Podcasts about Chamberlain

PRVIEW FOR LATER: Historian Paul Thomas Chamberlain discusses his book *Scorched Earth*, focusing on World War II's imperial dynamics. He emphasizes the Soviet Union's massive role, incurring 80% of European Allied casualties. (1)1944 NORMANDY

9. Professor Paul Thomas Chamberlainof Columbia University recounts the November 1941 White House meetingswhere U.S. leaders prepared for an imminent, yet poorly understood, Japaneseattack. He explains that military planners initially focused on the Philippines and discounted a strike on Pearl Harborbecause they underestimated the lethality of aircraft carriers. Chamberlain highlights that this era marked the transition from traditional battleship-centric warfare to the carrier-dominated strategies that would define the Pacific theater. (9)1942 MERCHANT MARINE

10. Professor Paul Thomas Chamberlain identifies November 1942as the critical turning point of World War II, marked by the simultaneous battles of Stalingrad, Guadalcanal, and North Africa. These events signaled the rise of superpowers—continent-spanning states with massive industrial bases—that began to eclipse the old European colonial empires. By this point, the expansion of the Germanand Japanese empires had been halted, shifting the global power structure toward the United States and the Soviet Union. (10)1942 WINSTON AND REGIMENT

11. Professor Paul Thomas Chamberlain describes the Casablanca and Tehran conferences, where Allied leaders grappled with the realization that the Soviet Union would emerge as a dominant European power. He highlights Roosevelt's anti-colonial vision, which sought to replace imperial systems with a liberal capitalist order based on free trade and self-determination. Roosevelt's outreach to Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo reflected his recognition of China as a future pillar of this new international framework, often managed in private and out of earshot of Winston Churchill. (11)1942 STALINGRAD

12. Professor Paul Thomas Chamberlain details Allied contingency plans like Operation Rank, designed to rush airborne troops into Berlin to prevent the Red Army from occupying all of Europe if Germany collapsed suddenly. He explains that by 1944, Churchill was deeply concerned about Soviet dominance and sought to redirect Western forces into the Balkans or Mediterranean to protect Britishinterests. Despite these internal tensions, the U.S. demonstrated unprecedented superpower capability by launching simultaneous major offensives across both the Pacific and Europe. (12)1942 TORCH AT CASABLANCA

New Centurion Running coach Jack Chamberlain talks to our Head of Endurance Robbie Britton about the importance of having a good, honest relationship with your coach and his journey into the sport of trail running and winning races like the Mozart 100 in Austria.

Last time we spoke about the end of the battle of khalkin gol. In the summer of 1939, the Nomonhan Incident escalated into a major border conflict between Soviet-Mongolian forces and Japan's Kwantung Army along the Halha River. Despite Japanese successes in July, Zhukov launched a decisive offensive on August 20. Under cover of darkness, Soviet troops crossed the river, unleashing over 200 bombers and intense artillery barrages that devastated Japanese positions. Zhukov's northern, central, and southern forces encircled General Komatsubara's 23rd Division, supported by Manchukuoan units. Fierce fighting ensued: the southern flank collapsed under Colonel Potapov's armor, while the northern Fui Heights held briefly before falling to relentless assaults, including flame-throwing tanks. Failed Japanese counterattacks on August 24 resulted in heavy losses, with regiments shattered by superior Soviet firepower and tactics. By August 25, encircled pockets were systematically eliminated, leading to the annihilation of the Japanese 6th Army. The defeat, coinciding with the Hitler-Stalin Pact, forced Japan to negotiate a ceasefire on September 15-16, redrawing borders. Zhukov's victory exposed Japanese weaknesses in mechanized warfare, influencing future strategies and deterring further northern expansion.   #192 The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Despite the fact this technically will go into future events, I thought it was important we talk about a key moment in Sino history. Even though the battle of changkufeng and khalkin gol were not part of the second sino-Japanese war, their outcomes certainly would affect it.  Policymaking by the Soviet Union alone was not the primary factor in ending Moscow's diplomatic isolation in the late 1930s. After the Munich Conference signaled the failure of the popular front/united front approach, Neville Chamberlain, Adolf Hitler, and Poland's Józef Beck unintentionally strengthened Joseph Stalin's position in early 1939. Once the strategic cards were in his hands, Stalin capitalized on them. His handling of negotiations with Britain and France, as well as with Germany, from April to August was deft and effective. The spring and summer negotiations among the European powers are well documented and have been examined from many angles. In May 1939, while Stalin seemed to have the upper hand in Europe, yet before Hitler had signaled that a German–Soviet agreement might be possible, the Nomonhan incident erupted, a conflict initiated and escalated by the Kwantung Army. For a few months, the prospect of a Soviet–Japanese war revived concerns in Moscow about a two-front conflict. Reviewing Soviet talks with Britain, France, and Germany in the spring and summer of 1939 from an East Asian perspective sheds fresh light on the events that led to the German–Soviet Nonaggression Pact and, more broadly, to the outbreak of World War II. The second week of May marked the start of fighting at Nomonhan, during which negotiations between Germany and the USSR barely advanced beyond mutual scrutiny. Moscow signaled that an understanding with Nazi Germany might be possible. Notably, on May 4, the removal of Maksim Litvinov as foreign commissar and his replacement by Vyacheslav Molotov suggested a shift in approach. Litvinov, an urbane diplomat of Jewish origin and married to an Englishwoman, had been the leading Soviet proponent of the united-front policy and a steadfast critic of Nazi Germany. If a settlement with Hitler was sought, Litvinov was an unsuitable figure to lead the effort. Molotov, though with limited international experience, carried weight as chairman of the Council of Ministers and, more importantly, as one of Stalin's closest lieutenants. This personnel change seemed to accomplish its aim in Berlin, where the press was instructed on May 5 to halt polemical attacks on the Soviet Union and Bolshevism. On the same day, Karl Schnurre, head of the German Foreign Ministry's East European trade section, told Soviet chargé d'affaires Georgi Astakhov that Skoda, the German-controlled Czech arms manufacturer, would honor existing arms contracts with Russia. Astakhov asked whether, with Litvinov's departure, Germany might resume negotiations for a trade treaty Berlin had halted months earlier. By May 17, during discussions with Schnurre, Astakhov asserted that "there were no conflicts in foreign policy between Germany and the Soviet Union and that there was no reason for enmity between the two countries," and that Britain and France's negotiations appeared unpromising. The next day, Ribbentrop personally instructed Schulenburg to green-light trade talks. Molotov, however, insisted that a "political basis" for economic negotiations had to be established first. Suspicion remained high on both sides. Stalin feared Berlin might use reports of German–Soviet talks to destabilize a potential triple alliance with Britain and France; Hitler feared Stalin might use such reports to entice Tokyo away from an anti-German pact. The attempt to form a tripartite military alliance among Germany, Italy, and Japan foundered over divergent aims: Berlin targeted Britain and France; Tokyo aimed at the Soviet Union. Yet talks persisted through August 1939, with Japanese efforts to draw Germany into an anti-Soviet alignment continually reported to Moscow by Richard Sorge. Hitler and Mussolini, frustrated by Japanese objections, first concluded the bilateral Pact of Steel on May 22. The next day, Hitler, addressing his generals, stressed the inevitability of war with Poland and warned that opposition from Britain would be crushed militarily. He then hinted that Russia might "prove disinterested in the destruction of Poland," suggesting closer ties with Japan if Moscow opposed Germany. The exchange was quickly leaked to the press. Five days later, the first pitched battle of the Nomonhan campaign began. Although Hitler's timing with the Yamagata detachment's foray was coincidental, Moscow may have found the coincidence ominous. Despite the inducement of Molotov's call for a political basis before economic talks, Hitler and Ribbentrop did not immediately respond. On June 14, Astakhov signaled to Parvan Draganov, Bulgaria's ambassador in Berlin, that the USSR faced three options: ally with Britain and France, continue inconclusive talks with them, or align with Germany, the latter being closest to Soviet desires. Draganov relayed to the German Foreign Ministry that Moscow preferred a non-aggression agreement if Germany would pledge not to attack the Soviet Union. Two days later, Schulenburg told Astakhov that Germany recognized the link between economic and political relations and was prepared for far-reaching talks, a view echoed by Ribbentrop. The situation remained tangled: the Soviets pursued overt talks with Britain and France, while Stalin sought to maximize Soviet leverage. Chamberlain's stance toward Moscow remained wary but recognized a "psychological value" to an Anglo–Soviet rapprochement, tempered by his insistence on a hard bargain. American ambassador William C. Bullitt urged London to avoid the appearance of pursuing the Soviets, a view that resonated with Chamberlain's own distrust. Public confidence in a real Anglo–Soviet alliance remained low. By July 19, cabinet minutes show Chamberlain could not quite believe a genuine Russia–Germany alliance was possible, though he recognized the necessity of negotiations with Moscow to deter Hitler and to mollify an increasingly skeptical British public. Despite reservations, both sides kept the talks alive. Stalin's own bargaining style, with swift Soviet replies but frequent questions and demands, often produced delays. Molotov pressed on questions such as whether Britain and France would pledge to defend the Baltic states, intervene if Japan attacked the USSR, or join in opposing Germany if Hitler pressured Poland or Romania. These considerations were not trivial; they produced extended deliberations. On July 23, Molotov demanded that plans for coordinated military action among the three powers be fleshed out before a political pact. Britain and France accepted most political terms, and an Anglo-French military mission arrived in Moscow on August 11. The British commander, Admiral Sir Reginald Plunket-Ernle-Erle-Drax, conducted staff talks but could not conclude a military agreement. The French counterpart, General Joseph Doumenc, could sign but not bind his government. By then, Hitler had set August 26 as the date for war with Poland. With that looming, Hitler pressed for Soviet neutrality, or closer cooperation. In July and August, secret German–Soviet negotiations favored the Germans, who pressed for a rapid settlement and made most concessions. Yet Stalin benefited from keeping the British and French engaged, creating leverage against Hitler and safeguarding a potential Anglo–Soviet option as a fallback. To lengthen the talks and avoid immediate resolution, Moscow emphasized the Polish issue. Voroshilov demanded the Red Army be allowed to operate through Polish territory to defend Poland, a demand Warsaw would never accept. Moscow even floated a provocative plan: if Britain and France could compel Poland to permit Baltic State naval operations, the Western fleets would occupy Baltic ports, an idea that would have been militarily perilous and diplomatically explosive. Despite this, Stalin sought an agreement with Germany. Through Richard Sorge's intelligence, Moscow knew Tokyo aimed to avoid large-scale war with the USSR, and Moscow pressed for a German–Soviet settlement, including a nonaggression pact and measures to influence Japan to ease Sino–Japanese tensions. On August 16, Ribbentrop instructed Schulenburg to urge Molotov and Stalin toward a nonaggression pact and to coordinate with Japan. Stalin signaled willingness, and August 23–24 saw the drafting of the pact and the collapse of the Soviet and Japanese resistance elsewhere. That night, in a memorandum of Ribbentrop's staff, seven topics were summarized, with Soviet–Japanese relations and Molotov's insistence that Berlin demonstrate good faith standing out. Ribbentrop reiterated his willingness to influence Japan for a more favorable Soviet–Japanese relationship, and Stalin's reply indicated a path toward a détente in the East alongside the European agreement: "M. Stalin replied that the Soviet Union indeed desired an improvement in its relations with Japan, but that there were limits to its patience with regard to Japanese provocations. If Japan desired war she could have it. The Soviet Union was not afraid of it and was prepared for it. If Japan desired peace—so much the better! M. Stalin considered the assistance of Germany in bringing about an improvement in Soviet-Japanese relations as useful, but he did not want the Japanese to get the impression that the initiative in this direction had been taken by the Soviet Union."  Second, the assertion that the Soviet Union was prepared for and unafraid of war with Japan is an overstatement, though Stalin certainly had grounds for optimism regarding the battlefield situation and the broader East Asian strategic balance. It is notable that, despite the USSR's immediate diplomatic and military gains against Japan, Stalin remained anxious to conceal from Tokyo any peace initiative that originated in Moscow. That stance suggests that Tokyo or Hsinking might read such openness as a sign of Soviet weakness or confidence overextended. The Japanese danger, it would seem, did not disappear from Stalin's mind. Even at the height of his diplomatic coup, Stalin was determined not to burn bridges prematurely. On August 21, while he urged Hitler to send Ribbentrop to Moscow, he did not sever talks with Britain and France. Voroshilov requested a temporary postponement on the grounds that Soviet delegation officers were needed for autumn maneuvers. It was not until August 25, after Britain reiterated its resolve to stand by Poland despite the German–Soviet pact, that Stalin sent the Anglo–French military mission home. Fortified by the nonaggression pact, which he hoped would deter Britain and France from action, Hitler unleashed his army on Poland on September 1. Two days later, as Zhukov's First Army Group was completing its operations at Nomonhan, Hitler faced a setback when Britain and France declared war. Hitler had hoped to finish Poland quickly in 1939 and avoid fighting Britain and France until 1940. World War II in Europe had begun. The Soviet–Japanese conflict at Nomonhan was not the sole, nor even the principal, factor prompting Stalin to conclude an alliance with Hitler. Standing aside from a European war that could fracture the major capitalist powers might have been reason enough. Yet the conflict with Japan in the East was also a factor in Stalin's calculations, a dimension that has received relatively little attention in standard accounts of the outbreak of the war. This East Asian focus seeks to clarify the record without proposing a revolutionary reinterpretation of Soviet foreign policy; rather, it adds an important piece often overlooked in the "origins of the Second World War" puzzle, helping to reduce the overall confusion. The German–Soviet agreement provided for the Soviet occupation of the eastern half of Poland soon after Germany's invasion. On September 3, just forty-eight hours after the invasion and on the day Britain and France declared war, Ribbentrop urged Moscow to invade Poland from the east. Yet, for two more weeks, Poland's eastern frontier remained inviolate; Soviet divisions waited at the border, as most Polish forces were engaged against Germany. The German inquiries about the timing of the Soviet invasion continued, but the Red Army did not move. This inactivity is often attributed to Stalin's caution and suspicion, but that caution extended beyond Europe. Throughout early September, sporadic ground and air combat continued at Nomonhan, including significant activity by Kwantung Army forces on September 8–9, and large-scale air engagements on September 1–2, 4–5, and 14–15. Not until September 15 was the Molotov–Togo cease-fire arrangement finalized, to take effect on September 16. The very next morning, September 17, the Red Army crossed the Polish frontier into a country collapsed at its feet. It appears that Stalin wanted to ensure that fighting on his eastern flank had concluded before engaging in Western battles, avoiding a two-front war. Through such policies, Stalin avoided the disaster of a two-front war. Each principal in the 1939 diplomatic maneuvering pursued distinct objectives. The British sought an arrangement with the USSR that would deter Hitler from attacking Poland and, if deterred, bind Moscow to the Anglo–French alliance. Hitler sought an alliance with the USSR to deter Britain and France from aiding Poland and, if they did aid Poland, to secure Soviet neutrality. Japan sought a military alliance with Germany against the USSR, or failing that, stronger Anti-Comintern ties. Stalin aimed for an outcome in which Germany would fight the Western democracies, leaving him freedom to operate in both the West and East; failing that, he sought military reassurance from Britain and France in case he had to confront Germany. Of the four, only Stalin achieved his primary objective. Hitler secured his secondary objective; the British and Japanese failed to realize theirs. Stalin won the diplomatic contest in 1939. Yet, as diplomats gave way to generals, the display of German military power in Poland and in Western Europe soon eclipsed Stalin's diplomatic triumph. By playing Germany against Britain and France, Stalin gained leverage and a potential fallback, but at the cost of unleashing a devastating European war. As with the aftermath of the Portsmouth Treaty in 1905, Russo-Japanese relations improved rapidly after hostilities ceased at Nomonhan. The Molotov–Togo agreement of September 15 and the local truces arranged around Nomonhan on September 19 were observed scrupulously by both sides. On October 27, the two nations settled another long-standing dispute by agreeing to mutual release of fishing boats detained on charges of illegal fishing in each other's territorial waters. On November 6, the USSR appointed Konstantin Smetanin as ambassador to Tokyo, replacing the previous fourteen-month tenure of a chargé d'affaires. Smetanin's first meeting with the new Japanese foreign minister, Nomura Kichisaburö, in November 1939 attracted broad, favorable coverage in the Japanese press. In a break with routine diplomatic practice, Nomura delivered a draft proposal for a new fisheries agreement and a memo outlining the functioning of the joint border commission to be established in the Nomonhan area before Smetanin presented his credentials. On December 31, an agreement finalizing Manchukuo's payment to the USSR for the sale of the Chinese Eastern Railway was reached, and the Soviet–Japanese Fisheries Convention was renewed for 1940. In due course, the boundary near Nomonhan was formally redefined. A November 1939 agreement between Molotov and Togo established a mixed border commission representing the four parties to the dispute. After protracted negotiations, the border commission completed its redemarcation on June 14, 1941, with new border markers erected in August 1941. The resulting boundary largely followed the Soviet–MPR position, lying ten to twelve miles east of the Halha River. With that, the Nomonhan incident was officially closed.  Kwantung Army and Red Army leaders alike sought to "teach a lesson" to their foe at Nomonhan. The refrain recurs in documents and memoirs from both sides, "we must teach them a lesson." The incident provided lessons for both sides, but not all were well learned. For the Red Army, the lessons of Nomonhan intertwined with the laurels of victory, gratifying but sometimes distracting. Georgy Zhukov grasped the experience of modern warfare that summer, gaining more than a raised profile: command experience, confidence, and a set of hallmarks he would employ later. He demonstrated the ability to grasp complex strategic problems quickly, decisive crisis leadership, meticulous attention to logistics and deception, patience in building superior strength before striking at the enemy's weakest point, and the coordination of massed artillery, tanks, mechanized infantry, and tactical air power in large-scale double envelopment. These capabilities informed his actions at Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, and ultimately Berlin. It is tempting to wonder how Zhukov might have fared in the crucial autumn and winter of 1941 without Nomonhan, or whether he would have been entrusted with the Moscow front in 1941 had he not distinguished himself at Nomonhan. Yet the Soviet High Command overlooked an important lesson. Despite Zhukov's successes with independent tank formations and mechanized infantry, the command misapplied Spanish Civil War-era experience by disbanding armored divisions and redistributing tanks to infantry units to serve as support. It was not until after Germany demonstrated tank warfare in 1940 that the Soviets began reconstituting armored divisions and corps, a process still incomplete when the 1941 invasion began. The Red Army's performance at Nomonhan went largely unseen in the West. Western intelligence and military establishments largely believed the Red Army was fundamentally rotten, a view reinforced by the battlefield's remoteness and by both sides' reluctance to publicize the defeat. The Polish crisis and the outbreak of war in Europe drew attention away from Nomonhan, and the later Finnish Winter War reinforced negative Western judgments of Soviet military capability. U.S. military attaché Raymond Faymonville observed that the Soviets, anticipating a quick victory over Finland, relied on hastily summoned reserves ill-suited for winter fighting—an assessment that led some to judge the Red Army by its performance at Nomonhan. Even in Washington, this view persisted; Hitler reportedly called the Red Army "a paralytic on crutches" after Finland and then ordered invasion planning in 1941. Defeat can be a stronger teacher than victory. Because Nomonhan was a limited war, Japan's defeat was likewise limited, and its impact on Tokyo did not immediately recalibrate Japanese assessments. Yet Nomonhan did force Japan to revise its estimation of Soviet strength: the Imperial Army abandoned its strategic Plan Eight-B and adopted a more defensive posture toward the Soviet Union. An official inquiry into the debacle, submitted November 29, 1939, recognized Soviet superiority in materiel and firepower and urged Japan to bolster its own capabilities. The Kwantung Army's leadership, chastened, returned to the frontier with a more realistic sense of capability, even as the Army Ministry and AGS failed to translate lessons into policy. The enduring tendency toward gekokujo, the dominance of local and mid-level officers over central authority, remained persistent, and Tokyo did not fully purge it after Nomonhan. The Kwantung Army's operatives who helped drive the Nomonhan episode resurfaced in key posts at Imperial General Headquarters, contributing to Japan's 1941 decision to go to war. The defeat of the Kwantung Army at Nomonhan, together with the Stalin–Hitler pact and the outbreak of war in Europe, triggered a reorientation of Japanese strategy and foreign policy. The new government, led by the politically inexperienced and cautious General Abe Nobuyuki, pursued a conservative foreign policy. Chiang Kai-shek's retreat to Chongqing left the Chinese war at a stalemate: the Japanese Expeditionary Army could still inflict defeats on Chinese nationalist forces, but it had no viable path to a decisive victory. China remained Japan's principal focus. Still, the option of cutting Soviet aid to China and of moving north into Outer Mongolia and Siberia was discredited in Tokyo by the August 1939 double defeat. Northward expansion never again regained its ascendancy, though it briefly resurfaced in mid-1941 after Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. Germany's alliance with the USSR during Nomonhan was viewed by Tokyo as a betrayal, cooling German–Japanese relations. Japan also stepped back from its confrontation with Britain over Tientsin. Tokyo recognized that the European war represented a momentous development that could reshape East Asia, as World War I had reshaped it before. The short-lived Abe government (September–December 1939) and its successor under Admiral Yonai Mitsumasa (December 1939–July 1940) adopted a cautious wait-and-see attitude toward the European war. That stance shifted in the summer of 1940, however, after Germany's successes in the West. With Germany's conquest of France and the Low Countries and Britain's fight for survival, Tokyo reassessed the global balance of power. Less than a year after Zhukov had effectively blocked further Japanese expansion northward, Hitler's victories seemed to open a southern expansion path. The prospect of seizing the resource-rich colonies in Southeast Asia, Dutch, French, and British and, more importantly, resolving the China problem in Japan's favor, tempted many in Tokyo. If Western aid to Chiang Kai-shek, channeled through Hong Kong, French Indochina, and Burma could be cut off, some in Tokyo believed Chiang might abandon resistance. If not, Japan could launch new operations against Chiang from Indochina and Burma, effectively turning China's southern flank. To facilitate a southward advance, Japan sought closer alignment with Germany and the USSR. Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka brought Japan into the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, in the hope of neutralizing the United States, and concluded a neutrality pact with the Soviet Union to secure calm in the north. Because of the European military situation, only the United States could check Japan's southward expansion. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appeared determined to do so and confident that he could. If the Manchurian incident and the Stimson Doctrine strained U.S.–Japanese relations, and the China War and U.S. aid to Chiang Kai-shek deepened mutual resentment, it was Japan's decision to press south against French, British, and Dutch colonies, and Roosevelt's resolve to prevent such a move, that put the two nations on a collision course. The dust had barely settled on the Mongolian plains following the Nomonhan ceasefire when the ripples of that distant conflict began to reshape the broader theater of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The defeat at Nomonhan in August 1939, coupled with the shocking revelation of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, delivered a profound strategic blow to Japan's imperial ambitions. No longer could Tokyo entertain serious notions of a "northern advance" into Soviet territory, a strategy that had long tantalized military planners as a means to secure resources and buffer against communism. Instead, the Kwantung Army's humiliation exposed glaring deficiencies in Japanese mechanized warfare, logistics, and intelligence, forcing a pivot southward. This reorientation not only cooled tensions with the Soviet Union but also allowed Japan to redirect its military focus toward the protracted stalemate in China. As we transition from the border clashes of the north to the heartland tensions in central China, it's essential to trace how these events propelled Japan toward the brink of a major offensive in Hunan Province, setting the stage for what would become a critical confrontation. In the immediate aftermath of Nomonhan, Japan's military high command grappled with the implications of their setback. The Kwantung Army, once a symbol of unchecked aggression, was compelled to adopt a defensive posture along the Manchurian-Soviet border. The ceasefire agreement, formalized on September 15-16, 1939, effectively neutralized the northern front, freeing up significant resources and manpower that had been tied down in the escalating border skirmishes. This was no small relief; the Nomonhan campaign had drained Japanese forces, with estimates of over 18,000 casualties and the near-total annihilation of the 23rd Division. The psychological impact was equally severe, shattering the myth of Japanese invincibility against a modern, mechanized opponent. Georgy Zhukov's masterful use of combined arms—tanks, artillery, and air power—highlighted Japan's vulnerabilities, prompting internal reviews that urged reforms in tank production, artillery doctrine, and supply chains. Yet, these lessons were slow to implement, and in the short term, the primary benefit was the opportunity to consolidate efforts elsewhere. For Japan, "elsewhere" meant China, where the war had devolved into a grinding attrition since the fall of Wuhan in October 1938. The capture of Wuhan, a major transportation hub and temporary capital of the Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek, had been hailed as a turning point. Japanese forces, under the command of General Shunroku Hata, had pushed deep into central China, aiming to decapitate Chinese resistance. However, Chiang's strategic retreat to Chongqing transformed the conflict into a war of endurance. Nationalist forces, bolstered by guerrilla tactics and international aid, harassed Japanese supply lines and prevented a decisive knockout blow. By mid-1939, Japan controlled vast swaths of eastern and northern China, including key cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Nanjing, but the cost was immense: stretched logistics, mounting casualties, and an inability to fully pacify occupied territories. The Nomonhan defeat exacerbated these issues by underscoring the limits of Japan's military overextension. With the northern threat abated, Tokyo's Army General Staff saw an opening to intensify operations in China, hoping to force Chiang to the negotiating table before global events further complicated the picture. The diplomatic fallout from Nomonhan and the Hitler-Stalin Pact further influenced this shift. Japan's betrayal by Germany, its nominal ally under the Anti-Comintern Pact—fostered distrust and isolation. Tokyo's flirtations with a full Axis alliance stalled, as the pact with Moscow revealed Hitler's willingness to prioritize European gains over Asian solidarity. This isolation prompted Japan to reassess its priorities, emphasizing self-reliance in China while eyeing opportunistic expansions elsewhere. Domestically, the Hiranuma cabinet collapsed in August 1939 amid the diplomatic shock, paving the way for the more cautious Abe Nobuyuki government. Abe's administration, though short-lived, signaled a temporary de-escalation in aggressive posturing, but the underlying imperative to resolve the "China Incident" persisted. Japanese strategists believed that capturing additional strategic points in central China could sever Chiang's lifelines, particularly the routes funneling aid from the Soviet Union and the West via Burma and Indochina. The seismic shifts triggered by Nomonhan compelled Japan to fundamentally readjust its China policy and war plans, marking a pivotal transition from overambitious northern dreams to a more focused, albeit desperate, campaign in the south. With the Kwantung Army's defeat fresh in mind, Tokyo's Imperial General Headquarters initiated a comprehensive strategic review in late August 1939. The once-dominant "Northern Advance" doctrine, which envisioned rapid conquests into Siberia for resources like oil and minerals, was officially shelved. In its place emerged a "Southern Advance" framework, prioritizing the consolidation of gains in China and potential expansions into Southeast Asia. This pivot was not merely tactical; it reflected a profound policy recalibration aimed at ending the quagmire in China, where two years of war had yielded territorial control but no decisive victory over Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists. Central to this readjustment was a renewed emphasis on economic and military self-sufficiency. The Nomonhan debacle had exposed Japan's vulnerabilities in mechanized warfare, leading to urgent reforms in industrial production. Tank manufacturing was ramped up, with designs influenced by observed Soviet models, and artillery stockpiles were bolstered to match the firepower discrepancies seen on the Mongolian steppes. Logistically, the Army General Staff prioritized streamlining supply lines in China, recognizing that prolonged engagements demanded better resource allocation. Politically, the Abe Nobuyuki cabinet, installed in September 1939, adopted a "wait-and-see" approach toward Europe but aggressively pursued diplomatic maneuvers to isolate China. Efforts to negotiate with Wang Jingwei's puppet regime in Nanjing intensified, aiming to undermine Chiang's legitimacy and splinter Chinese resistance. Japan also pressured Vichy France for concessions in Indochina, seeking to choke off aid routes to Chongqing. War plans evolved accordingly, shifting from broad-front offensives to targeted strikes designed to disrupt Chinese command and supply networks. The China Expeditionary Army, under General Yasuji Okamura, was restructured to emphasize mobility and combined arms operations, drawing partial lessons from Zhukov's tactics. Intelligence operations were enhanced, with greater focus on infiltrating Nationalist strongholds in central provinces. By early September, plans coalesced around a major push into Hunan Province, a vital crossroads linking northern and southern China. Hunan's river systems and rail lines made it a linchpin for Chinese logistics, funneling men and materiel to the front lines. Japanese strategists identified key urban centers in the region as critical objectives, believing their capture could sever Chiang's western supply corridors and force a strategic retreat. This readjustment was not without internal friction. Hardliners in the military lamented the abandonment of northern ambitions, but the reality of Soviet strength—and the neutrality pacts that followed—left little room for debate. Economically, Japan ramped up exploitation of occupied Chinese territories, extracting coal, iron, and rice to fuel the war machine. Diplomatically, Tokyo sought to mend fences with the Soviets through the 1941 Neutrality Pact, ensuring northern security while eyes turned south. Yet, these changes brewed tension with the United States, whose embargoes on scrap metal and oil threatened to cripple Japan's ambitions. As autumn approached, the stage was set for a bold gambit in central China. Japanese divisions massed along the Yangtze River, poised to strike at the heart of Hunan's defenses. Intelligence reports hinted at Chinese preparations, with Xue Yue's forces fortifying positions around a major provincial hub. The air thickened with anticipation of a clash that could tip the balance in the interminable war—a test of Japan's revamped strategies against a resilient foe determined to hold the line. What unfolded would reveal whether Tokyo's post-Nomonhan pivot could deliver the breakthrough so desperately needed, or if it would merely prolong the bloody stalemate. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. In 1939, the Nomonhan Incident saw Soviet forces under Georgy Zhukov decisively defeat Japan's Kwantung Army at Khalkin Gol, exposing Japanese weaknesses in mechanized warfare. This setback, coupled with the Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact, shattered Japan's northern expansion plans and prompted a strategic pivot southward. Diplomatic maneuvers involving Stalin, Hitler, Britain, France, and Japan reshaped alliances, leading to the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in 1941. Japan refocused on China, intensifying operations in Hunan Province to isolate Chiang Kai-shek.   

Everybody get's something this week. In fact, Alex gets two things. Chance loves almost everything about Resident Evil Requiem, from the stealth to the action to the end game spoilers (SPOILERS!). Chamberlain didn't like it, but he loves Slay the Spire 2, as it fits in directly with his other, even more expensive, addiction. And Alex is living large, loving both games, and generally being happier than the two old men.

Episode Description In this episode, Paul sits down with Dr. Michael Chamberlain for a wide-ranging conversation on one of the most important (and fast-evolving) frontiers in wild turkey science: genetics. Dr. Chamberlain breaks down the Wild Turkey DNA Project—how it started with “odd plumage” birds showing up on social media, and how it quickly exploded into a massive, nationwide effort to map genetic diversity across the species' range. Along the way, he explains what genetic diversity actually means for wild turkeys on the ground, why some populations may be less resilient than we assume, and how inbreeding signals can quietly build for generations before showing up as real-world declines in reproduction and survival. The conversation also dives into the restoration era and the trap-and-transfer days—what records exist, what the genetics are already revealing decades later, and how today's tools could allow wildlife agencies to be far more surgical if translocation ever becomes necessary again. Dr. Chamberlain also shares fascinating insight into turkey behavior—winter flock fidelity, limited dispersal, and why “they could walk there… but they don't”—and how that creates genetic pockets across the landscape. To wrap it up, Dr. Chamberlain offers a grounded outlook for the 2026 spring season in the South, explaining why the woods may “sound different” this year, what that means for harvest pressure, and why hunters play a direct role in the turkey's future. Topics include: The Wild Turkey DNA Project and why it's grown so fast Odd plumage birds, domestic crosses, and what the genes are showing Genetic diversity, inbreeding risk, and population resiliency What restoration-era translocations may have shaped (and what they didn't) Why turkeys form “genetic pockets” even without obvious barriers The promise of using genetics to guide smarter, more targeted management A realistic 2026 season outlook—and a call for hunter responsibility Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today we're joined by author Kenneth Chamberlain. Raised across the American West and a former missionary to Brazil, Kenneth built an international business career working with startups, Fortune 500 companies, and organizations around the world before returning to his first love—storytelling. He now writes faith-centered novels that blend history, scripture, and real-world struggles, and he's the Spark Award–winning author of The King's Bodyguard, a powerful reimagining of events surrounding King Zedekiah and the fall of Jerusalem.

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“If we let things continue in the direction that they are taking now, I think it is more likely than not that we will end up in some kind of Great Power war within the foreseeable future.” — Arne WestadThis conversation was recorded before the invasion of Iran, which makes what you are about to hear even more chilling. In his new book, The Coming Storm: Power, Conflict, and Warnings from History, Yale historian Arne Westad warns that the structural parallels between our multipolar 2020s and the world before the First World War are too striking to ignore—and he names the Middle East as one of the flashpoints that could spark a much broader conflagration.Westad argues that the structural parallels between our multipolar 2020s and the world before the First World War are “striking.” A dominant power (USA) withdrawing from the international system it created. Rising inequality and globalization backlash. New technologies that speed up time and shrink the window for decision-making. A rising Great Power—China—that, like Wilhelmine Germany, simply cannot stop growing. And a declining empire—Russia—that, like Austria-Hungary, has quarrels on every border and an alliance with the rising power next door.The cast of characters, Westad warns, is also uncomfortably familiar. Trump is Joseph Chamberlain—the British conservative who turned his party against the free trade system it had championed. Putin's Russia is Austria-Hungary: an empire in long-term decline that acted in 1914 because it believed Germany would back it up. And nuclear weapons? Before 1914, people wrote long books about how new military technologies made war unthinkable. We are taking refuge in that same bad logic today.The difference, Westad insists, is that we know how 1914 ended. We have international institutions built to prevent it. And we still have time—but not much, he warns—to forge the kind of Great Power compromise that could pull us back from the brink. Whether we will is another question entirely. Especially given our current historical amnesia. So might Archduke Ferdinand be Ayatollah Ali Khamenei this time around? Stay tuned. It's squeaky bum time once again in world history. Five Takeaways•       We're Living in a Pre-1914 Moment: A multipolar world. Rising inequality. Globalization backlash. New technologies that speed up time and reduce the window for decision-making. A dominant power withdrawing from the international system it created. The structural parallels between the early 20th century and the 2020s are, in Westad's word, “striking.”•       China Is the New Germany: A rapidly rising Great Power that can't stop growing, generating dissonance in an established international system. As the British told the Germans: “If you could just stop growing, little Hans, all would be fine and dandy.” That's exactly what China cannot do. And it takes two to tango on compromise.•       Russia Is the New Austria-Hungary: An empire in long-term decline with quarrels on every border, allied to the most rapidly rising Great Power next to it. Austria acted in 1914 because they believed Germany would back them up. The parallel to the China-Russia relationship today is uncomfortably close.•       Trump Is Joseph Chamberlain: The British conservative who turned his party against the free trade system it had championed. Chamberlain never made it to prime minister, but he came close and reshaped his party in ways no one foresaw—exactly what Trump has done to the Republicans.•       Nuclear Weapons May Not Save Us: Before 1914, people wrote long books about how new military technologies—poison gas, battleships, aerial bombardment—made war unthinkable. We are taking refuge in the same logic today. Westad is not so sure the deterrent fully holds anymore. About the GuestOdd Arne Westad is the Elihu Professor of History and Global Affairs at Yale University. He is the author of The Coming Storm: Power, Conflict, and Warnings from History as well as The Cold War: A World History, The Global Cold War (winner of the Bancroft Prize), and Restless Empire (winner of the Asia Society Book Award).ReferencesBooks and authors mentioned:•       Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers, on how Europe stumbled into the First World War (previous Keen On guest)•       Philipp Blom, The Vertigo Years: Europe 1900–1914, on technology and cultural disruption before the war•       Paul Kennedy, on the rise of British-German antagonism and Great Power rivalry•       Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid's Tale (referenced in the Sutton episode the previous day)About Keen On AmericaNobody asks more awkward questions than the Anglo-American writer and filmmaker Andrew Keen. In Keen On America, Andrew brings his pointed Transatlantic wit to making sense of the United States—hosting daily interviews about the history and future of this now venerable Republic. With nearly 2,800 episodes since the show launched on TechCrunch in 2010, Keen On America is the most prolific intellectual interview show in the history of podcasting.WebsiteSubstackYouTubeApple PodcastsSpotify Chapters: 

Tonight's guest is nationally renowned Wild Turkey Research Biologist, Dr. Mike Chamberlain. Dr. Chamberlain has researched turkeys for thirty years and shares his data and turkey hunting experience.  For more info, go to wildturkeydna.com.

Resident Evil Requiem isn't out yet so we had to find something to do. Chamberlain finished High on Life 2 and recommends 1/3 of its humor but none of its gameplay. He also started Echoes of the End, a game no one else has heard of, that he describes as 'Hellblade without the annoying puzzles and suffocating pretentiousness'. Alex continues his tour of old games on new hardware, discovering that Super Mario Galaxy is much better when it isn't on the Wii. And Chance's desire to sneak around as a goblin beat out his desire to wield a sword in one hand and a wand in the other. The new Styx is AA goodness!

Episode Summary:In this episode of Explaining History, Nick explores the agonizing political and strategic choices faced by Great Britain in the 1930s.Why did the British government delay rearmament for so long? Drawing on Daniel Todman's Britain's War: Into Battle, we examine how the shadow of the First World War and the Great Depression shaped the policy of appeasement. Nick argues that the "caution" of the Baldwin and Chamberlain governments wasn't just cowardice; it was a desperate attempt to avoid the "total war" that would require the complete subordination of freedom and prosperity to the state.From the technological leap from biplanes to monoplanes to the "imperial overstretch" that left Singapore and Palestine vulnerable, we delve into the global chessboard of the late 30s. How did the need to defend an empire spanning the globe leave Britain dangerously exposed in Europe? And why was the fall of Singapore written into the strategic compromises of the 1920s?Plus: Details on our upcoming Nazi Germany Masterclass in March!Key Topics:The Rearmament Debate: Why a "Churchillian" surge in 1935 might have failed.Technological Change: The shift from fabric biplanes to the Spitfire and Hurricane.Imperial Overstretch: The impossible task of defending the UK, the Mediterranean, and the Far East simultaneously.The Palestine Mandate: How the Arab Revolt of 1936 tied down British troops needed elsewhere.Books Mentioned:Britain's War: Into Battle (1937-1941) by Daniel TodmanEnglish History 1914-1945 by A.J.P. TaylorForgotten Armies by Christopher Bayly and Tim HarperExplaining History helps you understand the 20th Century through critical conversations and expert interviews. We connect the past to the present. If you enjoy the show, please subscribe and share.▸ Support the Show & Get Exclusive ContentBecome a Patron: patreon.com/explaininghistory▸ Join the Community & Continue the ConversationFacebook Group: facebook.com/groups/ExplainingHistoryPodcastSubstack: theexplaininghistorypodcast.substack.com▸ Read Articles & Go DeeperWebsite: explaininghistory.org Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

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The Vegas Signature delivered big moments—and one player stole the show. Logan Chamberlain put together a massive weekend, capturing both Pro Singles and Pro Doubles alongside Gavin Cano, and the crew breaks down what made his performance so dominant. Jake, Meesh, and Cory recap everything from Signature #2 in Las Vegas, including standout runs across the divisions. We talk through Chamberlain's incredible double win, the key moments in Singles, and how the rest of the field stacked up. We also hit the rest of the podiums from the weekend, including wins from Kamryn Belvin, Jay Dotson, Gabriel Clauson, and more across Women's, Seniors, and Juniors competition. To wrap things up, we bring some Vegas energy with the Cornhole Olympics Medal Ceremony, handing out gold medals for the most entertaining moments of the event: Best facial expressions Best drip Who looked like they were having the most fun in Vegas Best crowd energy The ultimate “How Did That Not Go In?” shot Plus, we close the show with another round of Hole-y Hot Takes. If you want the stories behind the scores from Vegas, this is the episode.

360 Puppet Master: Axis Termination w/Rich ChamberlainJoin Steven and Rich, co-host of the Classic Horrors Club Podcast, as we continue our journey through the Puppet Master films with the 12th installment, Puppet Master: Axis Termination!Send feedback to DieCastMoviePodcast@gmail.com.Thanks for listening!

Megyn Kelly is joined by Will Chamberlain, senior counsel at the Article III Project, to discuss the Supreme Court ruling striking down President Trump's tariffs, how the decision impacts Trump's negotiating leverage with foreign countries, the significance of the 6-3 ruling with Justices Barrett, Gorsuch, and Roberts siding with the libs, and more. Then Maureen Callahan, host of "The Nerve," joins to talk about Kelly Ripa promoting the idea that staying in excellent shape is simple, how wealthy celebrities create a false narrative about exercise that is unattainable, the obvious cattiness on display at the Today show involving Hoda Kotb and Jenna Bush Hager, the power struggle at NBC while Savannah Guthrie is away, Trump's latest comments on the Nancy Guthrie case that suggest the investigation may be stalling, major questions surrounding the sheriff's handling of the case, Meghan Markle's courtside NBA appearance with Prince Harry, her constant need for public validation and “black hole” personality, why the new series “Love Story” misses the deeper truth about JFK Jr. and Carolyn Bessette, why the casting lacks the real-life “it factor,” the awful portrayal of Jackie O, and more.   Subscribe to Maureen's show The Nerve: Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-nerve-with-maureen-callahan/id1808684702 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4kR07GQGQAJaMNtLc9Cg2o YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@thenerveshow?sub_confirmation=1 Substack: https://thenerveshow.com/   Chamberlain- https://www.article3project.org/   Byrna: Go to https://Byrna.com or your local Sportsman's Warehouse today. Done with Debt: https://www.DoneWithDebt.com & tell them Megyn Kelly sent you! BeeKeeper's Naturals: Go to https://beekeepersnaturals.com/MEGYN or enter code MEGYN for 20% off your order ARMRA: go to https://tryarmra.com/MEGYNto get 30% off your first subscription order     Follow The Megyn Kelly Show on all social platforms: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/MegynKelly Twitter: http://Twitter.com/MegynKellyShow Instagram: http://Instagram.com/MegynKellyShow Facebook: http://Facebook.com/MegynKellyShow  Find out more information at:https://www.devilmaycaremedia.com/megynkellyshow Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Welcome to the NeurologyLive® Mind Moments® podcast. Tune in to hear leaders in neurology sound off on topics that impact your clinical practice.In this Mind Moments episode, Jeff Chamberlain, PhD, joins the podcast during Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Awareness Week to provide clinical and translational perspective on the evolving landscape of DMD biology and therapy. Chamberlain, professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine and Director of the Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center in Seattle, reflects on aspects of Duchenne pathophysiology that may still be underappreciated, including evidence that disease processes begin earlier than once recognized and the growing importance of immunologic factors in shaping progression and therapeutic response. The conversation also explores how neuromuscular specialists should approach treatment timing and combination strategies as gene-targeted therapies expand, the evolving interpretation and limitations of biomarkers such as creatine kinase and dystrophin expression, and what emerging gene therapy platforms may signal for care heading into 2026 and beyond.Looking for more Neuromuscular discussion? Check out the NeurologyLive® Neuromuscular clinical focus page.Episode Breakdown: 1:15 – Underrecognized aspects of DMD pathophysiology, including early onset and immunologic drivers 4:50 – Treatment timing, sequencing, and the rationale for combination strategies 8:00 – Neurology News Minute 10:30 – Clinical trial and real-world implications of dystrophin and CK as biomarkers 16:20 – Anticipated gene therapy innovation and safety considerations heading into 2026 The stories featured in this week's Neurology News Minute, which will give you quick updates on the following developments in neurology, are further detailed here: Regenxbio's MPS II Gene Therapy RGX-121 Hit With CRL FDA Accepts New Drug Application for Orexin Agonist Oveporexton in Narcolepsy Type 1, Grants Priority Review FDA Expands Indication for Pitolisant to Treat Cataplexy in Pediatric Narcolepsy Thanks for listening to the NeurologyLive® Mind Moments® podcast. To support the show, be sure to rate, review, and subscribe wherever you listen to podcasts. For more neurology news and expert-driven content, visit neurologylive.com.

There a ways to play the old game, ways that we endorse but will not fully explain. To that end, Alex is playing the old Ratchet and Clank games on modern hardware and feeling like a kid again. Chance is *gasp* enjoying the PS5 version of Avowed, but not enough keep him from feeling like a kid again in Overwatch, as Tracer is (temporarily) good again. Chamberlain was never a child, does not know what it feels like to be one, and has instead been playing middling games like Crisol and High on Life 2.

“[It's about] expecting each other to perform to a certain level, holding each other to a certain level, and just love. High expectations, high love — that's what coach always says. That's something we do a good job with. You can't have one without the other. Our team is definitely built on love and gratitude and we always push ourselves to be our best.” Riley Chamberlain joins us fresh off one of the biggest performances of the NCAA season.Just days ago in Boston, Riley ran 4:20.61 for the mile, breaking the NCAA record in a race that perfectly captured where collegiate women's distance running is right now—stacked fields, fearless pacing, and a generation that keeps pushing the event forward. But talk to Riley, and she'll be the first to tell you she's not interested in chasing times. With championship season around the corner, her focus has already shifted to racing, competing, and figuring out how to win when the pacers step off and it's just athletes battling athletes.In this conversation, we talk about the steady progression that led to this breakthrough, how cross country laid the strength foundation for her range from the 800m all the way to the 5K, and the training dynamic at BYU—where working alongside teammates like Jane Hedengren means getting pushed every single day. She reflects on the program's culture of what they call “high expectations, high love,” the lessons she's carried from past teammates, and the mindset shift from hoping she belonged at the top level to knowing she does.We also dig into the long view—how patience, development, and belief have shaped her career, why she sees championship racing as a completely different sport than time trials, and what she hopes to accomplish before closing out her collegiate chapter.Riley Chamberlain is now an NCAA record holder. But as you'll hear, she believes the most important races are still ahead.____________Host: Chris Chavez | ⁠⁠@chris_j_chavezGuest: Riley Chamberlain | @riley_chamberlain04Produced by: Jasmine Fehr | ⁠⁠⁠@jasminefehr____________SUPPORT OUR SPONSORSUSATF: The USATF Indoor Track and Field Championships presented by Prevagen are back in New York City from February 28th to March 1st at the Ocean Breeze Athletic Complex in Staten Island. This is where legends don't just race; they punch their ticket to the world stage. The pressure is real, the margins are razor thin, and every athlete is fighting for one thing: a spot on Team USATF at the World Indoor Championships. ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Grab your tickets now at USATF.org/tickets ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠and experience track and field at its absolute loudest.OLIPOP: A blast from the past, Olipop's Shirley Temple combines smooth vanilla flavor with bright lemon and lime, finished with cherry juice for that nostalgic grenadine-like flavor. One sip of this timeless soda proves some flavors never grow old. Try Shirley Temple and more of Olipop's flavors ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠at DrinkOlipop.com and use code CITIUS25 at checkout to get 25% off your orders.

This week we're joined by Dr. Mike Chamberlain of the University of Georgia, a leading wild turkey researcher. Mike brings us up to speed on some interesting recent research, including Wild Turkey DNA and what gamekeepers can do right now to improve their property for the season. We also discuss why turkey flocks in many areas should be coming out of winter in great shape. It's an interesting conversation. Listen, Learn, and Get Ready for spring.Send a text message to the show! Support the showStay connected with GameKeepers: Instagram: @mossyoakgamekeepers Facebook: @GameKeepers Twitter: @MOGameKeepers YouTube: @MossyOakGameKeepers Website: https://mossyoakgamekeeper.com/ Enter The Gamekeeper Giveaway: https://bit.ly/GK_Giveaway Subscribe to Gamekeepers Magazine: https://bit.ly/GK_Magazine Buy a Single Issue of Gamekeepers Magazine: https://bit.ly/GK_Single_Issue Join our Newsletters: Field Notes - https://bit.ly/GKField_Notes | The Branch - https://bit.ly/the_branch Have a question for us or a podcast idea? Email us at gamekeepers@mossyoak.com

The Steve Gruber Show | Collapse & Corruption: Socialism's Global Failure Exposed --- 00:00 - Hour 1 Monologue 19:03 – Jan Jekielek, Senior Editor at The Epoch Times, host of American Thought Leaders, and author of Killed to Order. Jekielek discusses what he calls “China's Epsteins,” arguing that the Chinese Communist Party scaled up the Epstein model through state-sanctioned organ harvesting. He explains the evidence behind these claims and the broader human rights implications. 27:35 – Nick Hopwood, Certified Financial Planner and Founder of Peak Wealth Management. In this week's “No Lazy Money” segment, Hopwood covers energy stocks breaking out, tech sector pullbacks, a 3.7% GDP estimate, and why the Fed may hold rates steady until later this year. He also warns about capital gains tax surprises, shares real client stories, and offers a free Social Security analysis at peakwm.com/gruber. 37:57 - Hour 2 Monologue 46:53 – Michael Chamberlain, Director of Protect the Public's Trust. Chamberlain discusses what he sees as growing misconduct among America's leaders. He argues that political agendas are increasingly being prioritized over fairness and the rule of law. 56:57 – Jose Mallea, former White House and State Department staffer under President George W. Bush and former campaign manager for Senator Marco Rubio. Mallea explains why Belize is emerging as a concern in Washington policy circles. He discusses geopolitical warning signs and regional security implications. 1:05:52 – Tom Coulson, owner of Liberty Coin Service. Coulson analyzes the current price of precious metals and where the market may be headed. He also reviews listener-submitted coins live on air—send your submissions to https://youtu.be/LcYYLfQWCY0

About Colin Chamberlain is Associate Professor of philosophy at University College London. He was previously an Associate Professor at Temple University. He is currently working on a book about Nicolas Malebranche's account of the embodied mind, as well as working on Margaret Cavendish's views about colour and perception. Abstract Malebranche holds that the Fall changes the mind's relationship to the body from union to dependence. This change transforms the significance the senses have for the mind. Before the Fall, the senses respectfully advised the mind of the body's needs. After, the senses command and tyrannize it. That is, the senses come to speak with the force of law when they urge the mind to care for the body's needs. In general, Malebranche holds that a perception—a mental representation that things are thus and so—becomes a command for the mind, obliging it to consent, when the perception is enforced by inner sanctions. A perception has the force of law when the mind feels pain in withholding consent, pleasure when giving it. I argue that, after the Fall, the senses command in just this way. Sensory perceptions are accompanied by inner sanctions—pleasure and pain, reward and punishment—that imbue them with obligatory force.

Send a textWhat if life is a fun house — filled with mirrors, dark hallways, surprising turns, and lessons meant to awaken us? In this episode of Life of Love, Julie welcomes Dr. Gretta Chamberlain for a powerful conversation about creating your own reality, self-healing, psychic abilities, and remembering that we are the Force itself. From childhood spiritual experiences to healing her own heart condition, Dr. Gretta shares how our challenges are not punishments — they are invitations to overcome and evolve. This is an empowering episode about self-responsibility, courage, and unconditional love.https://www.youtube.com/@DoctorGrettaSupport the showLink to Support this Channel: https://www.buzzsprout.com/2153284/supporters/newJulie's Book: https://amzn.to/3K2ZS05Julie's Website for more information, comments or requests: https://lifeofloveandjoy.comI receive a small commission when you purchase from these links.

We zitten down under in de schaduw van Uluru, een rots in Australië. Het is 17 augustus 1980 en de familie Chamberlain zit op de camping rond een kampvuur. Dan weerklinkt een huilende baby, mama Lindy herkent haar 9 weken oude dochter Azaria en loopt naar de tent. Plots weerklinkt een ijzingwekkende kreet. Hier is aflevering 175! Zit je met iets? Praat bij Tele-Onthaal over wat jou bezighoudt. Bel anoniem en gratis naar 106 (24u/7d) of chat via tele-onthaal.be 20% korting en gratis verzending met VOLKSJURY20 op www.colonelgustave.com. Honden en kattenvoeding, gemaakt van kwaliteitsvolle en lokale ingrediënten, zonder artificiële toevoegingen én met respect voor de planeet. Voornaamste bronnen: Australian Dictionary of Biography - Biography - Azaria Chantel Chamberlain Australian Geographic - Azaria Chamberlain final inquest Canberra Times - Botanist 'happy with tests' Canberra Times - Dingo could have taken child, ranger tells coroner Canberra Times - Drag mark, dingo tracks found near campsite Canberra Times - Father of missing baby tells of joy at birth Creighton - Rumors and Facts; Lindy Chamberlain Creighton - The Story; Lindy Chamberlain Creighton - Timeline of Events: Lindy Chamberlain Fairfax Digital - All the makings of a classic whodunnit National Museum of Australia - Azaria Chamberlain inquest The Australian - Discovery of jacket vindicated Lindy The Independent - Australia's fourth inquest opens in Azaria Chamberlain dingo case Wikipedia - Death of Azaria Chamberlain / Dingo / Uluru / Verdwijning van Azaria ChamberlainSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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In this episode of The Karol Markowicz Show, Karol Markowicz sits down with Will Chamberlain, senior counsel at the Article 3 Project. Chamberlain shares his path into conservative legal advocacy and explains why building a strong social media presence has become essential in modern politics and law. The conversation explores the inner workings of the conservative legal movement, the mission and impact of the Article 3 Project, and Chamberlain’s personal milestones along the way. They also look ahead to the future — from political trends to the surprising rise of self-driving cars — before wrapping up with practical life advice listeners can actually use.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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In this episode, Adam Torres and Jenni Chamberlain, Founder & CEO of Altree Capital, during Milken Institute Middle East & Africa Summit coverage in Abu Dhabi. Jenni shares her journey from early frontier-market investing to launching a climate and gender lens fund focused on Sub-Saharan Africa—highlighting the funding gap for women entrepreneurs, the need for evidence-based returns, and why backing women and climate resilience is smart, scalable investing. Follow Adam on Instagram at https://www.instagram.com/askadamtorres/ for up to date information on book releases and tour schedule. Apply to be a guest on our podcast: https://missionmatters.lpages.co/podcastguest/ Visit our website: https://missionmatters.com/ More FREE content from Mission Matters here: https://linktr.ee/missionmattersmedia Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In this episode, ⁠Adam Torres⁠ and ⁠Jenni Chamberlain⁠, Founder & CEO of Altree Capital, during Milken Institute Middle East & Africa Summit coverage in Abu Dhabi. Jenni shares her journey from early frontier-market investing to launching a climate and gender lens fund focused on Sub-Saharan Africa—highlighting the funding gap for women entrepreneurs, the need for evidence-based returns, and why backing women and climate resilience is smart, scalable investing. Follow Adam on Instagram at ⁠https://www.instagram.com/askadamtorres/⁠ for up to date information on book releases and tour schedule. Apply to be a guest on our podcast: ⁠https://missionmatters.lpages.co/podcastguest/⁠ Visit our website: ⁠https://missionmatters.com/⁠ More FREE content from Mission Matters here: ⁠https://linktr.ee/missionmattersmedia⁠ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Gaius and Germanicus gather in freezing Londinium during the winter of 92 AD to discuss Paul Thomas Chamberlain's Scorched Earth, which reinterprets World War II not as a purely ideological conflict but as a racial struggle for colonial supremacy among white Christian nations. Gaius observes that academic journals in the early twentieth century explicitly validated these racial hierarchies, lending intellectual legitimacy to imperial competition. Germanicus contrasts this modern framework with the Roman Empire, which lacked rigid color barriers and successfully integrated diverse peoples across its vast territories. He argues that modern racism stems not from Roman Catholic or imperial traditions but from Calvinist predestination theology that divided humanity into elect and damned. The pair further explores how Western powers historically viewed Russia as mongrelized and inferior due to its Asianinfluences, revealing the deep racial anxieties underlying European geopolitics and the competition for global dominance.1550 MARK ANTONY SENDS SOLDIERS TO BRING CICERO TO THE SENATE.

Megyn Kelly discusses the bombshell videos showing multiple angles of Alex Pretti's previous violent encounter with law enforcement officials, the ridiculous leftists who were trying to make him into a hero, how the past encounter relates to the one where he was shot, Tom Homan's new efforts to conduct immigration enforcement in Minnesota, him sparring with a CNN reporter over the fake narrative being pushed, smug and ignorant celebrities supporting the anti-ICE trend, them complaining from their mansions, ridiculous comments from Eva Longoria, Jane Fonda, Olivia Wilde, and more. Then Will Chamberlain, senior counsel, "The Article III Project," joins to discuss the propaganda from the media about Alex Pretti, why the newly-released videos provide more context to the past videos of Pretti, what we're learning about the effort of agitators in Minneapolis, and more. Then Glenna Goldis, author of "Bad Facts" on Substack, joins to discuss how she stood up against "gender affirming care" for kids, Letitia James firing her over her public stance, her experience as a lesbian lawyer and member of the Democratic party, and more. Chamberlain- https://www.article3project.org/Goldis- https://badfacts.substack.com/ Birch Gold: Text MK to 989898 and get your free info kit on goldMelania: Step inside the 20 days before history is made—watch MELANIA, only in theaters January 30; get your tickets now!PureTalk: Save on wireless with PureTalk—get unlimited talk, text, and data for just $25 a month, plus 50% off your first month at https://PureTalk.com/KELLYRiverbend Ranch: Visit https://riverbendranch.com/ | Use promo code MEGYN for $20 off your first order.  Follow The Megyn Kelly Show on all social platforms:YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/MegynKellyTwitter: http://Twitter.com/MegynKellyShowInstagram: http://Instagram.com/MegynKellyShowFacebook: http://Facebook.com/MegynKellyShow Find out more information at:https://www.devilmaycaremedia.com/megynkellyshow Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Today in America, two million men and women serve in our armed forces. More than 200,000 of them are deployed to various points around the world.Joshua 1:9 reminds us, “Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged, for the LORD your God will be with you wherever you go.”The Lord has told us directly not to be afraid. We aren't even to be discouraged! He's told us through His promises that He'll be with us every step of the way.If we stop and think about the amazing history of this nation, we can see that God has literally been with us every minute of every hour. He was at Yorktown. He dropped a last-minute winning strategy into Chamberlain's mind at Gettysburg. God went with our invasion forces in the Pacific and in Europe during World War 2, because people were enslaved and in need of rescue. He has been with us since the terrible moments of 9/11.Be strong and of good courage today in the land of the free!Let's pray.Lord, your provision for us in all times and all places is wonderful. Thank you for never leaving us. In Jesus' name, amen. Change your shirt, and you can change the world! Save 15% Off your entire purchase of faith-based apparel + gifts at Kerusso.com with code KDD15.

"Je weniger germanisch ein Land, um so unzivilisierter ist es." Houston Stewart Chamberlain war einer der einflussreichsten Propagandisten des deutschen Nationalismus. Er war ein erbitterter Antisemit und "Rassentheoretiker" mit weitreichendem Einfluss.

The feds are there because local officials are made to stand down. Will Chamberlain is here to explain, Senior Counsel at the Article 3 Project.

In The Mozhaisk Road (Austin Macauley, 2025) the time is 1978 and Moscow is still the capital of a Communist country. The political police continues to suppress the protests of dissident leader Alexander Razumovsky and his tiny group of supporters. Western observers Howard Wilde and Gels Maybey face an uncertain Christmas after a public rally is roughly broken up in the city's Pushkin Square. But when the elderly Razumovsky suddenly steps down in the New Year and a new young leader emerges, the whole world sees a sign of hope. Can this sluggish, downtrodden Russia, despised by its own leaders, suddenly change, inspired by the courage of one Boris Marlinsky?As the Kremlin responds behind the scenes, how close can Western reporters come to grasping the hidden ways of power which seem to seal Russia's troubled fate? This forcefully imagined prequel to the real events of 1991 changes the lives of Howard Wilde and Gels Maybey, and their American friends Arthur and Harriet. But what then of their Russian friends? Is it only Western hearts and minds that long for freedom along the Mozhaisk Road? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Former CNN anchor Don Lemon led a mob as they invaded a Baptist church in Minnesota, taking over the service and terrifying the children worshipping there. The leftist proudly filmed and streamed their violation of federal law, believing that they were immune from consequences. Will Chamberlin of the Article Three Project joins me to discuss which laws were violated and why the Trump administration must act to protect Christian worship.  Follow on: Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-auron-macintyre-show/id1657770114 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/3S6z4LBs8Fi7COupy7YYuM?si=4d9662cb34d148af Substack: https://auronmacintyre.substack.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/AuronMacintyre Gab: https://gab.com/AuronMacIntyre YouTube:https://www.youtube.com/c/AuronMacIntyre Rumble: https://rumble.com/c/c-390155 Odysee: https://odysee.com/@AuronMacIntyre:f Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/auronmacintyre/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Guest: Ronald White. In his final decades, Chamberlain's war wounds continued to plague him, eventually requiring surgeries that revealed the extent of his suffering to the public. Despite financial struggles and failed business attempts, he remained active, serving as Surveyor of the Port of Portland. He endured personal losses, including the death of his brother Tom and his wife Fanny, who went blind before dying in 1905. Remarkably, Chamberlain continued learning until the end, studying Arabic and Greek during a 1905 trip to Egypt. He died in 1914 from his Civil War wounds, the conflict's last casualty1863 JULY 1-4, GETTYSBURG

Guest: Ronald White. This segment introduces Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain's early life and intellectual formation. In 1848, Chamberlain passed a rigorous entrance exam for Bowdoin College by reciting classical Greek and Romanliterature from memory. Raised in Brewer, Maine, by "hardy congregationalist" parents, he balanced his father's love for physical pursuits like sailing and riding with his mother's religious devotion. Although his father desired a military career for him at West Point, Chamberlain attended Bangor Theological Seminary, mastering nine languages. He also met his future wife, Fanny Adams, a talented organist with a troubled, "shadowed" childhood, while leading a church choir.1861 UNION GENERAL OFFICERS

Guest: Ronald White. Chamberlain returned to Bowdoin as a professor, where he prioritized critical thinking over strict regimentation and married Fanny in 1855. During his tenure, he witnessed significant pre-war events, including a visit by Jefferson Davis and Harriet Beecher Stowe reading early chapters of Uncle Tom's Cabin. When the Civil Warbegan, Chamberlain felt compelled to serve, abandoning a planned sabbatical in Europe to study languages. Despite the governor offering him a colonelcy, Chamberlain modestly requested a lower command to "earn and learn" the military trade, eventually joining the 20th Maine regiment in 1862.1863 GETTYSBURG

Guest: Ronald White. Chamberlain's early war experience included the massacre at Fredericksburg and a smallpox outbreak that sidelined his regiment. Under the tutelage of the disciplinarian Adelbert Ames, Chamberlain learned command strategies. The narrative culminates at the Battle of Gettysburg, where the 20th Maine was ordered to hold the extreme left flank at Little Round Top "at all cost." Facing overwhelming Confederate forces and running out of ammunition, Chamberlain ordered a desperate, unconventional bayonet charge to sweep down the hill. In the chaos, he saved his own life by physically disarming a Confederate officer pointing a pistol at his head.1863 GETTYSBURG

Guest: Ronald White. Returning to duty, Chamberlain led a frontal assault at Petersburg in 1864, where he suffered a catastrophic wound through the hips that surgeons deemed fatal. Believing he was dying, he wrote a farewell letter to Fanny, yet miraculously survived due to his brother Tom's help and sheer will. Later, at the Battle of Five Forks, he defended General Warren against General Sheridan's dismissal. At the war's end, Chamberlain was selected to receive the Confederate surrender at Appomattox. In a controversial but defining gesture, he ordered a marching salute to honor the courage of the defeated Southern soldiers.1863 GETTYSBURG

Guest: Ronald White. After the war, Chamberlain became a celebrated orator, using his rhetorical skills to preach reconciliation between North and South. Drafted by Republicans, he served four terms as Governor of Maine, focusing on economic reconstruction and railroad expansion. However, his private life was marred by constant pain from his internal war wounds; he often had to work lying down and could not sit erect. This physical suffering, combined with his absences, strained his marriage to Fanny, who struggled with depression and the isolation of their life during his political years.1863 GETTYSBURG

Guest: Ronald White. Chamberlain returned to Bowdoin College as its president, attempting to modernize the institution by introducing science and broader curricula. He faced resistance from conservative trustees and alumni but persisted in his vision for a progressive education. Religious tensions also arose as Unitarianism gained influence; Chamberlain remained inclusive, even as Fanny and his daughter left the Congregational church. Throughout this era, he continued to be a highly sought-after speaker at veterans' reunions, outshining famous generals like Grant and Sheridan with his ability to weave classical literature and deep meaning into his war recollections.1863 GETTYSBURG

Guest: Ronald White. In 1880, Maine faced a violent political crisis known as the "Count Out," where armed mobs threatened the statehouse over a stolen election. Chamberlain, called upon to keep the peace, courageously faced a mob intent on killing him. He opened his coat and offered his life to preserve the state's honor, successfully dispersing the crowd without bloodshed. This period also saw him testify to vindicate General Warren's reputation regarding Five Forks. After leaving Bowdoin, he struggled with business ventures in Florida but remained a dominant voice in the "second Civil War" fought over the memory of the conflict.1863 GETTYSBURG

This week, we release a timely classic on our conversation with Dr. Mike Chamberlain to talk through some of the latest whitetail management techniques he's seeing. Over the last fifty years, the landscape has changed and whitetails are clearly king! But what's changed, and what can we learn? His recent trip to South Texas leads us to ask about the story of his buck and what he sees that those intensively managed ranches are doing that works. As always when Mike joins us, it's an interesting discussion.Listen, Learn and Enjoy.Send a text message to the show! Support the showStay connected with GameKeepers: Instagram: @mossyoakgamekeepers Facebook: @GameKeepers Twitter: @MOGameKeepers YouTube: @MossyOakGameKeepers Website: https://mossyoakgamekeeper.com/ Enter The Gamekeeper Giveaway: https://bit.ly/GK_Giveaway Subscribe to Gamekeepers Magazine: https://bit.ly/GK_Magazine Buy a Single Issue of Gamekeepers Magazine: https://bit.ly/GK_Single_Issue Join our Newsletters: Field Notes - https://bit.ly/GKField_Notes | The Branch - https://bit.ly/the_branch Have a question for us or a podcast idea? Email us at gamekeepers@mossyoak.com

Are you exhausted all the time? In this solo episode, Darin breaks down why so many people feel chronically exhausted despite eating clean, exercising, and "doing everything right." He explains how modern life disrupts mitochondrial function, circadian rhythm, stress signaling, and nutrient availability, and why fatigue is not a personal failure, but a biological signal. This episode offers a grounded, practical roadmap to restoring energy by realigning your environment, habits, and daily rhythms with how the body is actually designed to function.     What You'll Learn in This Episode: Why chronic fatigue is exploding—even among healthy, active people How mitochondria do far more than "make energy" The role of circadian rhythm, light exposure, and timing in energy production Why stress, overtraining, and modern lifestyles drain cellular energy How emotional suppression and unexpressed stress affect vitality The difference between forcing energy and allowing energy Simple daily practices that support mitochondrial repair How breathwork, stillness, and social connection restore resilience Why nutrition alone isn't enough without rhythm and recovery How to realign your biology with the modern world     Timecodes 00:00:00 – Welcome to SuperLife and the intention behind this episode 00:00:32 – Sponsor: TheraSage and natural frequency-based healing 00:02:10 – Happy New Year + why this conversation matters now 00:02:37 – Are you exhausted even though you're "doing everything right"? 00:03:26 – The modern energy crisis and rising chronic fatigue 00:04:12 – Why surface-level health advice no longer works 00:04:27 – Mitochondria: more than energy factories 00:04:59 – Circadian misalignment, EMFs, and modern stressors 00:05:36 – Overtraining, stress load, and lack of recovery 00:06:00 – Fatigue as a signal, not a lack of discipline 00:06:18 – How artificial light disrupts internal clocks 00:07:25 – Discipline as alignment with natural rhythms 00:07:36 – Emotional release, primal expression, and energy recovery 00:08:47 – Why "why am I tired all the time?" is exploding online 00:09:24 – The mitochondria as environmental sensors 00:10:06 – Stress signaling, thoughts, and cellular energy flow 00:11:18 – Breathwork and slowing the nervous system 00:12:24 – Social connection and low-stress signaling 00:13:02 – Sponsor: Bite toothpaste and eliminating plastic exposure 00:15:19 – Morning sunlight and circadian priming 00:15:52 – Reducing artificial light at night 00:16:15 – Nutrients that support mitochondrial function 00:17:29 – Sleep timing, consistency, and repair 00:18:20 – Evening routines and melatonin protection 00:19:46 – Small daily steps compound into real energy 00:20:17 – Antioxidants, inflammation, and recovery 00:20:49 – Training smarter, not harder 00:21:31 – Breathwork, sauna, and recovery rituals 00:22:26 – Nutrition, protein, and polyphenols 00:24:37 – Five daily energy takeaways 00:25:24 – Energy is permitted, not forced 00:26:03 – Listening to the body and closing reflections 00:26:49 – SuperLife Patreon and community support     Join the SuperLife Community Get Darin's deeper wellness breakdowns — beyond social media restrictions: Weekly voice notes Ingredient deep dives Wellness challenges Energy + consciousness tools Community accountability Extended episodes Join for $7.49/month → https://patreon.com/darinolien     Thank You to Our Sponsors: Therasage: Go to www.therasage.com and use code DARIN at checkout for 15% off Bite Toothpaste: Go to trybite.com/DARIN20 or use code DARIN20 for 20% off your first order.     Find More from Darin Olien: Instagram: @darinolien Podcast: SuperLife Podcast Website: superlife.com Book: Fatal Conveniences     Key Takeaway "Fatigue isn't failure. It's feedback. When your environment, timing, and signals align, your biology remembers how to thrive."     Bibliography/Sources: Ames, B. N. (2006). Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation triage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(47), 17589–17594. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608757103 Bass, J., & Takahashi, J. S. (2010). Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics. Science, 330(6009), 1349–1354. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1195668 Gooley, J. J., Chamberlain, K., Smith, K. A., Khalsa, S. B., Rajaratnam, S. M., Van Reen, E., Zeitzer, J. M., Czeisler, C. A., & Lockley, S. W. (2011). Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(3), E463–E472. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2098 Kreher, J. B., & Schwartz, J. B. (2012). Overtraining syndrome: A practical guide. Sports Health, 4(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111434406 Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D., Raglin, J., Rietjens, G., Steinacker, J., & Urhausen, A. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730061 Panda, S. (2016). Circadian physiology of metabolism. Cell Metabolism, 23(6), 1152–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.005 Picard, M., Juster, R. P., & McEwen, B. S. (2014). Mitochondrial allostatic load: Putting the 'gluc' back in glucocorticoids. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(5), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2014.22 Picard, M., & McEwen, B. S. (2018). Psychological stress and mitochondria: A systematic review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000544 Picard, M., McElroy, G. S., & Turnbull, D. M. (2015). Mitochondrial functions modulate neuroendocrine, metabolic, inflammatory, and transcriptional responses to acute psychological stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(48), 14920–14925. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518223112 Reiter, R. J., Rosales-Corral, S., Tan, D. X., Acuna-Castroviejo, D., Qin, L., Yang, S. F., & Xu, K. (2017). Melatonin as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant: One of evolution's best inventions? Journal of Pineal Research, 62(1), e12394. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12394 Scheer, F. A., Hilton, M. F., Mantzoros, C. S., & Shea, S. A. (2009). Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(11), 4453–4458. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808180106 Straub, R. H. (2017). The brain and immune system prompt energy shortage in chronic inflammation and ageing. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 13(2), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.213 World Health Organization. (n.d.). Micronutrient deficiencies. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/micronutrients

THE TENNANT MISSION AND THE SUMMER OF 1939 Colleague Charles Spicer. In the summer of 1939, Ernest Tennant undertook a secret mission to Austria to meet his former friend Ribbentrop, acting with the plausible deniability of 10 Downing Street. At a confiscated castle, Tennant learned that Hitler was mirroring Ribbentrop'saggressive stance, planning a long war and targeting Poland. This intelligence convinced London to accelerate a defense pact with Poland, though Chamberlain failed to secure a necessary alliance with the Soviet Union due to his personal antipathy toward Stalin. Despite accurate intelligence from the amateur spies regarding the imminent invasion of Polandand the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the British leadership failed to act decisively or explore regime change, missing the final opportunities to stop the dictator before the outbreak of hostilities. NUMBER 12 1946 DEFENSE ATTORNEYS AT NUREMBERG