Podcasts about Midgley

What a lot of fun I had talking to Zena Hitz about Gulliver's Travels. As well as discussing Swift, slavery, genocide, rationality, Christianity, and science, Zena told me that good philosophy is like a box of cake mix and that a liberal education requires you to be freed of false expertise. I also took Zena on a detour to discuss Iris Murdoch, the Catherine Project, and modern philosophy. TRANSCRIPTHENRY OLIVER: Today I am talking to Zena Hitz. Zena is a tutor at St. John's College. She is a philosopher, the author of Lost in Thought. She runs the Catherine Project. She's famous on Twitter. We don't know how she does it all. Zena, welcome.ZENA HITZ: Thank you, Henry. It's great to be here.OLIVER: And we're talking about Gulliver's Travels because it is 300 years since it was published, and it's a book that you love.HITZ: A book that I've loved for a long time.First Encounter with Gulliver's TravelsOLIVER: So tell me, when did you first read it?HITZ: Well, it was an important moment for me. I was in high school, and I was admitted to a scholarship summer program which offered college courses at different campuses. There were some normal-looking college courses at normal-looking colleges. And then there was this course at St. John's called Science as Literature, Literature as Science. [laughs] It had this description that was just unbelievable. And I thought to myself, “This is the one, obviously the one to go to.”So I went, and we read books that no one in their right mind would assign to high school students now, and maybe not then. The fragments of Parmenides, Plato's Timaeus, selections from Aristotle's Physics, Gulliver's Travels. After reading a number of—preface to Ptolemy's Almagest, geocentric astronomy. And we read Gulliver's Travels after reading selections from Hooke's Micrographia, so the inventor of the microscope, and Galileo's Starry Messenger, which is one of the great first uses of the telescope to discover the nature of the moon and the satellites of Jupiter.So then we read Gulliver's Travels. We also read Emma and Flannery O'Connor and various other things. And one of the faculty who was running it said at one point, “Well, we thought we'd throw a bunch of things together and see what you could do, what you could make of it. We didn't actually have an idea of how these all fit together,” which I think was probably true.At any rate, I think I came to Gulliver's Travels thinking about these scientists who were looking at very large things and very small things, and thinking in general about the follies of human perception, whether that was shown in literature or philosophy or what have you, the ways in which human perception and knowledge don't work very well. And I think Swift is still one of the best people to—Gulliver's Travels is still one of the best books about that because it's in the mode of a travel diary, an eyewitness account.Gulliver is trained as a surgeon, by his own account. He at one point says he was a bit of a projector in his younger days, someone who undertook scientific projects. And he's a terrible observer, the worst imaginable observer, and Swift so brilliantly lets us see through his eyes, lets us see all the things he doesn't see. And I think it's not just about seeing and knowing. It has a very profound, I think, moral and political set of commitments. So it's a very humane book. It's social criticism, but from a point of view of a very deep humanity. So I've always loved the book for these reasons since then.I came back to it more recently because it is part of the curriculum at St. John's. So when I came back to teach there, I began to reread it. The other experience I had was that I wrote a long essay on it when I was an undergraduate. So those are my—I'm not any kind of expert. My knowledge of the historical context of the book is limited. It's not zero, but it's limited. But I have always loved it as an account of human understanding and its failures and the way that might impact how we live and how happy we can be.The Houyhnhnm ProblemOLIVER: Have you changed how you think about it as you've taught it?HITZ: I have not really changed the way I think about it. It gets more—like all of these books, the more you read them, the more comes out of them, the more details come up. Hilarious. The more jokes you get, the more . . .I think the one more recent insight I had was, I hadn't understood the full horror of the Houyhnhnms in the last book until relatively recently. I think that took me some time to really take on. It's one of the cases where Gulliver's misperceptions are a bit harder to see, and I think many readers just assume that Swift is endorsing the praise of the Houyhnhnms in some sense or other.OLIVER: There are some very serious critics in the past who have called them Swift's ideal beings. Which at this point in history seems unthinkable, but it has been a belief among serious readers.HITZ: Yes, yes. And also common among students. Yes, it's absolutely one of the wrongest opinions you could have about anything, I think.OLIVER: Why does Swift allow us to make that mistake? Are we bad readers out of the context, or has he made too good a job of his diversions and concealments and ironies?HITZ: That's a great question, and I'll just take a stab at it. I think that he has hit on a mode of misperception which is very deep to us, and it's something that we're much more guilty of. We could imagine that if we were in a place where everyone was small or everyone was large, we might make mistakes like Gulliver makes. But we all live, I think, in communities that are a bit like the Houyhnhnms. And so we are all very subject to these kinds of deceptions, and I think that's how he gets us.That's not to really excuse the bad readings because, you know, Gulliver does leave the land of the Houyhnhnms with a boat made out of human skin, which should—I think that moment should make you realize, if you haven't yet, that something is very seriously wrong with Gulliver. Gulliver has been kind of destroyed as a person by his travels, and especially by this last trip. But if you pass over that little detail, maybe you think, “Oh, wow, he found some very simple beings.”OLIVER: Well, there's also the great council where they debate the genocide of the Yahoos.HITZ: [laughs] Yes.OLIVER: And it directly contradicts several things Gulliver has come to believe about the Houyhnhnms, about the Yahoos, and about himself. And he's completely unaware of these contradictions and so in awe of the Houyhnhnms that he doesn't quite understand, I think, that he's accounting a genocide.HITZ: That's right. That's right.OLIVER: Even though he uses a phrase from Genesis that's very unmistakable. It's a sort of remarkable moment of—particularly to us, having had the 20th century. I think that's why Swift came back into favor in a way, because people used to say, Swift's unbearable view of human nature . . .This is a great bit in Boswell's Life of Johnson where, when they're traveling through Scotland, they're with a lady, and she says to Johnson, “Is any man naturally good?” And Johnson says, “No, no more than a wolf.” And Boswell says, “Well, sir, what about ladies?” And Johnson says, “God, no, absolutely not.” And this woman says, “Oh my God, this is worse than Swift,” utterly horrific view of human nature.But of course, we can actually say, did he go far enough? [laughter] I mean, Swift clearly understands something very real and deep. The council of genocide is horrifyingly familiar to us. And I think that's much to Swift's credit that he can see that, and to show that Gulliver would blind himself to it. And people still blind themselves to it, right?HITZ: That's right. And I wonder—you would know more about this than me because it is a bit of a historical question, but my understanding is that quite a lot of the savagery, the worst parts of rule over men that we see in Gulliver's Travels are pictures of Ireland in the 17th, 18th centuries. And I wonder if that took some time to reveal itself to the British, and in some ways it's still not really as known as it might be. We think of the colonial project as being something that was directed at India and Africa—OLIVER: Faraway countries.HITZ: —faraway countries where people looked really different. And we're not as familiar with the kinds of things that were done to the cuddly Irish with their nice music, and who we don't think of as being people that you would savagely oppress like that. So I think—OLIVER: So, I think partly the English are not interested in their own history in the way that they are expected to be. And partly the English interest in Irish history has become very focused on the more recent events. And it's very hard to get back past that. And it all becomes very complicated, and it's a sort of different country. So there's some of that, but I think generally we don't want to know what we did, yes.HITZ: Well, and I think in anglophone countries in general, there's going to be a history of something like that. To attribute it to the British is not to say that—I mean, Americans have chattel slavery and the genocide of the natives, and the Australians have their own situation. All of the anglophone countries have something like this on their conscience.I think that obscures the meaning of that final book. I think we don't recognize—and that's really to Swift's credit, to have a social critique that is so real and so deep that you may not even recognize yourself in the picture.Slavery in Gulliver's TravelsOLIVER: Yes. When I read it again—I read it as an undergraduate, but I really was actually more interested in the other parts of Swift's work. And I thought it was brilliant, and then I read it again. And it was more recently that—I didn't understand how I couldn't have seen it, but it's basically a book about slavery, as I come back to it.And in each of the books there is enslavement of a different sort. So, to begin with, Gulliver is the one being kept in a box or kept in a house, or he's chained up by the Lilliputians or Glumdalclitch.HITZ: Right. That's right.OLIVER: She's a very nice sort of master, as it were, [laughter] but he has that box that can be sealed, and the dwarf has him swiping at the wasps. And then the enslavement that the flying island has of the country below is like England and Ireland. And then in the final book, you know, the Houyhnhnms are whipping the Yahoos.HITZ: That's right.OLIVER: The slavery thing gets worse and worse as the book goes on. And one of the things that's clever is that it's funny when Gulliver is enslaved, right? When the wasps are let out and he has to—and Swift sort of does that clever thing where he undermines things by making it a joke at the end. By the book of the Houyhnhnms, there is really very little humor. And the twist at the end is always dark.Gulliver can't see that—he can see that he's a bit like the Yahoos. But he can't see that they've been enslaved in the way that he—the farmer wanted to take him around the kingdom and show him off, and he says, “I couldn't possibly have had children in that condition because I couldn't have it on my conscience that I had begotten a slave, someone born into slavery. I couldn't do that.”HITZ: Right.OLIVER: Then he's in the Houyhnhnms and he can't—it's quite remarkable.HITZ: [laughs] Yes. I don't think it's quite true that in the end there's no humor. I read it with some Catherine Project group a couple of years ago, and one of the readers pointed out that it's not obvious Gulliver isn't leaving his home and sitting out in the ocean and always landing on England every single time; just every time, he lands there.And there's something hilarious about an Englishman that discovers a place where there's all horses, [laughter] and his love of horses overwhelms him, and he becomes persuaded that they're the only rational beings that there are. I mean, that is funny.OLIVER: Yes, I agree. There's a lot of irony and stuff. But I think it's in Lilliput when he describes their manner of writing. And he says they don't write from left to right as we do in England, or from right to left, or up-down like the Chinese, but from one corner to the other, as the ladies do in England. This is very funny, dry humor, and that sort of thing is gone. And the things that surprise you at the end of a sentence or a paragraph are more like, “Oh, and of course I used Yahoo skin to cover the boat.” And you're like, oh my God, this is not a joke anymore.You know, in A Modest Proposal, he makes real humor out of those kind of horrors. And with the Houyhnhnms, I think he actually refuses the joke to make you feel the disgust, in a way.HITZ: Yes, that might be right. That might be right.Swift and PhilosophyOLIVER: What do you think about the idea that the Houyhnhnms are drawn from the Phaedrus and Socrates's idea of the soul with the two horses? And there's the good, rational horse and the vulgar, passionate horse, and the Yahoos are the other horse. You see what I mean?HITZ: Yes, yes.OLIVER: Is Swift showing us the two sides, and Gulliver's mistake is to prefer the one and not the—HITZ: Right, I think I have heard something like this before. I'm a bit skeptical. Swift doesn't strike me as someone who uses philosophy in quite that way. I think he's much more interested in Gulliver's—the Houyhnhnms' self-deception about the kinds of beings they are. They do not say “the thing which is not,” yet Gulliver's master hides from him this conversation about the genocide for quite some time. And maybe we don't know if he tells him quite the whole truth about it. So there's—OLIVER: And he also conceals the fact that the others don't like Gulliver because he's a partial—a reasonable Yahoo, as it were.HITZ: Right. So their self-deception, Gulliver's being taken in by their self-deception, the ways in which they—this is one of the ways that I think it's profound about the nature of slavery. And to cheer us all up, I'll make a Holocaust analogy, as you also did.When I was traveling in Germany some years ago, in one of their Holocaust museums, there was an image from a Nazi-era German newspaper of Jewish people living in complete squalor in the ghetto. And of course, they had forced them into squalor. But somehow they forced them into squalor, and then this reinforces the sense that they're these rat-like beings.And there's something very similar that the Houyhnhnms do to the Yahoos. They force them into this animal state, and then they say, “Oh God, look, these people are disgusting. They just don't know how to act.” That seems to me the kind of level at which Swift is working. He is interested in the nature of a human being, but not in the abstract Platonic sense, I don't think.He strikes me as someone who believes in common sense, common decency, basic freedom, and basic use of reason. And he finds in his time that there's distorting teachings, distorting ways of behavior that have gotten people far off track. To me, that's what it feels like it comes from. It doesn't feel like Plato is in the background to me.OLIVER: Is there an extent to which, though, it's a work of sort of anti-philosophy? As you say, Swift, he likes common sense. He likes ordinary reason, and he likes what he would call the revealed truth of Christianity. So he talks, in his sermons about people, it comes to you from God like a light. It's revealed to you. And he doesn't like this idea that the philosophers can work it all out.And in a way, that's the same sort of mistake that the scientists think they can discover all this stuff, and they go in these crazy ways. And the Houyhnhnms are a bit like that. If you had philosopher-kings, they would end up being perverted examples of rationality because they're ignoring the—so do you think it's anti-philosophy in a way? The book is saying, “No, no, I don't want philosophers”?Criticizing Elite Intellectual CultureHITZ: That's definitely a plausible reading. But it's hard to tell whether it's anti-philosophy or anti a particular style of thinking. It's worth pointing out, in that light, that Gulliver, when he arrives in the land of the Houyhnhnms, before he even meets a horse, he sees a Yahoo who, from what I can tell from the text, is trying to wave at him and say hello, who recognizes him. And he's horrified. He sees him instantly as a monster.So I think immediately upon landing, he sees the Yahoos as monstrous, and that tells me that he must already be off kilter. So he's not just corrupted by the Houyhnhnms; he's been somehow led off track, away from the capacity to recognize fellow human beings before that.And he's come from this—the third book is all about various kinds of inquiry, scientific endeavors, practical endeavors, talking to the greats of the past, necromancy, and various kinds of inquiry into wisdom or things like wisdom. And somehow that's the thing that seems to push him to the point where he can no longer tell what a human being is.OLIVER: One of my favorite parts is when he's with the wizards, and he asks to be shown Homer and Aristotle and all their commentators. And he says that there were vast rooms full of these commentators, endless numbers of them. But Homer and Aristotle didn't recognize any of them because they were all so ashamed of the terrible things they'd said about these great men's works that they kept themselves forever in a different part of the underworld. They couldn't bear the shame of being revealed to having told lies and said second-rate things.It's very, very funny. And I think that's another sort of angle on which the book says, “You're so tempted to make a comment and have an idea and be a philosopher, and you should just accept the revealed truth of what is known. Just stop it. Just stop it.” [laughter]HITZ: Well, I suppose maybe I would also put it this way, that Swift sees the condition of 18th-century Ireland, which is quite poor, very bad. And it's ruled in a savage way by the English, who have a quite flourishing intellectual culture, as it happens, at this time.So I think what he might be is not a critic of philosophy so much as a critic of intellectual culture. Because intellectual culture seems to not only not help with existential concerns like slavery and oppression and savage poverty, but even serves to mask and hide and create illusions behind it.So that's, I guess, how it strikes me, as a book that's hostile to what you'd now call elite intellectual culture. And I don't know how fundamental that critique is, in light of its inability to solve problems for real human beings or to obscure the causes of what's going on with real human beings.OLIVER: I think it's quite fundamental because outside of Gulliver's—I think this comes into Gulliver's Travels, but what he might have said more explicitly elsewhere is, there are people starving in the streets of Dublin. And we've got corrupt politicians and intellectuals saying all these things, but you know, here she is starving. You don't need to work that out. [laughter] There's no question—the reveal—just be a Christian and, like, for goodness' sake . . .HITZ: Yes.OLIVER: And when, for example, he talks to the king of Brobdingnag, and there's that wonderful satire of the English government and everything. And he says, “Those people understood mathematics and poetry and whatever, but I could never drive into their head any sense of the abstract or any of these speculative—they simply didn't know what that was. They didn't know what I was saying.” [laughter]And so in a way, his ideal government is anti-philosophical because it would just look at the human problem in front of it. It wouldn't do speculative science. It wouldn't think of itself as rational, all this Platonic stuff. It would just—she's in rags, she has bare feet, you know?HITZ: Yes, that's right.OLIVER: What do we need a philosopher-king? Like, what are you talking about?HITZ: Exactly.OLIVER: The priest understands this because he's there in the city doing it. And is there something of that in the book, that constant resistance of the cleverness of people who cannot see daily life?HITZ: I think that's absolutely true, and I think it's probably one of the things I love about the book, because I think this somehow gets to something in my own heart. Even though I'm a professional intellectual—I have been my whole life—the distance between the concerns of professional intellectuals and the concerns of living, real people in various parts of the world is very large.And it's even worse when, as it was when I was coming up in grad school, there's a ton of explicit concern and various operations underway to improve life for others, which have zero connection with anything that anyone actually does. So I think the Laputans, which is the beginning of the third book, when Gulliver—OLIVER: The flying island.HITZ: Yes, when Gulliver visits the people on the flying island, who have one eye towards the heavens and one eye pointed inward. And they study music and mathematics, and they live in a giant flying saucer, which has the—OLIVER: And the flappers.HITZ: That's right. [laughter] When someone needs to talk to them, someone flaps their ears so that they pay attention. And their wives all run off with working people because they can't bear to be treated the way they are by men like this. And the flying saucer is not just distant. It also has the power to crush the towns underneath it if it judges them to be rebellious.This image will stick with you for the rest of your life. I mean, it's absolutely perfect, and the perfect image of bad government of a kind when intellectual culture is prized. And it's hinted early on in the book in Lilliput, when the rulers in Lilliput have to do these elaborate dances with ropes.OLIVER: Oh, with the king and the chief minister hold the pole, funny angles, and if you get under it, you get a green ribbon or a red ribbon.HITZ: Exactly. [laughter] And they have these athletic contests of grace and various colored ribbons, and that determine how far you get in the halls of power.OLIVER: Yes. Are you a cabinet minister or a junior minister? Yes, yes.HITZ: Exactly. So there, it's all just a funny joke. But it develops, I think, into the Laputans, people who have kinds of expertise that are actually hostile to them doing any kind of humane governing. So yes, that seems right to me.Christianity in GulliverOLIVER: To what extent is it a Christian book?HITZ: That's an interesting question. I've never found a strong Christian element in it myself. There are satires of religious wars, both in Lilliput, where Lilliput's at war with its neighboring city. Oh, wait a second, there's two different disputes in Lilliput. One is about what side you cut your egg on.OLIVER: There are the Little-Endians and the Big-Endians,HITZ: Right. And then there's also one about heel size. So there's two different kinds of disputes.OLIVER: With the marvelous image that the king is a Short-Heeler. But they think that the heir to the throne might be favorable to the High-Heelers because he has one heel slightly higher than the other, and he walks with a wobbly gait.HITZ: [laughs] That's right. This, again, in Lilliput is just utterly hilarious, outrageous, very silly, obviously a parody of religious wars between different kinds of Christians. But it resurfaces towards the end. It's the Houyhnhnms, where he talks to the Master Horse—OLIVER: And the horse sort of pretends to this great rationality, simply can't understand that men would kill each other over the question of whether flesh is bread or bread is flesh.HITZ: That's right. That's right. That's right. So there's definitely disparaging remarks about religious wars. And as you're talking about it, where along with Swift's praise of common sense, there's a kind of basic Christian morality, which is that the poor and the suffering need attention. That all strikes me as Christian. Apart from that, I'm not sure. If you have a religious take, I'd be interested to hear it.OLIVER: I find it very interesting that Swift had quite strict beliefs. He was not in favor of Catholics. He thought Dissenters should be tolerated, but he wanted the Test Act. He was very particular about all these things. And in his other works, he's quite direct about that. But in this book, he achieves a kind of high ambivalence. And he's not a Little-Ender or a Big-Ender.HITZ: That's right.OLIVER: And he says the religious text on which this is based simply says that you must break the egg at the most convenient end.HITZ: [laughs] That's right.OLIVER: Now, of course, in reality, he's a Little-Ender, and he's very committed to the Reformation, and he thinks it's all terrible that they're not. And it's interesting that someone with such angry, insistent beliefs on the Anglican Church would take this ambivalent position.And he satirizes so much. But the anti-slavery stuff, the description of the Laputans bringing the island down, and then he says, “I've never seen so much want and misery, and there's a wild look in their eyes, and they're wearing rags.” I mean, this is Dublin, right? This is just, along with the slavery, this basic Christian concern for the oppressed, the poor, the suffering.HITZ: Yes, that's right.OLIVER: And so I don't quite know. It's almost like the book is saying, again with this anti-intellectual thing, all these doctrinal disputes and which church this and who believes that. And here we have slaves and poor people and beggars and starving people.HITZ: Right.OLIVER: Christianity should deal with that first. So is the implicit criticism of his fellow Christians, in a way, that they're more interested in these disputes than in the fact that there are enslaved people and suffering people and—you see what I mean?HITZ: Yes, that's right.OLIVER: And Gulliver—the Houyhnhnms are highly rational but not Christian, which is a significant omission. And by the end, are you supposed to wonder if Gulliver actually isn't very much of a Christian? Because he can see this suffering and not respond to it at all.HITZ: Right, when maybe the—is the best person in the book the King of Brobdingnag? Does that seem right? The person with the—at least who says the best things?OLIVER: He says the best things. I think the best person is Glumdalclitch. She shows real charity and real love towards him.HITZ: What about the Houyhnhnm, the one who likes him, who says, “Fare thee well, gentle Yahoo”? It's tear-jerking—OLIVER: Oh, the sorrel nag.HITZ: The sorrel nag. I can literally weep at that moment when she says, “Fare thee well, gentle Yahoo.”OLIVER: That's true. That's true. She and Glumdalclitch are maybe more similar characters. Yes, yes, yes.HITZ: They're similar characters. Okay.OLIVER: And they have that basic, you don't need to call it Christian. You don't need—it doesn't need theology.HITZ: Humane. I would call it humane. Yes.OLIVER: They have that basic love of their fellow. You know, Glumdalclitch doesn't say, “Oh, how amusing this little man is, or how entertaining, or I can make—” She says, “He must be cared for. He looks a bit like me. He must be cared for.”HITZ: Right.OLIVER: And the sorrel nag, again, has the love of the fellow creature.HITZ: That's right. That's right.OLIVER: So I think Swift might be bringing in this, what he thinks of as the revealed truth of Christianity. Like, you shouldn't need telling, you shouldn't need to argue. It's there.HITZ: Right. This is just me making things up, which is what I'm here for. We're podcasting. Yes.OLIVER: Yes, of course. Also, is that not what the philosophers would do? That's what Swift would say.HITZ: But if I was going to make something up, what I would say is something like this: that Swift to me, from the testimony of Gulliver's Travels, which is the book of his I really know the best. I don't know much about the rest of it. He has a level of self-awareness and sophistication. So, he knows that that religious difference is being used as a pretext. He knows that it is obscuring the suffering of these people. So, for the purposes of the book, he says, “Look, if you're a smart person, if you're a smart ruler, if you're an actually humane, intelligent, commonsensical ruler, you know that the fact that they have the wrong religious views is not a reason for them to be enslaved and oppressed and starved.” So that would be my suspicion.And that's why I think, to me, the religion is so light, because it's not really a religious problem. It's actually just a human problem and a political problem that is, how do you run your country so that these subject peoples are allowed to be free and develop themselves and be full human beings? That would be my made-up guess.Students' Views of GulliverOLIVER: What do undergraduates think? What is it that they find interesting in the book, and what do they like or dislike?HITZ: It's been a couple of years. I think they like this idea that—we all think travel is very broadening, a great way to think about the world. You know, you can learn so much about one's fellow human beings. And whatever else is going on in Gulliver's Travels, travel does not necessarily produce enlightenment.So I think they like the attention to the ways in which, even when we are trying to learn, we fail to learn. And the ways in which structures of learning, like traveling or studying science, might actually make you worse and not better, things like that. But it's not a book—I think it's fair to say it's not one of the favorite books of the undergraduates.OLIVER: Okay.HITZ: I think they find it a little bit distant, and I'm not sure why that is.OLIVER: Is it because it sort of looks like a novel, but it's not what we have come to expect a novel to be? And it sort of has that—HITZ: I think that's right.OLIVER: The pre–Jane Austen novel is kind of weird to us now.HITZ: Well, they love Don Quixote.OLIVER: Okay.HITZ: And that is a challenge of a similar kind. It's a novel which doesn't quite read like a novel, and the humor is kind of old. I mean, it's also true—undergraduates, in my experience, in general—I hope they'll forgive me for saying this on a podcast—they're not always good at comedy. They tend to think that serious things must be tragic.OLIVER: You can't get an A by making a joke.HITZ: Well, more that they have a sense that an intellectual life is something serious. It's serious.OLIVER: Oh, yes. Okay. And the syllabus slightly reinforces that, doesn't it?HITZ: Well, it's sort of self-reinforcing because we used to read more Aristophanes. We used to read Rabelais.OLIVER: If you do Shakespeare, it'll be the tragedies.HITZ: No, no, we do Shakespeare comedies.OLIVER: Oh, you do? Okay.HITZ: Yes. We have As You Like It and The Tempest. And do we have more tragedies? Maybe one more tragedy than comedy, but not a terrible imbalance.OLIVER: Well, that's good.HITZ: It's not Shakespeare-type comedy that's—maybe, correct me if I'm wrong, a Shakespeare comedy is something that ends in a marriage, more or less.OLIVER: More or less.HITZ: It's things that are funny—they don't necessarily think that humor is a way of thinking.OLIVER: Do they struggle with irony?HITZ: No, not usually. As long as it's serious irony, Anyway, I'm not sure why. I think I'm making things—I'm going too far out of the grounds for drawing conclusions.Favorite Parts of the BookOLIVER: Sure. Do you have a favorite passage?HITZ: One of my favorites is the part—is it Balnibarbi where they have people who try to speak with objects?OLIVER: Oh, yes, yes, yes.HITZ: And they have to carry around wagons full of things because they never know what you might want to talk about. [laughter] That's so weird. Because I think I spent a lot of time studying with philosophers, there's a bit of—something's on the nose about this.OLIVER: Yes.HITZ: You know, it's like, “No, you've got to say exactly—no, that's too imprecise. You have to say exactly what you mean.” Bernard Williams, the great philosopher, has something complaining about how contemporary philosophers are very controlling of their readers. They don't want anyone to make the slightest mistake about what they mean by a particular word. That's how the people who speak by objects strike me.OLIVER: Do you think that is a problem of contemporary philosophy?HITZ: Oh, sure. Yes, absolutely. Yes. The way Williams puts it is that when you write something, it should be like a cake mix, and the reader should be able to put their own egg and bake the cake themselves.OLIVER: Oh, I see. You mean like a box of mix, yes.HITZ: Yes, yes, exactly. It's like a box of cake mix. Whereas making the cake painstakingly and force-feeding it bite by bite to the reader is not actually an—OLIVER: Telling them how it tastes.HITZ: Telling them how it tastes is not an educational endeavor.OLIVER: When does this become too dominant in philosophy?HITZ: It's a feature of 20th-century analytic philosophy to be very careful with the meanings of words. And it's by no means universal; it's just a natural vice to the territory.Iris MurdochOLIVER: Is this a problem for someone like Iris Murdoch, or is it more the A. J. Ayer type?HITZ: No, it's the A. J. Ayer type, not Iris Murdoch. No, Iris Murdoch is heterodox outside of the—OLIVER: Do you like her philosophy?HITZ: I do, yes.OLIVER: What do you like about it? Platonic?HITZ: Now, see, I came here to talk about Swift. [laughter]OLIVER: I know, but you made such a good point about the satire of philosophers.HITZ: I like her writing for a more general educated audience, her not making assumptions about the philosophical training of her readers, and her use of Plato for sure, which is quite interesting and creative. She sort of ingests Plato and does something with it that I think is very interesting.OLIVER: Is she properly appreciated as a Platonist, or do you think there's more attention to be paid?HITZ: There's probably more attention to be paid, but she gets some attention. She gets some attention. I also don't think it was particularly helpful, these two books that came out a couple of years ago about Murdoch, Foot, Midgley, and Anscombe.OLIVER: Oh, yes, yes, yes. I only read one of those. It was quite good.HITZ: It might be quite good, but those four women are quite different from one another. So it's an example of where attention to identity could obscure as much as it—OLIVER: Well, one of the books was more about the ideas—they were both obviously about the ideas—and one of them was more about the fact that they were together in Oxford. And that they benefited from hanging out, talking, doing different sorts of work, sleeping with each other's husbands, et cetera.HITZ: Yes, all the good stuff.OLIVER: And from the more sociological point of view, it was very interesting to see that, actually, a lot of what Murdoch did was bound up with her friendships and relationships, in that the argument basically is, A. J. Ayer and the others get sent away because of the war. So these four women are actually—they've been banned from this seminar and told they're not allowed.Well, now they can sit around and do what they want to do. And it worked, and they all produced very interesting things. So from that point of view, I think it was—but I agree with you, Elizabeth Anscombe and Iris Murdoch are not the same. [laughter]HITZ: Not even particularly similar. I also feel like I've read enough of Murdoch's novels to have a sense of what the sociological situation was like.OLIVER: You like the novels?HITZ: I do like them, yes.OLIVER: Do you have favorites?HITZ: I can't remember the name of my favorite because I haven't read them for years. It's one of the things I read years ago, the one—I'd remember it if I saw the title. There's an LSD trip at the beginning of it.OLIVER: Oh, The Good Apprentice. I love that book.HITZ: The Good Apprentice, yes. I think that was my favorite. But I never fell in love with it. I just liked it, and I found it interesting, and I found the sociology interesting. Okay, this is what academics at this time period were doing.What to Pair with SwiftOLIVER: We got diverted.HITZ: “We” got diverted. [laughs]OLIVER: We did. If Swift is on a great books syllabus, what is it good to pair him with? If people are reading Swift, on or off a syllabus, do you think there are other—Hooker, you said, which I think would be interesting.HITZ: No, Hooke. It's Hooke.OLIVER: Hooke. Hooke. That's a very good point.HITZ: The guy who wrote Micrographia, who has the enormous picture of the flea.OLIVER: Yes, yes, yes. So that would be good. But any other? Is it worth reading Plato alongside him?HITZ: Well, I like to—he's on the list for something we called Life of the Mind Seminar at Catherine Project, which is our introduction to the life of the mind.OLIVER: And just to tell people, the Catherine Project—this is not a university. Anyone can join a seminar.HITZ: That's right. It's an open online readers community. Consists of small, high-quality conversations, mostly on Zoom, some in person.OLIVER: You could be some kid, an accountant, a dentist, whatever, and you come and do a—you've got a PhD running a seminar, and you get that experience.HITZ: Right. Some of them are peer led, so they're not necessarily PhDs running them. The reading groups are not necessarily run by PhDs. But the core program in which the Life of the Mind Seminar is—either a PhD or an ABD [all but degree] or someone with some academic experience is usually leading that. We have it there, and we have it there with a set of books that are meant to disorient rather than to orient.So one of the difficulties with reading great books with more or less random selections of adults is that people feel uncertain, out of place. And they bring expertise, real or fake, to the table, which makes it very difficult to have a conversation. It's usually fake expertise, for what it's worth.OLIVER: Give us an example of what you mean by fake expertise.HITZ: Well, so someone will have—we'll be, say, reading Hamlet. Someone will have taken a class on Shakespeare in college, and they'll say, “Actually, we're asking this question. But what I learned, my professor told me, is that Hamlet actually symbolizes—he has an Oedipus complex and blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, and then this is what this means, and this is what that means.” And then your conversation's over, because you need to focus just on the text that's shared between the—OLIVER: It's not a crossword puzzle.HITZ: Exactly. It's not a crossword puzzle, and it's not something where—or the other—people often, again, they feel a bit on their back feet. So they'll google a bunch of stuff about the author, and they'll start tossing out random facts about the book or about the author, about the context. And again, you don't get really into the meat of the book that way.So, Gulliver's Travels is there to help us think about ways in which we might not be expert in things we're expert. Ways in which we might think we understand something and not understand it. And ways in which people who, with every appearance of seriousness and scientific principle, can just say unbelievably stupid things.So it's a very, very good book for that, where in that sense, it's I think very good for any liberal education program. It's liberating that way. One of the things we need to be liberated from is false expertise.OLIVER: You're talking really about these secondhand opinions that you haven't interrogated and come to understand yourself.HITZ: Exactly. Exactly, exactly, exactly.OLIVER: This is what Mill says. Everything is new to someone, and the real genius is that you find it out.HITZ: Exactly.OLIVER: You don't get taught it. Yes, yes.HITZ: Exactly, exactly. So real learning is things you find for yourself. Anyway, that's what I like it with. As for pairing it, yes, I think it would just depend on what you were—I don't have a clear thought about that. I think it'd be good to pair it with Galileo's Starry Messenger and preface to Hooke's Micrographia.But you could also pair it with Emma. Be quite good, actually, because Emma is also about someone who really doesn't know what they're doing and has no idea. Thinks they know what's going on; they really have no idea what's going on.OLIVER: Yes. Hamlet as well, in fact.HITZ: I guess so. Does he not know what's going on?OLIVER: Who's diverting now? [laughter] Well, there's an interesting question, isn't there, about whether Hamlet has legitimate doubts. So he says, “This ghost could be a demon. I should be careful. I don't know what I'm doing. I'm going to pretend to be mad. I'm going to find out.” Or whether he just doesn't want to see the truth in front of him, and he quote-unquote “delays” because of that. I don't know if you have a view.HITZ: I don't think he's deluded. I think the problem is something different, but I haven't thought enough about it recently to know what his volitional obstacle is. But I don't think he's deluded. I think he sees what's going on, but there's something about acting that doesn't work for him.OLIVER: An internal—HITZ: Something internal. Something internal. In a way, I find the play very hard. I don't know what, for instance, what does that obstacle have to do with Ophelia? What's going on with that? Anyway, he's very mysterious, but I don't—yes, that'd be my sense, is that he's not—OLIVER: Do you buy this idea that he's a nihilist?HITZ: No, although he's definitely faced with something like nihilism. He has to look at it. And of course, the play does end with everyone dead, [laughs] so it's not obvious that he's wrong.Sympathy for GulliverOLIVER: This question hangs over Gulliver as well. Is the problem by the end that he's basically become a nihilist? His response to the Yahoos is to deny meaning, deny the possibility of meaning, to shut himself away.HITZ: He is a true misanthrope. He hates human beings and refuses to interact with them and in that sense, in some way, removes himself from any further mistakes. In another way, the mistake that he's in is so massive that that hardly seems like a consolation. But yes, he's definitely stuck, and he's stuck in a place where who he is—because he's a human being. We have to remember that.So he's in a place of total self-hatred and the hatred of his neighbor, what you'd call from the Christian perspective a total loss of charity. Is that nihilist? I don't know, but it's definitely bad. It's not a good state to be in. Maybe I don't know what you mean by nihilism exactly.OLIVER: Are we supposed to disapprove of him at the end or sympathize with him?HITZ: Disapprove, I think.OLIVER: Yes? You don't feel sorry for him?HITZ: I do a bit.OLIVER: But not much.HITZ: Well, should I?OLIVER: I have come to believe—yes, this is what I've come to feel in subsequent readings, is that Gulliver, as you say, is very mistaken. He thinks he understands things that he does not understand. He has the sort of pretense of rationality, but he lacks any sort of meta rationality to see what his limits are.And he becomes, therefore—he doesn't advocate genocide, and he doesn't take any pleasure in using Yahoo skin, but he's just completely null to it. There's a sort of void there where human feeling ought to be. And it's tragic for him. It's a tragic ending that he is so isolated. And we can't sympathize with him, as it were, but we can feel sort of awful that he's shriveled into this state rather than judging or blame.I think one of the persistent themes of the book is, as I say, this kind of basic love of fellow creature, the Glumdalclitch or the sorrel. And if you take that from the book, you will wish you could bring Gulliver back.HITZ: Right. What you're saying reminds me that there is an interesting parallel in Plato's dialogues that I hadn't thought of before, Plato's Parmenides, which is perhaps the most difficult Plato's dialogue. So it's a conversation between young Socrates and the philosopher Parmenides. The first third of it is relatively clear, some arguments against what people think of as Plato's theory of forms.Then there's an extensive, insane dialectical process where various theses about the connection between being and oneness are both argued for and then refuted, and argued for and then refuted, pages and pages and pages and pages of it. So this seems to be—it's Parmenides and Zeno who are running Socrates through this ringer.And the person at the very beginning of the dialogue who they have to go find, to tell him the story of how Socrates met Parmenides, used to study philosophy. But now he just trains horses. [laughs] One of my teachers pointed this out to me, and I've never been able to get over it, that he spent this time doing philosophy, and he's like, “You know what? I'm going to work with horses for the rest of my life. If I never hear another human voice, that's fine with me.”So I think that is an interesting parallel. And I think it is not really that uncommon to see people who are totally disillusioned with relating to humans, who then relate to animals instead, like they devote themselves to animals.OLIVER: But on that reading, it might be a disillusionment with philosophical humanity. It might be philosophy that's killed Gulliver's human feeling.HITZ: That's right. Well, I think that's one possibility, one very strong possibility. That's why I think the Houyhnhnms come after the Laputans. Going to the furthest reaches of his intellectual interests just destroys his humanity.But it doesn't seem like exhaustion in the same way that whoever, I can't remember his name, the character who relates the Parmenides, where you just think he must be exhausted from having heard more than one conversation like this. [laughter] And just in the stable with the horses eating oats, I mean, it's just delightful. It's just so peaceful, you know?OLIVER: Bucolic, pastoral, yes.HITZ: Yes, exactly. Exactly. Maybe you're right that we should be more sympathetic to someone in that situation.OLIVER: Well, next time you read it, you can tell me if you change your mind.HITZ: All right. I will tell you if I change my mind.OLIVER: Very good. Zena Hitz, thank you very much.HITZ: Thank you very much, Henry Oliver. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.commonreader.co.uk

Does philosophy still matter in today's world? If so, why are students less and less interested in studying in it?In a special episode from the IAI archives, Mary Midgley addresses the declining interest in philosophy among young people. Instead of an outdated discipline for old people with too much time on their hands, Midgley argues that philosophy is more important than ever if we wish to understand the world around us, beyond the narrow spheres of the traditional sciences. Don't hesitate to email us at podcast@iai.tv with your thoughts or questions on the episode!To witness such talks live, check out our philosophy festivals: https://howthelightgetsin.org/festivals/And visit our website for many more articles, videos, and podcasts like this one: https://iai.tv/You can find everything we referenced here: https://linktr.ee/philosophyforourtimesSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Colossians 3:9-17

Colossians 2:6-15

1 Corinthians 15:1-3

The National President of the S.A.M. is often referred to as “Most Illustrious.” This week's guest, John Midgley, is a Past National President and also a “Most Wonderful Illustrator” creating magic posters and graphic novels. As a magician, he is one of the house magicians at Nashville's “House of Cards” where he regularly entertains at the card table. Not content with just those vocations/hobbies, John can also play multiple musical instruments. Oh, and his “regular” job during the day is as a Licensed Therapist. View fullsize View fullsize View fullsize View fullsize View fullsize View fullsize View fullsize View fullsize View fullsize View fullsize This week John talks about how, during the COVID lockdown, he learned to create art using his digital tablet. He likes to create magic posters for many who have not been as well recognized in the magic community with their own original artwork. He also tells us about how he came to perform magic later in life after first pursuing a career as a Licensed Therapist. He talks about balancing his two careers (therapy and magic) with the duties of a father, too. Download this podcast in an MP3 file by Clicking Here and then right click to save the file. You can also subscribe to the RSS feed by Clicking Here. You can download or listen to the podcast through Pandora and SiriusXM (formerly Stitcher) by Clicking Here or through FeedPress by Clicking Here or through Tunein.com by Clicking Here or through iHeart Radio by Clicking Here. If you have a Spotify account, then you can also hear us through that app, too. You can also listen through your Amazon Alexa and Google Home devices. Remember, you can download it through the iTunes store, too. See the preview page by Clicking Here. Click on the image above to visit the website where you can get more information on this book and order your copy. Strolling for Dollars: How You Can Make a Living Doing Close-Up Magic Sign up with your name and email address for a chance to win a FREE copy. First Name Last Name Email Address enter now! This book is “print on demand” so this contest is open to our listeners in the U.S. (of course) but also in Canada and the U.K.We respect your privacy. We will only share your email address with the author. Thank you for entering the contest. There will only be one winner in this contest. If your name is randomly selected, then you will be notified on how to order your book from Jason Bird. Good luck!

In this episode, Haley and Dustin are joined by Dr. Steve Midgley, author of Understanding Trauma and Executive Director of Biblical Counselling UK.   Steve shares two powerful stories of hope—from coming to faith in Christ after years of skepticism in medical school and learning vulnerability during a difficult season of caring for his special needs daughter. We explore how God meets us in our weakness and brings growth through seasons of hardship. We also reflect on the mental health crisis of our day, the opportunity for biblical counseling, and how Jesus Himself entered into suffering and trauma.    It's an insightful and encouraging conversation on the beauty of Jesus, and how we understand our weakness, and gives us hope in it.   Subscribe to the podcast and tune in each week as Haley and Dustin share with you what the Bible says about real-life issues with compassion, warmth, and wit.   So you have every reason for hope, for every challenge in life. Because hope means everything.   Hope Talks is a podcast of the ministry of Hope for the Heart.   Listen in to learn more : [0:10:00] How Biblical Counseling Gripped Steve's Soul [0:15:00] Weak Pastors, Strong God: Vulnerability as True Spiritual Leadership [0:20:00] Why Churches Need Distinctly Biblical Care [0:30:00] How the Cross Reframes Trauma and Suffering [0:38:09] Moving from Functional Prayers to Adoration Steve Midgley Resources Get Steve's book, Understanding Trauma: An Introduction to Church Care: https://tinyurl.com/mvymbekr    Learn more about Biblical Counselling UK: https://www.biblicalcounselingcoalition.org/    Hope for the Heart resources Order our newest resource, The Care and Counsel Handbook, providing biblical guidance on 100 real-life issues: https://resource.hopefortheheart.org/care-and-counsel-handbook Other Hope for the Heart Resources Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/hopefortheheart   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/hopefortheheart    Want to talk with June Hunt on Hope in the Night about a difficult life issue? Schedule a time here: https://resource.hopefortheheart.org/talk-with-june-hope-in-the-night   God's plan for you: https://www.hopefortheheart.org/gods-plan-for-you/   Give to the ministry of Hope for the Heart: https://raisedonors.com/hopefortheheart/givehope?sc=HTPDON    ----------------------------   Bible verses mentioned in this episode Job 1:8 – Then the LORD said to Satan, “Have you considered my servant Job? There is no one on earth like him; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears God and shuns evil.”   Psalm 27:4 – “One thing I ask from the LORD, this only do I seek: that I may dwell in the house of the LORD all the days of my life, to gaze on the beauty of the LORD and to seek him in his temple.”   2 Corinthians 12:9 – “But he said to me, ‘My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.' Therefore, I will boast all the more gladly about my weaknesses, so that Christ's power may rest on me.”

What is your practice of systems thinking?...Today, Abbie and Gerald explore the ongoing practice of defining and redefining systems; the relationship between boundaries and meaning-making; the impact of moral forces on naming the 'sacred' and 'profane;' the inter-relational complexity that goes beyond otherness and belonging: the twin myths of non-intervention and non-communication; the connection between reason and emotion; and the emergent nature of systems. ...Gerald Midgley is an Emeritus Professor of Systems Thinking in the Centre for Systems Studies, University of Hull, UK. He also holds visiting professorships at the University of Birmingham (UK), the Australian National University and Linnaeus University (Sweden). He has held research leadership roles in both UK academia and New Zealand government, and has undertaken a wide variety of public policy, public health, natural resource management, community development and technology foresight projects. Gerald was the 2013/14 President of the International Society for the Systems Sciences. He has written or edited almost 400 papers and 12 books, including "Systemic Intervention: Philosophy, Methodology, and Practice" (Kluwer, 2000); "Systems Thinking" (Sage, 2003); "Community Operational Research: OR and Systems Thinking for Community Development" (Kluwer, 2004); "The Handbook of Systems Thinking" (Open Science, 2023); and "Systems of Marginalization and Identity" (Routledge, 2026, in press)....Stories Lived. Stories Told. is created, produced & hosted by Abbie VanMeter.Stories Lived. Stories Told. is an initiative of the CMM Institute for Personal and Social Evolution....Music for Stories Lived. Stories Told. is created by Rik Spann....CMM Institute SubstackCMM Institute Events Page…⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Explore all things Stories Lived. Stories Told. here⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠.Explore all things CMM Institute here.

In this episode of Ohio Mysteries Backroads, we explore the complicated legacy of one of Ohio's most consequential — and controversial — inventors: Thomas Midgley Jr.. Born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania but raised and educated in Ohio, Midgley graduated from Cornell University before launching a career that would change the modern world. Working with Charles Kettering at Dayton Research Laboratoriesin Dayton, Midgley helped solve one of the automobile industry's biggest problems — engine knock — by introducing tetraethyl lead into gasoline. The result? The rise of “leaded gasoline,” a breakthrough that powered the rapid expansion of the automotive age. But the consequences would prove devastating. Millions were exposed to toxic lead emissions, with public health impacts that echoed for generations. Midgley didn't stop there. He later helped develop chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), marketed under the brand name Freon, which were hailed as safe, non-toxic refrigerants. Decades later, scientists would discover that CFCs were destroying Earth's protective ozone layer — leading to global environmental crisis and the landmark Montreal Protocol. In this episode, we ask: Were these catastrophic outcomes foreseeable? What responsibility do inventors bear for the unintended consequences of their creations? And how should Ohio remember a man whose innovations both fueled progress and harmed the planet? Join us as we trace Midgley's journey through Ohio's industrial boom, the laboratories of Dayton, and into one of the most cautionary tales in scientific history — right here on Ohio Mysteries Backroads. Check out our Facebook page!: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61558042082494¬if_id=1717202186351620¬if_t=page_user_activity&ref=notif⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Please check other podcast episodes like this at: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.ohiomysteries.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Dan hosts a Youtube Channel called: Ohio History and Haunts where he explores historical and dark places around Ohio: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj5x1eJjHhfyV8fomkaVzsA Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Genesis 14:13-24

What happens when trees are confronted with rapidly changing conditions in their environment? Do some trees suffer? Do others thrive? What causes this to occur, and can we use this information to create a more sustainable future for our forests and the trees we love?  These, and other questions, are at the root of Meghan Midgley's research her and a select group of colleagues are doing at the Morton Arboretum in Michigan. Meghan walks Ryan through her recent research on Nitrogen adaptability and some of the longer standing issues with salinization, and tree tolerances under urban pressures. It's a fascinating conversation that gave us hope and optimism that solutions do exist, and trees can and will survive. But they made need our help. If you want to learn more about the Morton Arboretum and the work Meghan is doing, take a look here.  To make a donation and help be a part of the solution here's a link to get started.  Enjoy the listen yall!

Genesis 22:1-19

⛽Hace poco más de 100 años que ocurrió uno de los momentos más decisivos de un siglo que estuvo lleno de ellos. Después de las dos guerras mundiales, es posible que el evento que más afectara la evolución del planeta Tierra fuera una investigación de un ingeniero de Pensilvania, Thomas Midgley, para hacer que los motores de combustión fueran como la seda y no dieran tirones. Su conclusión fue que añadir un poco de plomo a la gasolina evitaba las explosiones irregulares en el motor. Y esa investigación desató una intoxicación masiva de miles de millones de personas, un hundimiento generalizado de la inteligencia de la población mundial y una ola de criminalidad que duró décadas. En un intento de hacer los coches más eficientes, Midgley ha acabado pasando a la historia como uno de los grandes villanos de la humanidad. 

The conversation covers a range of topics, including the challenges of arranging a meeting time, weather conditions, an Italian fraud case, the frustration of proving one's existence for a pension, the concept of a mansion tax, and the story of Thomas Midgley Jr. and the unintended consequences of his innovation. The chapters provide a comprehensive exploration of each theme, offering insights into the complexities of human behavior, societal issues, and historical events. The conversation delves into the tragic story of Thomas Midgley Jr., his inventions, and the unintended consequences of technological optimism. It explores the impact of leaded gasoline, the invention of Freon, and the lessons learned from Midgley's legacy. The discussion also raises questions about the future of technology and the need for caution in innovation.TakeawaysUnintended consequencesInnovation Unintended consequencesTechnological optimismChapters00:00 The Gaslighter07:08 The Mansion Tax17:11 Innovation and Unintended Consequences25:45 The Tragedy of Thomas Midgley Jr.35:10 The Invention of Freon45:18 Lessons from Midgley's Legacy55:18 The Future of Technology and Innovation

1 Peter 1:3-9

1 John 4:9-21

Have you ever lit a candle, whispered an incantation, and watched something uncannily fitting happen days later? Was it magic, or just a well-timed coincidence? In the world of esoteric practice, we are trained to notice patterns, to read signs, to find meaning where others see randomness. But what if some of those connections aren't what they seem? What if we're mistaking correlation for causation, and calling it magic?In this video, we're diving into the most seductive illusion in both magic and conspiracy thinking: the leap from “this happened” to “I caused it.” Drawing on philosophy, psychology, and the history of occult thought, we'll explore why our brains are wired to see patterns, how magical fallacies take root, and how to practise with both conviction and discernment. If you want to refine your craft, sharpen your thinking, and avoid the traps that turn meaningful magic into wishful thinking, stay with me. This might just be the most important spell you ever learn.CONNECT & SUPPORT

Galatians 4:4-7

You can text us here!In this episode, Andy and Mark delve into the life and inventions of Thomas Midgley Jr., a man whose innovations had unintended catastrophic consequences. They explore his development of tetraethyl lead and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which, while solving immediate industrial problems, led to widespread environmental and health issues. The discussion highlights Midgley's intentions, the corporate pressures he faced, and the broader implications of technological advancements without foresight. The episode serves as a cautionary tale about the balance between innovation and responsibility.Support the showwww.strangestuffpodcast.comwww.patreon.com/strangestuffpodcast#strangestuffpodcast - InstagramStrange Stuff Podcast - YouTubeWe source our material from various web resources, and claim no credit for any original research, as we are too damn lazy/busy to actually carry it out. This is a light entertainment podcast that we do for fun, and any facts that Andy states in any given episode, may or may not be true. Enjoy the ride.

Episódio publicado originalmente em 14 de dezembro de 2022.No começo do século passado, um homem chamado Thomas Midgley revolucionou a indústria automotiva. Na época, ele trabalhava para uma empresa de engenharia que prestava serviço para a General Motors. Midgley descobriu que, ao adicionar uma pequena quantidade de chumbo na gasolina, os motores ganhavam muito em potência e em eficiência, e quebravam menos.A descoberta permitiu carros maiores e mais confortáveis. Ajudou a criar os Estados Unidos das autoestradas e a moldar o fascínio do mundo inteiro pelos automóveis. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, envenenou o planeta com um metal pesado e nocivo à saúde humana.Anos mais tarde, ainda trabalhando para a GM, Midgley fez outra descoberta que revolucionaria a indústria. Ele foi o primeiro a usar o gás clorofluorcarbono na refrigeração. Os carros ganharam aparelhos de ar-condicionado, as casas ganharam geladeiras mais seguras e a humanidade ganhou latinhas de aerosol.Como consequência, o céu sobre a Antártica ganhou um buraco na camada de ozônio que tornou o câncer de pele e outras doenças mais comuns.A partir das invenções de Thomas Midgley, este episódio reflete sobre o impacto muitas vezes nocivo que nossas invenções causam no planeta. E sobre a postura da humanidade diante de questões atuais, como as mudanças climáticas provocadas pelo aquecimento global.Mergulhe mais fundo⁠Breve história de quase tudo⁠⁠Prometheans in the Lab: Chemistry and the Making of the Modern World (em inglês)⁠⁠Cautionary Tales – The inventor who almost ended the world (podcast em inglês)⁠⁠Radiolab - Heavy Metal (podcast em inglês)⁠⁠Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency (em inglês)⁠⁠Joe Farman (1930–2013)⁠⁠Susan Solomon and Stephen Andersen on Saving the Ozone Layer (podcast em inglês)⁠Episódios relacionados⁠08: Bem-vindo ao churrasco do apocalipse⁠⁠29: E se a gente fosse índio?⁠Entrevistados do episódio⁠Alberto Setzer⁠Graduado em engenharia mecânica pela Escola de Engenharia Mauá, com mestrado em engenharia ambiental - Technion Institute of Technology, doutorado em engenharia ambiental - Purdue University (1982) e pós-doutorado no Joint Research Center/EEC. Pesquisador do INPE, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais.⁠Giovana Girardi⁠Jornalista de ambiente e ciência. Repórter e apresentadora do podcast ⁠Tempo Quente.⁠Ficha técnicaTrilha sonora tema: ⁠Paulo Gama,⁠Mixagem: ⁠João Victor Coura⁠Design das capas: ⁠Cláudia Furnari⁠Concepção, produção, roteiro, edição e apresentação: ⁠Tomás Chiaverini⁠Trilha incidental: Blue Dot

Gwendolyn Dolske interviews Philosophy Professor Benjamin Libscomb (The Women Are Up To Something). How did four women philosophers, Murdoch, Anscombe, Foot, and Midgley shape Ethical Theory?  What was the historical context of their work?  How did they uniquely engage in philosophical discourse and contribute to exploring concrete ethical dilemmas? Get your dose of Philosophy and History with this discussion about these incredible thinkers.  Learn more about Professor Libscomb's work: https://www.houghton.edu/staff-members/benjamin-lipscomb/ Support the pod and get extra content: https://www.patreon.com/c/GoodIsInTheDetails Get in touch: https://www.goodisinthedetails.com

In this episode of The Winston Marshall Show, I sit down with Robert Midgley, journalist and spokesperson for the Friends of British Overseas Territories, to expose what could be Keir Starmer's greatest political scandal yet — the quiet handover of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius.We unpack how this shocking deal — costing British taxpayers up to £47 billion — effectively gives away sovereign UK territory in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Robert reveals how the Labour government, under pressure from international legal activists like Philippe Sands, has undermined British sovereignty and endangered one of America's most strategic military bases, Diego Garcia.From allegations of corruption and hacked negotiations in Mauritius to the Chinese Communist Party's interest in the region, we examine how Britain's political and legal elite have allowed foreign powers to dictate national policy under the banner of “decolonisation.”We also explore the untold story of the Chagossian people — forcibly removed by the British government in the 1960s, yet still overwhelmingly pro-British today, despite decades of betrayal.All this — the Chagos scandal, the billions in taxpayer money, China's growing influence, and how Starmer's Labour is sleepwalking Britain into surrendering its sovereignty.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------To see more exclusive content and interviews consider subscribing to my substack here: https://www.winstonmarshall.co.uk/-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIA:Substack: https://www.winstonmarshall.co.uk/X: https://twitter.com/mrwinmarshallInsta: https://www.instagram.com/winstonmarshallLinktree: https://linktr.ee/winstonmarshall Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Genesis 37:1-36

Revelation 7:9-12

The United States' decision to withdraw from UNESCO was "regrettable" but "anticipated", the organization's director-general said on Tuesday, warning the move could undermine cooperation with US-based partners.该组织总干事周二表示，美国退出联合国教科文组织的决定“令人遗憾”，但“意料之中”，并警告称此举可能会破坏与美国合作伙伴的合作。"This decision contradicts the fundamental principles of multilateralism, and may affect first and foremost our many partners in the United States of America—communities seeking site inscription on the World Heritage List, creative city status and university chairs," Audrey Azoulay said in a statement.奥德蕾·阿祖莱在一份声明中表示：“这一决定违背了多边主义的基本原则，并可能首先影响我们在美利坚合众国的许多合作伙伴——寻求列入《世界遗产名录》的社区、创意城市地位和大学教席。”。The Donald Trump administration announced on Tuesday that the US would again leave UNESCO, just two years after rejoining under former president Joe Biden.唐纳德·特朗普政府周二宣布，美国将在前总统乔·拜登重新加入教科文组织仅两年后再次离开该组织。State Department spokeswoman Tammy Bruce said the organization promotes "divisive social and cultural causes", and its focus on United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is "at odds" with "America First foreign policy".美国国务院发言人Tammy Bruce表示，该组织促进“分裂的社会和文化事业”，其对联合国可持续发展目标的关注与“美国优先外交政策”“不一致”。Washington also cited UNESCO's decision in 2011 to admit the State of Palestine as a member state, calling it "highly problematic", contrary to US policy, and a factor in what it sees as anti-Israel rhetoric within the agency.华盛顿还引用了联合国教科文组织2011年接纳巴勒斯坦国为成员国的决定，称其“问题重重”，这与美国的政策背道而驰，也是该机构内部反以色列言论的一个因素。The withdrawal will take effect at the end of next year.撤军将于明年年底生效。Trump previously pulled the US out of UNESCO in 2017 on the grounds of "anti-Israel bias".特朗普此前曾于2017年以“反以色列偏见”为由将美国退出联合国教科文组织。Azoulay rejected the US claims, saying they "contradict the reality of UNESCO's efforts, particularly in the field of Holocaust education and the fight against antisemitism".阿祖莱驳斥了美国的说法，称这些说法“与联合国教科文组织的努力相矛盾，特别是在大屠杀教育和反犹太主义斗争领域”。UNESCO is the only UN agency responsible for these issues and has received broad praise from institutions including the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, the World Jewish Congress and the American Jewish Committee, she said.她说，联合国教科文组织是唯一负责这些问题的联合国机构，并得到了包括美国大屠杀纪念馆、世界犹太人大会和美国犹太人委员会在内的机构的广泛赞誉。The agency has supported 85 countries to educate students about the Holocaust and genocides, and "will continue to carry out these missions, despite inevitably reduced resources", she added.她补充说，该机构已支持85个国家对学生进行大屠杀和种族灭绝的教育，并“尽管资源不可避免地减少，但仍将继续执行这些任务”。UN spokesman Stephane Dujarric also defended the agency, saying UNESCO—and Azoulay personally—have been "at the forefront" of the fight against antisemitism.联合国发言人斯特凡纳·迪雅里克也为该机构辩护，称联合国教科文组织和阿祖莱本人一直处于反对反犹太主义的“最前沿”。UNESCO's decision to admit Palestine as a member in 2011 triggered a US law barring funding to the agency, resulting in more than $500 million in unpaid dues after the Trump administration first withdrew. At the time, the US had been contributing about $70 million annually—about 22 percent of UNESCO's budget.2011年，联合国教科文组织决定接纳巴勒斯坦为成员国，这引发了美国法律禁止向该机构提供资金，导致特朗普政府首次退出后，有超过5亿美元的未缴会费。当时，美国每年捐款约7000万美元，约占教科文组织预算的22%。When the Biden administration rejoined in 2023, the US was planning to pay more than $600 million in back payments.当拜登政府于2023年重新加入时，美国计划支付超过6亿美元的欠款。Azoulay said UNESCO has "undertaken major structural reforms" and diversified its funding since 2018 to offset the effect of the earlier withdrawal. The US contribution now makes up just 8 percent of the agency's budget, even as the overall budget has grown.A UNESCO source, speaking anonymously, described the US move as "purely political, without any real factual base".阿祖莱表示，自2018年以来，教科文组织“进行了重大结构性改革”，并实现了资金多元化，以抵消早些时候撤军的影响。尽管总体预算有所增长，但美国的捐款目前仅占该机构预算的8%。一位匿名的联合国教科文组织消息人士称，美国的举动“纯粹是政治性的，没有任何真正的事实依据”。The organization had already been "forced" to do without US money for several years after their departure in 2017, the source told AFP.该消息人士告诉法新社，该组织在2017年离开后的几年里已经“被迫”没有美国资金。Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Guo Jiakun said on Wednesday that the US' decision to quit UNESCO "is not what a major country should do", adding that China has always firmly supported the work of the agency.中国外交部发言人郭家昆周三表示，美国退出联合国教科文组织的决定“不是一个大国应该做的”，并补充说，中国一贯坚定支持该机构的工作。"On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the founding of the UN, we call on all countries to reaffirm their commitment to multilateralism, and take concrete action to support the UN-centered international system, the international order underpinned by international law, and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter," he said.他说：“值此联合国成立80周年之际，我们呼吁所有国家重申对多边主义的承诺，并采取具体行动支持以联合国为中心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序以及基于《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则的国际关系基本准则。”。France, where UNESCO is based, stated in a news release that it regrets the US' decision to withdraw from the agency, which was founded in 1946 "to prevent conflicts through education, culture and tolerance".联合国教科文组织总部所在地法国在一份新闻稿中表示，它对美国决定退出该机构表示遗憾，该机构成立于1946年，旨在“通过教育、文化和宽容防止冲突”。French President Emmanuel Macron said on X that UNESCO had his "unwavering support" that would not weaken after the US departure.法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙在X上表示，联合国教科文组织得到了他“坚定不移的支持”，在美国离开后不会减弱。Jack Midgley, principal strategy consultant at Midgley & Co and an adjunct associate professor at Georgetown University, called Trump's decision to withdraw from UNESCO "a counterproductive act of self-isolation and meanness on a global scale".Midgley&Co的首席战略顾问、乔治城大学的兼职副教授杰克·米奇利称，特朗普退出联合国教科文组织的决定是“在全球范围内自我孤立和卑鄙的适得其反的行为”。"The president has gone from 'America first' to 'America only', no matter what the cost to global culture or to America's standing as a promoter of peace and human dignity," he told China Daily.他告诉《中国日报》：“总统已经从‘美国优先'转变为‘仅美国'，无论这会给全球文化或美国作为和平与人类尊严的推动者的地位带来什么代价。”。multilateralismn.多边主义/ˌmʌltiˈlætərəlɪzəm/human dignityn.人权/ˈhjuːmən ˈdɪɡnɪti/

Bloomsday by Nick Midgley

This episode of 15:14 is a rebroadcast of an interview Curtis did with Steve Midgley, the Executive Director of Biblical Counseling of the United Kingdom (BCUK), who also serves on the Board of Directors for the BCC.  Steve is one of the speakers who will be sharing at the 2025 BCC Global Summit and was scheduled to speak at the BCC 2020 Global Summit. This interview was recorded before we made the difficult decision to suspend that event. Steve shares how the Coronavirus has impacted life and ministry in the UK and discusses the value of gathering with and learning from people of other cultures.    FROM OUR SPONSOR:  To learn more about an undergraduate degree in biblical counseling, go to BoyceCollege.com/1514. For more information on the Biblical Counseling and Master of Divinity degree in 60 months go to BoyceCollege.com/five.   ONE WORD ONE WORLD CONFERENCE 2025: To learn more and register for the One Word One World Conference presented by the Biblical Counseling Coalition go to: bccglobalsummit.org. Support 15:14 – A Podcast of the Biblical Counseling Coalition today at biblicalcounselingcoalition.org/donate.

More at https://www.philosophytalk.org/shows/mary-midgley. Mary Midgley became one of the best known public intellectuals in the UK, and was one of the first philosophers to talk about climate change. Though she didn't publish her first book—Beast and Man—till she was 59, she wrote many influential works on science, ethics, and animal rights. So, why did Midgley argue that the climate crisis was ultimately a conceptual problem? What was her criticism of scientism, the view that only science can provide knowledge about the world around us? And why did she think the work of the philosopher is a bit like that of the plumber? Josh and Ray explore her life and thought with Clare Mac Cumhaill from Durham University, co-author of "Metaphysical Animals: How Four Women Brought Philosophy Back to Life." Part of the "Wise Women" series, generously supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Nick Midgley was 13 years old when he started injecting heroin. Hiding what he thought was his “secret to life”, Nick committed petty crimes to fund his habit. By the age of 16, he was addicted. The drug took total control of his life for 22 years, until he finally broke free. Can’t get enough of I Catch Killers? Stay up to date on all the latest crime news at The Daily Telegraph. Get episodes of I Catch Killers a week early and ad-free, as well as bonus content, by subscribing to Crime X+ today. Like the show? Get more at icatchkillers.com.au Advertising enquiries: newspodcastssold@news.com.au Questions for Gary: icatchkillers@news.com.au Get in touch with the show by joining our Facebook group, and visiting us on Instagram or Tiktok.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Nick Midgley has faced death several times, witnessed frenzied stabbings and lived a life controlled by drugs. Against all odds, the former drug addict turned his life around, learned how to be vulnerable and get in touch with his emotions. Nick joins Gary Jubelin to discuss how he broke his addiction, and why starting his day at 1.30am is the key to holistic health. Can’t get enough of I Catch Killers? Stay up to date on all the latest crime news at The Daily Telegraph. Get episodes of I Catch Killers a week early and ad-free, as well as bonus content, by subscribing to Crime X+ today. Like the show? Get more at icatchkillers.com.au Advertising enquiries: newspodcastssold@news.com.au Questions for Gary: icatchkillers@news.com.au Get in touch with the show by joining our Facebook group, and visiting us on Instagram or Tiktok.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Picture yourself glancing upward only to meet the gaze of an imposing 8-foot-tall figure known as the Hatman, peering down at you. This chilling encounter is precisely what our guest, Hailey Midgley, host of the Haunted & Healing Podcast, experienced firsthand. Raised in a home steeped in paranormal activity, where a malevolent demonic presence seemed intent on targeting her family, Hailey's life has been deeply intertwined with the supernatural from an early age—a connection that persists to this day. In her current residence in Utah, she contends with shadowy entities that linger in the periphery and encounters animals that appear to bear strangely disguised visages. Could these be manifestations of skinwalkers, entities born from loss and steeped in eerie folklore? Hailey is convinced of it. Join us as we explore Hailey's compelling and unsettling experiences with these enigmatic phenomena.Freaky Merch! We are super excited to announce that you can now purchase Let's Get Freaky merch! Hoodies, t-shirts, mugs, stickers, and lots more! Check it out! http://tee.pub/lic/aQprv54kktwIf you have any paranormal or wild experiences to share and would like to be a guest on the show, please get in touch! Email us at letsgetfreakypodcast@mail.com or message us on social media. Facebook, Instagram, X, TikTok, Youtube, @tcletsgetfreakypodcasthttps://linktr.ee/letsgetfreakyShe Leads with CAREShe Leads with CARE is a limited podcast series hosted by actor and producer Bellamy...Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify SEQUESTERED PodcastA Juror's Perspective on the Murder Trial for Jasmine PaceListen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify

Political scientist Mark Caleb Smith addresses the increasing conflict between judges and the President.  He highlights the concerns of how due process is being pushed aside inappropriately, which is a concern for all.  Counselor Steve Midgley, author of "Understanding Trauma," talks about how we are affected by trauma, and how we can help ourselves overcome it, especially through learning to lament and countering ugliness we experienced with beauty.   Faith Radio podcasts are made possible by your support. Give now: Click here  

This episode of 15:14 is the message Dr. Steve Midgley gave at the BCC's 2016 Global Summit: Better Together. Dr. Midgley's message was entitled, “Heart Focused Counsel Transforms Lives.”  Be sure to register for this year's Global Summit: One Word One World. Early bird pricing has been extended to March 31!   FROM OUR SPONSOR:  To learn more about this undergraduate degree in biblical counseling at Boyce College, go to BoyceCollege.com/1514.    ONE WORD ONE WORLD CONFERENCE 2025: To learn more and register for the One Word One World Conference presented by the Biblical Counseling Coalition go to: bccglobalsummit.org   Support 15:14 – A Podcast of the Biblical Counseling Coalition today at biblicalcounselingcoalition.org/donate.

Mary Midgley - Dr Ellie Robson discusses Midgley's thoughts on moral isolationism and Midgley's last book 'What is Philosophy for?'

Expert Insights: Prof. Guy Midgley on climate change's role in Los Angeles wildfires and global lessons by Radio Islam

What happens when we take a hard look at modern philosophy's giants—from Sartre's dilemmas to Midgley's cultural critiques, and the postmodern unraveling of truth by Foucault and Derrida? In this episode, we dive into the ethical gaps left by these thinkers and explore Nietzsche's call for reevaluation, Camus's human-centered morality, and the enduring need for personal responsibility. Join us as we cut through the haze of postmodern skepticism to rediscover ethics as a living, breathing commitment to ourselves and others.

In this powerful episode of The Clink, Brent sits down with Nick Midgley, founder of FulfillingFreedom.com.au, who shares his remarkable story of transformation. Once a heroin addict living on the streets of Melbourne, Nick turned his life around by following his passion for boxing and helping others. However, his battle with addiction continued to haunt him until he could hide no longer. Today, Nick is a beacon of hope, having helped hundreds of people heal through his natural healing programs and centers. Join us as Nick reflects on the tools and practices that saved his life and how he's now paying it forward, offering others the chance to break free from addiction and reclaim their lives. This is a story of redemption, resilience, and the power of transformation. Don't miss it!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The landscape, history, and language of North Wales makes church ministry there distinct to other areas of the country. In this episode, Joel Murray (Communications and Media Officer) is joined by Ben Midgley (Director for North Wales) to discuss what life is like in North Wales, and what opportunities and challenges it presents for the work of the gospel. You can watch a video of this episode and get more resources for church leaders on the FIEC website. Show notes Justification Impacts Ministry (Local Conferences 2024) (fiec.org.uk) Reach North Wales (reachnorthwales.org) International Mission to Jewish People (imjp.org) About In:Dependence: In:Dependence is FIEC's official podcast, where you'll hear teaching and resources for church leaders from the FIEC Ministry Team and guests from FIEC churches and partners. About FIEC: We are ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠a fellowship of Independent churches⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ with members of the family across England, Scotland and Wales. Our mission is to see those Independent churches working together with a big vision: to reach Britain for Christ. Follow FIEC on social media: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠X 00:00 - Ben Midgley, Director for North Wales 09:46 - Reach North Wales and the International Mission to Jewish People 14:05 - Life in North Wales 22:42 - Opportunities for and barriers to the gospel. 28:27 - Working to reach North Wales 33:44 - How to pray for North Wales

Philosophy is about concepts – what it is to be moral, to be in love, or belong to the human species – and these concepts pervade every aspect of our lives. Yet, what images come to mind when you think of Immanuel Kant, David Hume, or René Descartes? For many of us, we imagine Descartes in his armchair, Hume at his desk, and Kant on one of his solitary walks. We certainly don't imagine these figures, wearing boiler suits… For Mary Midgley, the image of a philosopher withdrawn from the realities of everyday affairs represents precisely where philosophy has gone wrong. For Midgley, philosophy is best understood – not as an exercise of self-indulgent scholarship – but as a sort of plumbing. Our concepts run through our societies like the pipes through our homes, and it's the job of the philosopher – that is, the plumber – to examine the pipes and keep the water from swamping the kitchen floor. For Midgley, we need philosophy, just as we need plumbing…philosophy's not a luxury; it's a necessity. Joining us to discuss the philosophy of Mary Midgley is Dr Ellie Robson. Dr Robson is a British Society for the History of Philosophy Postdoctoral Fellow and Teaching Associate at Nottingham University. Ellie – whose work primarily focuses on the history of philosophy and meta-ethics – is one of the leading scholars of philosophy on Mary Midgley's life and work. In this episode, she'll illustrate Midgley's meta-philosophy and meta-ethics through her analysis of the concept of beastliness. Let's dig up the floorboards and see what's leaking. Contents Part I. The Roots of Human Nature Part II. Further Analysis and Discussion Links Ellie Robson (website) Ellie Robson, Mary Midgley's Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature: a re-appraisal (paper) Ellie Robson, Mary Midgley on Water and Thought: Is Public Philosophy Like Plumbing? (article) Mary Midgley, The Concept of Beastliness (paper) Mary Midgley, Beast and Man (book) Mary Midgley, The Myths We Live By (book) Mary Midgley, What Is Philosophy For? (book) Gregory McElwain, Mary Midgley: An Introduction (book)

Philosophy is about concepts – what it is to be moral, to be in love, or belong to the human species – and these concepts pervade every aspect of our lives. Yet, what images come to mind when you think of Immanuel Kant, David Hume, or René Descartes? For many of us, we imagine Descartes in his armchair, Hume at his desk, and Kant on one of his solitary walks. We certainly don't imagine these figures, wearing boiler suits… For Mary Midgley, the image of a philosopher withdrawn from the realities of everyday affairs represents precisely where philosophy has gone wrong. For Midgley, philosophy is best understood – not as an exercise of self-indulgent scholarship – but as a sort of plumbing. Our concepts run through our societies like the pipes through our homes, and it's the job of the philosopher – that is, the plumber – to examine the pipes and keep the water from swamping the kitchen floor. For Midgley, we need philosophy, just as we need plumbing…philosophy's not a luxury; it's a necessity. Joining us to discuss the philosophy of Mary Midgley is Dr Ellie Robson. Dr Robson is a British Society for the History of Philosophy Postdoctoral Fellow and Teaching Associate at Nottingham University. Ellie – whose work primarily focuses on the history of philosophy and meta-ethics – is one of the leading scholars of philosophy on Mary Midgley's life and work. In this episode, she'll illustrate Midgley's meta-philosophy and meta-ethics through her analysis of the concept of beastliness. Let's dig up the floorboards and see what's leaking.   Contents Part I. The Roots of Human Nature Part II. Further Analysis and Discussion Links Ellie Robson (website) Ellie Robson, Mary Midgley's Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature: a re-appraisal (paper) Ellie Robson, Mary Midgley on Water and Thought: Is Public Philosophy Like Plumbing? (article) Mary Midgley, The Concept of Beastliness (paper) Mary Midgley, Beast and Man (book) Mary Midgley, The Myths We Live By (book) Mary Midgley, What Is Philosophy For? (book) Gregory McElwain, Mary Midgley: An Introduction (book)

Send us a Text Message.Thomas Midgley Jr. (May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944) was an American mechanical and chemical engineer. He played a major role in developing leaded gasoline (tetraethyl lead) and some of the first chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), better known in the United States by the brand name Freon; both products were later banned from common use due to their harmful impact on human health and the environment. He was granted more than 100 patents over the course of his career.Midgley contracted polio in 1940 and was left disabled; in 1944, he was found strangled to death by a device he devised to allow him to get out of bed unassisted. It was reported to the public that he had been accidentally killed by his own invention, but his death was declared by the coroner to be a suicide.Read More about Thomas Midgley Jr.Interesting Video: The Man Who Accidentally Killed The Most People In HistorySPONSOR THIS PODCAST Podcasting takes time and money. Would you like to support this podcast? Any gift amount is welcome!If you're interested in an annual or quarterly sponsorship, please email ADVERTISING@EVERETTPODCAST.COMSupport the Show.Join the community & the conversation!Call | Text | Emailwww.EverettPodcast.comLike & FollowInstagram.com/EverettpodcastFacebook.com/EverettpodcastTwitter.com/Everettpodcast Subscribe Wherever you like to listenListen.EverettPodcast.com has all our connected platforms

In this special episode celebrating the Oxford Quartet Miles is joined by Lesley Brown (Somerville College, Oxford) and John Hacker-Wright (University of Guelph, Canada) to discuss the life and work of Philippa Foot, as well as her connections to Anscombe, Midgley and Murdoch. Lesley Brown is Centenary Fellow in Philosophy at Somerville and expert on Ancient Philosophy. She was taught by both Foot and Elizabeth Anscombe and is Foot's literary executor. https://www.some.ox.ac.uk/our-people/lesley-brown/ John Hacker-Wright is a world-leading expert on Foot's work having published 'Philippa Foot's Moral Thought' (Bloomsbury, 2013),Philipp Foot on Goodness and Virtue (Palgrave, 2018) and 'Philippa Foot's Metaethics' (CUP,2021). You can find details of all his work here: https://www.uoguelph.ca/arts/philosophy/people/john-hacker-wright

Just a couple years after Thomas Midgley, Jr. invented leaded gas in the 20s, he followed up that achievement by inventing chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs, which were sold by Du Pont under the brand name of Freon. The crown jewel of his work was the creation of Dichlorodifluoromethane, or CFC-12. This substance allowed for more people to experience the wonders of electric food refrigeration as well as indoor air conditioning. For over 40 years everyone assumed the Freon was perfectly safe, and in fact safer than other chemicals used in refrigeration. It wasn't until the 1970s, years after Midgley had died, that the horrible truth was discovered: CFCs were eating away at the Earth's ozone layer. The ozone layer is a region in the stratosphere that absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light, which otherwise would potentially damage life. The deterioration of this protective layer threatened all life on earth with increased risk of cancer and other ecological problems. People realized the extent of the damage in 1985 when it was discovered that there was a massive hole in the Ozone layer above the Antarctic. This emergency situation led in 1987 to the creation of an international treaty called The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. Because of this agreement, which was signed by all of the members of the United Nations and has an extremely high compliance rate, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2040 and 2066. One possible apocalypse averted because of global cooperation. This is the story of one guy who just wanted to make money for himself and the companies he worked for (specifically Frigidaire, General Motors, and DuPont), and how his second big invention eventually forced the entire world to pull off a massive effort to avoid global ecological disaster. Christie, Maureen. The ozone layer: A philosophy of science perspective. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Cagin, Seth, and Philip Dray. "Between earth and sky: how CFCs changed our world and endangered the ozone layer." 1993. McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. “Prometheans in the Lab: Chemistry and the Making of the Modern World.” Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, 2001. Wilson, Eric Dean. After cooling: On freon, global warming, and the terrible cost of comfort. Simon and Schuster, 2021. Cox, Stan. Losing our cool: Uncomfortable truths about our air-conditioned world (and finding new ways to get through the summer). The New Press, 2010. Molina, Mario J., and F. Sherwood Rowland. "Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone." Nature 249, no. 5460 (1974): 810-812. Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011.

Thomas Midgley Jr. invented two things that were used all over the world. Firstly, he invented leaded gasoline. This helped car engines operate more efficiently, but at the cost of spewing poisonous gas everywhere. The second invention is Chlorofluorocarbons or "CFCs." These substances, which were sold under the brand name Freon, had widespread applications in refrigerators and aerosols. But it eventually discovered that these CFCs were eating away at the ozone layer in Earth's atmosphere. Ozone depletion allows more UV radiation to reach the Earth's surface, which can lead to skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune systems. The fact that a single individual invented both of these things which were slowly killing humanity before they were phased out, led Environmental historian J. R. McNeill to say that Midgley "had more adverse impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's history." Before Thomas Midgley died in 1944, he didn't see himself as destructive. Because the scientific community showered him with praise and prizes and accolades during his lifetime. And he didn't even have a reason to think he was doing anything bad because the government regulators who were tasked with protecting the American public gave his inventions a pass. This story represents a complete failure of tech entrepreneurs to consider the adverse impacts that their inventions might have, a failure of the scientific community to check one of their own, and a failure of supposed protectors of the public interest to do their jobs. And all of these failures basically meant that the generation after Midgley was forced to clean up his mess. REFERENCES McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. “Prometheans in the Lab: Chemistry and the Making of the Modern World.” Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, 2001. Markowitz, Gerald, and David Rosner. “Deceit and denial: The deadly politics of industrial pollution.” Vol. 6. Univ of California Press, 2013. Cagin, Seth, and Philip Dray. "Between earth and sky: how CFCs changed our world and endangered the ozone layer." 1993. Tylecote, Ronald F. "Roman lead working in Britain." The British Journal for the History of Science 2, no. 1 (1964): 25-43. Kovarik, William. "Ethyl-leaded gasoline: how a classic occupational disease became an international public health disaster." International journal of occupational and environmental health 11, no. 4 (2005): 384-397. Kovarik, Bill. "Charles F. Kettering and the 1921 Discovery of Tetraethyl Lead In the Context of Technological Alternatives", presented to the Society of Automotive Engineers Fuels & Lubricants Conference, Baltimore, Maryland., 1994 Kitman, Jamie Lincoln. "The secret history of lead." NATION-NEW YORK- 270, no. 11 (2000): 11-11. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/secret-history-lead/

This year, 2023, marks the hundredth anniversary since chemical engineer Thomas Midgley, Jr. made the discoveries that led to the invention of leaded gasoline. Of all the many harms that the automobile has caused the environment and humanity over the last century, the effects of leaded gasoline have to be pretty close to the top of the list. Science and industry were well aware of the dangers of lead in the 1920s. But adding small amounts of it to motor fuel made internal combustion engines work better, and that made it possible to turn the automobile into a viable mass market product. As a result, pretty much every American born between 1960 and 1980 was, to some extent, poisoned by lead. In this episode, bestselling author Steven Johnson joins Aaron Naparstek to talk about Midgley, his legacy, and what his story can teach us about our technological inventions and their future consequences.   ***Support The War on Cars on Patreon and receive access to ad-free versions of all our episodes, exclusive bonus content and stickers.*** This episode is produced with support from Cleverhood. Listen to the episode for the latest Cleverhood discount code. LINKS: “The Man Who Broke the World” by Steven Johnson for the New York Times Magazine, March 15, 2023.  Find more of Steven Johnson's work on his website. Subscribe to Steven's newsletter, Adjacent Possible. Find all thirteen of Steven's books here. War on Cars fans will enjoy The Ghost Map -- it's a page-turner of a mystery/thriller about urban planning and epidemiology. You can buy Steven's books at our Bookshop.org store.  Interested in digging deeper into the history of leaded gasoline? Check out Toxic Truth by Lydia Denworth.  Buy official War on Cars merch at our store.  Find us on Mastodon, Bluesky, Instagram, Facebook, Threads, and whatever godforsaken new social media platform pops up next.  Follow and review us on Apple Podcasts.  TheWarOnCars.org

Pastor Steve Midgely joins us on the podcast to discuss one of the most evident problems in our society today- Anger. Steve provides wisdom and insight from a biblical perspective. https://www.amazon.com/Heart-Anger-Transforms-Understanding-Experience-ebook/dp/B08CS35DPH/ref=sr_1_2?crid=1HONBQP55GTDS&keywords=steve+midgley&qid=1683011000&sprefix=steve+midgel%2Caps%2C407&sr=8-2Dick Foth returns for another session of Back Channel with Foth- send questions to aaron.santmyire@agwmafrica.org

Thomas Midgley Jr., a brilliant scientist working for Dayton, Ohio research companies in the 1920, invented two world-changing products. He discovered a lead additive could stop the destructing knocking noise prevalent in early auto engines. And he discovered a supergas that allowed average homes to safely have refrigerators and air conditioners. It wasn't until decades after Midgley's death that his revolutionary creations were destroying the planet, and the life upon it. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Thomas Midgley's inventions caused his own death, hastened the deaths of millions of people around the world, and very nearly extinguished all life on land.  Midgley and his employers didn't set out to poison the air with leaded gasoline or wreck the ozone layer with CFCs - but while these dire consequences were unintended... could they have been anticipated? For a full list of sources used in this episode visit Tim Harford.com See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss resources for learning more about the Lumbee and the unique nature of North Carolina's outdoor historical dramas. Additionally, they discuss lead, cartoonist Roz Chast, and Midgley's death.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Midgley was a deeply respected researcher and chemist who received multiple awards. He also developed both leaded gas and freon, two substances banned around the world now because they are very bad for the environment and public health. Research: Bellis, Mary. "The History of Freon." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/history-of-freon-4072212. Blakemore, Erin. “The Ozone Hole Was Super Scary, So What Happened To It?” Smithsonian. 1/13/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ozone-hole-was-super-scary-what-happened-it-180957775/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "tetraethyl lead". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Dec. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/science/tetraethyl-lead. Accessed 3 August 2022. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Thomas Midgley, Jr.". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 May. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Midgley-Jr. Accessed 3 August 2022. Dayton Herald. “Midgey's Death Termed Suicide.” P. 28. 11/10/1944. Giunta, Carmen J. “Thomas Midgley Jr. and the Inventions of Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants: It Ain't Necessarily So.” Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 31, Number 2 (2006). http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v31-2/v31-2%20p66-74.pdf Kettering, Charles F. “Thomas Midgley, Jr: 1889-1944.” National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting, 1947. http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/midgley-thomas.pdf Kovarik, Bill. “Ethyl leaded gasoline: How a Classic Occupational Disease Became an International Public Health Disaster. INT J OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 2005;11:384–397. VOL 11/NO 4, OCT/DEC 2005. https://environmentalhistory.org/about/ethyl-leaded-gasoline/ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. “History of the Ozone Hole.” https://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/history_SH.html “Novel Method of Removing Metal from An Eye.” Ind. Eng. Chem. 1919, 11, 9, 892–895 Publication Date. September 1, 1919 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50117a017 Press release. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Thu. 4 Aug 2022. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/press-release/ Seyferth, Dietmar. “The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 1.” Organometallics, Vol. 22, No. 12, 2003. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/om030245v Seyferth, Dietmar. “The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2.” Organometallics Organometallics, Vol. 22, No. 25, 2003. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/om030621b U.S. Department of Energy. “Fact #841: October 6, 2014 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. vs. Other World Regions.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-841-october-6-2014-vehicles-thousand-people-us-vs-other-world-regions See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.