further impeding Japanese efforts. Additionally, with the deteriorating situation in the South and Central Pacific, more troops were redirected from the Philippines' garrison to other areas, weakening the 14th Army, now commanded by Lieutenant-General Kuroda Shigenori since May 19, 1943. Undermanned and stretched thin, the Japanese halted their suppression operations in August, hoping that the imminent declaration of independence by the Second Philippine Republic would lead guerrillas to surrender. However, this strategy backfired, as the guerrillas only grew stronger during the pause. Consequently, Kuroda restarted intensive suppression operations in 1944, but guerrilla activities escalated in anticipation of the imminent liberation by American forces. As a result, the guerrillas gained strength in the following months, providing valuable intelligence to MacArthur's forces in preparation for their eventual return. Given this context, it was evident that the 14th Army would be ill-equipped to withstand an American invasion under the current circumstances. Due to its crucial strategic location bridging Japan and the southern region rich in natural resources, Japan couldn't risk losing the Philippines. It served as their primary rear base supporting the main defense perimeter. The Philippines were also to play the role of a rear base of operations–an assembly and staging area for troops and supplies and a concentration area for air reserves, to support operations at any threatened point on the main defense perimeter from the Marianas south to Western New Guinea and the Banda Sea area. To implement these plans, IGHQ in October 1943 directed the 14th Army to complete the establishment of the necessary base facilities by the spring of 1944. Major emphasis in this program was laid upon the construction of air bases. The Army alone planned to build or improve 30 fields in addition to 13 already in operational use or partially completed. The Navy projected 21 fields and seaplane bases to be ready for operational use by the end of 1944, expanding its total number of Philippine bases to 33. Line of communications and other rear­ area base installations were also to be expanded and improved. Of the 30 Army airfields projected in October 1943, six had been generally completed by May 1944, and 24 under construction. Of the 21 projected Navy fields, 15 were still incomplete by then. Consequently, in early 1944, the decision was made to strengthen the garrison in the Philippines. Initially, this involved reorganizing and expanding existing garrison units to establish four new independent mixed brigades. These brigades were primarily tasked with suppressing guerrilla activity, while infantry divisions were assigned to defend against potential enemy landings. However, despite the estimation that at least seven divisions were necessary for the defense of Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao, only the 16th Division was available. Additionally, it was deemed crucial to bolster air strength with at least two air divisions, anticipating Allied invasions in Halmahera and Palau before advancing to the Philippines. Plans were formulated in March to deploy reinforcements within eight months. In mid-May, General Terauchi relocated his headquarters to Manila to oversee operations more closely. Concurrently, efforts were made to transport the 30th Division to Mindanao and bring the 4th Air Army to Manila. Furthermore, the Philippines were reinforced with the 2nd and 4th Air Divisions, the latter being tasked with constructing 30 new airfields. In June, approximately 20,000 inexperienced replacements were transported to the Philippines to bolster the recently-formed independent mixed brigades, filling them up to division strength. Subsequently, in July, the 100th, 102nd, 103rd, and 105th Divisions were activated, along with the establishment of the 54th and 55th Independent Mixed Brigades. It's ironic that despite this reinforcement, the main Japanese forces were as inexperienced as the Philippine Army during MacArthur's defense. Nonetheless, Terauchi was resolute in further fortifying the Philippines to prevent its fall, unlike MacArthur's situation. By mid-July, the reinforced 58th Independent Mixed Brigade arrived at Lingayen. Later that month, the 14th Army underwent reorganization into the 14th Area Army, with units directly under its command tasked with defending the northern Philippines. Meanwhile, the 35th Army, led by Lieutenant-General Suzuki Sosaki, was established under the 14th Area Army to defend Mindanao and the Visayas. Additionally, Tokyo finalized plans for decisive battle operations, codenamed Sho-Go, covering the Philippines-Formosa-Ryukyus-Japan-Kuriles area. This determined the disposition of Army and Navy air forces across the Pacific, with the Philippines receiving the reorganized 1st and 2nd Air Fleets and the 4th Air Army. The Philippine garrison was strengthened to a total of nine divisions and four brigades, with the 1st Division at Shanghai and the 68th Independent Brigade at Formosa designated as general reserves. Defenses and fortifications were constructed at Luzon in preparation for the decisive battle there.  Known as the Combined Fleet Top Secret Operations Order No. 84,  issued on 1 August, this fixed the new tactical grouping of naval forces for the Sho-Go Operations. Almost the entire surface combat strength of the Fleet was included in a Task Force placed under the overall command of the First Mobile Fleet Commander, Vice­Adm. Ozawa Jisaburo. This force was broken down into three tactical groups: (1) the Task Force Main Body, directly commanded by Vice­Adm. Ozawa and consisting of most of the Third Fleet (carrier forces): (2) the First Striking Force, commanded by Vice Adm. Kurita Takeo and made up of the Second Fleet with part of the 10th Destroyer Squadron attached: (3) the Second Striking Force, commanded by Vice Adm. Shima Kiyohide and composed of the Fifth Fleet plus two destroyer divisions and the battleships Fuso and Yamashiro. The First Striking Force would be stationed at Lingga Anchorage, while the Task Force Main Body and the Second Striking Force would be stationed in the western part of the Inland Sea. However, if an enemy attack was expected, the First Striking Force would advance from Lingga Anchorage to Brunei, Coron or Guimaras while the Task Force Main Body and the Second Striking Force remained in the Inland Sea and prepared to attack the north flank of the enemy task force. During August, the Navy Section of Imperial General Headquarters also took action to give the Combined Fleet more unified operational control of naval forces in order to facilitate the execution of the Sho-Go plans. On 9 August the General Escort Command and units assigned to naval stations were placed under operational command of the Combined Fleet, and on 21 August the China Area Fleet was similarly placed under Combined Fleet command. On 10 August the 1st Carrier Division, reorganized around two newly-commissioned regular carriers, was added to the Task Force Main Body. Vice Adm. Ozawa, Task Force Commander, meanwhile set 15 October as the target date for completion of the reorganization and training of the 3d and 4th Carrier Division air groups. Concurrently with these preparations, steps were taken to strengthen the antiaircraft armament of combat units. Accordingly, the Japanese sought to deploy the 8th and 26th Divisions, the 2nd Tank Division, and the 61st Independent Mixed Brigade to the Luzon region for a decisive battle. However, enemy submarines posed a constant threat. Since February, they had been patrolling the South China Sea, targeting the Hi Convoys supplying Japanese territories in Southeast Asia and Japan itself. During these engagements, Admiral Ijuin was killed aboard the patrol boat Iki. Between August 18 and 25, Admiral Kajioka's Hi-71 convoy, carrying the 26th Division, was attacked by six American submarines. The escort carrier Taiyo, destroyers Yunagi and Asakaze, two oilers, four transports, and three kaibokans were sunk, with 7420 soldiers of the 26th Division lost. The submarine Harder was the only American vessel sunk in retaliation. Kajioka's Hi-72 convoy, returning from Luzon, was also attacked, resulting in the sinking of his flagship, the kaibokan Hirato, and the loss of the destroyer Shikinami, three transports, and one oiler. Despite these setbacks, advance units of the 8th Division, 2nd Tank Division, and 61st Independent Mixed Brigade successfully reached the Philippines in September. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. After months the siege of Myitkyina had finally ended. The Japanese had held out as long as they could, but lack of supplies and rather terrible leadership lost them the fight. Meanwhile, in China, Japanese offensives intensified, challenging Chinese defenses and leadership. It seemed war was coming to the Philippines, where the Japanese prepared to fight to the death.