Podcasts about Lagrangian

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 30, 2022 0:44

Dust Motion and Possibility of Dust Growth in a Growing Circumstellar Disk by Shunta Koga et al. on Wednesday 30 November We calculate the evolution of a star-forming cloud core using a three-dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamics simulation, treating dust grains as Lagrangian particles, to investigate the dust motion in the early star formation stage. We prepare six different-sized set of dust particles in the range $a_{rm d}=0.01$--$1000,mu$m, where $a_{rm d}$ is the dust grain size. In a gravitationally collapsing cloud, a circumstellar disk forms around a protostar and drives a protostellar outflow. Almost all the small dust grains ($a_{rm d} lesssim 10$--$100,mu$m) initially distributed in the region $theta_0 lesssim 45^circ$ are ejected from the center by the outflow, where $theta_0$ is the initial zenith angle relative to the rotation axis, whereas only a small number of the large dust grains ($a_{rm d} gtrsim 100,mu$m) distributed in the region are ejected. All other grains fall onto either the protostar or disk without being ejected by the outflow. Regardless of the dust grain size, the behavior of the dust motion is divided into two trends after dust particles settle into the circumstellar disk. The dust grains reaching the inner disk region from the upper envelope preferentially fall onto the protostar, while those reaching the outer disk region or disk outer edge from the envelope can survive without an inward radial drift. These surviving grains can induce dust growth. Thus, we expect that the outer disk regions could be a favored place of planet formation. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15852v1

growth dust motion possibility disk arxiv lagrangian

Dust Motion and Possibility of Dust Growth in a Growing Circumstellar Disk

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 29, 2022 0:52

Dust Motion and Possibility of Dust Growth in a Growing Circumstellar Disk by Shunta Koga et al. on Tuesday 29 November We calculate the evolution of a star-forming cloud core using a three-dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamics simulation, treating dust grains as Lagrangian particles, to investigate the dust motion in the early star formation stage. We prepare six different-sized set of dust particles in the range $a_{rm d}=0.01$--$1000,mu$m, where $a_{rm d}$ is the dust grain size. In a gravitationally collapsing cloud, a circumstellar disk forms around a protostar and drives a protostellar outflow. Almost all the small dust grains ($a_{rm d} lesssim 10$--$100,mu$m) initially distributed in the region $theta_0 lesssim 45^circ$ are ejected from the center by the outflow, where $theta_0$ is the initial zenith angle relative to the rotation axis, whereas only a small number of the large dust grains ($a_{rm d} gtrsim 100,mu$m) distributed in the region are ejected. All other grains fall onto either the protostar or disk without being ejected by the outflow. Regardless of the dust grain size, the behavior of the dust motion is divided into two trends after dust particles settle into the circumstellar disk. The dust grains reaching the inner disk region from the upper envelope preferentially fall onto the protostar, while those reaching the outer disk region or disk outer edge from the envelope can survive without an inward radial drift. These surviving grains can induce dust growth. Thus, we expect that the outer disk regions could be a favored place of planet formation. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15852v1

growth dust motion possibility disk arxiv lagrangian

Asymmetry in the number of L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans driven by jumping Jupiter

Astro arXiv | astro-ph.EP

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 28, 2022 0:57

Asymmetry in the number of L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans driven by jumping Jupiter by Jian Li et al. on Monday 28 November Context. More than 10000 Jupiter Trojans have been detected so far. They are moving around the L4 and L5 triangular Lagrangian points of the Sun-Jupiter system and their distributions can provide important clues to the early evolution of the Solar System. Aims. The number asymmetry of the L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans is a longstanding problem. We aim to test a new mechanism in order to explain this anomalous feature by invoking the jumping-Jupiter scenario. Methods. First, we introduce the orbital evolution of Jupiter caused by the giant planet instability in the early Solar System. In this scenario, Jupiter could undergo an outward migration at a very high speed. We then investigate how such a jump changes the numbers of the L4 (N4) and L5 (N5) Trojans. Results. The outward migration of Jupiter can distort the co-orbital orbits near the Lagrangian points, resulting in L4 Trojans being more stable than the L5 ones. We find that, this mechanism could potentially explain the unbiased number asymmetry of N4/N5~1.6 for the known Jupiter Trojans. The uncertainties of the system parameters, e.g. Jupiter's eccentricity and inclination, the inclination distribution of Jupiter Trojans, are also taken into account and our results about the L4/L5 asymmetry have been further validated. However, the resonant amplitudes of the simulated Trojans are excited to higher values compared to the current population. A possible solution is that collisions among the Trojans may reduce their resonant amplitudes. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13877v1

driven results methods jupiter jumping aims solar system trojans asymmetry arxiv l4 l5 lagrangian l4 l5

Asymmetry in the number of L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans driven by jumping Jupiter

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 28, 2022 0:57

driven results methods jupiter jumping aims solar system trojans asymmetry arxiv l4 l5 lagrangian l4 l5

Asymmetry in the number of L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans driven by jumping Jupiter

Astro arXiv | astro-ph.EP

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2022 0:58

Asymmetry in the number of L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans driven by jumping Jupiter by Jian Li et al. on Sunday 27 November Context. More than 10000 Jupiter Trojans have been detected so far. They are moving around the L4 and L5 triangular Lagrangian points of the Sun-Jupiter system and their distributions can provide important clues to the early evolution of the Solar System. Aims. The number asymmetry of the L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans is a longstanding problem. We aim to test a new mechanism in order to explain this anomalous feature by invoking the jumping-Jupiter scenario. Methods. First, we introduce the orbital evolution of Jupiter caused by the giant planet instability in the early Solar System. In this scenario, Jupiter could undergo an outward migration at a very high speed. We then investigate how such a jump changes the numbers of the L4 (N4) and L5 (N5) Trojans. Results. The outward migration of Jupiter can distort the co-orbital orbits near the Lagrangian points, resulting in L4 Trojans being more stable than the L5 ones. We find that, this mechanism could potentially explain the unbiased number asymmetry of N4/N5~1.6 for the known Jupiter Trojans. The uncertainties of the system parameters, e.g. Jupiter's eccentricity and inclination, the inclination distribution of Jupiter Trojans, are also taken into account and our results about the L4/L5 asymmetry have been further validated. However, the resonant amplitudes of the simulated Trojans are excited to higher values compared to the current population. A possible solution is that collisions among the Trojans may reduce their resonant amplitudes. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13877v1

driven results methods jupiter jumping aims solar system trojans asymmetry arxiv l4 l5 lagrangian l4 l5

Asymmetry in the number of L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans driven by jumping Jupiter

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2022 0:58

driven results methods jupiter jumping aims solar system trojans asymmetry arxiv l4 l5 lagrangian l4 l5

A Lagrangian construction of rotating stars

stars construction rotating arxiv w4 lagrangian

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 18, 2022 0:41

A Lagrangian construction of rotating stars by Misa Ogata et al. on Tuesday 18 October We present a new formulation for numerically obtaining axisymmetric equilibrium structures of rotating stars in two spatial dimensions. With a view to apply it to the secular evolution of rotating stars, we base it on the Lagrangian description, i.e., we solve the force-balance equations to find the spatial positions of fluid elements endowed individually with a mass, specific entropy and angular momentum. The system of nonlinear equations obtained by finite-differencing the basic equations are solved with the W4 method, which is a new multi-dimensional root-finding scheme of our own devising. We augment it with a remapping scheme to avoid distortions of the Lagrangian coordinates. In this first one of a series of papers, we will give a detailed description of these methods initially. We then present the results of some test calculations, which include the construction of both rapidly rotating barotropic and baroclinic equilibrium states. We gauge their accuracies quantitatively with some diagnostic quantities as well as via comparisons with the counterparts obtained with an Eulerian code. For a demonstrative purpose, we apply the code to a toy-model cooling calculation of a rotating white dwarf. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.09501v1

General relativistic simulations of collapsing binary neutron star mergers with Monte-Carlo neutrino transport

transport mergers monte carlo binary collapsing simulations neutrons neutrino neutron stars arxiv lagrangian

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 12, 2022 0:56

General relativistic simulations of collapsing binary neutron star mergers with Monte-Carlo neutrino transport by Francois Foucart et al. on Wednesday 12 October Recent gravitational wave observations of neutron star-neutron star and neutron star-black hole binaries appear to indicate that massive neutron stars may not be too uncommon in merging systems. These discoveries have led to an increased interest in the simulation of merging compact binaries involving massive stars. In this manuscript, we present a first set of evolution of massive neutron star binaries using Monte-Carlo radiation transport for the evolution of neutrinos. We study a range of systems, from nearly symmetric binaries that collapse to a black hole before forming a disk or ejecting material, to more asymmetric binaries in which tidal disruption of the lower mass star leads to the production of more interesting post-merger remnants. For the latter type of systems, we additionally study the impact of viscosity on the properties of the outflows, and compare our results to two recent simulations of identical binaries performed with the WhiskyTHC code. We find excellent agreement on the black hole properties, disk mass, and mass and velocity of the outflows, and some minor but noticeable differences in the evolution of the electron fraction when using a subgrid viscosity model. The method used to account for r-process heating in the determination of the outflow properties appears to have a larger impact on our result than those differences between numerical codes. We also take advantage of the use of a Monte-Carlo code to study in more detail the neutrino energy spectrum, and use the simulation with the most ejected material to verify that our newly implemented Lagrangian tracers provide a reasonable sampling of the matter outflows as they leave the computational grid. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.05670v1

General relativistic simulations of collapsing binary neutron star mergers with Monte-Carlo neutrino transport

transport mergers monte carlo binary collapsing simulations neutrons neutrino neutron stars arxiv lagrangian

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 12, 2022 0:56

Baryonic Effects on Lagrangian Clustering and Angular Momentum Reconstruction

effects reconstruction clustering arxiv lagrangian angular momentum

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 10, 2022 0:37

Baryonic Effects on Lagrangian Clustering and Angular Momentum Reconstruction by Ming-Jie Sheng et al. on Monday 10 October Recent studies illustrate the correlation between the angular momenta of cosmic structures and their Lagrangian properties. However, only baryons are observable and it is unclear whether they reliably trace the cosmic angular momenta. We study the Lagrangian mass distribution, spin correlation and predictability of dark matter, gas, and stellar components of galaxy-halo systems using IllustrisTNG, and show that the primordial segregations between components are typically small. Their proto-shapes are also similar in terms of the statistics of moment of inertia tensors. Under the common gravitational potential they are expected to be exerted the same tidal torque and the strong spin correlations are not destroyed by the nonlinear evolution and complicated baryonic effects, as confirmed by the high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations. We further show that their late time angular momenta traced by total gas, stars, or the central galaxies, can be reliably reconstructed by the initial perturbations. These results suggest that baryonic angular momenta can potentially be used in reconstructing the parameters and models related to the initial perturbations. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.04203v1

Tyler Cowen - Talent, Collapse, & Pessimism of Sex

The Lunar Society

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 28, 2022 94:39

It was my great pleasure to speak once again to Tyler Cowen. His most recent book is Talent, How to Find Energizers, Creatives, and Winners Across the World.We discuss:how sex is more pessimistic than he is,why he expects society to collapse permanently,why humility, stimulants, intelligence, & stimulants are overrated,how he identifies talent, deceit, & ambition,& much much much more!Watch on YouTube. Listen on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or any other podcast platform. Read the full transcript here.Follow me on Twitter for updates on future episodes.More really cool guests coming up, subscribe to find out about future episodes!You may also enjoy my interviews of Bryan Caplan (about mental illness, discrimination, and poverty), David Deutsch (about AI and the problems with America's constitution), and Steve Hsu (about intelligence and embryo selection).If you end up enjoying this episode, I would be super grateful if you shared it. Post it on Twitter, send it to your friends & group-chats, and throw it up on any relevant subreddits & forums you follow. Can't exaggerate how much it helps a small podcast like mine.A huge thanks to Graham Bessellieu for editing this podcast and Mia Aiyana for producing its transcript.Timestamps(0:00) -Did Caplan Change On Education?(1:17) - Travel vs. History(3:10) - Do Institutions Become Left Wing Over Time?(6:02) - What Does Talent Correlate With?(13:00) - Humility, Mental Illness, Caffeine, and Suits(19:20) - How does Education affect Talent?(24:34) - Scouting Talent(33:39) - Money, Deceit, and Emergent Ventures(37:16) - Building Writing Stamina(39:41) - When Does Intelligence Start to Matter?(43:51) - Spotting Talent (Counter)signals(53:57) - Will Reading Cowen's Book Help You Win Emergent Ventures?(1:04:18) - Existential risks and the Longterm(1:12:45) - Cultivating Young Talent(1:16:05) - The Lifespans of Public Intellectuals(1:19:42) - Risk Aversion in Academia(1:26:20) - Is Stagnation Inevitable?(1:31:33) - What are Podcasts for?TranscriptDid Caplan Change On Education?Tyler Cowen Ask Bryan about early and late Caplan. In which ways are they not consistent? That's a kind of friendly jab.Dwarkesh Patel Okay, interesting. Tyler Cowen Garrett Jones has tweeted about this in the past. In The Myth of the Rational Voter, education is so wonderful. It no longer seems to be true, but it was true from the data Bryan took from. Bryan doesn't think education really teaches you much. Dwarkesh Patel So then why is it making you want a free market?Tyler Cowen It once did, even though it doesn't now, and if it doesn't now, it may teach them bad things. But it's teaching them something.Dwarkesh Patel I have asked him this. He thinks that education doesn't teach them anything; therefore, that woke-ism can't be a result of colleges. I asked him, “okay, at some point, these were ideas in colleges, but now they're in the broader world. What do you think happened? Why did it transition together?” I don't think he had a good answer to that.Tyler Cowen Yeah, you can put this in the podcast if you want. I like the free podcast talk often better than the podcast. [laughs]Dwarkesh Patel Okay. Well yeah, we can just start rolling. Today, it is my great pleasure to speak to Tyler Cowen about his new book, “Talent, How to Find Energizers, Creatives, and Winners Across the World.” Tyler, welcome (once again) to The Lunar Society. Tyler Cowen Happy to be here, thank you!Travel vs. HistoryDwarkesh Patel 1:51 Okay, excellent. I'll get into talent in just a second, but I've got a few questions for you first. So in terms of novelty and wonder, do you think travelling to the past would be a fundamentally different experience from travelling to different countries today? Or is it kind of in the same category?Tyler Cowen You need to be protected against disease and have some access to the languages, and obviously, your smartphone is not going to work, right? So if you adjust for those differences, I think it would be a lot like travelling today except there'd be bigger surprises because no one else has gone to the past. Older people were there in a sense, but if you go back to ancient Athens, or the peak of the Roman Empire, you'd be the first traveller. Dwarkesh Patel So do you think the experience of reading a history book is somewhat substitutable for actually travelling to a place? Tyler Cowen Not at all! I think we understand the past very very poorly. If you've travelled appropriately in contemporary times, it should make you more skeptical about history because you'll realize how little you can learn about the current places just by reading about them. So it's like Travel versus History, and the historians lose.Dwarkesh Patel Oh, interesting. So I'm curious, how does travelling a lot change your perspective when you read a work of history? In what ways does it do so? Are you skeptical of it to an extent that you weren't before, and what do you think historians are probably getting wrong? Tyler Cowen It may not be a concrete way, but first you ask: was the person there? If it's a biography, did the author personally know the subject of the biography? That becomes an extremely important question. I was just in India for the sixth time, I hardly pretend to understand India, whatever that possibly might mean, but before I went at all, I'd read a few hundred books about India, and it's not like I got nothing out of them, but in some sense, I knew nothing about India. Now that I've visited, the other things I read make more sense, including the history.Do Institutions Become Left Wing Over Time?Dwarkesh Patel Okay, interesting. So you've asked this question to many of your guests, and I don't think any of them have had a good answer. So let me just ask you: what do you think is the explanation behind Conquest's Second Law? Why does any institution that is not explicitly right-wing become left-wing over time?Tyler Cowen Well, first of all, I'm not sure that Conquest's Second Law is true. So you have something like the World Bank which was sort of centrist state-ist in the 1960s, and by the 1990s became fairly neoliberal. Now, about what's left-wing/right-wing, it's global, it's complicated, but it's not a simple case of Conquest's Second Law holding. I do think that for a big part of the latter post-war era, some version of Conquest's Law does mostly hold for the United States. But once you see that it's not universal, you're just asking: well, why have parts? Why has the American intelligentsia shifted to the left? So that there's political science literature on educational polarization? [laughs] I wouldn't say it's a settled question, but it's not a huge mystery like “how Republicans act wackier than Democrats are” for example. The issues realign in particular ways. I believe that's why Conquest's Law locally is mostly holding.Dwarkesh Patel Oh, interesting. So you don't think there's anything special about the intellectual life that tends to make people left-wing, and this issue is particular to our current moment?Tyler Cowen I think by choosing the words “left-wing” you're begging the question. There's a lot of historical areas where what is left-wing is not even well defined, so in that sense, Conquests Law can't even hold there. I once had a debate with Marc Andreessen about this–– I think Mark tends to see things that are left-wing/right-wing as somewhat universal historical categories, and I very much do not. In medieval times, what's left wing and what's right wing? Even in 17th century England, there were particular groups who on particular issues were very left-wing or right-wing. It seems to me to be very unsatisfying, and there's a lot of fluidity in how these axes play out over real issues.Dwarkesh Patel Interesting. So maybe then it's what is considered “left” at the time that tends to be the thing that ends up winning. At least, that's how it looks like looking back on it. That's how we categorize things. Something insightful I heard is that “if the left keeps winning, then just redefine what the left is.” So if you think of prohibition at the time, it was a left-wing cause, but now, the opposite of prohibition is left-wing because we just changed what the left is.Tyler Cowen Exactly. Take the French Revolution: they're the historical equivalent of nonprofits versus 1830s restoration. Was everything moving to the left, between Robespierre and 1830? I don't pretend to know, but it just sure doesn't seem that way. So again, there seem to be a lot of cases where Conquest's Law is not so economical.Dwarkesh Patel Napoleon is a great example of this where we're not sure whether he's the most left-wing figure in history or the most right-wing figure in history.Tyler Cowen 6:00Maybe he's both somehow.What Does Talent Correlate With?Dwarkesh Patel How much of talent or the lack thereof is a moral judgment for you? Just to give some context, when I think that somebody is not that intelligent, for me, that doesn't seem like a moral judgment. That just seems like a lottery. When I say that somebody's not hard working, that seems like more of a moral judgment. So on that spectrum, where would you say talent lies?Tyler Cowen I don't know. My default is that most people aren't that ambitious. I'm fine with that. It actually creates some opportunities for the ambitious–– there might be an optimal degree of ambition. Well, short of everyone being sort of maximally ambitious. So I don't go around pissed off at unambitious people, judging them in some moralizing way. I think a lot of me is on autopilot when it comes to morally judging people from a distance. I don't wake up in the morning and get pissed off at someone in the Middle East doing whatever, even though I might think it was wrong.Dwarkesh Patel So when you read the biographies of great people, often you see there's a bit of an emotional neglect and abuse when they're kids. Why do you think this is such a common trope?Tyler Cowen I would love to see the data, but I'm not convinced that it's more common than with other people. Famous people, especially those who have biographies, on average are from earlier times, and in earlier times, children were treated worse. So it could be correlated without being causal. Now, maybe there's this notion that you need to have something to prove. Maybe you only feel you need to prove something if you're Napoleon and you're short, and you weren't always treated well. That's possible and I don't rule it out. But you look at Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg without pretending to know what their childhoods were like. It sure sounds like they were upper middle class kids treated very well, at least from a distance. For example, the Collison's had great parents and they did well.Dwarkesh Patel It could just be that the examples involving emotional neglect stuck out in my mind in particular. Tyler Cowen Yeah. So I'd really like to see the data. I think it's an important and very good question. It seems to me, maybe one could investigate it, but I've never seen an actual result.Dwarkesh Patel Is there something you've learned about talent spotting through writing the book that you wish wasn't so? Maybe you found it disturbing, or you found it disappointing in some way. Is there something that is a correlate for talent that you wish wasn't? Tyler Cowen I don't know. Again, I think I'm relatively accepting of a lot of these realities, but the thing that disappoints me a bit is how geographically clustered talent is. I don't mean where it was born, and I don't mean ethnically. I just mean where it ends up. So if you get an application, say from rural Italy where maybe living standards are perfectly fine–– there's good weather, there's olive oil, there's pasta. But the application just probably not that good. Certainly, Italians have had enough amazing achievements over the millennia, but right now, the people there who are actually up to something are going to move to London or New York or somewhere. So I find that a bit depressing. It's not really about the people. Dwarkesh Patel When you do find a cluster of talent, to what extent can that be explained by a cyclical view of what's happening in the region? In the sense of the “hard times create strong men” theory? I mean at some point, Italy had a Renaissance, so maybe things got complacent over time.Tyler Cowen Again, maybe that's true for Italy, but most of the talent clusters have been such for a long time, like London and New York. It's not cyclical. They've just had a ton of talent for a very long time. They still do, and later on, they still will. Maybe not literally forever, but it seems like an enduring effect.Dwarkesh Patel But what if they leave? For example, the Central European Jews couldn't stay where they were anymore and had to leave.Tyler Cowen Obviously, I think war can destroy almost anything. So German scientific talent took a big whack, German cultural talent too. I mean, Hungarian Jews and mathematics-–I don't know big of a trend it still is, but it's certainly nothing close to what it once was.Dwarkesh Patel Okay. I was worried that if you realize that some particular region has a lot of talent right now, then that might be a one-time gain. You realize that India, Toronto or Nigeria or something have a lot of talent, but the culture doesn't persist in some sort of extended way. Tyler Cowen That might be true for where talent comes from, but where it goes just seems to show more persistence. People will almost certainly be going to London for centuries. Is London producing a lot of talent? That's less clear. That may be much more cyclical. In the 17th century, London was amazing, right? London today? I would say I don't know. But it's not obvious that it's coming close to its previous glories. So the current status of India I think, will be temporary, but temporary for a long time. It's just a very big place. It has a lot of centres and there are things it has going for it like not taking prosperity for granted. But it will have all of these for quite a while–– India's still pretty poor.Dwarkesh Patel What do you think is the difference between actual places where clusters of talent congregate and places where that are just a source of that talent? What makes a place a sink rather than a source of talent?Tyler Cowen I think finding a place where people end up going is more or less obvious. You need money, you need a big city, you need some kind of common trade or linguistic connection. So New York and London are what they are for obvious reasons, right? Path dependence history, the story of making it in the Big Apple and so on. But origins and where people come from are areas that I think theory is very bad at understanding. Why did the Renaissance blossom in Florence and Venice, and not in Milan? If you're going back earlier, it wasn't obvious that it would be those places. I've done a lot of reading to try to figure this out, but I find that I've gotten remarkably not far on the question.Dwarkesh Patel The particular examples you mentioned today–– like New York, San Francisco, London, these places today are kind of high stakes, because if you want to move there, it's expensive. Do you think that this is because they've been so talented despite this fact, or because you need some sort of exclusion in order to be a haven of talent?Tyler Cowen Well, I think this is a problem for San Francisco. It may be a more temporary cluster than it ought to have been. Since it's a pretty recent cluster, it can't count on the same kind of historical path dependence that New York and Manhattan have. But a lot of New York still is not that expensive. Look at the people who work and live there! They're not all rich, to say the least. And that is an important part of why New York is still New York. With London, it's much harder, but it seems to me that London is a sink for somewhat established talent––which is fine, right? However, in that regard, it's much inferior to New York.Humility, Mental Illness, Caffeine, and Suits Dwarkesh Patel Okay, I want to play a game of overrated and underrated with you, but we're going to do it with certain traits or certain kinds of personalities that might come in when you're interviewing people.Tyler Cowen Okay, it's probably all going to be indeterminate, but go on.Dwarkesh Patel Right. So somebody comes in, and they're very humble.Tyler Cowen Immediately I'm suspicious. I figure most people who are going to make something of themselves are arrogant. If they're willing to show it, there's a certain bravery or openness in that. I don't rule out the humble person doing great. A lot of people who do great are humble, but I just get a wee bit like, “what's up with you? You're not really humble, are you?”Dwarkesh Patel Maybe humility is a way of avoiding confrontation–– if you don't have the competence to actually show that you can be great. Tyler Cowen It might be efficient for them to avoid confrontation, but I just start thinking that I don't know the real story. When I see a bit of arrogance, I'm less likely to think that it may, in a way, be feigned. But the feigning of arrogance in itself is a kind of arrogance. So in that sense, I'm still getting the genuine thing. Dwarkesh Patel So what is the difference? Let's say a 15-year-old who is kind of arrogant versus a 50-year-old who is kind of arrogant, and the latter has accomplishments already while the first one doesn't. Is there a difference in how you perceive humility or the lack thereof?Tyler Cowen Oh, sure. With the 50-year-old, you want to see what they have done, and you're much more likely to think the 50 year old should feign humility than the 15-year-old. Because that's the high-status thing to do–– it's to feign humility. If they can't do that, you figure, “Here's one thing they're bad at. What else are they bad at?” Whereas with the 15-year-old, maybe they have a chip on their shoulder and they can't quite hold it all in. Oh, that's great and fine. Let's see what you're gonna do.Dwarkesh Patel How arrogant can you be? There are many 15 year olds who are really good at math, and they have ambitions like “I want to solve P ≠ NP” or “I want to build an AGI” or something. Is there some level where you just clearly don't understand what's going on since you think you can do something like that? Or is arrogance always a plus?Tyler Cowen I haven't seen that level of arrogance yet. If a 15-year-old said to me, “in three years, I'm going to invent a perpetual motion machine,” I would think “No, now you're just crazy.” But no one's ever said that to me. There's this famous Mark Zuckerberg story where he went into the VC meeting at Sequoia wearing his pajamas and he told Sequoia not to give him money. He was 18 at a minimum, that's pretty arrogant behavior and we should be fine with that. We know how the story ends. So it's really hard to be too arrogant. But once you say this, because of the second order effect, you start thinking: “Well, are they just being arrogant as an act?” And then in the “act sense”, yes, they can be too arrogant.Dwarkesh Patel Isn't the backstory there that Mark was friends with Sean Parker and then Sean Parker had beef with Sequoia…Tyler Cowen There's something like that. I wouldn't want to say off the top of my head exactly what, but there is a backstory.Dwarkesh Patel Okay. Somebody comes in professionally dressed when they don't need to. They've got a crisp clean shirt. They've got a nice wash. Tyler Cowen How old are they?Dwarkesh Patel 20.Tyler Cowen They're too conformist. Again, with some jobs, conformity is great, but I get a little suspicious, at least for what I'm looking for. Though I wouldn't rule them out for a lot of things–– it's a plus, right?Dwarkesh Patel Is there a point though, where you're in some way being conformist by dressing up in a polo shirt? Like if you're in San Francisco right now, it seems like the conformist thing is not to wear a suit to an interview if you're trying to be a software engineer.Tyler Cowen Yeah, there might be situations where it's so weird, so over the top, so conformist, that it's actually totally non-conformist. Like “I don't know anyone who's a conformist like you are!” Maybe it's not being a conformist, or just being some kind of nut, that makes you interested again.Dwarkesh Patel An overall sense that you get from the person that they're really content, almost like Buddha came in for an interview. A sense of wellbeing.Tyler Cowen It's gonna depend on context, I don't think I'd hold it against someone, but I wouldn't take it at face value. You figure they're antsy in some way, you hope. You'll see it with more time, I would just think.Dwarkesh Patel Somebody who uses a lot of nootropics. They're constantly using caffeine, but maybe on the side (multiple times a week), they're also using Adderall, Modafinil, and other kinds of nootropics.Tyler Cowen I don't personally like it, but I've never seen evidence that it's negatively correlated with success, so I would try to put it out of my mind. I sort of personally get a queasy feeling like “Do you really know what you're doing. Is all this stuff good for you? Why do you need this?” That's my actual reaction, but again, at the intellectual level, it does seem to work for some people, or at least not screw them up too much.Dwarkesh Patel You don't drink caffeine, correct? Tyler Cowen Zero.Dwarkesh Patel Why?Tyler Cowen I don't like it. It might be bad for you. Dwarkesh Patel Oh really, you think so? Tyler Cowen People get addicted to it.Dwarkesh Patel You're not worried it might make you less productive over the long term? It's more about you just don't want to be addicted to something?Tyler Cowen Well, since I don't know it well, I'm not sure what my worries are. But the status quo regime seems to work. I observe a lot of people who end up addicted to coffee, coke, soda, stuff we know is bad for you. So I think: “What's the problem I need to solve? Why do it?”Dwarkesh Patel What if they have a history of mental illness like depression or anxiety? Not that mental illnesses are good, but at the current margins, do you think that maybe they're punished too heavily? Or maybe that people don't take them seriously enough that they actually have a bigger signal than the people are considering?Tyler Cowen I don't know. I mean, both could be true, right? So there's definitely positive correlations between that stuff and artistic creativity. Whether or not it's causal is harder to say, but it correlates. So you certainly should take the person seriously. But would they be the best Starbucks cashier? I don't know.How does Education Affect Talent?Dwarkesh Patel Yeah. In another podcast, you've pointed out that some of the most talented people you see who are neglected are 15 to 17 year olds. How does this impact how you think? Let's say you were in charge of a high school, you're the principal of a high school, and you know that there's 2000 students there. A few of them have to be geniuses, right? How is the high school run by Tyler Cowen? Especially for the very smartest people there? Tyler Cowen Less homework! I would work harder to hire better teachers, pay them more, and fire the bad ones if I'm allowed to do that. Those are no-brainers, but mainly less homework and I'd have more people come in who are potential role models. Someone like me! I was invited once to Flint Hill High School in Oakton, it's right nearby. I went in, I wasn't paid. I just figured “I'll do this.” It seems to me a lot of high schools don't even try. They could get a bunch of people to come in for free to just say “I'm an economist, here's what being an economist is like” for 45 minutes. Is that so much worse than the BS the teacher has to spew? Of course not. So I would just do more things like that.Dwarkesh Patel I want to understand the difference between these three options. The first is: somebody like you actually gives an in-person lecture saying “this is what life is like”. The second is zoom, you could use zoom to do that. The third is that it's not live in any way whatsoever. You're just kind of like maybe showing a video of the person. Tyler Cowen I'm a big believer in vividness. So Zoom is better than nothing. A lot of people are at a distance, but I think you'll get more and better responses by inviting local people to do it live. And there's plenty of local people, where most of the good schools are.Dwarkesh Patel Are you tempted to just give these really smart 15-year-olds a hall pass to the library all day and some WiFi access, and then just leave them alone? Or do you think that they need some sort of structure?Tyler Cowen I think they need some structure, but you have to let them rebel against it and do their own thing. Zero structure strikes me as great for a few of them, but even for the super talented ones, it's not perfect. They need exposure to things, and they need some teachers as role models. So you want them to have some structure.Dwarkesh Patel If you read old books about education, there's a strong emphasis on moral instruction. Do you think that needs to be an important part of education? Tyler Cowen I'd like to see more data. But I suspect the best moral instruction is the teachers actually being good people. I think that works. But again, I'd like to see the data. But somehow getting up and lecturing them about the seven virtues or something. That seems to me to be a waste of time, and maybe even counterproductive.Dwarkesh Patel Now, the way I read your book about talent, it also seems like a critique of Bryan's book, The Case Against Education.Tyler Cowen Ofcourse it is. Bryan describes me as the guy who's always torturing him, and in a sense, he's right.Dwarkesh Patel Well, I guess more specifically, it seems that Bryan's book relies on the argument that you need a costly signal to show that you have talent, or you have intelligence, conscientiousness, and other traits. But if you can just learn that from a 1500 word essay and a zoom call, then maybe college is not about the signal.Tyler Cowen In that sense, I'm not sure it's a good critique of Bryan. So for most people in the middle of the distribution, I don't think you can learn what I learned from Top 5 Emergent Ventures winners through an application and a half-hour zoom call. But that said, I think the talent book shows you my old saying: context is that which is scarce. And you're always testing people for their understanding of context. Most people need a fair amount of higher education to acquire that context, even if they don't remember the detailed content of their classes. So I think Bryan overlooks how much people actually learn when they go to school.Dwarkesh Patel How would you go about measuring the amount of context of somebody who went to college? Is there something you can point to that says, “Oh, clearly they're getting some context, otherwise, they wouldn't be able to do this”?Tyler Cowen I think if you meet enough people who didn't go to college, you'll see the difference, on average. Stressing the word average. Now there are papers measuring positive returns to higher education. I don't think they all show it's due to context, but I am persuaded by most of Brian's arguments that you don't remember the details of what you learned in class. Oh, you learn this about astronomy and Kepler's laws and opportunity costs, etc. but people can't reproduce that two or three years later. It seems pretty clear we know that. However, they do learn a lot of context and how to deal with different personality types.Dwarkesh Patel Would you falsify this claim, though, that you are getting a lot of context? Is it just something that you had to qualitatively evaluate? What would have to be true in the world for you to conclude that the opposite is true? Tyler Cowen Well, if you could show people remembered a lot of the facts they learned, and those facts were important for their jobs, neither of which I think is true. But in principle, they're demonstrable, then you would be much more skeptical about the context being the thing that mattered. But as it stands now, that's the residual. And it's probably what matters.Dwarkesh Patel Right. So I thought that Bryan shared in the book that actually people don't even remember many of the basic facts that they learned in school.Tyler Cowen Ofcourse they don't. But that's not the main thing they learn. They learn some vision of how the world works, how they fit into it, that they ought to have higher aspirations, that they can join the upper middle class, that they're supposed to have a particular kind of job. Here are the kinds of jerks you're going to meet along the way! Here's some sense of how dating markets work! Maybe you're in a fraternity, maybe you do a sport and so on. That's what you learned. Dwarkesh Patel How did you spot Bryan?Tyler Cowen He was in high school when I met him, and it was some kind of HS event. I think he made a point of seeking me out. And I immediately thought, “Well this guy is going to be something like, gotta keep track of this guy. Right away.”Dwarkesh Patel Can you say more - what happened?Tyler Cowen His level of enthusiasm, his ability to speak with respect to detail. He was just kind of bursting with everything. It was immediately evident, as it still is. Bryan has changed less than almost anyone else I know over what is now.. he could tell you how many years but it's been a whole bunch of decades.Dwarkesh Patel Interesting. So if that's the case, then it would have been interesting to meet somebody who is like Bryan, but a 19 year old.Tyler Cowen Yeah, and I did. I was right. Talent ScoutingDwarkesh Patel To what extent do the best talent scouts inevitably suffer from Goodhart's Law? Has something like this happened to you where your approval gets turned into a credential? So a whole bunch of non-earnest people start applying, you get a whole bunch of adverse selection, and then it becomes hard for you to run your program.Tyler Cowen It is not yet hard to run the program. If I needed to, I would just shut down applications. I've seen a modest uptick in bad applications, but it takes so little time to decide they're no good, or just not a good fit for us that it's not a problem. So the endorsement does get credentialized. Mostly, that's a good thing, right? Like you help the people you pick. And then you see what happens next and you keep on innovating as you need to.Dwarkesh Patel You say in the book that the super talented are best at spotting other super talented individuals. And there aren't many of the super talented talent spotters to go around. So this sounds like you're saying that if you're not super talented, much of the book will maybe not do you a bunch of good. Results be weary should be maybe on the title. How much of talent spotting can be done by people who aren't themselves super talented?Tyler Cowen Well, I'd want to see the context of what I wrote. But I'm well aware of the fact that in basketball, most of the greatest general managers were not great players. Someone like Jerry West, right? I'd say Pat Riley was not. So again, that's something you could study. But I don't generally think that the best talent scouts are themselves super talented.Dwarkesh Patel Then what is the skill in particular that they have that if it's not the particular thing that they're working on?Tyler Cowen Some intangible kind of intuition, where they feel the right thing in the people they meet. We try to teach people that intuition, the same way you might teach art or music appreciation. But it's not a science. It's not paint-by-numbers.Dwarkesh Patel Even with all the advice in the book, and even with the stuff that isn't in the book that is just your inarticulable knowledge about how to spot talent, all your intuitions… How much of the variance in somebody's “True Potential” is just fundamentally unpredictable? If it's just like too chaotic of a thing to actually get your grips on. To what extent are we going to truly be able to spot talent?Tyler Cowen I think it will always be an art. If you look at the success rates of VCs, it depends on what you count as the pool they're drawing from, but their overall rate of picking winners is not that impressive. And they're super high stakes. They're super smart. So I think it will mostly remain an art and not a science. People say, “Oh, genomics this, genomics that”. We'll see, but somehow I don't think that will change this.Dwarkesh Patel You don't think getting a polygenic risk score of drive, for example, is going to be a thing that happens?Tyler Cowen Maybe future genomics will be incredibly different from what we have now. Maybe. But it's not around the corner.Dwarkesh Patel Yeah. Maybe the sample size is just so low and somebody is like “How are you even gonna collect that data? How are you gonna get the correlates of who the super talented people are?”Tyler Cowen That, plus how genomic data interact with each other. You can apply machine learning and so on, but it just seems quite murky.Dwarkesh Patel If the best people get spotted earlier, and you can tell who is a 10x engineer in a company and who is only a 1x engineer, or a 0.5x engineer, doesn't that mean that, in a way that inequality will get worse? Because now the 10x engineer knows that they're 10x, and everybody else knows that they're 10x, they're not going to be willing to cross subsidize and your other employees are going to be wanting to get paid proportionate to their skill.Tyler Cowen Well, they might be paid more, but they'll also innovate more, right? So they'll create more benefits for people who are doing nothing. My intuition is that overall, inequality of wellbeing will go down. But you can't say that's true apriori. Inequality of income might also go up.Dwarkesh Patel And then will the slack in the system go away for people who are not top performers? Like you can tell now, if we're getting better.Tyler Cowen This has happened already in contemporary America. As I wrote, “Average is over.” Not due to super sophisticated talent spotting. Sometimes, it's simply the fact that in a lot of service sectors, you can measure output reasonably directly––like did you finish the computer program? Did it work? That has made it harder for people to get paid things they don't deserve.Dwarkesh Patel I wonder if this leads to adverse selection in the areas where you can't measure how well somebody is doing. So the people who are kind of lazy and bums, they'll just go into places where output can't be measured. So these industries will just be overflowing with the people who don't want to work.Tyler Cowen Absolutely. And then the people who are talented in the sectors, maybe they'll leave and start their own companies and earn through equity, and no one is really ever measuring their labor power. Still, what they're doing is working and they're making more from it.Dwarkesh Patel If talent is partly heritable, then the better you get at spotting talent, over time, will the social mobility in society go down?Tyler Cowen Depends how you measure social mobility. Is it relative to the previous generation? Most talent spotters don't know a lot about parents, like I don't know anything about your parents at all! The other aspect of spotting talent is hoping the talent you mobilize does great things for people not doing anything at all. That's the kind of automatic social mobility they get. But if you're measuring quintiles across generations, the intuition could go either way.Dwarkesh Patel But this goes back to wondering whether this is a one time gain or not. Maybe initially they can help the people who are around them. Somebody in Brazil, they help people around them. But once you've found them, they're gonna go to those clusters you talked about, and they're gonna be helping the people with San Francisco who don't need help. So is this a one time game then?Tyler Cowen Many people from India seem to give back to India in a very consistent way. People from Russia don't seem to do that. That may relate to the fact that Russia is in terrible shape, and India has a brighter future. So it will depend. But I certainly think there are ways of arranging things where people give back a lot.Dwarkesh Patel Let's talk about Emergent Ventures. Sure. So I wonder: if the goal of Emergent Ventures is to raise aspirations, does that still work given the fact that you have to accept some people but reject other people? In Bayesian terms, the updates up have to equal the updates down? In some sense, you're almost transferring a vision edge from the excellent to the truly great. You see what I'm saying?Tyler Cowen Well, you might discourage the people you turn away. But if they're really going to do something, they should take that as a challenge. And many do! Like “Oh, I was rejected by Harvard, I had to go to UChicago, but I decided, I'm going to show those b******s.” I think we talked about that a few minutes ago. So if I just crushed the spirits of those who are rejected, I don't feel too bad about that. They should probably be in some role anyway where they're just working for someone.Dwarkesh Patel But let me ask you the converse of that which is, if you do accept somebody, are you worried that if one of the things that drives people is getting rejected, and then wanting to prove that you will reject them wrong, are you worried that by accepting somebody when they're 15, you're killing that thing? The part of them that wants to get some kind of approval?Tyler Cowen Plenty of other people will still reject them right? Not everyone accepts them every step of the way. Maybe they're just awesome. LeBron James is basketball history and past a certain point, it just seems everyone wanted him for a bunch of decades now. I think deliberately with a lot of candidates, you shouldn't encourage them too much. I make a point of chewing out a lot of people just to light a fire under them, like “what you're doing. It's not gonna work.” So I'm all for that selectively.Dwarkesh Patel Why do you think that so many of the people who have led Emergent Ventures are interested in Effective Altruism?Tyler Cowen There is a moment right now for Effective Altruism, where it is the thing. Some of it is political polarization, the main parties are so stupid and offensive, those energies will go somewhere. Some of that in 1970 maybe went to libertarianism. Libertarianism has been out there for too long. It doesn't seem to address a lot of current problems, like climate change or pandemics very well. So where should the energy go? The Rationality community gets some of it and that's related to EA, as I'm sure you know. The tech startup community gets some of it. That's great! It seems to be working pretty well to me. Like I'm not an EA person. But maybe they deserve a lot of it.Dwarkesh Patel But you don't think it's persistent. You think it comes and goes?Tyler Cowen I think it will come and go. But I think EA will not vanish. Like libertarianism, it will continue for quite a long time.Dwarkesh Patel Is there any movement that has attracted young people? That has been persistent over time? Or did they all fade? Tyler Cowen Christianity. Judaism. Islam. They're pretty persistent. [laughs]Dwarkesh Patel So to the extent that being more religious makes you more persistent, can we view the criticism of EA saying that it's kind of like a religion as a plus?Tyler Cowen Ofcourse, yeah! I think it's somewhat like a religion. To me, that's a plus, we need more religions. I wish more of the religions we needed were just flat-out religions. But in the meantime, EA will do,Money, Deceit, and Emergent VenturesDwarkesh Patel Are there times when somebody asks you for a grant and you view that as a negative signal? Let's say they're especially when well off: they're a former Google engineer, they wanna start a new project, and they're asking you for a grant. Do you worry that maybe they're too risk averse? Do you want them to put their own capital into it? Or do you think that maybe they were too conformist because they needed your approval before they went ahead?Tyler Cowen Things like this have happened. And I asked people flat out, “Why do you want this grant from me?” And it is a forcing question in the sense that if their answer isn't good, I won't give it to them. Even though they might have a good level of talent, good ideas, whatever, they have to be able to answer that question in a credible way. Some can, some can't.Dwarkesh Patel I remember that the President of the University of Chicago many years back said that if you rejected the entire class of freshmen that are coming in and accepted the next 1500 that they had to reject that year, then there'll be no difference in the quality of the admits.Tyler Cowen I would think UChicago is the one school where that's not true. I agree that it's true for most schools.Dwarkesh Patel Do you think that's also true of Emergent Ventures?Tyler Cowen No. Not at all.Dwarkesh Patel How good is a marginal reject?Tyler Cowen Not good. It's a remarkably bimodal distribution as I perceive it, and maybe I'm wrong. But there aren't that many cases where I'm agonizing and if I'm agonizing I figure it probably should be a no.Dwarkesh Patel I guess that makes it even tougher if you do get rejected. Because it wasn't like, “oh, you weren't a right fit for the job,” or “you almost made the cut.” It's like, “No, we're actually just assessing your potential and not some sort of fit for the job.” Not only were you just not on the edge of potential, but you were also way on the other edge of the curve.Tyler Cowen But a lot of these rejected people and projects, I don't think they're spilling tears over it. Like you get an application. Someone's in Akron, Ohio, and they want to start a nonprofit dog shelter. They saw EV on the list of things you can apply to. They apply to a lot of things and maybe never get funding. It's like people who enter contests or something, they apply to EV. Nothing against non-profit dog shelters, but that's kind of a no, right? I genuinely don't know their response, but I don't think they walk away from the experience with some deeper model of what they should infer from the EV decision.Dwarkesh Patel How much does the money part of Emergent Ventures matter? If you just didn't give them the money?Tyler Cowen There's a whole bunch of proposals that really need the money for capital costs, and then it matters a lot. For a lot of them, the money per se doesn't matter.Dwarkesh Patel Right, then. So what is the function of return for that? Do you like 10x the money, or do you add .1x the money for some of these things? Do you think they add up to seemingly different results? Tyler Cowen I think a lot of foundations give out too many large grants and not enough small grants. I hope I'm at an optimum. But again, I don't have data to tell you. I do think about this a lot, and I think small grants are underrated.Dwarkesh Patel Why are women often better at detecting deceit?Tyler Cowen I would assume for biological and evolutionary reasons that there are all these men trying to deceive them, right? The cost of a pregnancy is higher for a woman than for a man on average, by quite a bit. So women will develop defense mechanisms that men maybe don't have as much.Dwarkesh Patel One thing I heard from somebody I was brainstorming these questions with–– she just said that maybe it's because women just discuss personal matters more. And so therefore, they have a greater library.Tyler Cowen Well, that's certainly true. But that's subordinate to my explanation, I'd say. There are definitely a lot of intermediate steps. Things women do more of that help them be insightful.Building Writing StaminaDwarkesh Patel Why is writing skill so important to you?Tyler Cowen Well, one thing is that I'm good at judging it. Across scales, I'm very bad at judging, so there's nothing on the EV application testing for your lacrosse skill. But look, writing is a form of thinking. And public intellectuals are one of the things I want to support. Some of the companies I admire are ones with writing cultures like Amazon or Stripe. So writing it is! I'm a good reader. So you're going to be asked to write.Dwarkesh Patel Do you think it's a general fact that writing correlates with just general competence? Tyler Cowen I do, but especially the areas that I'm funding. It's strongly related. Whether it's true for everything is harder to say.Dwarkesh Patel Can stamina be increased?Tyler Cowen Of course. It's one of the easier things to increase. I don't think you can become superhuman in your energy and stamina if you're not born that way. But I think almost everyone could increase by 30% to 50%, some notable amount. Dwarkesh Patel Okay, that's interesting.Tyler Cowen Put aside maybe people with disabilities or something but definitely when it comes to people in regular circumstances.Dwarkesh Patel Okay. I think it's interesting because in the blog post from Robin Hanson about stamina, I think his point of view was that this is just something that's inherent to people.Tyler Cowen Well, I don't think that's totally false. The people who have superhuman stamina are born that way. But there are plenty of origins. I mean, take physical stamina. You don't think people can train more and run for longer? Of course they can. It's totally proven. So it would be weird if this rule held for all these organs but not your brain. That seems quite implausible. Especially for someone like Robin, where your brain is just this other organ that you're gonna download or upload or goodness knows what with it. He's a physicalist if there ever was one.Dwarkesh Patel Have you read Haruki Murakami's book on running?Tyler Cowen No, I've been meaning to. I'm not sure how interesting I'll find it. I will someday. I like his stuff a lot.Dwarkesh Patel But what I found really interesting about it was just how linked building physical stamina is for him to building up the stamina to write a lot.Tyler Cowen Magnus Carlsen would say the same with chess. Being in reasonable physical shape is important for your mental stamina, which is another kind of simple proof that you can boost your mental stamina.When Does Intelligence Start to Matter?Dwarkesh Patel After reading the book, I was inclined to think that intelligence matters more than I previously thought. Not less. You say in the book that intelligence has convex returns and that it matters especially for areas like inventors. Then you also say that if you look at some of the most important things in society, something like what Larry and Sergey did, they're basically inventors, right? So in many of the most important things in society, intelligence matters more because of the increasing returns. It seems like with Emergent Ventures, you're trying to pick the people who are at the tail. You're not looking for a barista at Starbucks. So it seems like you should care about intelligence more, given the evidence there. Tyler Cowen More than who does? I feel what the book presents is, in fact, my view. So kind of by definition, I agree with that view. But yes, there's a way of reading it where intelligence really matters a lot. But it's only for a relatively small number of jobs.Dwarkesh Patel Maybe you just started off with a really high priori on intelligence, and that's why you downgraded?Tyler Cowen There are a lot of jobs that I actually hire for in actual life, where smarts are not the main thing I look for.Dwarkesh Patel Does the convexity of returns on intelligence suggest that maybe the multiplicative model is wrong? Because if the multiplicative model is right, you would expect to see decreasing returns and putting your stats on one skill. You'd want to diversify more, right?Tyler Cowen I think the convexity of returns to intelligence is embedded in a multiplicative model, where the IQ returns only cash out for people good at all these other things. For a lot of geniuses, they just can't get out of bed in the morning, and you're stuck, and you should write them off.Dwarkesh Patel So you cite the data that Sweden collects from everybody that enters the military there. The CEOs are apparently not especially smart. But one thing I found interesting in that same data was that Swedish soccer players are pretty smart. The better a soccer player is, the smarter they are. You've interviewed professional basketball players turned public intellectuals on your podcast. They sound extremely smart to me. What is going on there? Why, anecdotally, and with some limited amounts of evidence, does it seem that professional athletes are smarter than you would expect?Tyler Cowen I'm a big fan of the view that top-level athletic performance is super cognitively intense and that most top athletes are really extraordinarily smart. I don't just mean smart on the court (though, obviously that), but smart more broadly. This is underrated. I think Michelle Dawson was the one who talked me into this, but absolutely, I'm with you all the way.Dwarkesh Patel Do you think this is just mutational load or––Tyler Cowen You actually have to be really smart to figure out things like how to lead a team, how to improve yourself, how to practice, how to outsmart the opposition, all these other things. Maybe it's not the only way to get there, but it is very G loaded. You certainly see some super talented athletes who just go bust. Or they may destroy themselves with drugs: there are plenty of tales like that, and you don't have to look hard. Dwarkesh Patel Are there other areas where you wouldn't expect it to be G loaded but it actually is?Tyler Cowen Probably, but there's so many! I just don't know, but sports is something in my life I followed. So I definitely have opinions about it. They seem incredibly smart to me when they're interviewed. They're not always articulate, and they're sort of talking themselves into biased exposure. But I heard Michael Jordan in the 90s, and I thought, “That guy's really smart.” So I think he is! Look at Charles Barkley. He's amazing, right? There's hardly anyone I'd rather listen to, even about talent, than Charles Barkley. It's really interesting. He's not that tall, you can't say, “oh, he succeeded. Because he's seven foot two,” he was maybe six foot four tops. And they called him the Round Mound of Rebound. And how did he do that? He was smart. He figured out where the ball was going. The weaknesses of his opponents, he had to nudge them the right way, and so on. Brilliant guy.Dwarkesh Patel What I find really remarkable is that (not just with athletes, but in many other professions), if you interview somebody who is at the top of that field, they come off really really smart! For example, YouTubers and even sex workers.Tyler Cowen So whoever is like the top gardener, I expect I would be super impressed by them.Spotting Talent (Counter)signalsDwarkesh Patel Right. Now all your books are in some way about talent, right? Let me read you the following passage from An Economist Gets Lunch, and I want you to tell me how we can apply this insight to talent. “At a fancy fancy restaurant, the menu is well thought out. The time and attention of the kitchen are scarce. An item won't be on the menu unless there's a good reason for its presence. If it sounds bad, it probably tastes especially good?”Tyler Cowen That's counter-signaling, right? So anything that is very weird, they will keep on the menu because it has a devoted set of people who keep on ordering it and appreciate it. That's part of the talent of being a chef, you can come up with such things. Dwarkesh Patel How do we apply this to talent? Tyler Cowen Well, with restaurants, you have selection pressure where you're only going to ones that have cleared certain hurdles. So this is true for talent only for talents who are established. If you see a persistent NBA player who's a very poor free throw shooter like Shaquille O'Neal was, you can more or less assume they're really good at something else. But for people who are not established, there's not the same selection pressure so there's not an analogous inference you can draw.Dwarkesh Patel So if I show up to an Emergent Ventures conference, and I meet somebody, and they don't seem especially impressive with the first impression, then I should believe their work is especially impressive. Tyler Cowen Yes, absolutely, yes. Dwarkesh Patel Okay, so my understanding of your book Creative Destruction is that maybe on average, cultural diversity will go down. But in special niches, the diversity and ingenuity will go up. Can I apply the same insight to talent? Maybe two random college grads will have similar skill sets over time, but if you look at people on the tails, will their skills and knowledge become even more specialized and even more diverse?Tyler Cowen There are a lot of different presuppositions in your question. So first, is cultural diversity going up or down? That I think is multi-dimensional. Say different cities in different countries will be more like each other over time.. that said, the genres they produce don't have to become more similar. They're more similar in the sense that you can get sushi in each one. But novel cuisine in Dhaka and Senegal might be taking a very different path from novel cuisine in Tokyo, Japan. So what happens with cultural diversity.. I think the most reliable generalization is that it tends to come out of larger units. Small groups and tribes and linguistic groups get absorbed. Those people don't stop being creative and other venues, but there are fewer unique isolated cultures, and much more thickly diverse urban creativity. That would be the main generalization I would put forward. So if you wanted to apply that generalization to talent, I think in a funny way, we come back to my earlier point: talent just tends to be geographically extremely well clustered. That's not the question you asked, but it's how I would reconfigure the pieces of it.Dwarkesh Patel Interesting. What do you suggest about finding talent in a globalized world? In particular, if it's cheaper to find talent because of the internet, does that mean that you should be selecting more mediocre candidates?Tyler Cowen I think it means you should be more bullish on immigrants from Africa. It's relatively hard to get out of Africa to the United States in most cases. That's a sign the person put in a lot of effort and ability. Maybe an easy country to come here from would be Canada, all other things equal. Again, I'd want this to be measured. The people who come from countries that are hard to come from like India, actually, the numbers are fairly high, but the roots are mostly pretty gated.Dwarkesh Patel Is part of the reason that talent is hard to spot and find today that we have an aging population? So then we would have more capital, more jobs, more mentorship available for young people coming up, than there are young people.Tyler Cowen I don't think we're really into demographic decline yet. Not in the United States. Maybe in Japan, that would be true. But it seems to me, especially with the internet, there's more 15-year-old talent today than ever before, by a lot, not just by little. You see this in chess, right? Where we can measure performance very well. There's a lot more young talent from many different places, including the US. So, aging hasn't mattered yet. Maybe for a few places, but not here.Dwarkesh Patel What do you think will change in talent spotting as society becomes older?Tyler Cowen It depends on what you mean by society. I think the US, unless it totally screws up on immigration, will always have a very seriously good flow of young people that we don't ever have to enter the aging equilibrium the way Japan probably already has. So I don't know what will change. Then there's work from a distance, there's hiring from a distance, funding from a distance. As you know, there's EV India, and we do that at a distance. So I don't think we're ever going to enter that world..Dwarkesh Patel But then what does it look like for Japan? Is part of the reason that Japanese cultures and companies are arranged the way they are and do the recruitment the way they do linked to their demographics? Tyler Cowen That strikes me as a plausible reason. I don't think I know enough to say, but it wouldn't surprise me if that turned out to be the case.Dwarkesh Patel To what extent do you need a sort of “great man ethos” in your culture in order to empower the top talent? Like if you have too much political and moral egalitarianism, you're not going to give great people the real incentive and drive to strive to be great.Tyler Cowen You've got to say “great man or great woman ethos”, or some other all-purpose word we wish to use. I worry much less about woke ideology than a lot of people I know. It's not my thing, but it's something young people can rebel against. If that keeps you down, I'm not so impressed by you. I think it's fine. Let the woke reign, people can work around them.Dwarkesh Patel But overall, if you have a culture or like Europe, do you think that has any impact on––Tyler Cowen Europe has not woken up in a lot of ways, right? Europe is very chauvinist and conservative in the literal sense, and often quite old fashioned depending on what you're talking about. But Europe, I would say, is much less woke than the United States. I wouldn't say that's their main problem, but you can't say, “oh, they don't innovate because they're too woke”, like hang out with some 63 year old Danish guys and see how woke you think they are once everyone's had a few drinks.Dwarkesh Patel My question wasn't about wokeism. I just meant in general, if you have an egalitarian society.Tyler Cowen I think of Europe as less egalitarian. I think they have bad cultural norms for innovation. They're culturally so non-egalitarian. Again, it depends where but Paris would be the extreme. There, everyone is classified right? By status, and how you need to wear your sweater the right way, and this and that. Now, how innovative is Paris? Actually, maybe more than people think. But I still think they have too few dimensions of status competition. That's a general problem in most of Europe–– too few dimensions of status competition, not enough room for the proverbial village idiot.Dwarkesh Patel Interesting. You say in the book, that questions tend to degrade over time if you don't replace them. I find it interesting that Y Combinator has kept the same questions since they were started in 2005. And of course, your co-author was a partner at Y Combinator. Do you think that works for Y Combinator or do you think they're probably making a mistake?Tyler Cowen I genuinely don't know. There are people who will tell you that Y Combinator, while still successful, has become more like a scalable business school and less like attracting all the top weirdos who do amazing things. Again, I'd want to see data before asserting that myself, but you certainly hear it a lot. So it could be that Y Combinator is a bit stale. But still in a good sense. Like Harvard is stale, right? It dates from the 17th century. But it's still amazing. MIT is stale. Maybe Y Combinator has become more like those groups.Dwarkesh Patel Do you think that will happen to Emergent Ventures eventually?Tyler Cowen I don't think so because it has a number of unique features built in from the front. So a very small number of evaluators too. It might grow a little bit, but it's not going to grow that much. I'm not paid to do it, so that really limits how much it's going to scale. There's not a staff that has to be carried where you're captured by the staff, there is no staff. There's a bit of free riding on staff who do other things, but there's no sense of if the program goes away, all my buddies on staff get laid off. No. So it's kind of pop up, and low cost of exit. Whenever that time comes.Dwarkesh Patel Do you personally have questions that you haven't put in the book or elsewhere because you want them to be fresh? For asking somebody who's applying to her for the grant? Tyler Cowen Well, I didn't when we wrote the book. So we put everything in there that we were thinking of, but over time, we've developed more. I don't generally give them out during interviews, because you have to keep some stock. So yeah, there's been more since then, but we weren't holding back at the time.Dwarkesh Patel It's like a comedy routine. You gotta write a new one each year.Tyler Cowen That's right. But when your shows are on the air, you do give your best jokes, right?Will Reading Cowen's Book Help You Win Emergent Ventures?Dwarkesh Patel Let's say someone applying to emergent ventures reads your book. Are they any better off? Or are they perhaps worse off because maybe they become misleading or have a partial view into what's required of them?Tyler Cowen I hope they're not better off in a way, but probably they are. I hope they use it to understand their own talent better and present it in a better way. Not just to try to manipulate the system. But most people aren't actually that good at manipulating that kind of system so I'm not too worried.Dwarkesh Patel In a sense, if they can manipulate the system, that's a positive signal of some kind.Tyler Cowen Like, if you could fool me –– hey, what else have you got to say, you know? [laughs]Dwarkesh Patel Are you worried that when young people will encounter you now, they're going to think of you as sort of a talent judge and a good one at that so they're maybe going to be more self aware than whether––Tyler Cowen Yes. I worry about the effect of this on me. Maybe a lot of my interactions become less genuine, or people are too self conscious, or too stilted or something.Dwarkesh Patel Is there something you can do about that? Or is that just baked in the gig?Tyler Cowen I don't know, if you do your best to try to act genuine, whatever that means, maybe you can avoid it a bit or delay it at least a bit. But a lot of it I don't think you can avoid. In part, you're just cashing in. I'm 60 and I don't think I'll still be doing this when I'm 80. So if I have like 18 years of cashing in, maybe it's what I should be doing.Identifying talent earlyDwarkesh Patel To what extent are the principles of finding talent timeless? If you're looking for let's say, a general for the French Revolution, how much of this does the advice change? Are the basic principles the same over time?Tyler Cowen Well, one of the key principles is context. You need to focus on how the sector is different. But if you're doing that, then I think at the meta level the principles broadly stay the same.Dwarkesh Patel You have a really interesting book about autism and systematizers. You think Napoleon was autistic?Tyler Cowen I've read several biographies of him and haven't come away with that impression, but you can't rule it out. Who are the biographers? Now it gets back to our question of: How valuable is history? Did the biographers ever meet Napoleon? Well, some of them did, but those people had such weak.. other intellectual categories. The modern biography is written by Andrew Roberts, or whoever you think is good, I don't know. So how can I know?Dwarkesh Patel Right? Again, the issue is that the details that stick in my mind from reading the biography are the ones that make him seem autistic, right?Tyler Cowen Yes. There's a tendency in biographies to storify things, and that's dangerous too. Dwarkesh Patel How general across a pool is talent or just competence of any kind? If you look at somebody like Peter Thiel–– investor, great executive, great thinker even, certainly Napoleon, and I think it was some mathematician either Lagrangian or Laplace, who said that he (Napoleon) could have been a mathematician if he wanted to. I don't know if that's true, but it does seem that the top achievers in one field seem to be able to move across fields and be top achievers in other fields. I

united states america american new york university amazon spotify history money canada world president chicago english europe google ai education england japan law nba san francisco podcasts travel africa russia ukraine ohio italy toronto german japanese mit italian putting brazil institute harvard talent middle east lebron james humility tokyo sweden bs republicans ceos manhattan democrats starbucks identifying islam nigeria poland michael jordan swedish renaissance constitution hiv long term bill gates operation wifi mark zuckerberg athens average mental illness results collapse older vc iq academia gop judaism ev brilliant buddha danish ea venice gdp napoleon jordan peterson big apple creatives inequality dmv roman empire world bank senegal caffeine libertarians suits rebound conquest hs mrna akron george soros charles barkley stripe vcs existential deceit french revolution y combinator peter thiel stressing skynet lifespan sam harris sam altman adderall of course sequoia ivermectin pessimism laplace agi idw kepler jerry west sats larping sergey haruki murakami true potential rationality herman melville pat riley peter singer christopher hitchens caplan dhaka paul graham marc andreessen joseph conrad effective altruism pnp maximilien robespierre watch tv taleb uchicago tyler cowen andrew roberts andrew sullivan scott alexander us state bryan caplan goodhart creative destruction fukuyama collison robin hanson second law senate banking committee rene girard sean parker samuel pepys public intellectuals david deutsch risk aversion marginal revolution patrick collison modafinil scott aaronson mercatus james boswell case against education hungarian jews rational voter like oh lagrangian round mound thomas schelling corn laws is london with london dwarkesh patel

Three-dimensional Lagrangian Coherent Structures in the Elliptic-Restricted Three-body Problem

structures dimensional restricted lcs three body problem coherent arxiv elliptic lagrangian

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 25, 2022 0:50

Three-dimensional Lagrangian Coherent Structures in the Elliptic-Restricted Three-body Problem by Jack Tyler et al. on Sunday 25 September In the preliminary design of space missions it can be useful to identify regions of dynamics that drive the system's behaviour or separate qualitatively different dynamics. The Lagrangian Coherent Structure (LCS) has been widely used in the analysis of dynamical systems, and generalises the concept of the stable and unstable manifolds to systems with arbitrary time-dependence. However, the use of three-dimensional LCS in astrodynamics has thus far been limited. This paper presents the application of a new numerical method introduced by the authors, DA-LCS, to astrodynamics systems using the Elliptic-Restricted Three-body Problem (ER3BP) as a test case. We are able to construct the full, three-dimensional LCS associated with the Sun-Mars ER3BP directly from the variational theory of LCS even for numerically challenging initial conditions. The LCS is analysed in detail, showing how it in this case separates regions of qualitatively different behaviour without any a priori knowledge. The paper then studies the effect of integration time and the parameterisation of the initial condition on the LCS found. We highlight how round-off errors arise from limits of floating-point arithmetic in the most challenging test cases and provide mitigating strategies for avoiding these errors practically. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.11561v1

Quasi-spiral solution to the mixed intracluster medium and the universal entropy profile of galaxy clusters

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 20, 2022 1:02

Quasi-spiral solution to the mixed intracluster medium and the universal entropy profile of galaxy clusters by Uri Keshet et al. on Tuesday 20 September Well-resolved galaxy clusters often show a large-scale quasi-spiral structure in deprojected density $rho$ and temperature $T$ fields, delineated by a tangential discontinuity known as a cold front, superimposed on a universal radial entropy profile with a linear $K(r)propto Trho^{-2/3}propto r$ adiabat. We show that a spiral structure provides a natural quasi-stationary solution for the mixed intracluster medium (ICM), introducing a modest pressure spiral that confines the locally buoyant or heavy plasma phases. The solution persists in the presence of uniform or differential rotation, and can accommodate both an inflow and an outflow. Hydrodynamic adiabatic simulations with perturbations that deposit angular momentum and mix the plasma thus asymptote to a self-similar spiral structure. We find similar spirals in Eulerian and Lagrangian simulations of 2D and 3D, merger and offset, clusters. The discontinuity surface is given in spherical coordinates ${r,theta,phi}$ by $phipropto Phi(r)$, where $Phi$ is the gravitational potential, combining a trailing spiral in the equatorial ($theta=pi/2$) plane and semicircles perpendicular to the plane, in resemblance of a snail shell. A local convective instability can develop between spiral windings, driving a modified global instability in sublinear $K(r)$ regions; evolved spirals thus imprint the observed $Kpropto r$ onto the ICM even after they dissipate. The spiral structure brings hot and cold phases to close proximity, suggesting that the observed fast outflows could sustain the structure even in the presence of radiative cooling. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.09259v1

3d solution medium universal mixed profile spiral 2d quasi entropy phi icm arxiv lagrangian galaxy clusters

Testing Modified Gravity Theories with Numerical Solutions of the External Field Effect in Rotationally Supported Galaxies

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 18, 2022 0:32

Testing Modified Gravity Theories with Numerical Solutions of the External Field Effect in Rotationally Supported Galaxies by Kyu-Hyun Chae et al. on Sunday 18 September The strong equivalence principle is violated by gravity theories of Milgromian dynamics (MOND) through the action of the external field effect. We test two different Lagrangian theories AQUAL and QUMOND based on their numerical solutions of the external field effect, by comparing two independent estimates of the mean external field strength of the nearby universe: a theory-deduced value from fitting the outer rotation curves of 114 galaxies and an empirical value from the large-scale distribution of cosmic baryons. The AQUAL-deduced external field strength from rotation curves agrees with that from the large-scale cosmic environment, while QUMOND-deduced value is somewhat higher. This suggests that AQUAL is likely to be preferred over QUMOND as an effective non-relativistic limit of a potential relativistic modified gravity theory. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07357v1

field testing theories gravity external mond modified galaxies numerical arxiv lagrangian field effect

Testing Modified Gravity Theories with Numerical Solutions of the External Field Effect in Rotationally Supported Galaxies

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 18, 2022 0:39

field testing theories gravity external mond modified galaxies numerical arxiv lagrangian field effect

Perfectly parallel cosmological simulations using spatial comoving Lagrangian acceleration

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 18, 2022 0:48

Perfectly parallel cosmological simulations using spatial comoving Lagrangian acceleration by Florent Leclercq et al. on Sunday 18 September Existing cosmological simulation methods lack a high degree of parallelism due to the long-range nature of the gravitational force, which limits the size of simulations that can be run at high resolution. To solve this problem, we propose a new, perfectly parallel approach to simulate cosmic structure formation, which is based on the spatial COmoving Lagrangian Acceleration (sCOLA) framework. Building upon a hybrid analytical and numerical description of particles' trajectories, our algorithm allows for an efficient tiling of a cosmological volume, where the dynamics within each tile is computed independently. As a consequence, the degree of parallelism is equal to the number of tiles. We optimised the accuracy of sCOLA through the use of a buffer region around tiles and of appropriate Dirichlet boundary conditions around sCOLA boxes. As a result, we show that cosmological simulations at the degree of accuracy required for the analysis of the next generation of surveys can be run in drastically reduced wall-clock times and with very low memory requirements. The perfect scalability of our algorithm unlocks profoundly new possibilities for computing larger cosmological simulations at high resolution, taking advantage of a variety of hardware architectures. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04925v4

building parallel acceleration spatial simulations cosmological arxiv scola lagrangian dirichlet

ALMA Detection of Dust Trapping around Lagrangian Points in the LkCa 15 Disk

Astro arXiv | astro-ph.EP

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 13, 2022 1:01

ALMA Detection of Dust Trapping around Lagrangian Points in the LkCa 15 Disk by Feng Long et al. on Tuesday 13 September We present deep high-resolution ($sim$50 mas, 8 au) ALMA 0.88 and 1.3 mm continuum observations of the LkCa 15 disk. The emission morphology shows an inner cavity and three dust rings at both wavelengths, but with slightly narrower rings at the longer wavelength. Along a faint ring at 42 au, we identify two excess emission features at $sim$10$sigma$ significance at both wavelengths: one as an unresolved clump and the other as an extended arc, separated by roughly 120 degrees in azimuth. The clump is unlikely to be a circumplanetary disk (CPD) as the emission peak shifts between the two wavelengths even after accounting for orbital motion. Instead, the morphology of the 42 au ring strongly resembles the characteristic horseshoe orbit produced in planet--disk interaction models, where the clump and the arc trace dust accumulation around Lagrangian points $L_{4}$ and $L_{5}$, respectively. The shape of the 42 au ring, dust trapping in the outer adjacent ring, and the coincidence of the horseshoe ring location with a gap in near-IR scattered light, are all consistent with the scenario of planet sculpting, with the planet likely having a mass between those of Neptune and Saturn. We do not detect point-like emission associated with a CPD around the putative planet location ($0.''27$ in projected separation from the central star at a position angle of $sim$60degr), with upper limits of 70 and 33 $mu$Jy at 0.88 and 1.3 mm, respectively, corresponding to dust mass upper limits of 0.02--0.03 $M_{oplus}$. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.05535v1

points dust ir saturn neptune detection cpd trapping disk jy arxiv lagrangian

ALMA Detection of Dust Trapping around Lagrangian Points in the LkCa 15 Disk

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 13, 2022 1:01

points dust ir saturn neptune detection cpd trapping disk jy arxiv lagrangian

The Quantum Lagrangian Part 3: Dark Matter and Quantum Donuts

Sonic Gravity

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 18, 2022 38:24

Something crazy happened. On the advice of a family friend, a Swiss physicist, that I create videos to illustrate the quantum Lagrangian, I derived the equations for black hole genesis and realized--and mathematically derived the truth that black holes are not holes at all--they are quantum donuts . . . and that is a fact! You can see the videos at https://www.sonic-gravity.us/videos/As our trajectory drifts away from relentless scientific and mathematical exploration . . . to more organic things like quantum space donuts and raccoon murder you will know that you are orbiting in Sonic Gravity seeing the universe through the eyes of a madman.

swiss quantum donuts dark matter lagrangian

The Quantum Lagrangian Part 2: Where Einstein and the Standard Model Got it Wrong

Sonic Gravity

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 11, 2022 31:52

Enter my mind and see the universe through the eyes of a madman and know that Einstein's conclusion in Special Relativity that mass increases with velocity, and the Standard Model's misimpression that the Electron, the Muon, and the Tau particles are different particles are both wrong for the exact same reason. Only understanding quantum gravity, the gravity of mass energy in time--akin to General Relativity as the gravity of mass energy in space, and knowing the nature of Dark Matter, reveals the truth in the mind of madness.

albert einstein quantum dark matter tau electron general relativity standard model muon special relativity lagrangian

Quantum Mechanics and the Quantum Lagrangian Part 1

Sonic Gravity

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 23, 2022 26:37

Orbit in Sonic Gravity and see the universe through the eyes of a madman. Enter my mind and you will realize you learned quantum mechanics on the playground in Kindergarten and that a television game show from the 1970s was the key to unlocking perhaps the greatest mystery in theoretical physics, the solution to which has eluded the greatest minds in the human race for hundreds of years . . . and that is a fact.

kindergarten orbits quantum mechanics lagrangian

L-Amp Lagrangian #Haiku #Poetry

Groovygords

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 16, 2021 1:56

This episode is also available as a blog post: https://ungroovygords.com/2021/12/15/l-amp-lagrangian-haiku-poetry/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/groovygords/message

poetry haiku lagrangian

#124. Gürültü Kavramı - İstatistiksel Mekanik (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B15) 05/12/2021

TapirCast

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 5, 2021 17:00

Doç. Dr. Serhan Yarkan ve Halil Said Cankurtaran'ın yer aldığı, Bilim Tarihi Serisi'nin gürültü odaklı yeni bölümünde, Rudolf Clausius'un, Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann'ın ve Josiah Willard Gibbs'in öncülüğünü yaptığı istatistiksel mekanik ve istatistiksel mekaniğin gürültü kavramı ile olan ilişkisi ele alınmıştır. Newtonian ve Lagrangian olarak bilinen, deterministik fizikten istatistiksel fiziğe geçişin nedenlerinin tartışıldığı bölümümüzde, ayrıca doğanın neden bu şekilde işlediği ve istatistiksel mekaniğin ilerleyen bölümlerde değineceğimiz kuantum mekaniği ile olan ilişkisine kısaca değinilmiştir. Keyifli dinlemeler. #84. Gürültü Kavramına Giriş: https://youtu.be/4nCgno6XDVM #66. George Gamow ve Bilim Anlatıcılığı (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B1: I. Kısım) - 25/10/2020: https://youtu.be/qIARyX8p8lg #68. Bilim Tarihi Serimize Bir Önsöz (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B2) - 08/11/2020: https://youtu.be/FVUc5tfYi7I #70. George Gamow - Bilimde Doğu ve Batı Blokları (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B3: II. Kısım) - 22/11/2020: https://youtu.be/7k_IRL_B8WA #71. Michael Faraday (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B4) - 29/11/2020: https://youtu.be/OtEQ0pI-baI #73. Kümeler Kuramı'nın Önemi ve Tarihsel Gelişimi (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B5: I. Kısım): https://youtu.be/pSksJkWK6wU #76. Kümeler Kuramı'nın Etkileri (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B6: II. Kısım): https://youtu.be/gtpdAUaCgzw #77. Kümeler Kuramı ve Hesaplama (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B7: III. Kısım): https://youtu.be/TMt_rUbE4M4 #78. Kümeler Kuramı'nın Kuraltanımazları (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B8: IV. Kısım) - 17/01/2021: https://youtu.be/qHMdAjr4lQ0 #79. Kümeler Kuramı'nın Günümüzdeki Kullanımı (Bilim Tarihi Serisi B9: V. Kısım) - 24/01/2021: https://youtu.be/WoF5_A7nKQM Apple Podcasts: @TapirCast, https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/tapircast/id1485098931 Spotfiy: @TapirCast, https://open.spotify.com/show/1QJduW17Sgvs1sofFgJN8L?si=5a71b32796d945e6 Tapir Lab. GitHub: @TapirLab, https://github.com/tapirlab/ Tapir Lab. Instagram: @tapirlab, https://www.instagram.com/tapirlab/ Tapir Lab. Twitter: @tapirlab, https://twitter.com/tapirlab Tapir Lab.: http://www.tapirlab.com

giri newtonian keyifli tarihi kullan bilim kavram kuram lagrangian

Eigenbros ep 142 - Principle of Least Action

phd mit associate professor rush nlp decoding relaxation natural language cornell tech lagrangian

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 26, 2021 63:09

Juan & Terence discuss the long avoided topic of the principle of least action and the euler lagrange equations. This is probably one of the most important subjects in physics. They discuss what the principle means and some of the finer points regarding it.

science action principle physics quantum physics physicists quantum mechanics feynman theoretical physics quantum field theory lagrangian eigenbros

[34] Sasha Rush - Lagrangian Relaxation for Natural Language Decoding

The Thesis Review

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 20, 2021 68:12

Sasha Rush is an Associate Professor at Cornell Tech and researcher at Hugging Face. His research focuses on building NLP systems that are safe, fast, and controllable. Sasha's PhD thesis is titled, "Lagrangian Relaxation for Natural Language Decoding", which he completed in 2014 at MIT. We talk about his work in the thesis on decoding in NLP, how it connects with today, and many interesting topics along the way such as the role of engineering in machine learning, breadth vs. depth, and more. - Episode notes: https://cs.nyu.edu/~welleck/episode34.html - Follow the Thesis Review (@thesisreview) and Sean Welleck (@wellecks) on Twitter - Find out more info about the show at https://cs.nyu.edu/~welleck/podcast.html - Support The Thesis Review at www.patreon.com/thesisreview or www.buymeacoffee.com/thesisreview

Eigenbros ep 123 - What is Quantum Field Theory?

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 9, 2021 76:14

Juan & Terence explain what quantum field theory is and what several videos on the subject. David Tong, Dietterich Labs, and Zap Physics have videos in the podcast that demonstrate important aspects of the theory. This video goes over how to quantize the real free scalar field (Klein-Gordon).

science action field physics quantum quantum physics quantum mechanics qed quantum field theory field theory lagrangian qft david tong eigenbros

Eigenbros ep 112 - Understanding Yang Mills Theory

theories duality twists topological lagrangian

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 16, 2021 60:13

Juan & Terence attempt to tackle the monster topic of Yang-Mills theory. Gauge Theory, topology, quantum field theory, differential geometry, group theory, and more all have a relationship with Yang-Mills theory.

nature theory physics symmetry general relativity standard model topology electromagnetism quantum field theory lagrangian group theory yang mills eigenbros

Topological twists of non-Lagrangian theories, Part 2

ASC Workshops

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 6, 2021 72:20

ASC Workshop: Fields and Duality 2017

Topological twists of non-Lagrangian theories, Part 1

ASC Workshops

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 6, 2021 74:29

ASC Workshop: Fields and Duality 2017

theories duality twists topological lagrangian

Eigenbros ep 104 - Top Equations in Physics

PaperPlayer biorxiv biophysics

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 19, 2021 62:22

Juan & Terence discuss what they believe to be the top four most important equations in physics. The euler-lagrange equations, einstein field equations, dirac equation, and the electromagnetic tensor

science math albert einstein physics quantum mathematics quantum physics relativity quantum mechanics equations general relativity electromagnetism quantum field theory lagrangian eigenbros

Lagrangian Point to ?

Drunkard's Walk

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 15, 2020 54:19

Will gravity hold Jethro and Matt in place or will they be able to walk on? Hopefully they get away and head off to a topic given by Ken Moser!

jethro lagrangian

Direct Measurement of Unsteady Microscale Stokes Flow Using Optically Driven Microspheres

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 28, 2020

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.354738v1?rss=1 Authors: Bruot, N., Cicuta, P., Gadelha, H., Goldstein, R. E., Kotar, J. E., Lauga, E., Nadal, F. Abstract: A growing body of work on the dynamics of eukaryotic flagella has noted that their oscillation frequencies are sufficiently high that the viscous penetration depth of unsteady Stokes flow is comparable to the scales over which flagella synchronize. Incorporating these effects into theories of synchronization requires an understanding of the global unsteady flows around oscillating bodies. Yet, there has been no precise experimental test on the microscale of the most basic aspects of such unsteady Stokes flow: the orbits of passive tracers and the position-dependent phase lag between the oscillating response of the fluid at a distant point and that of the driving particle. Here, we report the first such direct Lagrangian measurement of this unsteady flow. The method uses an array of 30 submicron tracer particles positioned by a time-shared optical trap at a range of distances and angular positions with respect to a larger, central particle, which is then driven by an oscillating optical trap at frequencies up to 400 Hz. In this microscale regime, the tracer dynamics is considerably simplified by the smallness of both inertial effects on particle motion and finite-frequency corrections to the Stokes drag law. The tracers are found to display elliptical Lissajous figures whose orientation and geometry are in agreement with a low-frequency expansion of the underlying dynamics, and the experimental phase shift between motion parallel and orthogonal to the oscillation axis exhibits a predicted scaling form in distance and angle. Possible implications of these results for synchronization dynamics are discussed. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

driven copy incorporating stokes measurement goldstein nadal hz unsteady gadelha biorxiv lagrangian

A physical theory of larval Drosophila behaviour

PaperPlayer biorxiv biophysics

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 25, 2020

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.25.266163v1?rss=1 Authors: Loveless, J., Garner, A., Issa, A. R., Webb, B., Ohyama, T., Alonso, C. Abstract: All animal movement must ultimately be governed by physical laws. As a basis for understanding the interactions between the nervous system, musculature, body mechanics and the environment that govern behaviour in the fruit fly larva, we here develop an effective theory for the physics of its motion in three dimensions. We start by defining a set of fields which quantify stretching, bending and twisting along the larva's anteroposterior (AP) axis. We then perform a search in the space of possible physical theories that could govern these fields, by using symmetry considerations, stability requirements and physical reasoning to rule out possible terms in our theory's Lagrangian (which governs its energy-conservative physics) and Rayleigh function (which governs its energy-dissipative physics). We restrict attention to the physics that dominates at long-wavelengths, which allows us to arrive at a unique, simple theory of the larval midline, governed by a minimum of phenomenological parameters that capture both purely biomechanical as well as neuromuscular effects. Owing to the simplicity of our theory, we are able to derive most of our results analytically. The model makes strong quantitative predictions for the dynamics of peristalsis, rolling, and self-righting, and also successfully predicts statistical properties of these behaviours and of unbiased substrate exploration. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

theory copy webb behaviour issa garner owing drosophila biorxiv rayleigh lagrangian larval

S1E9 – Lunar Communications Network

Belitopia

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 18, 2020 28:37

We landed on the moon. We built a habitat on the moon. We are living in earth orbit, and we are living in lunar orbit. We are living on the far side of the moon, with no visibility to earth...ever. With four space stations, two lunar bases, and over 35 crewed trips between the earth and the moon, how can we possibly communicate with each other over the long term? How can we keep all these missions in communications with earth? The answer, is a communications network that grows and becomes more sophisticated as time goes on. By the end of the Apollo-era, we can communicate over a half million miles without the requirement that we be line of sight with an earth based antenna. This required a sophisticated network of communications satellites and technologies…and a bit of luck. This is the Apollo Lunar Communications Network. In the world of Belitopia. LinksEpisode Details ( https://belitopia.com/109 (https://belitopia.com/109) ) Belitopia Information from this Episode ( https://belitopia.com/lunarnet (https://belitopia.com/lunarnet) ) Lagrangian Points ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point) ) Lunar Fronzen Orbits ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_orbit#Lunar_frozen_orbits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_orbit#Lunar_frozen_orbits) ) Precession ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession) ) Lunar Wobble - NASA ( https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10836 (https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10836) ) Lunar Libration - Wikipedia ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration#Lunar_libration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration#Lunar_libration) ) Earth Rise - Famous picture from Apollo 8 ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthrise (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthrise) ) As we near the end of season one, we’re going to try a slightly new format for this episode. We aren’t going to use the future documentary format, rather we are going to stay in a current day conversation. In this episode, we’re going to be talking about the fledgling communications network being built in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s to support the various Apollo missions we have previously discussed in season 1. We’ve talked about part of this network briefly in episode 7, when we talked about the lunar base on the far side of the moon...the BLA base. But there’s a lot more to that network than you imagine, and a lot more to lunar communications in general than you might think. This network was the first such extra-earthly communications network, and it was developed during the early days of the space race. Global Earth Dish NetworkDuring the early Apollo days, during our first missions to the moon, one of the initial communications problems that had to be solved was how do you keep the moon-bound Apollo space craft in communications with earth, when the earth keeps rotating. That means, mission control, in Houston, Texas, was only in line of site of the Apollo space craft for relatively short periods of time every day — a few hours at most. In order for Houston to maintain a 24 hour a day communications with the moon-bound space craft, a series of satellite communications stations were built around the globe. As the earth rotated, different stations around the globe were in line of sight communications with the Apollo spacecraft at different times during the day. These stations were in direct communications with Houston via landline communications channels...essentially phone calls. Each station, when it was their turn, would relay signals between the Apollo space craft and mission control. The result was a virtual 24 hour a day continuous connection between Houston and the Apollo spacecraft. This was a great start. But as the 1960s moved into the 1970s more and more spacecraft were put into space between the earth and moon. This put a drain on this earth bound satellite network. Plus, the earth bound... Support this podcast

texas frozen apollo lunar bla earthrise precession lagrangian communications network

E008 - Honest Andy's Discount Moon Show - We need to talk about Phobos

Honest Andy's Discount Moon Show

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 10, 2020 59:59

Andy and Rick talk discuss the latest moon news and take a deep dive into the conspiracies surrounding Phobos Show Notes ------------------- Talking Points ------------------- 02:44 - Moon Gold Digger - https://tinyurl.com/s45gete 15:54 - Change'5 - https://tinyurl.com/r5kuegu 21:21 - Ganymede - https://tinyurl.com/swdaldp 24:30 - New Moon Alert - https://tinyurl.com/w2vlos4 32:40 - Very Local Moon News - https://tinyurl.com/usa5wqb 36:30 - Moon of the Month - https://tinyurl.com/yyzcd48h 41:50 - Let's Talk about Phobos - https://tinyurl.com/q9ardy6 -------------------------------------- Miscellaneous Show notes -------------------------------------- 03:55 - Prospector - https://tinyurl.com/jv7ng4p 11:40 - Stroud - https://tinyurl.com/sqargel 23:10 - Saturn's North Pole - https://tinyurl.com/pb6w2vf 26:50 - Lagrangian points - https://tinyurl.com/wxssapj 30:10 - Elon Musk's Tesla - https://tinyurl.com/y2khlxsy 35:50 - Moon Museum - https://tinyurl.com/cp5w8ja 39:14 - Christina Agulara Tweet - https://tinyurl.com/urlp3hj 45:00 - Stickney Crater - https://tinyurl.com/u5xd8f7 46:01 - Study Beats - https://tinyurl.com/y6abvmdc 46:22 - Phobian Grooves - https://tinyurl.com/yamadmug 49:30 - Phobos Boulder theory - https://tinyurl.com/vv2jhph 50:40 - Phobos Monolith - https://tinyurl.com/ukgxlg7 51:05 - Hollow Phobos - https://tinyurl.com/tp556og 53:19 - Soviet Phobos Probes - https://tinyurl.com/yxee6u98 54:00 - Phobos 2 Photos - https://tinyurl.com/yx5pm6yz 54:10 - Nasa Link to Phobos 2 Data - https://tinyurl.com/vlgcmua 54:40 - The Phobos Incident - https://tinyurl.com/vvzrmmn 56:30 - Photo of Phobos' Shadow - https://tinyurl.com/wpdbknz ------------------- Show Credits ------------------- Sting between topics from: freesound.org/people/newagesoup/sounds/339343/ Show theme courtesy of MusicManiac301: https://soundcloud.com/musicmaniac301/tv-theme-style-the-winner

talk change data moon elon musk shadow tesla honest photos discounts saturn north pole stroud phobos ganymede prospector lagrangian

S1E8 – Lunar Skylab

Belitopia

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 4, 2020 29:34

The United States was forming quite a bit of a space complex. They had space stations in low earth orbit, learning how to live and work in space, eventually to establish a permanent presence in low earth orbit. They had bases on the surface of the moon. Learning how to live and work on the lunar surface, 239,000 miles from earth, and in the case of the BLA base, not even visible from the surface of the earth. They even had satellites far from earth at the earth-moon Lagrangian points. All of this has been discussed in past episodes of Belitopia. But what was left was an orbital presence above the surface of the moon. We’ve had many ships that have orbited the moon. Every Apollo mission that went to the moon, orbited the moon for some period of time. Yet, given the constraints of the Apollo command module, there wasn’t a lot of opportunity for long term study of the lunar surface from lunar orbit. This was the purpose of the Lunar Skylab program. Provide an environment for the long term study of the lunar surface from low lunar orbit. This is…Lunar Skylab. Welcome to Belitopia. Links Episode Details ( https://belitopia.com/108 (https://belitopia.com/108) ) Belitopia Information from this Episode ( https://belitopia.com/lunarskylab (https://belitopia.com/lunarskylab) ) Skylab + Episode ( https://belitopia.com/105 (https://belitopia.com/105) ) Apollo Lunar Bases p1 Episode ( https://belitopia.com/106 (https://belitopia.com/106) ) Apollo Lunar Bases p2 Episode ( https://belitopia.com/107 (https://belitopia.com/107) ) Lunar Frozen Orbits ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_orbit#Lunar_frozen_orbits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_orbit#Lunar_frozen_orbits) ) Topic Introduction The goal of the Lunar Skylab program was to send a Skylab-like space station into *lunar* orbit — 60 miles above the surface of the moon — then occupy the station with long duration crews that could study the lunar surface in greater detail, along with learn how to live in zero G far from the surface of the earth. In real life, this program never took place. There was never a space station built beyond low earth orbit. But in Belitopia, we deployed a Skylab-like space station into Lunar orbit in order to facilitate the study of the lunar surface, to facilitate telescopic study of the space without the worry of earth’s atmosphere, and explore alternative transportation mechanisms between lunar orbit and the lunar surface. What follows is a fictional documentary about the Lunar Skylab space station. The documentary is presented as if it takes place in the year 2040, some 70 years after these events took place. The documentary, titled “Our World in Space”, describes the construction and occupation of this lunar space station. The documentary describes these events as a future historical record of past events. While fiction, it’s based on research into how such a station may have been constructed, what it would have been used for, and how it would have benefited humankind. Theis documentary is about the Lunar Skylab program and its impact on our long term presence in space. The Lunar Skylab program, in the world of Belitopia. Documentary Hello, and welcome to “Our World in Space — The Lunar Skylab Program”. The Lunar Skylab. A space station 60 miles above the lunar surface. The first long duration human habitat to be built in space that was not in low earth orbit. The technology wasn’t hard for the station itself. The space station was essentially identical to the Skylab I space station, except it utilized many technology improvements that were built into Skylab III. The hard part was, how do we put it into lunar orbit? After all, the original skylab was launched into low earth orbit using a Saturn V rocket, at least the first two stages of it. That was easy. But now, the goal was to send the same station not 100 miles above the surface of the earth, but... Support this podcast

united states learning space frozen apollo lunar bla our world theis skylab saturn v lagrangian

S1E7 – Apollo Lunar Bases p2

Belitopia

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 21, 2020 29:51

Not long after the end of the Apollo lunar landings, it was time for the next step in lunar exploration. There was belief, and some evidence from the experiments that were performed on the lunar surface during the Apollo missions, that there were minerals...water...and other scientifically useful resources on the lunar surface. There was also a concern that the Soviet Union would eventually land on the lunar surface, and attempt to claim all or part of it as their territory. So, the space race continued. On this front, the race was to the first long duration habitation of the lunar surface, and eventual lunar colonization. The United States created a habitat, a base, designed for the long term exploration and habitation of the lunar surface. In fact, they created two such bases. This allowed the Americans to explore the scientific wealth that awaited them on the lunar surface, as well as make a long term claim of the lunar surface before the Russians. While this is not what happened in real life, it is what happened in the fictional world we have created. This is…the Apollo Moon Bases — part 2. Welcome to Belitopia. Links and More Information Belitopia Website (https://belitopia.com/) Apollo Lunar Base - Belitopia (https://belitopia.com/lunarbase) Apollo Moon Bases p2 Episode (https://belitopia.com/107) Apollo Moon Bases p1 Episode (https://belitopia.com/106) Tycho Crater - Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_(lunar_crater)) ) Tsiolkovskiy Crater - Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovskiy_(crater)) Lagrangian Point (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point) Please support our show (https://belitopia.com/support/) IntroductionNot long after the end of the Apollo lunar landings, it was time for the next step in lunar exploration. There was belief, and some evidence from the experiments that were performed on the lunar surface, that there were minerals, water, and other scientifically useful resources on the lunar surface. There was also a concern that the Soviet Union would eventually land on the lunar surface. As it turns out, the Soviet Union had given up on the quest for the lunar surface, and instead had focused on exploring and conquering near earth orbit. This was something we talked about in a previous episode, episode number 5, on Skylab. However, the United States was not aware of this fact, and they continued to work under the assumption that the Soviet Union was still trying to land on the moon, so they could claim as much of the lunar surface as possible. So, given this information, the United States turned away from spot landings of single Apollo LMs for relatively short stays on the lunar surface, towards developing and building their first long duration base on the lunar surface. The purpose of the base was to provide a long term habitation of the lunar surface by Americans. In fact, two bases were built. This is the story of those bases. In part 1, we discussed the design and layout of the Tycho base, which was located near Tycho crater, the same location of the famous monolith found on the Lunar surface in the Stanley Kubrick movie 2001 A Space Odyssey and Arthur C Clark’s book of the same name. We discussed how the base was delivered to the lunar surface in four separate pods, and how those pods were assembled on the lunar surface. In Part 2 we will continue our documentary “Our World In Space”, which takes place in the world of Belitopia in the year 2040, 65 years after the bases were created. We will continue this documentary to discuss the complex lunar transport system put in place to shuttle crews back and forth not only to the Tycho base, but the second base that was also created. We’ll discuss one of the side effects of this transportation system was the formation of an LM graveyard. We’ll also talk about the emergency procedures in place to save the base occupants in case of a problem, and how Support this podcast

united states americans russian apollo soviet union stanley kubrick bases lunar space odyssey lm skylab tycho arthur c clark lagrangian

Theory Colloquium: When a Symmetry Breaks

Sommerfeld Lecture Series (ASC)

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 3, 2019 85:43

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking is a very universal concept applicable for a wide range of subjects: crystal, superfluid, neutron stars, Higgs boson, magnets, and many others. Yet there is a variety in the spectrum of gapless excitations even when the symmetry breaking patterns are the same. We unified all known examples of internal symmetries in a single-line Lagrangian of the low-energy effective theory. In addition, we now have a better understanding of what happens with spacetime symmetries, and predict gaps for certain states exactly based on symmetries alone.

theory breaks higgs symmetry colloquium lagrangian

Episode 19: Lagrangian Points

Endless Horizons: Space Simplified

Play Episode Listen Later May 1, 2019 5:30

This episode is about Langrange Points, an aspect of orbital mechanics. This is based on an essay written by Neil Degrasse Tyson, titled “The Five Points of Lagrange”.

points neil degrasse tyson lagrange five points lagrangian

How Almost Everything in Space-time Theory Is Illuminated by Simple Particle Physics: The Neglected Case of Massive Scalar Gravity

MCMP – Philosophy of Science

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 18, 2019 59:13

J. Brian Pitts (Cambridge) gives a talk at the MCMP Colloquium (6 February, 2013) titled "How Almost Everything in Space-time Theory Is Illuminated by Simple Particle Physics: The Neglected Case of Massive Scalar Gravity". Abstract: Both particle physics from the 1920s-30s and the 1890s Seeliger-Neumann modification of Newtonian gravity suggest considering a “mass term,” an additional algebraic term in the gravitational potential. The “graviton mass” gives gravity a finite range. The smooth massless limit implies underdetermination. In 1914 Nordström generalized Newtonian gravity to fit Special Relativity. Why not do to Nordström what Seeliger and Neumann did to Newton? Einstein started in setting up a (faulty!) analogy for his cosmological constant Λ. Scalar gravities, though not empirically viable since the 1919 bending of light observations, provide a useful test bed for tensor theories like General Relativity. Massive scalar gravity, though not completed in a timely way, sheds philosophical light on most issues in contemporary and 20th century space-time theory. A mass term shrinks the symmetry group to that of Special Relativity and violates Einstein's principles (general covariance, general relativity, equivalence and Mach) in empirically small but conceptually large ways. Geometry is a poor guide to massive scalar gravities in comparison to detailed study of the field equation or Lagrangian. Matter sees a conformally flat metric because gravity distorts volumes while leaving the speed of light alone, but gravity sees the whole flat metric due to the mass term. Largely with Poincaré (pace Eddington), one can contemplate a “true” flat geometry differing from what material rods and clocks disclose. But questions about “true” geometry need no answer and tend to block inquiry. Presumptively one should expect analogous results for the tensor (massive spin 2) case modifying Einstein’s equations. A case to the contrary was made only in 1970-72: an apparently fatal dilemma involving either instability or empirical falsification appeared. But dark energy measurements since 1999 cast some doubt on General Relativity (massless spin 2) at long distances. Recent calculations (2000s, some from 2010) show that instability can be avoided and that empirical falsification likely can be as well, making massive spin 2 gravity a serious rival for GR. Particle physics can let philosophers proportion belief to evidence over time, rather than suffering from unconceived alternatives.

Episode 0001: Podcast Rising

Three Times Faster

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 6, 2019 95:54

Welcome to Three Times Faster: A Gundam Podcast. HAPPY BIRTHDAY, GUNDAM! Join our hosts Justin Meader and Sean Fitzgerald as they recap the first five episodes of Mobile Suit Gundam. Justin promotes hiding in cowardice, talks about the difference between a Stanford torus and an O'Neill cylinder, and pretends to understand Lagrangian points. Meanwhile, Sean laughs at the Federation's brazenness, and attempts to justify his art school education by drawing a distinction between "pink" and "salmon". Kids, ask your parents what a View-Master is. CURRENT SLAP COUNT: 2 Three Times Faster is hosted by Anchor and is available on podcast services everywhere. You can follow us on Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, and Instagram @thevoxelist. Please direct your questions, comments, and complaints to podcast@thevoxelist.com. The Three Times Faster theme is an original composition by Justin Meader, and contains samples from the song "The Red Comet" by Takeo Watanabe & Yushi Matsuyama from the official Mobile Suit Gundam Soundtrack. "Gundam", all associated names, images, and trademarks are copyright of Sunrise Inc. and Bandai. The Voxelist and Three Times Faster are in no way affiliated with or endorsed by Sunrise Inc. or Bandai, or any of its subsidiaries, employees, or associates. Three Times Faster offers no suggestion that it an "official" product, or sanctioned by the owner or any licensees of the aforementioned trademarks. It also makes no claim to own Gundam or any of its related copyrights or trademarks. The Voxelist and Three Times Faster are copyright The Voxelist, LLC. Any copyrighted content contained within episodes of Three Times Faster is used in accordance with Fair Use as detailed under Section 107 of Title 17 (Copyright Law of the United States). Any inquiries should be directed to podcast@thevoxelist.com. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/threetimesfaster/support

united states kids twitch rising anchor llc happy birthday stanford federation gundam o'neill fair use copyright law bandai mobile suit gundam view master sean fitz gerald lagrangian sunrise inc

TRC #507: Review: Stumbling On Happiness + 5MWaA: Lagrangian Points + Ingesting Collagen Has Skin Benefits?

The Reality Check

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 22, 2018 23:46

Darren gives us his review of Daniel Gilbert’s book ‘Stumbling On Happiness’. Next, we offer up another episode of a new crossover podcast with Stuart Robbins called “5 minutes with an astronomer.” In this episode Stuart tackles Lagrangian points. Last, Cristina looks into the evidence for claims that ingesting collagen has benefits for your skin.

happiness benefits skin points stuart stumbling collagen ingesting daniel gilbert lagrangian

WDP 010: Interview with Terry Trahan

Wim Demeere Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 29, 2017 64:52

In today's episode, I interview Terry Trahan, a good friend and an amazing instructor. Terry has "led an interesting life", to put it midly and he speaks from not only in-depth training when it comes to violence, but also from hard-earned and dearly paid for experience. He's one of those people I have a blanket endorsement for: if you have the chance to train with him, do so. Enjoy the podcast! http://www.wimsblog.com/2017/12/podcast-episode-010-interview-with-terry-trahan Show Notes: 1. Self-defense and legal consequences: In the Name of Self-Defense: What it costs. When it's worth it: http://amzn.to/2BTsV0o Facing Violence: Preparing for the Unexpected: http://amzn.to/2BUl8iQ 2. First Aid training: Lone Star Medics: https://www.facebook.com/lonestarmedics/ Journal of Special Operations Medicine Tactical Combat Casualty Care: https://www.jsomonline.org/TCCC.html Blow Out Kit: http://amzn.to/2DvlwVq 3. Society: The beach at Shelter Cove: https://goo.gl/maps/bF1GPTUSdDm The Newsroom speech: https://youtu.be/1zqOYBabXmA Lagrange Point: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point 4. Knives: Spyderco knives: http://amzn.to/2DyJejJ Böker knives: http://amzn.to/2Ejanby Fred Perrin knives: http://amzn.to/2EilotU 5. Seminars: Masters of Mayhem Inaugural Seminar: https://www.facebook.com/events/168058673801123/ Violence Dynamics: https://www.facebook.com/violencedynamics/ 6. Terry Trahan online: On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/weaselcraft/ Conflict Manager: https://www.facebook.com/conflictmanagermonthly/ Thanks for listening! Please like, share and leave a review! If you want to support the podcast while also getting access to loads of unique content, go to my Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/wimdemeere Subscribe to the podcast and automatically get the latest episode: iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/wim-demeere-podcast/id1291566457?mt=2 Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/wim-demeere-podcast Get in touch: New book/video email notification list: http://www.wimdemeere.com/notification/ My blog: http://www.wimsblog.com/ Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/WimDemeerePage/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/wimdemeere/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/wimdemeere Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/user/ptccm

david sylvester - the lagrangian point

ultrawizardsword

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 6, 2015 122:54

no tracklist available.

lagrangian david sylvester

Electrodynamics

Modellansatz - English episodes only

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 29, 2015 29:16

This episode discusses the Born-Infeld model for Electromagnetodynamics. Here, the standard model are the Maxwell equations coupling the interaction of magnetic and electric field with the help of a system of partial differential equations. This is a well-understood classical system. But in this classical model, one serious drawback is that the action of a point charge (which is represented by a Dirac measure on the right-hand side) leads to an infinite energy in the electric field which physically makes no sense. On the other hand, it should be possible to study the electric field of point charges since this is how the electric field is created. One solution for this challenge is to slightly change the point of view in a way similar to special relativity theory of Einstein. There, instead of taking the momentum () as preserved quantity and Lagrange parameter the Lagrangian is changed in a way that the bound for the velocity (in relativity the speed of light) is incorporated in the model. In the electromagnetic model, the Lagrangian would have to restrict the intensity of the fields. This was the idea which Borne and Infeld published already at the beginning of the last century. For the resulting system it is straightforward to calculate the fields for point charges. But unfortunately it is impossible to add the fields for several point charges (no superposition principle) since the resulting theory (and the PDE) are nonlinear. Physically this expresses, that the point charges do not act independently from each other but it accounts for certain interaction between the charges. Probably this interaction is really only important if charges are near enough to each other and locally it should be only influenced by the charge nearest. But it has not been possible to prove that up to now. The electrostatic case is elliptic but has a singularity at each point charge. So no classical regularity results are directly applicable. On the other hand, there is an interesting interplay with geometry since the PDE occurs as the mean curvature equation of hypersurfaces in the Minkowski space in relativity. The evolution problem is completely open. In the static case we have existence and uniqueness without really looking at the PDEs from the way the system is built. The PDE should provide at least qualitative information on the electric field. So if, e.g., there is a positive charge there could be a maximum of the field (for negative charges a minimum - respectively), and we would expect the field to be smooth outside these singular points. So a Lipschitz regular solution would seem probable. But it is open how to prove this mathematically. A special property is that the model has infinitely many inherent scales, namely all even powers of the gradient of the field. So to understand maybe asymptotic limits in theses scales could be a first interesting step. Denis Bonheure got his mathematical education at the Free University of Brussels and is working there as Professor of Mathematics at the moment. Literature and additional material M. Kiessling: Electromagnetic Field Theory Without Divergence Problems 1, The Born Legacy, Journal of Statistical Physics, Volume 116, Issue 1, pp 1057-1122, 2004. M. Kiessling: Electromagnetic Field Theory Without Divergence Problems 2, A Least Invasively Quantized Theory, Journal of Statistical Physics, Volume 116, Issue 1, pp 1123-1159, 2004. M. Kiessling: On the motion of point defects in relativistic fields, in Quantum Field Theory and Gravity, Conceptual and Mathematical Advances in the Search for a Unified Framework, Finster e.a. (ed.), Springer, 2012. Y. Brenier: Some Geometric PDEs Related to Hydrodynamics and Electrodynamics, ICM Vol. III pp 761--772, 2002.

Electrodynamics

Modellansatz

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 29, 2015 29:16

Changing Observables in Canonical General Relativity from Hamiltonian-Lagrangian Equivalence

MCMP – Philosophy of Physics

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 8, 2015 39:45

J. Brian Pitts (Cambridge) gives a talk at the Workshop on the Problem of Time in Perspective (3-4 July, 2015) titled "Changing Observables in Canonical General Relativity from Hamiltonian-Lagrangian Equivalence". Abstract: Is change missing in classical canonical General Relativity? If one insists on Hamiltonian-Lagrangian equivalence, then there is Hamiltonian change just when there is no time-like Killing vector field. Change has seemed missing partly due to Dirac’s belief that a first-class constraint, especially a primary, generates a gauge transformation. Pons showed that Dirac’s argument stops too soon: working to second order in time brings in first-class secondaries and hence the gauge generator G, a tuned sum of first-class constraints used by Anderson and Bergmann (1951) and recovered by Mukunda, Castellani et al. from the 1980s. I observe that trouble happens immediately: a first-class primary constraint generates an illegal change of initial data in GR, Maxwell and Yang-Mills. Dirac’s subtractive derivation misses it by cancellation; confusion between the electric field E(dA) and canonical momenta p (auxiliary fields in the canonical action int dt (p dot{q}-H) also obscures the problem. Dirac’s conjecture that a first-class secondary constraint generates a gauge transformation rests on a false assumption. Looking for gauge symmetries of the canonical action, one finds that the gauge generator G changes the action by at most a boundary term, but an isolated first-class constraint does not. The gauge generator G generates spatio-temporal coordinate transformations (not just spatial ones) for the space-time metric (not just the spatial metric). But are there locally varying _observables_ in canonical General Relativity? Hamiltonian-Lagrangian equivalence guarantees that Hamiltonian observables are equivalent on-shell to Lagrangian observables. (Historically, Lagrangian-inequivalent observables may have arisen within Bergmann’s school due to novel postulation in Bergmann-Schiller 1953.) With first-class constraints exposed as not generating gauge transformations, observables’ Poisson brackets should be taken with the gauge generator G, as noted by Pons, Salisbury and Sundermeyer. Heeding Einstein’s point-coincidence argument excludes primitive point individuation and thus active diffeomorphisms in favor of (4-d) tensor calculus. Kuchař’s unsystematic waiver of the vanishing Poisson brackets condition to permit change has a more principled extension: observables should be internally gauge _invariant_ (0 Poisson bracket with G for Maxwell, Yang-Mills, etc.) but externally gauge _covariant_. Hence the Poisson bracket with the coordinate-changing G should be the Lie derivative, indeed the Lie derivative of a geometric object (on-shell). For GR with no matter gauge group, observables are (on-shell) space-time geometric objects (components in coordinates with a transformation law). Hence the space-time metric and its concomitants (connection, curvature, etc.) are locally varying observables. Questions regarding Legendre projectability when an internal gauge group is also present and regarding the mixed supergravity transformations are noted. Velocity-dependent gauge transformations call for phase space extended by time---“phase space-time”; GR’s Lie derivative is an example. Vacuum GR’s phase space-time has 20 infinity^3 + 1 dimensions and 8 infinity^3 first-class constraints; one should not have expected a reduced phase _space_ description of a theory with many-fingered time. Classical clarity might be of some use in quantization.

Effective actions for F-theory compactifications and tensor theories

Fakultät für Physik - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 05/05

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 30, 2014

In this thesis we study the low-energy effective dynamics emerging from a class of F-theory compactifications in four and six dimensions. We also investigate six-dimensional supersymmetric quantum field theories with self-dual tensors, motivated by the problem of describing the long-wavelength regime of a stack of M5-branes in M-theory. These setups share interesting common features. They both constitute examples of intrinsically non-perturbative physics. On the one hand, in the context of F-theory the non-perturbative character is encoded in the geometric formulation of this class of string vacua, which allows the complexified string coupling to vary in space. On the other hand, the dynamics of a stack of multiple M5-branes flows in the infrared to a novel kind of superconformal field theories in six dimensions - commonly referred to as (2,0) theories - that are expected to possess no perturbative weakly coupled regime and have resisted a complete understanding so far. In particular, no Lagrangian description is known for these models. The strategy we employ to address these two problems is also analogous. A recurring Leitmotif of our work is a transdimensional treatment of the system under examination: in order to extract information about dynamics in $d$ dimensions we consider a (d-1)-dimensional setup. As far as F-theory compactifications are concerned, this is a consequence of the duality between M-theory and F-theory, which constitutes our main tool in the derivation of the effective action of F-theory compactifications. We apply it to six-dimensional F-theory vacua, obtained by taking the internal space to be an elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau threefold, but we also employ it to explore a novel kind of F-theory constructions in four dimensions based on manifolds with Spin(7) holonomy. With reference to six-dimensional (2,0) theories, the transdimensional character of our approach relies in the idea of studying these theories in five dimensions. Indeed, we propose a Lagrangian that is formulated in five dimensions but has the potential to capture the six-dimensional interactions of (2,0) theories. This investigation leads us to explore in closer detail the relation between physics in five and in six dimensions. One of the outcomes of our exploration is a general result for one-loop corrections to Chern-Simons couplings in five dimensions.

theory theories m5 tensor leitmotif lagrangian ddc:500 calabi yau chern simons ddc:530

New Work on the Problem of Time

MCMP – Philosophy of Physics

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 21, 2014 90:05

Oliver Pooley (Oxford) gives a talk at the MCMP Colloquium (22 January, 2014) titled "New Work on the Problem of Time". Abstract: A central aspect of the "Problem of Time" in canonical general relativity is the result of applying to the theory Dirac's seemingly well-established method of identifying gauge transformations in constrained Hamiltonian theories. This "orthodox" move identifies transformations generated by the first-class constraints as mere gauge. Applied to GR the strategy yields the result that the genuine physical magnitudes of the theory (so identified) do not take on different values at different times. In the context of quantum gravity, this orthodoxy underwrites the derivation of the timeless Wheeler–DeWitt equation. It is thus intimately connected to one of the central interpretative puzzles of the canonical approach to quantum gravity, namely, how to make sense of a profoundly timeless quantum formalism. This talk reviews several disparate challenges to the technical underpinning of the orthodox view that are starting to gain prominence. Three issues, in particular, will be surveyed. One, explored in the work of Salisbury and collaborators and Pitts, concerns the true relationship between transformations identified as gauge symmetries in the context of a Lagrangian formalism and transformations generated by first-class constraints. A second, explored in the work of Barbour, Gryb and Thébault, concerns whether physical magnitudes are required to commute with all first-class constraints in order for a Hamiltonian theory to be manifestly deterministic. Taking on board the lessons from these two areas is not always sufficient to address all apparent indeterminism in the Hamiltonian formalism. The third topic concerns how this should be addressed.

time applied new work salisbury pitts barbour dirac hamiltonian lagrangian gryb

Complete electroweak chiral Lagrangian with a light Higgs at NLO

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 1, 2014

We consider the Standard Model, including a light scalar boson h, as an effective theory at the weak scale v = 246 GeV of some unknown dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking. This dynamics may be strong, with h emerging as a pseudo-Goldstone boson. The symmetry breaking scale Λ is taken to be at 4 π v or above. We review the leading-order Lagrangian within this framework, which is nonrenormalizable in general. A chiral Lagrangian can then be constructed based on a loop expansion. A systematic power counting is derived and used to identify the classes of counterterms that appear at one loop order. With this result the complete Lagrangian is constructed at next-to-leading order, O ( v 2 / Λ 2 ) . This Lagrangian is the most general effective description of the Standard Model containing a light scalar boson, in general with strong dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking. Scenarios such as the {SILH} ansatz or the dimension-6 Lagrangian of a linearly realized Higgs sector can be recovered as special cases.

scenarios higgs physik goldstone standard model gev chiral lagrangian ddc:530

Nonstandard Higgs couplings from angular distributions in h→Zℓ+ℓ−

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 1, 2014

We compute the fully differential rate for the Higgs-boson decay h→Zℓ+ℓ− , with Z→ℓ′+ℓ′− . For these processes we assume the most general matrix elements within an effective Lagrangian framework. The electroweak chiral Lagrangian we employ assumes minimal particle content and Standard Model gauge symmetries, but it is otherwise completely general. We discuss how information on new physics in the decay form factors may be obtained that is inaccessible in the dilepton-mass spectrum integrated over angular variables. The form factors are related to the coefficients of the effective Lagrangian, which are used to estimate the potential size of new-physics effects.

higgs physik angular distributions standard model lagrangian ddc:530

On the power counting in effective field theories

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 1, 2014

We discuss the systematics of power counting in general effective field theories, focusing on those that are nonrenormalizable at leading order. As an illuminating example we consider chiral perturbation theory gauged under the electromagnetic U(1) symmetry. This theory describes the low-energy interactions of the octet of pseudo-Goldstone bosons in QCD with photons and has been discussed extensively in the literature. Peculiarities of the standard approach are pointed out and it is shown how these are resolved within our scheme. The presentation follows closely our recent discussion of power counting for the electroweak chiral Lagrangian. The systematics of the latter is reviewed and shown to be consistent with the concept of chiral dimensions. The results imply that naive dimensional analysis (NDA) is incomplete in general effective field theories, while still reproducing the correct counting in special cases.

field counting theories nda physik goldstone qcd peculiarities lagrangian ddc:530

Geometry and the quantum: basics