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This Day in Legal History: Bell and Gray File PatentsOn February 14, 1876, both Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray filed patent applications for the invention of the telephone, setting off one of the most famous legal battles in U.S. history. Bell's lawyer submitted his paperwork to the U.S. Patent Office just hours before Gray's, leading to a dispute over who truly invented the device. Gray's filing was a "caveat," an intention to patent, while Bell's was a full application, giving him a legal advantage. When the patent was granted to Bell on March 7, 1876, Gray challenged it, arguing that Bell had improperly incorporated elements of Gray's liquid transmitter design.The controversy led to numerous lawsuits, with Gray and others accusing Bell of fraud and claiming he had seen Gray's filing before finalizing his own. Despite these challenges, the courts consistently ruled in Bell's favor, affirming his rights to the telephone patent. This legal victory gave Bell's company, later known as AT&T, control over the rapidly growing telephone industry. The case highlighted issues of patent timing, intellectual property rights, and legal strategy in technological innovation.The Bell-Gray dispute remains a landmark moment in patent law, demonstrating how the slightest timing difference can determine the outcome of major technological advancements. It also underscored the competitive nature of the late 19th-century invention boom, where multiple inventors often worked on similar ideas simultaneously.Democratic attorneys general from 16 states issued guidance defending diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEI) programs against recent executive orders from former President Trump. Led by Massachusetts AG Andrea Joy Campbell and Illinois AG Kwame Raoul, they argued that DEI initiatives remain legal under existing anti-discrimination laws, including Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Trump administration's orders call for eliminating DEI efforts from federal agencies and scrutinizing private-sector programs, conflating lawful diversity policies with illegal hiring preferences, the AGs said.Major corporations like Google and Amazon have adjusted or rebranded their DEI initiatives in response to legal uncertainty. The guidance clarifies that policies promoting workplace diversity—such as broad recruitment efforts and impact assessments—are legally distinct from unlawful hiring preferences. Courts have long upheld employers' ability to consider the effects of their policies on different groups to prevent discrimination claims.Meanwhile, Republican AGs, including Missouri's Andrew Bailey, are pushing businesses to abandon DEI programs. Bailey recently sued Starbucks, accusing the company of violating civil rights laws through its DEI initiatives. The conflicting state-level actions highlight the growing legal and political battle over corporate diversity policies.Democratic AGs Defend DEI Against ‘Misleading' Trump DirectivesTwo federal judges will decide whether Elon Musk's government cost-cutting team, the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), can access sensitive U.S. government systems. Since his appointment by President Trump last month, Musk has led efforts to eliminate wasteful spending, but critics argue his team lacks legal authority to handle Treasury payment systems and sensitive agency data.Judge Jeannette Vargas in Manhattan will consider a request from Democratic attorneys general to extend a temporary block preventing DOGE from accessing Treasury systems that process trillions in payments. The states argue Musk's team could misuse personal data and disrupt funding for health clinics, preschools, and climate programs.In Washington, Judge John Bates will review a separate request from unions seeking to prevent DOGE from accessing records at the Department of Health and Human Services, the Labor Department, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Bates previously ruled in favor of the Trump administration but will now reconsider after the unions amended their lawsuit.Democratic AGs have also filed a separate lawsuit claiming Musk's appointment is unconstitutional and seeking to block him from making personnel decisions or canceling contracts. While courts have blocked several of Trump's initiatives, his administration has continued firing government workers and cutting foreign aid, mostly targeting programs opposed by conservatives.Musk's DOGE team: Judges to consider barring it from US government systems | ReutersA federal judge has ordered the Trump administration to restore funding for hundreds of foreign aid contractors affected by a 90-day funding freeze. The ruling temporarily blocks the administration from canceling foreign aid contracts and grants that were in place before Trump took office on January 20.  The decision came in response to a lawsuit filed by two health organizations that rely on U.S. funding for overseas programs. The Trump administration had halted all foreign aid payments, claiming the pause was necessary to review program efficiency and alignment with policy priorities. However, Judge Amir Ali ruled that the government had not provided a rational justification for the sweeping suspension, which disrupted agreements with businesses, nonprofits, and organizations worldwide.  Trump has also ordered federal agencies to prepare for major job cuts, leading to layoffs among government workers without full job protections. His administration has already removed or sidelined hundreds of civil servants and top officials, part of a broader effort to reshape the federal workforce and consolidate power among political allies.Judge orders US to restore funds for foreign aid programs | ReutersA federal judge has ordered the release of Supreme Court advocate Tom Goldstein, three days after he was jailed for allegedly violating pretrial release conditions in a tax fraud case. Goldstein, a prominent appellate lawyer and co-founder of SCOTUSblog, was indicted last month on 22 counts of tax evasion related to his high-stakes poker winnings and alleged misuse of law firm funds to cover debts.Chief U.S. Magistrate Judge Timothy Sullivan ruled that there was insufficient evidence to keep Goldstein incarcerated for allegedly concealing cryptocurrency transactions. However, the judge imposed new restrictions, including monitoring his internet use and prohibiting cryptocurrency transfers.Prosecutors claimed Goldstein secretly moved millions in crypto after his initial release, prompting his second arrest. Goldstein argued the transactions occurred in 2023 and that he did not own the accounts in question. While the judge found Goldstein's evidence created enough doubt to justify his release, he also suggested Goldstein may still have access to hidden funds that could enable him to flee. Goldstein has pleaded not guilty, and his legal team maintains the government's case lacks proof.Supreme Court veteran Goldstein wins release again in tax crimes case | ReutersThis week's closing theme is by Gustav Mahler.Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) was a visionary composer and conductor whose symphonies bridged the late Romantic and early modern eras. Known for his deeply personal and expansive works, Mahler infused his music with themes of life, death, and transcendence. His Symphony No. 2, often called the Resurrection Symphony, is one of his most ambitious compositions, blending massive orchestral forces with choral elements to explore the journey from despair to spiritual renewal.The symphony's fifth and final movement, Im Tempo des Scherzo – Aufersteh'n, is a dramatic culmination of the work's themes. It begins in chaos, with the orchestra depicting the terror of the apocalypse, before gradually moving toward light and resolution. The music builds in intensity until the choir enters softly, singing the text of Friedrich Klopstock's Resurrection Ode, which speaks of rising again after death. Mahler expands on these words, adding his own lines about redemption and eternal life.The movement swells to one of the most powerful climaxes in symphonic history, with soaring brass, thunderous percussion, and a triumphant chorus proclaiming victory over death. The final moments are a breathtaking ascent, as the music dissolves into radiant serenity. This movement is more than just a finale; it is an emotional and philosophical journey, offering a sense of transcendence that has resonated with audiences for over a century.Without further ado, Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 2, the fifth and final movement – Im Tempo des Scherzo.  This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

This Day in Legal History: 11th Amendment RatifiedOn February 7, 1795, the 11th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, restricting federal judicial power over lawsuits against states. The amendment was a direct response to the Supreme Court's 1793 decision in Chisholm v. Georgia, which held that a private citizen of one state could sue another state in federal court. This ruling alarmed many states, as it threatened their sovereign immunity and exposed them to lawsuits from individuals. In reaction, Congress swiftly proposed the 11th Amendment, which was ratified by North Carolina on this day, completing the necessary approvals. The amendment states that federal courts cannot hear cases against a state brought by citizens of another state or a foreign country. This reinforced the principle of state sovereignty and limited the reach of the federal judiciary. The amendment effectively overturned Chisholm and set a precedent for later expansions of state immunity. Over time, the Supreme Court interpreted the amendment broadly, extending protections to cases brought by a state's own citizens as well. The 11th Amendment remains a cornerstone of federalism, shaping the balance of power between states and the national government.Federal agencies have pulled out of law school recruiting events following President Donald Trump's executive order freezing hiring across the government. More than a dozen agencies withdrew from NYU's public interest career fair, and others skipped a similar event hosted by Georgetown and George Washington University. The freeze, which affects federal legal jobs and prestigious honors programs at agencies like the DOJ and IRS, has left many law students scrambling for alternatives. While some large law firms are looking to hire displaced junior lawyers, there are limited openings, especially for first- and second-year students whose summer jobs were canceled. Firms like Morgan Lewis, Quinn Emanuel, and Elsberg Baker & Maruri are among those actively considering affected candidates. However, with most Big Law summer associate spots already filled, many students may struggle to secure positions. The freeze, which could last up to 90 days, is part of a broader effort to reduce the federal workforce through attrition and “efficiency” measures.Trump Hiring Freeze Has Agencies Ditching Law School RecruitingFor decades, the Justice Department has prided itself on independence, with attorneys expected to uphold the law "without fear or favor," as former Attorney General Merrick Garland emphasized. This principle, strengthened after Watergate, has long guided DOJ lawyers in their duty to serve the nation rather than any single president. However, Attorney General Pam Bondi's new memo marks a stark departure from that tradition, warning DOJ lawyers against refusing to advance legal arguments they disagree with and referring to them as the president's lawyers. The memo threatens disciplinary action, including termination, for attorneys who decline to sign briefs or appear in court due to personal objections. Critics argue that this undermines legal ethics and pressures attorneys to prioritize loyalty to Trump over their professional responsibilities. Historically, DOJ lawyers who found themselves in ethical conflicts could ask to be reassigned or resign, but Bondi's directive appears designed to force them into compliance or out of the department entirely. The memo is particularly concerning as Trump's DOJ aggressively defends controversial executive actions, making it harder for lawyers to voice concerns about weak or legally questionable cases. Legal experts worry that a mass exodus of experienced attorneys could damage the department's credibility, further eroding trust in the rule of law.Bondi Raises Independence Concerns with Attorney Advocacy MemoThe Trump administration is facing a lawsuit from the American Federation of Government Employees and the American Foreign Service Association over its rapid dismantling of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The suit, filed in federal court, argues that President Trump's foreign aid freeze and subsequent orders to halt USAID projects were unconstitutional and have caused a global humanitarian crisis. Since Trump's executive order on January 20, USAID staff have been laid off or placed on leave, and key aid programs combating malaria, HIV, and global hunger have been suspended. The shutdown, largely overseen by Elon Musk, has left food aid worth $340 million stranded and led to worsening health crises, according to the lawsuit. Critics argue that since Congress created USAID by statute, Trump lacks the legal authority to dismantle it. The lawsuit seeks an emergency court order to restore funding, reopen offices, and prevent further agency cuts.Trump administration sued by government workers over cuts to USAID | ReutersCompanies are rushing to file merger notifications before a new Federal Trade Commission (FTC) rule takes effect after 5 p.m. on Friday, significantly expanding reporting requirements for deals over $126.4 million. The rule, introduced under President Biden and set to take effect under President Trump, is expected to triple the workload for companies seeking regulatory clearance. Businesses are scrambling to file under the old rules to avoid higher compliance costs and navigate a familiar system rather than being among the first to test the new requirements. While attorneys don't see the rush as an attempt to evade scrutiny, some worry that the surge in filings—combined with Trump's push to shrink the federal workforce—could result in inadequate review of certain deals. The private equity industry has strongly opposed the rule, arguing it places unnecessary burdens on firms, and has filed a lawsuit to block it, though no ruling is expected this week. Some lawmakers are considering legislative action, and attorneys are closely watching for any last-minute delays, though chances of a suspension are diminishing.Companies wary of new US rule scramble to file mergers by Friday, lawyers say | ReutersThis week's closing theme is by Gustav Mahler.Gustav Mahler, one of the most influential late-Romantic composers, was known for his expansive symphonies that bridged the worlds of the 19th and 20th centuries. Born in 1860, Mahler's music often grappled with deep philosophical and existential themes, blending moments of beauty, nostalgia, and turmoil. His Symphony No. 4, completed in 1900, is one of his most accessible works, offering a lighter, more lyrical approach compared to his more intense symphonies. On February 7, 1904, Mahler himself conducted a performance of this symphony in Berlin, reinforcing its place in the concert repertoire.The fourth movement, "Das himmlische Leben" (The Heavenly Life), is the symphony's heart and soul, featuring a soprano voice describing a child's vision of heaven. Unlike the grandeur of Mahler's other finales, this movement is delicate and dreamlike, with folk-like melodies and a sense of innocence. The lyrics, drawn from the Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Boy's Magic Horn) collection, depict a paradise filled with music, dancing, and endless feasting, all with a touch of Mahler's characteristic irony. The orchestration remains light and transparent, with delicate bells and strings giving the music an ethereal quality.As this week's closing theme, "Das himmlische Leben" serves as a gentle farewell, offering a moment of reflection and tranquility. Its serene and almost childlike optimism provides a perfect contrast to the weightier legal discussions, reminding us that even in complex times, beauty and simplicity endure.Without further ado, Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 4, the fourth movement, “Das himmlische Leben” – enjoy.  This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

This Day in Legal History: The Trial of GalileoOn April 12, 1633, a pivotal moment in the annals of legal and scientific history unfolded as Galileo Galilei faced the Roman Catholic Church's formal inquisition on charges of heresy. This trial was not merely a religious condemnation but a significant clash between emerging scientific ideas and established ecclesiastical doctrine. Galileo, by advocating the heliocentric theory that posited the sun at the center of the universe—a view first propagated by Copernicus—directly challenged the Church's geocentric model, which placed Earth and, by extension, humanity, at the cosmos' core.The inquisition's core accusation was that Galileo held "as true the false doctrine taught by some that the sun is the center of the world," in stark contradiction to the theological view that emphasized Earth's central position. This confrontation was not just about celestial mechanics; it was fundamentally about the authority to define truth. The trial, therefore, was as much a legal battle over doctrinal correctness as it was a referendum on intellectual freedom and the role of evidence in shaping belief.Found "vehemently suspect of heresy," Galileo's conviction was a foregone conclusion given the Church's powerful influence over societal norms and scientific discourse at the time. His sentence to life imprisonment was a stark message to the intellectual community about the limits of inquiry. However, perhaps recognizing the harshness of this penalty or the potential for backlash, his punishment was later commuted to house arrest.During his house arrest, Galileo continued his scientific work, demonstrating a resilience and commitment to knowledge that would posthumously vindicate his theories. It wasn't until centuries later, however, that the Church would formally acknowledge the error in its judgment against Galileo. In 1992, Pope John Paul II officially conceded that the Church had erred in condemning Galileo's support for heliocentric theories.This episode serves as a critical reflection point on the interplay between law, power, and knowledge. Galileo's trial underscores the dangers of legal systems enmeshed with doctrinal control and highlights the enduring struggle between innovation and orthodoxy. It remains a poignant example of the need for legal frameworks that protect and promote intellectual freedom, emphasizing that the pursuit of truth should guide both scientific inquiry and legal principles.The $20 billion allocated from the White House to fight climate change through the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund aims to enhance the nation's clean financing capabilities while managing financial risks carefully. This fund is intended to catalyze up to $150 billion in private investments for clean energy projects and other initiatives to decarbonize the economy, prioritizing both greenhouse gas reduction and benefits to disadvantaged communities. However, these investments carry inherent risks, which have garnered scrutiny from congressional Republicans, who are vigilant for any signs of failure or financial missteps to politicize the issue.Sophie Purdom from Planeteer Capital notes the low threshold for political controversy, even if only a few investments do not perform as expected. Meanwhile, Beth Bafford of the Climate United Fund, which received the largest grant, emphasizes her organization's long-standing expertise in distinguishing between real and perceived risks and structuring financial transactions accordingly. This approach is aimed at enabling aggressive action towards achieving net zero emissions without jeopardizing financial sustainability.The discussion extends beyond financial returns, highlighting the potential for broader economic benefits, especially in underserved communities. For instance, investments are planned in areas like on-site solar, building decarbonization, and bringing electric vehicles to disadvantaged areas. The Climate United Fund alone plans to deploy significant capital towards these ends, leveraging their extensive experience in financing similar projects.Comparisons are drawn with other federal initiatives like the Paycheck Protection Program, where community development financial institutions played a crucial role with minimal risk of loss, suggesting a blueprint for successful deployment of the climate funds. Despite concerns about fraud which affected previous federal programs, advocates like Jessie Buendia from Dream.org suggest bolstering EPA staffing and education on using blended capital to mitigate risks and maximize the impact of investments.The political landscape remains contentious, with Republicans actively opposing the fund, citing concerns over waste and the influence of foreign supply chains. Yet, there is a call for bipartisan support to foster clean, thriving communities across all states, pointing towards a need for collaborative efforts between the government and the private sector for transformative market changes.Climate Lenders With $20 Billion in Grants Weigh Risk and RewardWinston & Strawn emerged as the top legal biller for the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA), which significantly reduced its legal expenses to $1.7 million in 2023 after finalizing a new collective bargaining agreement. This figure marks a substantial decrease from the $3.7 million spent in the previous year during intense negotiations following a three-month league lockout. The legal fees covered a range of services, with Winston earning approximately $264,000 for salary arbitration work, signaling its longstanding role as a key advisor to the MLBPA.Following Winston in billing were several other prominent firms, including Latham & Watkins and Boston-based Hemenway & Barnes, with respective payments of $176,000 and $147,000. Additional significant contributions came from Weil, Gotshal & Manges and Sidley Austin, highlighting the diverse array of legal expertise enlisted by the MLBPA.The reduction in legal costs coincided with a major expansion of the MLBPA, which saw its membership grow from 1,200 to about 6,000 as minor league players were incorporated. This expansion suggests a broadening of the union's scope and responsibilities, potentially influencing its legal and operational strategies.Internally, the MLBPA faced discontent from some players critical of the union's direction and leadership under Executive Director Tony Clark and Chief Labor Negotiator Bruce Meyer. Clark's compensation nearly doubled over the past year, which, coupled with the union's strategic decisions, has fueled some unrest among members.The legal team at the MLBPA also saw changes, with significant salaries for roles such as the new general counsel and other senior positions, reflecting the union's complex legal and operational environment. Moreover, the MLBPA engaged other legal and advisory services, including risk analysis and lobbying efforts, to support its broadening agenda.Overall, the MLBPA's legal expenditures reflect its strategic navigation through labor negotiations, membership expansion, and internal challenges. The focus on managing both high-profile and routine legal matters underscores the critical role of legal counsel in supporting the union's evolving needs and ambitions in the dynamic landscape of professional sports.Winston, Latham Top Big Law Billers for Fractious Baseball UnionThe influence of U.S. News & World Report's law school rankings appears to be diminishing, evidenced by a significant decrease in web traffic for leaks of the rankings and a widespread boycott by law schools. Mike Spivey, a law school admissions consultant, noted a 50% drop in traffic when he published the top 25 law schools a week ahead of U.S. News' official release. This decline in interest is linked to recent controversies, including data errors in the previous year's rankings and a boycott that started in 2022, with 53 out of 197 American Bar Association-accredited schools refusing to submit data.Despite these challenges, the rankings still generate considerable attention, as noted by Staci Zaretsky from Above the Law, although the level of interest has waned compared to past years. A survey conducted by Kaplan Test Prep revealed mixed sentiments among law school admissions officers regarding the prestige of the rankings, with a majority acknowledging a loss in prestige over recent years.U.S. News has responded by adjusting its ranking methodology to de-emphasize LSAT scores and grades in favor of employment outcomes and bar pass rates. This change reflects broader concerns within the legal academy about the impact of ranking methodologies on financial aid distribution and academic priorities.The discussion around the rankings highlights a shift in priorities among law school applicants, with more emphasis being placed on employment outcomes rather than ranking positions. Spivey's own firm, which conducts rankings analysis, benefits from the ongoing relevance of the rankings, yet he advocates for greater transparency and meaningfulness in how the rankings are formulated and presented. This evolving perspective among stakeholders suggests that while the U.S. News rankings continue to influence applicant decisions to some extent, their dominance and credibility are increasingly being questioned within the legal education community.After setbacks, U.S. News law school rankings show signs of waning influence | ReutersEpic Games has called for significant reforms to Google's Play Store, following a jury's decision that Google had abused its dominant position in the Android app market. In a recent court filing, Epic suggested that the Play Store should allow third-party app stores and limit Google's agreements with device makers that prevent the preloading of alternative stores. These recommendations were part of a proposed injunction submitted to U.S. District Judge James Donato in San Francisco, who oversaw the antitrust trial concluding with a verdict against Google in December.Epic's proposal does not seek monetary damages but aims to alter Google's practices to foster greater competition. Specifically, Epic wants to prohibit Google from restricting how apps inform users about purchasing options outside of the Google Play Store. This move is part of a broader challenge against major tech companies' control over app distribution and transaction processes.While Google has denied any wrongdoing and defended its app store policies, it has been compelled to make concessions in the face of legal pressures. In December, alongside the jury verdict, Google agreed to a $700 million settlement addressing allegations related to its Play Store restrictions. Moreover, Google introduced "choice billing" as an alternative for in-app purchases in the U.S., allowing developers more flexibility.The case against Google could extend for years, especially as Google plans to appeal the December verdict and potentially challenge any reforms mandated by Judge Donato. This legal battle mirrors a similar ongoing dispute between Epic Games and Apple, emphasizing Epic's broader strategy to challenge the app distribution monopolies held by tech giants. The outcomes of these cases could have significant implications for the app development industry and consumer choice in digital marketplaces.Epic Games proposes Google app store reforms after antitrust win | ReutersThis week's closing theme is by Ludwig van Beethoven.Ludwig van Beethoven, born in 1770 in Bonn, Germany, stands as a monumental figure in the history of Western music. His works span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era in music and continue to be revered for their depth and innovative qualities. Beethoven was a virtuosic pianist and composer who was known for his profound ability to convey emotion and intellectual depth through his compositions. Despite suffering from progressive hearing loss that eventually led to complete deafness, Beethoven's relentless dedication to music allowed him to compose some of the most celebrated pieces of all time.Among his extensive body of works, Beethoven's symphonies particularly stand out, with each contributing uniquely to the evolution of the genre. His Symphony No. 6 in F Major, Op. 68, known as the "Pastoral Symphony," is an exemplary piece that depicts the composer's love for nature. Unlike many of his other symphonies, which are driven by dramatic heroism, the Pastoral Symphony is filled with warmth and expressions of the joy and peace Beethoven found in the countryside. This symphony is programmatic, meaning it intentionally evokes scenes or nature images, showcasing Beethoven's deep reverence for the natural world.The "Pastoral Symphony" is divided into five movements, each describing a different element of rural life. Of particular note is the first movement, marked "Allegro ma non troppo," which translates to "Lively, but not too much." This movement, titled "Awakening of cheerful feelings on arrival in the countryside," beautifully sets the stage for a symphonic expression of a day in the countryside. It starts with a leisurely pace that suggests the gentle unfolding of a landscape bathed in the rejuvenating light of spring. The melody is simple yet expressive, with flowing lines that mimic the tranquility of nature, perfectly capturing the essence of spring's awakening.In this movement, Beethoven uses a sonata form to explore musical themes that suggest the freshness of the season, the rustling of leaves, and the bubbling of streams. The development section weaves these elements together, creating a rich tapestry of sound that feels both vivid and idyllic. This movement not only sets the tone for the entire symphony but also offers listeners a sonic escape into the peacefulness and renewal that characterizes spring. Through the "Pastoral Symphony," particularly in the allegro of the first movement, Beethoven invites us to share in his reverence for nature and experience the restorative powers of the natural world.Without further ado, Ludwig van Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony, Allegro movement. Get full access to Minimum Competence - Daily Legal News Podcast at www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

SynopsisToday's date marks the birthday of American composer and educator Gardner Read, who was born in Evanston, Illinois, in 1913.Read studied music at Northwestern University, then at the Eastman School, where his teachers included Howard Hanson and Bernard Rogers. He also studied with Aaron Copland and Italian modernist composer Ildebrando Pizzetti. Read became a noted teacher himself and held posts in St. Louis, Kansas City, Cleveland and Boston. His Symphony No. 1 was premiered by John Barbirolli and won first prize at the New York Philharmonic Society's American Composers' Contest. He wrote four symphonies in all, as well as other orchestral, choral and chamber works and a significant body of works for or with pipe organ.In 1978, musicologist Nicolas Slonimsky wrote: “In American music, the name of Gardner Read is synonymous with the best traditions of modern classicism and inspired romanticism. ... To the musical analyst, it presents a technical interest as well, for in his use of the multicolored palette of modern instrumentation, Gardner Read offers fascinating examples of organized sonorities. The substance of his compositions is infinitely varied; he is a true Renaissance man, working in many different genres without prejudice and achieving his objectives with impeccable taste.”Music Played in Today's ProgramGardner Read (1913-2005): Allegro scherzando, from Symphony No. 4 (Cleveland Orchestra; Lorin Maazel, cond.) New World 742

SynopsisUtah came to the stage of Avery Fisher Hall in New York City, musically speaking, on this date in 1989, when the Orchestra of St. Luke's premiered Utah Symphony, by American composer John Duffy. His Symphony No. 1 was commissioned by Gibbs Smith, the president of the Utah chapter of the Sierra Club to draw attention to the endangered and pristine wilderness lands of that state.Duffy knew this region firsthand. “I began sketching the symphony while hiking through southeastern Utah in the spring of 1988,” he said. “The landscape astounded me: Dramatic contrasts of light and shadow ... violent changes in weather ... expansive vistas. Here in the ancient Indian ruins, canyons, cathedral-like Mesas and fantastical slabs of rock is a spiritual presence and aesthetic wonder of pure, majestic, humbling wilderness.”Duffy is perhaps best known for writing the score to the 9-hour PBS documentary series Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. He was born in the Bronx and studied with Aaron Copland and Henry Cowell.In addition to composing over 300 works, in 1974, Duffy founded Meet the Composer, an organization dedicated to the creation, performance and recording of music by American composers.Music Played in Today's ProgramJohn Duffy (1926-2015) Symphony No. 1 (Utah); Milwaukee Symphony; Zdenek Macal, cond. Koss 1022

Born in Australia, Nicholas McRoberts studied piano, composition and conducting at the Melbourne Conservatory, the Victorian College of Arts, the CNSM in Paris and the Ecole Normale. He studied conducting with Robert Rosen, Jorma Panula and Dejan Savić.Today he is based in France. His works include operas, symphonies, ballets, voice, piano and chamber works.His Symphony No. 1 “From the Old World” was premiered by the Sofia Philharmonic on the 27th of August 2022 with the composer conducting. His "Adagio for Strings" was commissioned for the Nürtinger Chamber Orchestra and first performed on November 14, 2021, conducted by Friederike Kienle. It was written during the Covid lockdowns and recorded with the Janaček Philharmonic in March 2021. The French première was given by the Ensemble Orchestral de Biarritz, conducted by Yves Bouillier in July 2022. In September 2019 he was named conductor of the Orchestre Démos du Grand Verdun with the Philharmonie de Paris. In 2018 he was named artistic director of Opéra Montmartre in Paris. In 2017 he collaborated with the French choreographer Nawel Oulad on a ballet Les Tisseuses de Silence and a duo Femme au Piano for the Semaine de la Danse in Paris which were performed in the Festival Les Aliennes and the Festival Appel de la Lune. His Violin Concerto was recorded in 2017 with the Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra. His operas include "Lyon" (2016) premiered by the Ruse State Opera in July 2016, and "Nera" (2017) adapted from the play "Devojka Modre Kose" (The Girl with the Midnight Blue Hair) written by the Serbian playwright Vida Ognjenović. His composition "Festival Fanfare" was the recipient of the 2002 OpenBook Award for Sacred Music. His works are published by Halcyon Publications in Paris.The STAGES podcast is available to access and subscribe from Spotify and Apple podcasts. Or from wherever you access your favourite podcasts. A conversation with creatives about craft and career. Follow socials on instagram (stagespodcast) and facebook (Stages).www.stagespodcast.com.au

Julia Tai, Music Director of the Missoula Symphony stops by the Trail1033 studio to chat with Mike Smith. Join the Missoula Symphony November 4th & 6th as they honor a legendary composer from our own community—the former distinguished professor of composition at the UM, Donald Johnston. His Symphony No. 4 “Lewis and Clark Symphony” exemplifies the brave spirits of the first explorers and the soundscape of the openness of the West. The concert begins with a powerful piece Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman, written by Joan Tower, who was lauded by The New Yorker as “one of the most successful woman composers of all time.” Rounding out the program are Jean Sibelius' atmospheric Lemminkäinen Suite—a symphonic poem about the Finnish mythological hero—and John Williams' Superman March. REPERTOIRE: • Joan Tower: Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman No. 6 • Jean Sibelius: Lemminkäinen Suite, No. 1, 2 & 4 • Donald Johnston: Symphony No. 4 “Lewis & Clark” • John Williams: Superman March Program Notes by James Randall Superheroes come in many forms, and our concert testifies to their diversity: some local, some national, some unsung, and some extraterrestrial. They all, however, reflect us—our fears, our hopes, and our collective desire for rescue and redemption. Tickets and details at missoulasymphony.org

Sergey Rachmaninov was the last, great representative of the Russian Romantic tradition as a composer, but was also a widely and highly celebrated pianist of his time. His piano concertos, the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, and his preludes famously test pianists' skills. His Symphony No. 2, the tone poem Isle of the Dead, and his Cello Sonata are also notable. The passionate melodies and rich harmonies of his music have been called the perfect accompaniment for love scenes, but in a greater sense they explore a range of emotions with intense and compelling expression.Sergey Vasilyevich Rachmaninov, born in Semyonovo, Russia, on April 1, 1873, came from a music-loving, land-owning family; young Sergey's mother fostered the boy's innate talent by giving him his first piano lessons. After a decline in the family fortunes, the Rachmaninovs moved to St. Petersburg, where Sergey studied with Vladimir Delyansky at the Conservatory. As his star continued to rise, Sergey went to the Moscow Conservatory, where he received a sound musical training: piano lessons from the strict disciplinarian Nikolay Zverev and Alexander Siloti (Rachmaninov's cousin), counterpoint with Taneyev, and harmony with Arensky. During his time at the Conservatory, Rachmaninov boarded with Zverev, whose weekly musical Sundays provided the young musician the valuable opportunity to make important contacts and to hear a wide variety of music.

Utah came to the stage of Avery Fisher Hall in New York City, musically speaking, on this date in 1989, when the Orchestra of St. Luke’s premiered a “Utah Symphony” by American composer John Duffy. His Symphony No. 1 was commissioned by Gibbs Smith, the president of the Utah Chapter of the Sierra Club to draw attention to the endangered and pristine wilderness lands of that state. John Duffy knew this region firsthand. “I began sketching the symphony while hiking through southeastern Utah in the spring of 1988,” wrote Duffy. “The landscape astounded me: Dramatic contrasts of light and shadow... violent changes in weather... expansive vistas. Here in the ancient Indian ruins, canyons, cathedral-like Mesas, and fantastical slabs of rock is a spiritual presence and aesthetic wonder of pure, majestic, humbling wilderness.” John Duffy is perhaps best known for writing the score to the 9-hour PBS documentary series Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. He was born in the Bronx and studied with Aaron Copland and Henry Cowell. In addition to composing over 300 works, in 1974, Duffy founded Meet the Composer, an organization dedicated to the creation, performance, and recording of music by American composers.

Utah came to the stage of Avery Fisher Hall in New York City, musically speaking, on this date in 1989, when the Orchestra of St. Luke’s premiered a “Utah Symphony” by American composer John Duffy. His Symphony No. 1 was commissioned by Gibbs Smith, the president of the Utah Chapter of the Sierra Club to draw attention to the endangered and pristine wilderness lands of that state. John Duffy knew this region firsthand. “I began sketching the symphony while hiking through southeastern Utah in the spring of 1988,” wrote Duffy. “The landscape astounded me: Dramatic contrasts of light and shadow... violent changes in weather... expansive vistas. Here in the ancient Indian ruins, canyons, cathedral-like Mesas, and fantastical slabs of rock is a spiritual presence and aesthetic wonder of pure, majestic, humbling wilderness.” John Duffy is perhaps best known for writing the score to the 9-hour PBS documentary series Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. He was born in the Bronx and studied with Aaron Copland and Henry Cowell. In addition to composing over 300 works, in 1974, Duffy founded Meet the Composer, an organization dedicated to the creation, performance, and recording of music by American composers.

In this episode, Dave and Andrew explore the winner of the sixth Pulitzer Prize in Music, Walter Piston for his Symphony No. 3. Walter Piston was a long-time teacher at Harvard University (Leonard Bernstein and Elliott Carter count among his students) and author of several influential textbooks, including Principles of Harmonic Analysis (1933) and Orchestration (1955). He was also, according to Aaron Copland, “one of the most expert craftsmen American music can boast.” His Symphony No. 3, premiered by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1948, displays that craftsmanship but also the rich, sonorous sound he could pull from the orchestra. But how does it stand up today? If you'd like more information about Walter Piston we recommend: Carol Oja's essay "Reappraising Walter Piston" Elliott Carter's summary of his teacher's music "Walter Piston" in The Musical Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 3 (July 1946): 354-375. Howard Pollack's book Harvard Composers: Walter Piston and His Students, from Elliott Carter to Frederick Rzewski (Scarecrow Press, 1992). The first recording of the piece: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18IybqdI5dw

Today, another in our occasional series, Midday on Higher Education. From time to time, Tom Hall sits down with the leaders of Maryland colleges and universities to talk about the challenges that each of their institutions face, and how those institutions are connected to the communities in which they are located.The series began last month, when Dr. Maria Thompson, the president of Coppin State University joined Tom in Studio A. Since appearing on this show, Dr. Thompson has announced her retirement from Coppin at the end of the academic year.Today, my guest is Dr. Josu233u Antonio Bowen, the president of Goucher College. He too has announced that he is retiring from that position at the end of June. Founded in 1885, Goucher is a private, liberal arts college in Towson, just north of Baltimore. Goucher was initially an all-women’s college; It became co-educational in 1986. Dr. Bowen has led Goucher since 2014 -- after leadership and teaching positions at Southern Methodist University, Miami University, Georgetown, the University of Southampton in the U.K. and Stanford University. He is also a composer, a conductor, and a jazz pianist. His Symphony No. 1 was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and he is the author of several books, including “Teaching Naked: How Moving Technology Out of Your College Classroom Will Improve Student Learning.” He is 56 years old. We livestreamed this conversation on the WYPR Facebook page. To watch that video, click here.

Composer Frank Ticheli joins me to talk about his career, offer some advice, and remind all of us that music should be fun and our goal should be joy! My sincere apologies for the connection problems in the second half of the interview. Topics: Frank’s early experiences and an anecdote about how he started on the trumpet and not the clarinet. Being a student in Texas and the lessons about music that he learned from his high school band directors and the story of a nudge towards becoming a composer from a teacher that recognized something special in him. The story of how Frank got involved in writing music for band and the stigmatization of band music in the broader concert music community. Links: Frank Ticheli Manhattan Beach Music Ticheli: Symphony no. 3 “The Shore” Ticheli: Symphony no. 1 Biography: Frank Ticheli's music has been described as being "optimistic and thoughtful" (Los Angeles Times), "lean and muscular" (New York Times), "brilliantly effective" (Miami Herald) and "powerful, deeply felt crafted with impressive flair and an ear for striking instrumental colors" (South Florida Sun-Sentinel). Ticheli (b. 1958) joined the faculty of the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music in 1991, where he is Professor of Composition. From 1991 to 1998, Ticheli was Composer in Residence of the Pacific Symphony. Frank Ticheli's orchestral works have received considerable recognition in the U.S. and Europe. Orchestral performances have come from the Philadelphia Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony, Detroit Symphony, Dallas Symphony, American Composers Orchestra, the radio orchestras of Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Saarbruecken, and Austria, and the orchestras of Austin, Bridgeport, Charlotte, Colorado, Haddonfield, Harrisburg, Hong Kong, Jacksonville, Lansing, Long Island, Louisville, Lubbock, Memphis, Nashville, Omaha, Phoenix, Portland, Richmond, San Antonio, San Jose, Wichita Falls, and others. Ticheli is well known for his works for concert band, many of which have become standards in the repertoire. In addition to composing, he has appeared as guest conductor of his music at Carnegie Hall, at many American universities and music festivals, and in cities throughout the world, including Schladming (Austria), Beijing and Shanghai, London and Manchester, Singapore, Rome, Sydney, and numerous cities in Japan. Frank Ticheli is the recipient of a 2012 "Arts and Letters Award" from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, his third award from that prestigious organization. His Symphony No. 2 was named winner of the 2006 NBA/William D. Revelli Memorial Band Composition Contest. Other awards include the Walter Beeler Memorial Prize and First Prize awards in the Texas Sesquicentennial Orchestral Composition Competition, Britten-on-the-Bay Choral Composition Contest, and Virginia CBDNA Symposium for New Band Music. Ticheli was awarded national honorary membership to Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, "bestowed to individuals who have significantly contributed to the cause of music in America," and the A. Austin Harding Award by the American School Band Directors Association, "given to individuals who have made exceptional contributions to the school band movement in America." At USC, he has received the Virginia Ramo Award for excellence in teaching, and the Dean's Award for Professional Achievement. Frank Ticheli received his doctoral and masters degrees in composition from The University of Michigan. His works are published by Manhattan Beach, Southern, Hinshaw, and Encore Music, and are recorded on the labels of Albany, Chandos, Clarion, Equilibrium, Klavier, Koch International, Mark, Naxos, and Reference.

It was my pleasure to speak with Dutch composer Johan De Meij about his career, hear his thoughts about writing music, and of course chat about his landmark "Lord of the Rings" Symphony. Topics: Johan’s background as a brass player and his transition from performer to arranger to composer including the huge initial success that he had with the Lord of the Rings Symphony. A bit about the tradition of wind band music in the Netherlands and Johan’s experiences and thoughts with music competitions. The importance of knowing what you’re good at and doing it well and some great advice for young composers. A surprising discussion of the Elvish language and the copyright issues surrounding the use of Tolkien's work. Links: Johan De Meij The Past, Present, and Future of Tolkien Scholarship Conference Johan De Meij: Symphony no. 1 "Lord of the Rings" Johan De Meij: "Casanova" Johan De Meij: Symphony No. 3 "Planet Earth" Leonard Bernstein: Suite from "West Side Story" (Empire Brass) Igor Stravinsky: "Le Sacre Du Printemps" Biography: Dutch composer and conductor Johan de Meij (Voorburg, 1953) received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of Music in The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His award-winning oeuvre of original compositions, symphonic transcriptions and film score arrangements has garnered him international acclaim and have become permanent fixtures in the repertoire of renowned ensembles throughout the world. His Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings was awarded the prestigious Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by myriad ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. His Symphony No. 2 The Big Apple, Symphony No. 3 Planet Earth, Symphony No. 4 Sinfonie der Lieder as well as his solo concertos, T-Bone Concerto (trombone), UFO Concerto (euphonium) and Casanova (cello) have been enthusiastically received at many of the world’s finest venues. Before devoting his time exclusively to composing and conducting, Johan de Meij enjoyed a successful professional career as a trombone and euphonium player, performing with major orchestras and ensembles in The Netherlands. He is in high demand as a guest conductor and lecturer, frequently invited to speak about and perform his own works. He currently maintains posts with both the New York Wind Symphony and the Kyushu Wind Orchestra in Fukuoka, Japan as their principal guest conductor. He was also appointed regular guest conductor of the Simón Bolívar Youth Wind Orchestra in Caracas, Venezuela – part of the celebrated Venezuelan educational system El Sistema. He is founder and CEO of his own publishing company Amstel Music, established in 1989. When not traveling, Johan divides his time between his Hudson Valley home and Manhattan apartment with his wife and muse Dyan, cats Lenny & Tosca and dog Lucy

Charles Ives' music is the archetypal "mash-up" of classic Americana. His Symphony No. 3 was inspired by the gentler, more spiritual side of the religious revivals he attended with his family as a child.

In the furthest destination in our journey, we travel to Russia. Dmitri Shostakovich used his music to paint a picture of his war-torn homeland. His Symphony No. 10 recalls his memories of the tanks and soldiers, and he composed music that sounded as if you were living through a war. Examine what happens when sound changes its dynamic (from soft to loud--and from loud to louder) while listening to Shostakovich's Symphony No. 10. Our journey's not over yet!