POPULARITY
8 episodes with oded galor
2 episodes with oded galor
2 episodes with oded galor
2 episodes with oded galor
2 episodes with oded galor
2 episodes with oded galor
2 episodes with oded galor
2 episodes with oded galor
2 episodes with oded galor
¿Por qué es un problema que haya menos gente en el mundo? Esta es la pregunta que le hago a Marc, que ha participado en la publicación de Dependency and depopulation? por McKinsey Global Institute. En este amplio informe se desarrollan las perspectivas sociales y económicas en la sociedad occidental. La demografía evoluciona de una pirámide hacia un obelisco y esto tendrá grandes consecuencia en la economía, con una población más envejecida que consume, ahorra y produce de forma muy distinta.Antiguos episodios con Marc:K121. Marc Canal. El triunfo de las ciudades.Kapital es posible gracias a sus colaboradores:UTAMED. La universidad online del siglo XXI.UTAMED, la universidad oficial y online de la Fundación Unicaja, nace para romper las barreras que durante décadas han limitado el acceso a la educación y la cultura. Con exámenes 100 % online y financiación sin intereses, ofrecemos una formación accesible, flexible y comprometida con el presente. Porque hoy ya no basta con obtener un título: en UTAMED te preparamos para trabajar desde el primer año. Lo hacemos junto a la empresa, adaptando los contenidos académicos a sus demandas reales, para que nuestros estudiantes adquieran las competencias más valoradas en el mercado laboral. Por ser oyente de este podcast, tienes un descuento del 30% en todo el catálogo de grados y másteres, oficiales y propios.La casa ESE. ¿Cómo quieres vivir?Ya lleváis viendo nuestra promo un mes y se va notando el interés en la comunidad de Kapital por este tipo de proyectos. Si en un principio hemos puesto foco en Madrid es porque creemos que es el residencial más ESE, pero también tenemos ya en proceso en Cantabria y Comunidad Valenciana y vendrán más (como amenaza velada). Para aquellos que paséis o hayáis pasado con interés por mapadecasas.com, mirad en vuestra bandeja de spam porque la info que adjuntamos se va ahí algunas veces desgraciadamente. Y si no os va tanto el tema conjunto residencial, y tenéis o buscáis parcela para haceros una casita eficiente y acogedora, también nos tenéis en lacasaese.com dando respuesta a aquellos que no se quieren complicar la vida.Índice:2:25 Proyecciones demográficas.4:36 Hijos como bien de consumo.7:53 Consecuencia de la baja natalidad en el PIB.17:22 El crecimiento económico son más posibilidades.24:02 Vivimos en el mejor momento de la historia.29:38 Renunciar al talento de los mayores.39:55 El consumo en una población envejecida.48:46 Impacto sobre las finanzas públicas.57:41 Medidas pronatalista.1:08:54 Trabajar más y mejor.1:13:55 Política industrial europea.Apuntes:Dependency and depopulation? McKinsey Global Institute.The journey of humanity. Oded Galor.Human capital. Gary Becker.Factfulness. Hans Rosling.
Following the success of last year's What About China -trilogy, I'm delighted to introduce a two-part series on the economic history of India. This series examines the origins of modern India by focusing on politics, poverty, and the experience of ordinary Indians from 1600 till today.The first episode covers the decline of the Mughals and the hugely controversial rule of the British East India Company and, later, the British Crown.One thing is clear: Most Indians lived in poverty when the British left. So, how much of Indian poverty was due to British policies? How much was shaped by deeper trends? And what should we make of those infamous railways?To tackle these questions, I'm joined by Bishnupriya Gupta, a professor of economics at the University of Warwick and one of the world's leading historians of the Indian economy. Her new book, An Economic History of India, provides a uniquely objective and data-driven exploration of India's history, focusing on the well-being of ordinary people.In this episode, we discuss:Indian vs English living standards in 1600 / The impact of British colonialism on India's economy / The Great Famines of Bengal / What both imperial apologists and Indian nationalists get wrong about the British rule. In the end, Gupta also explains why Mahatma Gandhi's education might be a clue as to why India lagged behind East Asia in the 20th Century. Enjoy — and stay tuned for Part II on the era of Independence!MENTIONSBooks: An Economic History of India by Bishnupriya Gupta; The Great Divergence by Kenneth Pomerantz; Other scholars: Stephen Broadberry | Prasannan Parthasarathy | Nico Voigtländer & Hans-Joachim Voth | Indrajit Ray | Oded Galor (see episodes #12 and #13) On Humans episode: What About China (with Yasheng Huang, #44-46); Birth of Modern Prosperity (with Daron Acemoglu; Oded Galor, Brad DeLong; Branko Milanovic, after #40) Keywords: Mughal India | British colonialism | British Rad | East India Company | Indian nationalism | Indian deindustrialisation | Cotton trade | Indian railways | Primary vs higher education | Great Bengali faminesLINKSRead more at OnHumans.Substack.com. You can also find On Humans on YouTube and BlueSky!Feeling generous? Join the wonderful group of my patrons at Patreon.com/OnHumans, or get in touch for other ways to support!Email: makela dot ilari at outlook dot com
Pedro Siza Vieira é advogado, professor e antigo Ministro da Economia. Actualmente, é sócio da sociedade de advogados PLMJ, tendo sido anteriormente sócio da Morais Leitão e da Linklaters. É professor convidado da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Foi Ministro de Estado, da Economia e da Transição Digital do XXII Governo da República Portuguesa, entre 2017 e 2022. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Inscreva-se ou ofereça o Curso de Pensamento Crítico, com 10% de desconto até final do ano: https://bit.ly/cursopcritic _______________ Índice: (0:00) Introdução (06:07) As últimas décadas da economia portuguesa (16:34) Evolução desde a pandemia | Previsões da CE | Causas: investimento na educação (estrutural), guerra e cadeias de produção (conjuntural) (29:16) Porque emigram tantos jovens qualificados? (35:40) A evolução das instituições, dos anos 1960 até hoje | Prémios Nobel Economia 2024 (44:23) O problema da justiça (46:21) Desinvestimento na Administração Pública | Corrupção Eurobarómetro | Relatório Draghi | A oportunidade das energias renováveis (01:01:40) Aumento das exportações e do Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (01:08:31) Experiência enquanto Ministro da Economia. Como investidores estrangeiros olham para a nossa economia? | Desafios do tecido económico PT | Porque é difícil fazer fusões e aquisições de empresas em Portugal? (01:24:26) Como é que um jurista olha para a economia? (01:30:31) De volta ao início: prioridades futuras Livro recomendado: A Jornada da Humanidade, de Oded Galor
When did the gaps in wealth distribution across the globe significantly widen? What is the role of human capital investment?Was the Industrial Revolution to blame? Or can the roots of economic inequality be traced back even further in human history? Oded Galor is a professor of economics at Brown University, the founder of the Unified Growth Theory, and author of the book, The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality. His work covers the history of economic development throughout human history, as well as the consequences of that development – vast global inequality.Oded and Greg discuss the significant historical factors that have shaped wealth distribution across the globe, Oded's Unified Growth Theory, addressing the long-term impacts of population dynamics, and why diversity is a key but precise ingredient in economic development. *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.*Show Links:Recommended Resources:MalthusianismGuest Profile:Faculty Profile at Brown UniversityProfessional WebsiteHis Work:The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and InequalityUnified Growth TheoryDiscrete Dynamical SystemsInequality and Economic Development: The Modern Perspective Episode Quotes:The interplay of institutions, culture, and geography in inequality30:59: When I view institutions, I view them as a byproduct of the process of development. And this will be true for cultural elements as well. Naturally, at a certain point, there are certain externalities in societies that people cannot fully internalize, and the society is forming some cultural norms that allow individuals to coordinate and act based on cumulative knowledge and cumulative wisdom generated in the course of the history of this group over time. These cultural norms can feed into institutions. Institutions can cause some adaptations in cultural norms. But in terms of the hierarchy of factors, the way that I view the world is that, if we think about inequality today, it is affected by deep-rooted factors, institutions, and culture that are reinforcing one another. But, underlying institutions and culture are geographical elements and human diversity that affecting the nature of the institutions, the nature of cultural characteristics, and their interaction.Understanding inequality today requires tracing its roots to the past04:45: In order to understand the rules of inequality today, we have to develop theories that will enable us to link the present and the past. Namely, we have to focus on those initial conditions that created the precondition for economic development and ultimately created much of the inequality we see today.There is no universal policy that would fit all nations24:57: One of the main insights of “The Journey of Humanity” is that, in fact, there is no universal policy that would fit all nations. In fact, the design of policy will have to be reflective of the history of each nation, the geography of each nation, and the evolutionary processes that occur there and lead this society into its current position. Once we understand these processes, we can design policies that will foster economic development and basically target societies in a differential way.The role of diversity in economic development43:49: Diversity is an incredible force in the context of economic development. Based on our estimates, it accounts for about one-sixth of the variations in inequality across the globe today. And much of the variation in diversity, as we see it across the globe today, was determined very much in the distant past. They were determined due to the exodus of humans from Africa during a time when humans started to populate the planetary assessor.
Where is China today? Will its rise continue to benefit the vast majority of its population? Or is Xi Jinping's increasingly repressive government committing one of the biggest blunders of modern history? This is the final episode in the China-trilogy, the product of hours of conversations I've had with ChinaTalk's Jordan Schneider and MIT professor Yasheng Huang. In part 1, we discussed the deep currents of Chinese history, shaping the country's destiny from its early technological lead to its more recent decline and stagnation. In part 2, we discussed China during and after Mao, trying our best to explain the Chinese economic miracle. In this final episode, we discuss questions about China's present and future, guided by lessons from its recent past. We touch upon issues such as: The causes and consequences of Xi Jinping's rise Why both Chinese leaders and Western observers misunderstand China's miracle – and why this matters for the future Why China is on course towards a sudden eruption of political chaos As always, we finish with my guest's reflections on humanity. LINKS You can read my essays and get the On Humans newsletter at OnHumans.Substack.com. Are you a long-term listener? Feeling generous today? Join the wonderful group of my patrons at Patreon.com/OnHumans! For other episodes on economic history, see my series on the Birth of Modern Prosperity, with Daron Acemoglu, Oded Galor, Brad DeLong, and Branko Milanovic. MENTIONS Scholars Gordon Tullock | Joseph Torigian CCP figures Hua Guofeng 华国锋 | "Gang of Four" 四人幫 | Deng Xiaoping 邓小平 | Zhao Ziyang 赵紫阳 | 习近平 China's history | Xi Jinping | Chinese miracle | China's political leadership | Xi Jinping reforms | Hu Jintao policies | China leadership generations | Chinese Communist Party | Deng Xiaoping reforms | Chinese economy | China's political control | Chinese corruption | Rural poverty in China | China's environmental policies | China economic inequality | Chinese rural income | Chinese political system | China's globalized economy | Chinese private sector | China geopolitical tensions | China-West relations | Chinese GDP growth | CCP succession | Xi Jinping succession | Autocracy in China | China's term limits | China's leadership transitions | Vietnam-China war | China's authoritarianism | Chinese economic growth | Xi Jinping's leadership style | Chinese politics and reforms | China's environmental issues | China's green policies | Urban-rural gap
China's rise has shook the world. It has changed the lives of over a billion people in China. It has flooded humanity with cheap goods, from single-use toys to high-tech solar panels. And it has changed the logic of war and peace in the 21st Century. But how to explain China's dramatic rise? Was it due to the wisdom of China's leaders after Mao? Or was it all about foreign investors searching for cheap labor? Both and neither, argues MIT professor Yasheng Huang. Yes, the Chinese leaders learned from the mistakes of Mao. And yes, foreign money made a difference. But there is a hidden story behind China's rise - a story which merits our attention. This is a story with deep roots in history, but with the main act being played in the Chinese countryside during 1980's. It is also a drama whose characters have never recovered from the tragedy that took place on the streets around Tiananmen Square during a warm summer night in 1989. This is part 2 of this 3-part mini-series "What About China", hosted by me, Ilari Mäkelä, together with ChinaTalk's Jordan Schneider. Part 1 looked at China's deep history. Part 3 will look at China's present and future. In this part 2, we sketch the story of China's rise, meeting many colorful characters and discussing fascinating themes, such as: How did Mao shape the direction of Chinese history? Why did China become richer than India? Why was 80's a golden era for liberal Chinese? How did the 1989 crackdown at Tiananmen square paved the way for China today? MENTIONS Modern scholars Meijun Qian | Amartaya Sen | Branko Milanovic (ep. 32) | Zheng Wang (auth. Never Forget National Humiliation) CCP Old Guard Mao Zedong 毛泽东 | Deng Xiaoping 邓小平 | Xi Zhongxun 习仲勋 | Chen Yun 陈云 | Li Xiannian 李先念 CCP liberals of the 1980's Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 | Zhao Ziyang 赵紫阳 CCP leaders after 1989 Jiang Zemin 江泽民 | Hu Jintao 胡锦涛 | Xi Jinping 习近平. LINKS You can read my essays and get the On Humans Newsletter at OnHumans.Substack.com. Are you a long-term listener? Join the wonderful group of patrons at Patreon.com/OnHumans. For other episodes on economic history, see my series on the Birth of Modern Prosperity, with Daron Acemoglu, Oded Galor, Brad DeLong, and Branko Milanovic.
The West has ruled history — at least the way history has been written. This is a shame. To tell the story of humans, we must tell the story of us all. So what about the rest? What themes and quirks does their history hide? And what forces, if anything, prevented them of matching Europe's rise? I aim to cover these topics for several countries and cultures over the next year. But I wanted to start with China. To do so, I've teamed up with Jordan Schneider, the host of ChinaTalk. Our guest is MIT professor Yasheng Huang (黄亚生). Huang is the author of Rise and Fall of the EAST – one of my all-time favorite books on China's past and present. In this episode, we explore the deep currents shaping China's history. We trace the forces shaping China's early mastery of technology to its falling behind Europe in the modern era. We also discuss the surprising role that standardized exams have played in Chinese history, and why certain democratic elements in China's past actually bolstered the emperor's authority. The episode covers all of Chinese imperial history, ending with a brief note on the early 20th Century. In part 2, will zoom into China's economic miracle and its uncertain future. NOTES A Rough Timeline of Chinese history: Pre–221 BCE: Disunity (e.g. Warring States) 221 BCE – 220: Unity (Qin & Han dynasties) 220 – 581: Disunity (“Han-Sui Interregnum”) 581 – 1911: Unity (Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties) Historical figures Emperor Wanli 萬曆帝 | Shen Kuo 沈括 (polymath) | Zhu Xi 朱熹 (classical philosopher) | Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 (leader of the Taiping Rebellion) | Yuan Shikai 袁世凯 (military leader) | Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 (military leader and statesman) Modern scholars Ping-ti Ho 何炳棣 (historian) | Clair Yang (economist) | Joseph Needham (scientist and historian) | Daron Acemoglu | James Robinson Historical terms Kējǔ civil service exams | Taiping Rebellion References For more links and some impressive graphs, see this article at OnHumans.Substack.com. LINKS Are you a long-term listener? Join the wonderful group of patrons at Patreon.com/OnHumans. For other episodes on economic history, see my series on the Birth of Modern Prosperity, with Daron Acemoglu, Oded Galor, Brad DeLong, and Branko Milanovic.
We live longer and grow taller than ever before. We are healthier and wealthier. Our ancestors could hardly have imagined a life of such prosperity. A future archaeologist would be equally puzzled. How did we become so rich so fast? What changes could have been so dramatic as to literally change the height of our species? Our modern prosperity is not the outcome of slow and steady progress. For most of human history, there was no upward trend in the health and wealth of the average human. The big events of history rarely changed the life of the local farmer. So what changed? "The Birth of Modern Prosperity" is a four-part series exploring the recent revolution in the human condition. The series is composed of curated highlights from interviews with leading economic historians. Each episode introduces one leading theory about the origins of our modern experience. While doing so, they offer fresh answers to many old questions, such as: Is technological innovation a force for good? Did the Industrial Revolution benefit the masses? Is the world more or less equal than before? The series will explore these topics from four angles: Education, Family, & Colonialism (with Oded Galor) Inventors & Engineers (with Brad DeLong) Democracy & Labour (with Daron Acemoglu) Equality & Inequality (with Branko Milanovic) Today's episode is part 1 with Oded Galor, author ofThe Journey of Humanity: Origins of Wealth and Inequality. The original episodes are numbers 12 and 13. We discuss: The long arch of human history Why improvements in technology have rarely benefitted the masses Why this changed around the 1870s. The virtuous cycle of technology, education, and prosperity We also compare the economic history of Britain and India to shed light on how colonialism has enforced age-old obstacles to prosperity. ANNOUNCEMENT I'm writing a book! It is about the history of humans, for readers of all ages. Do you want access to early drafts? Become a member on Patreon.com/OnHumans MORE LINKS Want to support the show? Head to Patreon.com/OnHumans Want to read and not just listen? Get the newsletter on OnHumans.Substack.com
------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter PayPal Subscription 3 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ybn6bg9l PayPal Subscription 5 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ycmr9gpz PayPal Subscription 10 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y9r3fc9m This show is sponsored by Enlites, Learning & Development done differently. Check the website here: http://enlites.com/ Dr. Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University. Dr. Galor has advanced the field of Unified Growth Theory. He has contributed to the understanding of the relationship between inequality and growth, human evolution, and the process of development, demography, and growth, and the role of deep-rooted factors in comparative economic development. He is the author of The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality. In this episode, we focus on The Journey of Humanity. We talk about the two main mysteries addressed in the book: the mystery of growth, and the mystery of inequality. We talk about the migration of H. sapiens out of Africa. We discuss the Malthusian Trap, and the conditions where it applies. We discuss the factors behind the development of agriculture, and why it could be considered inevitable. We talk about what impacted human demographics the most across history. We talk about Dr. Galor's Unified Growth Theory. We discuss the factors behind the industrial revolution. We talk about the relationship between diversity, innovation, and social cohesiveness. We discuss population growth and the Demographic Transition, and if we should worry about declining fertility rates. Finally, we address the mystery of inequality, why there is inequality across societies, and the future of inequality. -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS/SUPPORTERS: PER HELGE LARSEN, JERRY MULLER, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BERNARDO SEIXAS, OLAF ALEX, ADAM KESSEL, MATTHEW WHITINGBIRD, ARNAUD WOLFF, TIM HOLLOSY, HENRIK AHLENIUS, JOHN CONNORS, FILIP FORS CONNOLLY, DAN DEMETRIOU, ROBERT WINDHAGER, RUI INACIO, ZOOP, MARCO NEVES, COLIN HOLBROOK, PHIL KAVANAGH, MIKKEL STORMYR, SAMUEL ANDREEFF, FRANCIS FORDE, TIAGO NUNES, FERGAL CUSSEN, HAL HERZOG, NUNO MACHADO, JONATHAN LEIBRANT, JOÃO LINHARES, STANTON T, SAMUEL CORREA, ERIK HAINES, MARK SMITH, JOÃO EIRA, TOM HUMMEL, SARDUS FRANCE, DAVID SLOAN WILSON, YACILA DEZA-ARAUJO, ROMAIN ROCH, DIEGO LONDOÑO CORREA, YANICK PUNTER, ADANER USMANI, CHARLOTTE BLEASE, NICOLE BARBARO, ADAM HUNT, PAWEL OSTASZEWSKI, NELLEKE BAK, GUY MADISON, GARY G HELLMANN, SAIMA AFZAL, ADRIAN JAEGGI, PAULO TOLENTINO, JOÃO BARBOSA, JULIAN PRICE, EDWARD HALL, HEDIN BRØNNER, DOUGLAS FRY, FRANCA BORTOLOTTI, GABRIEL PONS CORTÈS, URSULA LITZCKE, SCOTT, ZACHARY FISH, TIM DUFFY, SUNNY SMITH, JON WISMAN, DANIEL FRIEDMAN, WILLIAM BUCKNER, PAUL-GEORGE ARNAUD, LUKE GLOWACKI, GEORGIOS THEOPHANOUS, CHRIS WILLIAMSON, PETER WOLOSZYN, DAVID WILLIAMS, DIOGO COSTA, ANTON ERIKSSON, CHARLES MOREY, ALEX CHAU, AMAURI MARTÍNEZ, CORALIE CHEVALLIER, BANGALORE ATHEISTS, LARRY D. LEE JR., OLD HERRINGBONE, STARRY, MICHAEL BAILEY, DAN SPERBER, ROBERT GRESSIS, IGOR N, JEFF MCMAHAN, JAKE ZUEHL, BARNABAS RADICS, MARK CAMPBELL, TOMAS DAUBNER, LUKE NISSEN, CHRIS STORY, KIMBERLY JOHNSON, BENJAMIN GELBART, JESSICA NOWICKI, LINDA BRANDIN, NIKLAS CARLSSON, ISMAËL BENSLIMANE, GEORGE CHORIATIS, VALENTIN STEINMANN, PER KRAULIS, KATE VON GOELER, ALEXANDER HUBBARD, LIAM DUNAWAY, BR, MASOUD ALIMOHAMMADI, PURPENDICULAR, JONAS HERTNER, URSULA GOODENOUGH, GREGORY HASTINGS, DAVID PINSOF, SEAN NELSON, MIKE LAVIGNE, JOS KNECHT, AND ERIK ENGMAN! A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY PRODUCERS, YZAR WEHBE, JIM FRANK, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK, TOM VANEGDOM, BERNARD HUGUENEY, CURTIS DIXON, BENEDIKT MUELLER, THOMAS TRUMBLE, KATHRINE AND PATRICK TOBIN, JONCARLO MONTENEGRO, AL NICK ORTIZ, AND NICK GOLDEN! AND TO MY EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS, MATTHEW LAVENDER, SERGIU CODREANU, BOGDAN KANIVETS, AND ROSEY!
Machines allow us to do more work with less effort. They sound like an obviously good thing. But there is a tension here. New gadgets and new technologies - new simple “machines” - have been invented throughout history. But it looks like the living standard of the average person did not change for most of that time. So what happened to all the extra output from new technologies? And how is this relevant to our age of computers, robots, and AI? To discuss these themes, I am joined by MIT professor Daron Acemoglu. Acemoglu is a true legend in his field. In 2015, he was ranked the single most cited economist of the past 10 years. And his most famous book, Why Nations Fail, (co-authored with James Robinson) is known by many students of economics as the only history book they ever had to read. But today's conversation is not about Why Nations Fail. It is about Acemoglu's new book, Power and Progress: Our 1000-Year Struggle Over Technology (co-authored with Simon Johnson). In many ways, this is a typical Acemoglu book: it is a doorstopper that uses an array of historical lessons to draw messages for the present. And as before, it asks economists to take democratic politics more seriously. But in other ways, this is quite different from his previous books. For me, it felt much darker – especially in its portrayal of rich countries such as the US. But Acemoglu affirmed to me that he is still an optimist. He even tells me that the reason is related to the theme of this podcast series... I will let him tell you why. We discuss topics such as: Why have so many machines failed to benefit the common folk? Why things changed for the better in the late 1800s - and why my past guests are wrong about the reasons? Have we started backsliding again? Does this explain the political turmoil of today - especially in the US? Why Acemoglu is not against technological progress - but has a message to tech leaders What has his work in economics taught Acemoglu about humanity? ____ SUPPORT THE SHOW Please consider becoming a supporter of On Humans. Even small monthly donations can make a huge impact on the long-term sustainability of the program. Visit: Patreon.com/OnHumans Get in touch: ilari@onhumans.org _____ Oded Galor (episodes 12 & 13), Brad DeLong (episode 18) / Josh Ober / Ian Morris / Samuel Bowles / Herbert Gintis /John Hicks / H. J. / Robert Allen / Habakkuk / Joel Mokyr / Elon Musk / Pascual Restrepo Other terms and references Malthusian dynamics (of population growth “eating away” any increases in production) Chartists and Luddites (19th Century British political movements)
On this episode of the Energy Security Cubed Podcast, Kelly Ogle and Joe Calnan discuss current events in energy security, including China's relationship with Qatar and a new Japanese-funded coal-fired power plant in Bangladesh. For the interview section of the podcast, Kelly talks with Shehryar Omar about the challenges facing Pakistan's energy systems, and a vision for the future of energy in Pakistan. Guest Bio: - Shehryar Omar is the CEO of the Petroleum Institute of Pakistan Host Bio: - Kelly Ogle is the CEO of the Canadian Global Affairs Institute Reading Recommendations - "The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality", by Oded Galor: https://www.amazon.ca/Journey-Humanity-Origins-Wealth-Inequality/dp/0593185994 Interview recording Date: June 20, 2023 Energy Security Cubed is part of the CGAI Podcast Network. Follow the Canadian Global Affairs Institute on Facebook, Twitter (@CAGlobalAffairs), or on LinkedIn. Head over to our website at www.cgai.ca for more commentary. Produced by Joe Calnan. Music credits to Drew Phillips.
In this highlight from season 1, Ilari talks with economist Oded Galor about how factors such as soil quality can explain cultural differences, such as variations in the level of patriarchy. For the full episode and show notes, see episode 13. For the first episode with Galor, see episode 12. Season 2 is out in June! Do consider subscribing to stay updated.
You can view this talk with the video on the GPI YouTube channel. Public Lecture: The Journey of Humanity - Oded Galor 10 June 2022In The Journey of Humanity Oded Galor offers a revelatory explanation of how humanity became, only very recently, the unique species to have escaped a life of subsistence poverty, enjoying previously unthinkable wealth and longevity. He reveals why this process has been so unequal around the world, resulting in the great disparities between nations that exist today. He shows why so many of our efforts to improve lives have failed and how they might succeed.The full transcript is available here: https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org...Find out more about the Global Priorities Institute: https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/You can find more information about Oded Galor here: https://www.odedgalor.com/The Journey of Humanity: https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/44495...Effective Altruism is a social movement dedicated to finding ways to do the most good possible, whether through charitable donations, career choices, or volunteer projects. EA Global conferences are gatherings for EAs to meet. You can also listen to this talk along with its accompanying video on YouTube.
Oded's new book, The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality ... How inequality and growth emerged over the course of human history ... Breaking free of a 300,000-year-old stagnation cycle ... Humanity's phase shift into modernity ... Inequality and the formation of institutions ... The deep links between geography and institutions ... Africa, Asia, and the trials of diversity ...
Oded's new book, The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality ... How inequality and growth emerged over the course of human history ... Breaking free of a 300,000-year-old stagnation cycle ... Humanity's phase shift into modernity ... Inequality and the formation of institutions ... The deep links between geography and institutions ... Africa, Asia, and the trials of diversity ...
Wealth on planet Earth is not evenly distributed. Indeed, our country of birth predicts a huge amount of our access to food and technology. Although such differences have always existed, they have become dramatically accentuated in the past two centuries. During the early 1800s, the average income of a person living in the richest region of the world was 3 times higher than that of a person living in the poorest region. Today, it is 15 times, or even 100 times higher.* To understand the human condition today, we have to understand our economic geography. This is the theme of the 2nd part of Oded Galor's remarkable book, Journey of Humanity (see also episode 12). In this 2nd episode on Journey of Humanity, Ilari and Professor Galor discuss topics such as: The deep impact of colonialism Could Europe have industrialised without oppressing the rest of the world? Why are some colonial "spinoffs" rich (e.g. the US) and others are not (e.g. Brazil)? Political institutions (e.g. capitalism, liberal democracy), especially the differences between inclusive vs extractive institutions How the Black Death transformed Europe. How cultural norms are shaped by geography (e.g. the quality of the soil) The costs and benefits of a diverse society The conversation also explores: How to use this historical outlook to build a better future: solutions for low- and middle-income countries. What to do about the current inequalities within nations? Will we survive the 21st century? Technical terms Malthusian trap (where increases in wealth are “eaten away” by increases in population size) Human capital (i.e. investment in the skills of the population) Extractive vs inclusive institutions (terms popularised in economics by the work of Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson in Why Nations Fail) Glorious Revolution and the Bill of Rights in England (1688) The middle-income trap (based on the observation that only 14 countries have been able to go from "middle-income" to "high-income" status since 1960. In 2019, these were dominated by the East Asian economies of Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, but joined by Chile, Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Malaysia, Malta, Portugal, Seychelles, and Spain [e.g. Lee 2019]) Names Kenneth Pomerantz (author of The Great Divergence) James II of England, Louis XIV of France, William of Orange Karl Marx Thomas Piketty Get in touch Feedback? Guest suggestions? Just want to say "hi"? It would be great to hear from you! Feel free to drop a casual line anytime to makela dot ilari at outlook dot com. * The exact number depends on how we define an "area". The estimates are from Journey of Humanity and are discussed in episode 12.
“Un hombre solo tiene derecho a mirar a otro hacia abajo, cuando ha de ayudarle a levantarse”, decía Gabriel García Márquez. La ONU señala que la desigualdad es uno de los mayores desafíos de nuestra era. Desigualdades que golpean con fuerza a los más vulnerables: niños y jóvenes. La emprendedora social Bisila Bokoko, acompañada de un grupo de jóvenes, asume el desafío de responder por qué existen tantas desigualdades, de dónde provienen y cómo podemos lograr una sociedad mucho más justa e igualitaria. Con las intervenciones del historiador y escritor Yuval Noah Harari; del filósofo Michael Sandel; de la maratoniana Kathrine Switzer; del economista Oded Galor; y de la filósofa y pensadora Adela Cortina.
If you take a moment to reflect on the economic condition of our species, you are likely to be puzzled over two mysteries. One is the mystery of wealth: How is it that humanity has been able to generate such a dramatic increase in wealth (e.g. in access to food, transportation, and medical technology)? The other is the mystery of inequality: Why is this wealth so unevenly distributed? Why are certain countries able to offer historically unprecedented standards of wealth to the majority of their population, while some countries still struggle with dire poverty? In his truly remarkable book Journey of Humanity - the Origins of Wealth and Inequality, economist Oded Galor sets out to explain both of these mysteries. There will be two On Humans -episodes dedicated to this topic. The first one focuses on the grand story of economic growth in human history, searching for an explanation for the recent boom in humanity's overall wealth. This will be followed by another episode, which searches for the reasons behind the global inequalities that plague the modern world - and asks what to do about them. In this first episode, Ilari and Prof Galor discuss: The long stagnation: Why humans did not get much richer (or poorer) for many millennia The modern growth regime: How the overall wealth in the world has increased dramatically but unevenly Was agriculture the "worst mistake in human history"? How and why did humans escape the Malthusian trap? The surprising effects of the industrial revolution on education, child labour, and fertility Names Mentioned Jared Diamond (author of Guns, Germs, and Steel) Yuval Noah Harari (author of Sapiens) David Graeber (co-author of Dawn of Everything) Robert Solow (author of Growth Theory) Daron Acemoglu (co-author of Why Nations Fail) Thomas Piketty (author of Capital in the 21st Century) Thomas Robert Malthus (British clergyman and economist, 1766-1834) Terms Mentioned Neolithic Revolution (i.e. the beginning of agriculture) Phase transition (e.g. water heating gradually but reaching a “phase transition” at 100 degrees Celsius) Potato blight (leading to the Irish Potato Famine, 1845-1852)
For the second instalment of our 12 Books of Christmas series, we hear from three more authors who have set the agenda for original thinking and progressive literature in 2022. Brown University economist Oded Galor discusses his book that takes an expansive view of global history, The Journey of Humanity. Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Andrea Elliott speaks with fellow author Alex Preston about her account of the homelessness crisis in New York as told in her book, Invisible Child, and Orhan Pamuk, one of the world's best-loved novelists discusses his latest work, Nights of Plague. ... Did you know that Intelligence Squared offers way more than podcasts? We've just launched a new online streaming platform Intelligence Squared+ and we'd love you to give it a go. It's packed with more than 20 years' worth of video debates and conversations on the world's hottest topics. Tune in to live events, ask your questions or watch back on-demand totally ad-free with hours of discussion to dive into for just £14.99 a month. Visit intelligencesquaredplus.com to start watching today. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Most economic theories are what one would call "bounded," which is to say that they are based on a narrow window of human activity, be that time, or place, or category. This limitation produces ideas with middling real-world efficacy, as they cannot be widely applied to, say, the whole of humankind. But, what if an economic theory of everything, a decoder ring for why the condition of our species is the way it is, was possible? What would it look like? How could one idea help us understand the arc of human development all the way from stagnation, to growth, to inequality? Unified Growth Theory, laid out by Oded Galor in his new book, The Journey of Humanity, attempts to answer all of those questions. By studying the arc of human development from the earliest settlements of the fertile crescent to modern day socioeconomics, Galor purports to have solved the mystery of development. What we do with this knowledge, though, is still up to us. Support the scientific revolution with a monthly donation: https://bit.ly/3lcAasB AND by picking up Dr. Galor's book, The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality: https://amzn.to/3WU8GK0 #economics #growth Check our short-films channel, @DemystifySci: https://www.youtube.com/c/DemystifyingScience Join our mailing list https://bit.ly/3v3kz2S PODCAST INFO: Anastasia completed her PhD studying bioelectricity at Columbia University. When not talking to brilliant people or making movies, she spends her time painting, reading, and guiding backcountry excursions. Michael Shilo also did his PhD at Columbia studying the elastic properties of molecular water. When he's not in the film studio, he's exploring sound in music. They are both freelance professors at various universities. - Blog: http://DemystifySci.com/blog - RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/2be66934/podcast/rss - Donate: https://bit.ly/3wkPqaD - Swag: https://bit.ly/2PXdC2y SOCIAL: - Discord: https://discord.gg/MJzKT8CQub - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/DemystifySci - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/DemystifySci/ - Twitter: https://twitter.com/DemystifySci MUSIC: -Shilo Delay: https://g.co/kgs/oty671
This episode is a little different than the type of conversation you normally have on the show. Last year, Mark spoke with Oded Galor about his book https://www.amazon.com/Journey-Humanity-Origins-Wealth-Inequality/dp/0593185994 (The Journey of Humanity), a long-run take on why humanity changed so little for so long, and then all of sudden changed tremendously, mostly for the better. It's a fascinating idea, but of course nobody actually experiences that long-run journey, or compares their daily life to distant ancestors. People typically think on the much shorter timescale of a lifetime, maybe a generation or two. At that scale, for many people in America today, it can seem like much of life has gotten worse, and are continuing to do so. Put another way: it looks like the American Dream is dead. But is that true? What does it mean for a dream to die, anyway? And if it is dead, is there a way to revive it? These sound like questions for a philosopher. Someone who has thought about this a great deal is Josh Preiss. He's a philosopher, Professor at Minnesota State University, and author of Just Work For All: The American Dream in the 21st Century. On this episode, Mark talks with Josh about the ideas behind what we call ‘The American Dream,' and looks at the reality behind its decline: what's gotten worse for who, and what's needed to make things better. https://www.amazon.com/Just-Work-All-American-Century/dp/0367694883 (Learn more about and purchase Josh Preiss's book). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXt1NyHscCg (Watch Josh's talk at the Rhodes Center.) https://rhodes-center-podcast.captivate.fm/ (Find more information about all our episodes, including transcripts, on our website.) Transcript for this episode coming soon.
A professor at Brown University and founder of the Unified Growth Theory, Oded Galord has pioneered the exploration of the impact of evolutionary processes, population diversity and human development inequality. His research links these examples to economics. He has co-directed the research group on income distribution and macroeconomics and is a Professor and Research Associate at several universities and academic centers. He is also Editor-in-chief of the Journal of Economic Growth, Editor of the Journal of Population Economics and Co-editor of Macroeconomic Dynamics. He has traditionally been compared to thinkers ranging from Charles Darwin to Albert Einstein, and the Frankfurter Allgemeine listed him as one of five candidates for the Nobel Prize in Economics. His recent essay, “The Journey of Humanity”, analyzes the reasons that allowed mankind to evolve.
In our new CONVOCO! Podcast Corinne M. Flick speaks with Oded Galor, Professor of Economics at Brown University and author of the book The Journey of Humanity (2022) about: What has led to today's inequalities?
Today, we are joined by Oded Galor, Professor of Economics at Brown University, for a conversation on how we can explore and uncover new ways of thinking about the economy, based on his book “The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality”. We discuss inequality from a historical aspect and the roots of human behaviour, the Malthusian trap and how the industrial evolution has impacted humanity and how geography, culture and diversity is a key factor in achieving equality. We also address the costs and benefits of diversity within a society and how we need diversity to generate more growth and complex solutions, why China will be left behind due to a lack of cultural fluidity, the process of measuring diversity, how we can improve going forward and much more. ---- ---- Follow Niels on https://twitter.com/toptraderslive (Twitter), https://www.linkedin.com/in/nielskaastruplarsen (LinkedIn), https://www.youtube.com/user/toptraderslive (YouTube) or via the https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/ (TTU website). IT's TRUE ? – most CIO's read 50+ books each year – get your FREE copy of the Ultimate Guide to the Best Investment Books ever written https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/Ultimate (here). And you can get a free copy of my latest book “The Many Flavors of Trend Following” https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/flavor (here). Learn more about the Trend Barometer https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/resources/market-trends/ (here). Send your questions to info@toptradersunplugged.com And please share this episode with a like-minded friend and leave an honest Rating & Review on https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/reviewttu (iTunes) or https://open.spotify.com/show/2OnOvLbIV3AttbFLxuoaBW (Spotify) so more people can discover the podcast. Follow Kevin on https://twitter.com/kcold1 (Twitter). Follow Oded on https://www.linkedin.com/in/oded-galor-b8a90718 (LinkedIn) & https://www.amazon.com/Journey-Humanity-Origins-Wealth-Inequality/dp/0593185994 (read his book). Episode TimeStamps: 00:00 - Intro 04:00 - Introduction to Oded Galor 07:29 - Fundamental insights from Galor's book 09:49 - From Stagnation to Growth 21:22 - Education and the labour force 30:24 - The impact of longer-term structural forces 40:38 - Can new cultures emerge? 43:31 - How does diversity impact a society? 50:08 - Is China falling behind? 52:09 - How diversity should be measured? 59:11 - Galor's advice for moving forward 01:06:00 - Key takeaways from Niels Copyright © 2022 – CMC AG – All Rights Reserved ---- PLUS: Whenever you're ready... here are 3 ways I can help you in your investment Journey: 1. eBooks that cover key topics that you need to know about In my eBooks, I put together some key discoveries and things I have learnt during the more than 3 decades I have worked in the Trend Following industry, which I hope you will find useful. https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/resources/ebooks/ (Click Here) 2. Daily Trend Barometer and Market Score One of the things I'm really proud of, is the fact that I have managed to published the Trend Barometer and Market Score each day for more than a decade...as these tools are really good at describing the environment for trend following managers as well as giving insights into the general positioning of a trend following strategy! https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/resources/market-trends/ (Click Here) 3. Other Resources that can help you And if you are hungry for more useful resources from the trend following world...check out some precious resources that I have found over the years to be really valuable. https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/resources/ (Click Here) https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/legal/privacy-policy/ (Privacy Policy) https://www.toptradersunplugged.com/disclaimer/ (Disclaimer)
Miksi toiset kansakunnat ovat niin paljon vauraampia kuin toiset, vaikka maantieteellinen etäisyys ei ole välttämättä suuri. Ajattele esimerkiksi Meksikoa ja Yhdysvaltoja. Mikä merkitys on kilpailulla, valtarakenteilla ja kulttuurilla? Tällaisia asioita pohtii israelilaisyhdysvaltalainen taloustieteilijä Oded Galor teoksessaan ‘Ihmiskunnan nousu - vaurauden ja eriarvoisuuden juuret'. Galoria pidetään yhtenä aikamme kiinnostavimpana ajattelijana ja häntä on ennustettu jopa yhdeksi Nobelin talouspalkinnon saajista. Lähetyksessä perehdytään Galorin ajatuksiin Helsingin yliopiston taloushistorian professorin Jari Elorannan kanssa. Ohjelman juontaa Nicklas Wancke
"If we reduce population growth by 1% in the world economy, we can have growth in income per capita at a level of about 7% and still hold carbon emissions unchanged. Namely, by reducing population growth, we can permit growth in income per capita without polluting planet earth more than otherwise. So this is very important because it suggests to us that policies that target gender equality, the diffusion of contraceptive methods, and the rewards of education are policies that could mitigate population growth and ultimately permit the growth of income per capita without the liability of greater carbon emissions."Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide.www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide."If we reduce population growth by 1% in the world economy, we can have growth in income per capita at a level of about 7% and still hold carbon emissions unchanged. Namely, by reducing population growth, we can permit growth in income per capita without polluting planet earth more than otherwise. So this is very important because it suggests to us that policies that target gender equality, the diffusion of contraceptive methods, and the rewards of education are policies that could mitigate population growth and ultimately permit the growth of income per capita without the liability of greater carbon emissions."www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
El 19 de julio de 2022, la Fundación Rafael del Pino organizó la conferencia “El big bang de las civilizaciones: las claves del progreso humano”, pronunciada por Oded Galor, catedrático de Economía de la Universidad de Brown, con motivo de la publicación de su libro “El viaje de la Humanidad”.
El 19 de julio de 2022, la Fundación Rafael del Pino organizó la conferencia “El big bang de las civilizaciones: las claves del progreso humano”, pronunciada por Oded Galor, catedrático de Economía de la Universidad de Brown, con motivo de la publicación de su libro “El viaje de la Humanidad”.
Dr. Oded Galor is the Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founder of the Unified Growth Theory. Holding a Ph.D. in Economics from Columbia University, he is the Editor in Chief of the Journal of Economic Growth, Editor of the Journal of Population Economics, and Co-Editor of Macroeconomic Dynamics.
On this episode Mark talks with Oded Galor, Professor of Economics at Brown University, and author of the new book The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality. In this book Oded survey's 200,000 years of human history to create a theory for why societies and economies grew so slowly for so long – and why, starting about 200 years ago, that began to change very rapidly. It's a sweeping history that puts the work of many influential economists into a new light – from Adam Smith to Karl Marx to Paul Romer. But Oded's story is about much more than economics. It's about technology, geography, psychology, and politics. In short, it's about the nature of humanity. Mark and Oded discuss all of this, as well as how – as we stumble through a global pandemic and catastrophic climate change – we can grow in ways that benefit us all. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/679024/the-journey-of-humanity-by-oded-galor/ (Learn more about and purchase Oded's book The Journey of Humanity). https://watson.brown.edu/news/podcasts (Learn more about the Watson Institute's other podcasts.)
https://www.alainguillot.com/oded-galor/ Oded Galor is a Professor of Economics at Brown University. He's author of the book The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality. Get the book here: https://amzn.to/3AnfbMK
Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide."The Journey of Humanity explores the evolution of human societies since the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa nearly 300,000 years ago. It resolves two of the most fundamental mysteries that surround this journey: The mystery of growth – what are the roots of the dramatic transformation in living standards in the past 200 years, after 300,000 years of near stagnation. The mystery is inequality – what is the origin of the vast inequality in living standards across countries and regions?”www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
"The Journey of Humanity explores the evolution of human societies since the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa nearly 300,000 years ago. It resolves two of the most fundamental mysteries that surround this journey: The mystery of growth – what are the roots of the dramatic transformation in living standards in the past 200 years, after 300,000 years of near stagnation. The mystery is inequality – what is the origin of the vast inequality in living standards across countries and regions?”Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide.www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
Andrew J Scott interviews Brown Economist Oded Galor on how inequality has changed throughout the history of humankind. From looking at causes to analyzing the current wealth of nations, Oded explains his theories (more in his book "The Journey of Humanity"). https://thelongevityforum.com
What can the history of human progress teach us about modern inequality? In his new book, ‘The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality,' economist Oded Galor explores that question, as well as why human progress was stagnant for so much of history, if growth is still possible without ruining the planet, and what this all means for our future. Oded Galor is a Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory. He's also the author of The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality. Twitter: @GalorOded The Journey of Humanity https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/679024/the-journey-of-humanity-by-oded-galor/ Website: http://pitchforkeconomics.com/ Twitter: @PitchforkEcon Instagram: @pitchforkeconomics Nick's twitter: @NickHanauer
Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide."Societies in which the population is larger are polluting planet earth seven times more than societies in which most of the country, most of the income is coming from a richer population. This implies that if we reduce population growth by 1% in the world economy, we can have growth in income per capita at a level of about 7% and still hold carbon emissions unchanged. Namely, by reducing population, we can permit growth in income per capita without polluting planet earth more than otherwise. So this is very important because it suggests to us that policies that target say gender equality, that target the diffusion of contraceptive methods, that target the increase in the rewards of education are policies that could mitigate population growth and ultimately permit the growth of income per capita without the liability of greater carbon emissions.”www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
"Societies in which the population is larger are polluting planet earth seven times more than societies in which most of the country, most of the income is coming from a richer population. This implies that if we reduce population growth by 1% in the world economy, we can have growth in income per capita at a level of about 7% and still hold carbon emissions unchanged. Namely, by reducing population, we can permit growth in income per capita without polluting planet earth more than otherwise. So this is very important because it suggests to us that policies that target say gender equality, that target the diffusion of contraceptive methods, that target the increase in the rewards of education are policies that could mitigate population growth and ultimately permit the growth of income per capita without the liability of greater carbon emissions.”Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide.www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
"Societies in which the population is larger are polluting planet earth seven times more than societies in which most of the country, most of the income is coming from a richer population. This implies that if we reduce population growth by 1% in the world economy, we can have growth in income per capita at a level of about 7% and still hold carbon emissions unchanged. Namely, by reducing population, we can permit growth in income per capita without polluting planet earth more than otherwise. So this is very important because it suggests to us that policies that target say gender equality, that target the diffusion of contraceptive methods, that target the increase in the rewards of education are policies that could mitigate population growth and ultimately permit the growth of income per capita without the liability of greater carbon emissions.”Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide.www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide."Societies in which the population is larger are polluting planet earth seven times more than societies in which most of the country, most of the income is coming from a richer population. This implies that if we reduce population growth by 1% in the world economy, we can have growth in income per capita at a level of about 7% and still hold carbon emissions unchanged. Namely, by reducing population, we can permit growth in income per capita without polluting planet earth more than otherwise. So this is very important because it suggests to us that policies that target say gender equality, that target the diffusion of contraceptive methods, that target the increase in the rewards of education are policies that could mitigate population growth and ultimately permit the growth of income per capita without the liability of greater carbon emissions.”www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
The Creative Process in 10 minutes or less · Arts, Culture & Society
"Societies in which the population is larger are polluting planet earth seven times more than societies in which most of the country, most of the income is coming from a richer population. This implies that if we reduce population growth by 1% in the world economy, we can have growth in income per capita at a level of about 7% and still hold carbon emissions unchanged. Namely, by reducing population, we can permit growth in income per capita without polluting planet earth more than otherwise. So this is very important because it suggests to us that policies that target say gender equality, that target the diffusion of contraceptive methods, that target the increase in the rewards of education are policies that could mitigate population growth and ultimately permit the growth of income per capita without the liability of greater carbon emissions.”Oded Galor is Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University and the founding thinker behind Unified Growth Theory, which seeks to uncover the fundamental causes of development, prosperity and inequality over the entire span of human history. He has shared the insights of his lifetime's work in this field at some of the most prestigious lectures around the globe and has now distilled those discoveries into The Journey of Humanity, which is published in 30 languages worldwide.www.odedgalor.comwww.brown.edu/academics/population-studies/people/person/oded-galorThe Journey of Humanity www.oneplanetpodcast.orgwww.creativeprocess.info
¿Dónde guardas tu dinero? ¿Prefieres tandas, debajo del colchón, en el cochinito o cajas de ahorro antes que acudir a un banco? ¿Usas los servicios financieros formales para recibir tu sueldo y pagar tus compras? Para hablar sobre el comportamiento de los mexicanos en estos temas, Luz Elena Marcos y José Ávila, de la mesa de Economía en Expansión, prepararon un episodio con los detalles más interesantes sobre la inclusión financiera en México. Después de explicar a qué se refiere exactamente este concepto, cuentan cuántos mexicanos ahorran en instrumentos formales e informales y en qué basan esta decisión, además de cuánta gente lleva el registro de sus gastos, separa dinero para sus gastos fijos y domicilia sus pagos. También comparten qué métodos de pago preferimos, cuánto usamos las sucursales bancarias y los cajeros, si somos amantes de pedir crédito o no y cómo accedemos a este. En (( PARÉNTESIS )), Dainzú Patiño dice por qué recomienda el libro “El viaje de la humanidad”, del economista israelí Oded Galor. Y en Cuéntame tus dudas, responde si está mal usar la tarjeta de crédito para pagar la despensa. Escucha un episodio nuevo cada lunes en todas las plataformas. Si quieres tener acceso a “Tres minutos para tus finanzas”, a cargo de Juan Luis Ordaz, Director de Educación Financiera de Citibanamex, y disfrutar del episodio semanal antes que nadie, suscríbete al canal de Expansión en Apple Podcast y obtén estos beneficios.
¿Dónde guardas tu dinero? ¿Prefieres tandas, debajo del colchón, en el cochinito o cajas de ahorro antes que acudir a un banco? ¿Usas los servicios financieros formales para recibir tu sueldo y pagar tus compras? Para hablar sobre el comportamiento de los mexicanos en estos temas, Luz Elena Marcos y José Ávila, de la mesa de Economía en Expansión, prepararon un episodio con los detalles más interesantes sobre la inclusión financiera en México. Después de explicar a qué se refiere exactamente este concepto, cuentan cuántos mexicanos ahorran en instrumentos formales e informales y en qué basan esta decisión, además de cuánta gente lleva el registro de sus gastos, separa dinero para sus gastos fijos y domicilia sus pagos. También comparten qué métodos de pago preferimos, cuánto usamos las sucursales bancarias y los cajeros, si somos amantes de pedir crédito o no y cómo accedemos a este. En (( PARÉNTESIS )), Dainzú Patiño dice por qué recomienda el libro “El viaje de la humanidad”, del economista israelí Oded Galor. Y en Cuéntame tus dudas, responde si está mal usar la tarjeta de crédito para pagar la despensa. Escucha un episodio nuevo cada lunes en todas las plataformas. Si quieres tener acceso a “Tres minutos para tus finanzas”, a cargo de Juan Luis Ordaz, Director de Educación Financiera de Citibanamex, y disfrutar del episodio semanal antes que nadie, suscríbete al canal de Expansión en Apple Podcast y obtén estos beneficios.
Schneider, Wolfgangwww.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, BuchkritikDirekter Link zur Audiodatei
Oded Galor's remarkable new book, The Journey of Humanity, can feel like seeing the world with fresh eyes. His analysis of the origins of wealth and inequality is compelling, original and, especially during these troubled times, refreshingly optimistic. Speaking across the political divide the book sets out a convincing blueprint for how a better life can be had by everyone on the planet. Galor, an economist at Brown University, upends many of our assumptions about human progress. For nearly all of human history humans lived a subsistence existence but something astonishing happened 200 years ago and the living standards of nearly all humans have skyrocketed – albeit unevenly – since then. Hosting the discussion is journalist, author and former BBC News Editorial Director, Kamal Ahmed. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
José Carlos Barros, Oded Galor, José Saramago, Susan Taubes e Deckle Edge são os autores em destaque nas sugestões literárias desta semana. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Have you ever wondered where wealth comes from and why it's become so unequally spread around the world? Our next guest has written a book about just that. We are now joined by author of ‘The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality', Oded Galor.
Tanis: Fossil of dinosaur killed in asteroid strike found, scientists claim https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-61013740 The world's oldest pants are a 3,000-year-old engineering marvel https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/04/the-worlds-oldest-pants-are-a-3000-year-old-engineering-marvel/ The Miraculous Journey of Humanity: How Our Species Can Survive and Thrive, with Oded Galor https://intelligencesquared.com/events/the-miraculous-journey-of-humanity-how-our-species-can-survive-and-thrive-with-oded-galor/ @renedepaula Apr 6 aceitaram a minha pergunta nesta live do@intelligence2 , que honra! https://twitter.com/renedepaula/status/1511785931996639236 De onde Lula ... Read more
Join us to discuss with economist Oded Galor his grand unifying theory to explain human flourishing and economic inequality. In a captivating journey from the dawn of human existence to the present, Galor offers an intriguing solution to two of humanity's great mysteries. Why are humans the only species to have escaped (quite recently) the subsistence trap, allowing us to enjoy a standard of living that vastly exceeds all others? And why have we progressed so unequally around the world, resulting in the great disparities between nations that exist today? Immense in scope and packed with interesting connections, Galor explains how technology, population size, and adaptation led to a stunning “phase change” in human history a mere 200 years ago. But by tracing that same journey back in time and peeling away the layers of influence—colonialism, political institutions, societal structure, culture—he also arrives at an explanation of inequality's ultimate cause: those ancestral populations that enjoyed fruitful geographical characteristics and rich diversity were set on the path to prosperity, while those that lacked it were disadvantaged in ways still influential today. As we face ecological crises across the globe, Galor concludes that gender equality, investment in education, and balancing diversity with social cohesion are the keys not only to our species' thriving, but to its survival. NOTES MLF: Humanities SPEAKERS Oded Galor Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics, Brown University; Founder, Unified Growth Theory; Author, The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality In Conversation With George Hammond Author, Conversations With Socrates In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we are currently hosting all of our live programming via YouTube live stream. This program was recorded via video conference on March 24th, 2022 by the Commonwealth Club of California. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Nothing has had a more profound impact on the lives of humans than economic growth. Thus, understanding economic growth is, on its own, understanding the essence of humanity. This is the objective of The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality (Dutton, 2022) by Oded Galor. A fascinating book that explores the universal forces behind economic growth and prosperity. With a marvelous exhibition of historical context, empirical evidence, and theoretical insights, Galor provides a comprehensive explanation of how humanity moved from stagnation to growth. In addition, building on his lifetime's investigation, Galor provides in The Journey of Humanity a brilliant and extensive explanation of why some societies have been more successful than others in improving the wellbeing of their populations. This explanation, full of historical and anthropological color, is deeply rooted in a carefully crafted exploration of the institutional, cultural, and environmental context that different societies across the globe have been exposed over the centuries. Overall, Galor's book is a unique and masterful piece that everyone who is interested in the deep roots of the modern world must read. Javier Mejia is an economist at Stanford University, whose work focuses on the intersection between social networks and economic history. His interests extend to topics on entrepreneurship and political economy with a geographical specialty in Latin America and the Middle East. He received a Ph.D. in Economics from Los Andes University. He has been a Postdoctoral Associate and Lecturer at New York University--Abu Dhabi and a Visiting Scholar at the University of Bordeaux. He is a regular contributor to different news outlets. Currently, he is Forbes Magazine op-ed columnist. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network
Nothing has had a more profound impact on the lives of humans than economic growth. Thus, understanding economic growth is, on its own, understanding the essence of humanity. This is the objective of The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality (Dutton, 2022) by Oded Galor. A fascinating book that explores the universal forces behind economic growth and prosperity. With a marvelous exhibition of historical context, empirical evidence, and theoretical insights, Galor provides a comprehensive explanation of how humanity moved from stagnation to growth. In addition, building on his lifetime's investigation, Galor provides in The Journey of Humanity a brilliant and extensive explanation of why some societies have been more successful than others in improving the wellbeing of their populations. This explanation, full of historical and anthropological color, is deeply rooted in a carefully crafted exploration of the institutional, cultural, and environmental context that different societies across the globe have been exposed over the centuries. Overall, Galor's book is a unique and masterful piece that everyone who is interested in the deep roots of the modern world must read. Javier Mejia is an economist at Stanford University, whose work focuses on the intersection between social networks and economic history. His interests extend to topics on entrepreneurship and political economy with a geographical specialty in Latin America and the Middle East. He received a Ph.D. in Economics from Los Andes University. He has been a Postdoctoral Associate and Lecturer at New York University--Abu Dhabi and a Visiting Scholar at the University of Bordeaux. He is a regular contributor to different news outlets. Currently, he is Forbes Magazine op-ed columnist. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history
Nothing has had a more profound impact on the lives of humans than economic growth. Thus, understanding economic growth is, on its own, understanding the essence of humanity. This is the objective of The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality (Dutton, 2022) by Oded Galor. A fascinating book that explores the universal forces behind economic growth and prosperity. With a marvelous exhibition of historical context, empirical evidence, and theoretical insights, Galor provides a comprehensive explanation of how humanity moved from stagnation to growth. In addition, building on his lifetime's investigation, Galor provides in The Journey of Humanity a brilliant and extensive explanation of why some societies have been more successful than others in improving the wellbeing of their populations. This explanation, full of historical and anthropological color, is deeply rooted in a carefully crafted exploration of the institutional, cultural, and environmental context that different societies across the globe have been exposed over the centuries. Overall, Galor's book is a unique and masterful piece that everyone who is interested in the deep roots of the modern world must read. Javier Mejia is an economist at Stanford University, whose work focuses on the intersection between social networks and economic history. His interests extend to topics on entrepreneurship and political economy with a geographical specialty in Latin America and the Middle East. He received a Ph.D. in Economics from Los Andes University. He has been a Postdoctoral Associate and Lecturer at New York University--Abu Dhabi and a Visiting Scholar at the University of Bordeaux. He is a regular contributor to different news outlets. Currently, he is Forbes Magazine op-ed columnist. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/world-affairs
Nothing has had a more profound impact on the lives of humans than economic growth. Thus, understanding economic growth is, on its own, understanding the essence of humanity. This is the objective of The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality (Dutton, 2022) by Oded Galor. A fascinating book that explores the universal forces behind economic growth and prosperity. With a marvelous exhibition of historical context, empirical evidence, and theoretical insights, Galor provides a comprehensive explanation of how humanity moved from stagnation to growth. In addition, building on his lifetime's investigation, Galor provides in The Journey of Humanity a brilliant and extensive explanation of why some societies have been more successful than others in improving the wellbeing of their populations. This explanation, full of historical and anthropological color, is deeply rooted in a carefully crafted exploration of the institutional, cultural, and environmental context that different societies across the globe have been exposed over the centuries. Overall, Galor's book is a unique and masterful piece that everyone who is interested in the deep roots of the modern world must read. Javier Mejia is an economist at Stanford University, whose work focuses on the intersection between social networks and economic history. His interests extend to topics on entrepreneurship and political economy with a geographical specialty in Latin America and the Middle East. He received a Ph.D. in Economics from Los Andes University. He has been a Postdoctoral Associate and Lecturer at New York University--Abu Dhabi and a Visiting Scholar at the University of Bordeaux. He is a regular contributor to different news outlets. Currently, he is Forbes Magazine op-ed columnist. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/sociology
Nothing has had a more profound impact on the lives of humans than economic growth. Thus, understanding economic growth is, on its own, understanding the essence of humanity. This is the objective of The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality (Dutton, 2022) by Oded Galor. A fascinating book that explores the universal forces behind economic growth and prosperity. With a marvelous exhibition of historical context, empirical evidence, and theoretical insights, Galor provides a comprehensive explanation of how humanity moved from stagnation to growth. In addition, building on his lifetime's investigation, Galor provides in The Journey of Humanity a brilliant and extensive explanation of why some societies have been more successful than others in improving the wellbeing of their populations. This explanation, full of historical and anthropological color, is deeply rooted in a carefully crafted exploration of the institutional, cultural, and environmental context that different societies across the globe have been exposed over the centuries. Overall, Galor's book is a unique and masterful piece that everyone who is interested in the deep roots of the modern world must read. Javier Mejia is an economist at Stanford University, whose work focuses on the intersection between social networks and economic history. His interests extend to topics on entrepreneurship and political economy with a geographical specialty in Latin America and the Middle East. He received a Ph.D. in Economics from Los Andes University. He has been a Postdoctoral Associate and Lecturer at New York University--Abu Dhabi and a Visiting Scholar at the University of Bordeaux. He is a regular contributor to different news outlets. Currently, he is Forbes Magazine op-ed columnist. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/economics
Nothing has had a more profound impact on the lives of humans than economic growth. Thus, understanding economic growth is, on its own, understanding the essence of humanity. This is the objective of The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality (Dutton, 2022) by Oded Galor. A fascinating book that explores the universal forces behind economic growth and prosperity. With a marvelous exhibition of historical context, empirical evidence, and theoretical insights, Galor provides a comprehensive explanation of how humanity moved from stagnation to growth. In addition, building on his lifetime's investigation, Galor provides in The Journey of Humanity a brilliant and extensive explanation of why some societies have been more successful than others in improving the wellbeing of their populations. This explanation, full of historical and anthropological color, is deeply rooted in a carefully crafted exploration of the institutional, cultural, and environmental context that different societies across the globe have been exposed over the centuries. Overall, Galor's book is a unique and masterful piece that everyone who is interested in the deep roots of the modern world must read. Javier Mejia is an economist at Stanford University, whose work focuses on the intersection between social networks and economic history. His interests extend to topics on entrepreneurship and political economy with a geographical specialty in Latin America and the Middle East. He received a Ph.D. in Economics from Los Andes University. He has been a Postdoctoral Associate and Lecturer at New York University--Abu Dhabi and a Visiting Scholar at the University of Bordeaux. He is a regular contributor to different news outlets. Currently, he is Forbes Magazine op-ed columnist. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
GrowthChat is a podcast on the social and cultural journey of humankind, hosted by Marco Lecci and Sascha O. Becker. In this episode we chat with Oded Galor about his book "The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality". Oded, in a captivating journey from the dawn of human existence to the present offers an intriguing solution to two of humanity's great mysteries. A landmark, radically uplifting account of our species' progress from one of the world's pre-eminent thinkers - with breakthrough insights into the power of diversity and our capacity to tackle climate change. 'Completely brilliant and utterly original ... a book for our epoch' Jon Snow, former presenter Channel 4 News 'Astounding in scope and insight ... provides the keys to the betterment of our species' Nouriel Roubini, author of Crisis Economics 'A masterful sweep through the human odyssey ... if you liked Sapiens, you'll love this' Lewis Dartnell, author of Origins
Welcome to another season of your favourite podcast! We are starting off the season by exploring the many explanations of The Industrial Revolution with economic historian and writer Davis Kedrosky. You can learn more about Davis' work from his excellent newsletter here. You can also listen to this podcast through all the other options here. The transcript of the conversation is below.TRANSCRIPTTobi; So briefly, what is the Industrial Revolution? And what is its significance? I mean, we've all seen the charts, you see these different trend lines charting world living standards from the Middle Ages, and then somewhere in the middle 18th century, there's this huge jump, you know, that is generally termed as around the time the Industrial Revolution started. So what's the Industrial Revolution, basically? And why is it significant? Davis; Right. So I guess what you've asked here is two impossibly three questions. So what is the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution is actually multiple events, which is the bad historian answer. But essentially, you first have the British Industrial Revolution. This is a period that starts around 1760 and continues for about a century until 1860. That's sort of the standard periodization and basically consists of the structural transformation of one economy, the British economy, from a largely agrarian country to one based on manufacturing, especially in a couple of key sectors, those being textiles, iron, and various types of steam goods. So this event is transformative in a number of ways. It's not transformative, in that it brings about a titanic increase in living standards. Because really, for most of the period, living standards in Britain do not rise. It's significant because it is really the first true stirring of economic dynamism anywhere in the world, with the possible exception of the Netherlands in the 17th century. But in this case, in Britain, the industrial revolution is truly sustained. And that brings us to the second part of the question, what is the Industrial Revolution? Because there's first the British Industrial Revolution, and then a European and then a Global Industrial Revolution. By the middle of the 19th century, the technologies that sustain the British Industrial Revolution are spreading to the European continent, and Britain's rivals - France, Germany, parts of Eastern Europe, and Northern Europe and southern Europe - are all starting to take part. And this becomes a continental phenomenon. And this is occurring toward the middle and the latter half of the 19th century, eventually spreading to North America, and is based on new technologies. Primarily based on the application of science to the growth process. And this growth, unlike, perhaps the British industrial revolution, and certainly unlike any growth episode in world history was sustained. Because we are where we are today. It was the beginning of modern economic growth. And so that actually gets into why this episode is significant because it is the spontaneous transformation of a largely stagnant, slow-growing economy, perhaps less so in Britain, but certainly the case in Europe and the rest of the world until something that increasingly approach the relatively rapid pace that we're seeing today, and learn to apply technological advances in a consistent fashion to the improvement of human welfare.Tobi; I'm curious, yeah, like you said, the data is usually put somewhere around 1760, to about 1860, for the first Industrial Revolution. Why did it happen when it did? Because usually, you get two sides of this story, where some scholars will argue it was a really long, slow buildup; while you get the impression from some other scholars that was a sudden discontinuity from a previous, longer trend. So why that period in time, what was different?Davis; If I said that I believe that the Industrial Revolution was a discontinuity from a long trend, I would have historians barking at my door for the next year, and I, you know, might not ever have a career in this discipline. But what I will say is that there are a number of theories about why the industrial revolution happened and how it happens. And this paints me as a historian, but I think it's sort of irresponsible to settle on one. So I borrow from all of them. But I'll just, you know, for the benefit of the listener, I will lay out as many as I can, that I think are relevant. So I guess in the classic phase of the debate, starting in the 19th century when people realize starting with people like Karl Marx... realized that the changes that had been occurring over the previous century in the economy of Britain had been of truly historic magnitude. Two competing theories for why the industrial revolution happens: and I'm borrowing from Deirdre McCloskey here - the conservative approach, which is to say, basically capitalists saved, they were frugal, they built up a larger capital stock, and eventually learned to make whatever gains and growth that they were achieving self-perpetuating. And of course, more capital per person means more productivity, more productivity means greater income per head. So that's the conservative interpretation. The Socialist interpretation is that of Marx, which is that the industrial revolution is based on expropriation, that a process of force was involved in first, the primitive accumulation of capital by capitalists and by capitalist farmers; in dispossessing the peasantry from the countryside and driving them into the factories where they could serve as low wage labour. This increase the profits of the capitalists, and in turn created the self-perpetuating growth process that we are observing continuing today. Both of those continue to be influential, and certainly, their strains have been incorporated into the modern economic history discourse. But so far as we're concerned in talking about economic history, I think that there are really three main theories. And so one of them is definitely the slow growth over time take. And that's the unified growth theory of people like Oded Galor and David Weil, and they essentially argue that an evolutionary process occurs over time whereby a combination of selection and population growth leads to the accumulation of technologies, increase in the rate of innovation. And then this innovation in turn leads to economic growth. And that is also abetted by fertility transition, such that population growth is no longer correlated with economic growth. And that leads to a growth in income per head. Then we have... I think it's about the same year - the end of the first decade of this millennium, we had two theories that have really transformed economic history come out that really set the terms for the causes of the Industrial Revolution debate.The one that's been, I think, most influential among economists is that of Bob Allen. And in his book, The British Industrial Revolution and Global Perspective, he argues that Britain had a unique combination of factor prices - that wages were extremely high in Britain, and capital and energy were extremely cheap. And so what this led producers to do was to substitute labour for capital and also make innovations that would have this labour-saving effect by using lots of capital and energy. The prime example is the steam engine, which used cheap British coal to perform the work that would otherwise have been performed by muscle power. And so the continual creation of these labour-saving inventions is sort of the basis for the Industrial Revolution and increases worker productivity. This is the Allen theory. The Allen theory has received some very strong critiques. People like Jane Humphries and Judy Stevenson have really attacked the empirical basis of Allen's work. They've suggested that wages in Britain were not nearly as high as Allen had computed and that his series made some improper assumptions that led it to be inflated and this really changed the sorts of profits to technological innovation that Allen had to suppose would be driving this process. And so that's where the Allen theory stands today. It's sort of the cleanest mechanism for describing the industrial revolution in an economic sense, but it faces some factual challenges. The other one that occurred about the same time is that of Joel Mokyr. He wrote a book called The Enlightened Economy, I believe in 2009, in which he argued that it was rather ideas rather than economic incentives that led to the transformation of Britain. That it was industrial enlightenment that occurred, and a culture of improvement that swept Britain and led many people of the intellectual class of the country to start taking an interest in practical matters, devising innovations that would improve society, that would make doing practical tasks easier, and then crucially, sharing them with the people around them in a sort of Republic of Letters - in which intellectuals across England and across the continent all communicated to iterate upon each other's technical ideas. And this, in turn, provided the creative spark for modern economic growth and crucially incorporates the sort of scientific aspects that is the foundation of the second or European Industrial Revolution. These are the two main competing theories and people like Nicholas Crafts have attempted to synthesize them into a single argument suggesting that, you know, one explains the demand and one explains the supply of inventions. But others hold that they're incompatible. But you can kind of pick and choose your favourite aspects as Crafts did.Tobi; Yeah, I mean, I get that. But from a global perspective, you're looking at other parts of the world like India, Africa. There are other - I'd say, maybe within the economic history profession - not so popular, but quite popular with the lay public. For example, the institutionalist view of Acemoglu and Robinson who claim in their book and also in some of their papers that the Glorious Revolution laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution. That's one, I'll like you to address some critiques of that. And secondly, what's the difference between Galor's Unified Growth Theory and sort of the Neo Malthusian story that people like Gregory Clark are constructing?Davis; Okay, I'll start with the Acemoglu and Robinson theory about the Glorious Revolution. So [what] they essentially argue is that the Glorious Revolution is a watershed event that turns England into a participatory democracy, in which people are free to possess, transfer and use private property without fear of expropriation from the supposedly tyrannical monarchy that existed beforehand. And in the institutionalist view, the security of property rights and participatory democracy are both crucial for economic growth because they allow people to transfer assets to their most productive uses. And these sort of efficiency gains also lead to investment and modern economic growth is supposed to follow from that. Yeah, so Acemoglu and Robinson are sorts of making a distinction between inclusive and extractive institutions. Extractive institutions are supposed to be the sort of, European and broadly global pattern whereby elites have no incentive to promote economic growth and do not allow participation by the common citizen in the political discourse. Whereas inclusive institutions are very much the exception but are established in Britain in the sense that I've previously described, in both the economic and political spheres.They allege that, and I quote, "the industrial revolution started and made its biggest strides in England because of her uniquely inclusive economic institutions. These, in turn, were built on the foundations laid by the inclusive political institutions brought about by the Glorious Revolution, and that they gave man of talent and vision such as James Watt, the opportunity and incentive to develop their skills and ideas and influence the system in ways that benefited them and the nation". So yeah, that's the Acemoglu and Robinson view. Um... I'm not so fond of this one. Tobi; Why? Davis; I have to be careful because there are many people who see a sort of, attack on Acemoglu and Robinson, or even a critique of Acemoglu and Robinson as a critique of institutionalism itself, and I am by no means an anti institutionalist. Because I mean, it's painfully obvious that institutions are extremely important in explaining differential development. But some empirical flaws with the Acemoglu and Robinson contention, especially in its "Why Nations Fail" iteration is that the Glorious Revolution really didn't actually bring about the sort of sweeping political changes that they suppose occurred. British Parliament was still corrupt, the electorate was tiny and dominated by landed elites rather than merchants. Certainly, industrialists come [in the] early part of the 18th century. So those sorts of sweeping changes couldn't really have had a very big influence on the beginning of Britain's economic transformation. Second of all, Parliaments just do not guarantee economic growth anyway, there are plenty of examples of Parliaments filled with wealth holders and merchants who use their political powers in order to just extract rents from the economy at large. So this happens in places like Poland, for example, where parliament is so strong that the ruler cannot issue any legislation without its consent. But that power is then used by the Polish parliament to support the feudal rights of landowners over their serfs and that leads to agricultural stagnation rather than economic growth. So parliament is not necessarily the keystone of economic transformation. Finally, private property in England was already quite secure by the time of the Glorious Revolution. And that event did not bring about any kind of radical transformation in the way that property was treated in England. The Bill of Rights that was passed in 1689 did not impose any limits on Parliament's ability to confiscate property. So you basically see the replacement of the monarch's despotic power over property such as it existed, which was in curtailed form by Parliament. So it's not clear to me that you can attach an economic discontinuity to a political discontinuity in this way. I mean, indeed, in the century following the Glorious Revolution, there really isn't an economic discontinuity. There is perhaps an acceleration in the rate at which the British population is moving out of agriculture, but that had been occurring for over a century in Britain. Those are some of the main difficulties with the Acemoglu and Robinson theory. Then I believe you asked about...um...Tobi; Yeah, Greg Clark and...Davis; Right. So this is not an area that I've really worked with very much. And by the way, there are a number of iterations on the Unified Growth Theory. But as best as I understand it, unified growth theory is concerned with the sort of, the transition between a Malthusian regime and a post-Malthusian regime through the lens of the demographic transition and the returns to innovation. And in their model, population growth tends to increase the rate of technological progress, and technological progress, in turn, increases the returns to investing in human capital. And there's sort of a positive feedback loop between investment in human capital and the rate of technological growth, which has the additional effect of decreasing fertility and a sort of quality versus quantity trade-off. Clark's hypothesis is a little bit different. So Clarke, as I recall, argues most famously in the Farewell to Arms, sorry, A Farewell to Alms. (That is quite a slip there). His argument there is that, basically, the differential reproductive rates of the wealthy lead people of their habits and mindset to become the dominant subset of the population in certain advanced regions, and their behaviour - the behaviour that made them wealthy - is sort of the basis for growth-inducing economic interaction. Those are the main differences. I guess they don't interact with one another that directly, in my point of view.Tobi; So I mean, as long as we are interrogating several theories of the causes of the Industrial Revolution, I read McCloskey's trilogy, right? And I mean, she spent a lot of time criticizing all these other theories about the causes of the Great Enrichment, as she called it. And at the end of the day, she basically, well, I'm not an expert, but in my opinion, she resorted to a bit of a sleight of hand as well, which is to say that well, the cause of this Great Enrichment is liberalism. The spread of freedom, and basically attributed that to luck. Do you buy that? And how does that differ from say, Acemoglu and Robinson, you know... Feels a bit arbitrary.Davis; As I understand it, liberalism is only a part of the McCloskey hypothesis. There's also an aspect to which it has to do with the spread of the bourgeois virtues among the people of Britain and an economic mentality that had not previously existed, and that these sorts of behaviours are the key to an efficiently transacting and innovating culture. Yeah, so there's not just liberalism uber alles. But as far as liberalism is concerned, it's clearly not a sufficient condition for economic growth, it has to be combined to be even beneficial with certain kinds of state capacity such as the provision of some kinds of basic essential services, especially infrastructure, and the provision of social overhead capital in order for the benefits of industrialization not to be winnowed away. I mean, a good example is Britain, in fact, where certain kinds of laissez-faire behaviour by the state are actually detrimental to the British economy. British cities grow much too fast for their infrastructure, and in many ways, they really are the sort of hives of scum, filth, and overcrowding they're drawn up as in your standard Charles Dickens novel. And part of the reason for that is because much of the investment in public infrastructure was shunted away from the state and toward private individuals and this process did not occur as seamlessly as it might have. And so, you know, there's poor sanitation, improper access to good drinking water, inadequate housing stocks, and all these social bads, actually, probably, reduced the rate of economic growth. So if liberalism is to be helpful, it has to be an appendage of a larger growth process. And I really do not think it's either sufficient or necessary for industrialization. You can look straight to one of the foremost industrializing countries of the last four decades in China, where industrialization has occurred apace in, really, the absence of political liberalism. And you can make arguments about whether that growth will be sustained. But there is certainly dynamism and there is certainly an improvement in per capita living standards and convergence with the West. You can even make the argument for Soviet Russia and its early years as Bob Allen has - that from about the late 1920s until 1970, Soviet Russia under a planning regime grew quickly enough to have some measure of convergence with the West, and certainly an increase in living standards.Tobi; Two final questions before I let you go. One of which would be, as you mentioned in the introduction, after the 1760 or thereabout event, a lot of economies in Europe, France, and of course, Germany, caught up with the British economy and, of course, by the end of the Second World War, America had become the preeminent global economic power. Why did the British economy decline?Davis; That's a question that some economic historians don't accept at all, and that I'm hoping to explore in the relatively near future. But the old Edwardian argument that Britain has just matured, and that it's had its spell as the leading industrial nation, but there are inevitable limits to growth, and that they've reached the limit of their possibilities and handed over the torch to the United States and to Britain's European rivals. You know, the answer here is obviously a little bit more complicated. But one of the standard responses is to say, well, the kind of growth that Britain experienced from 1760 to 1860, was of a fundamentally different character than that that made the United States and Western Central Europe successful during the 19th century. And that's basically down to this distinction between tinkering and engineering-based innovation that is responsible for the creation of many of the main inventions of the British Industrial Revolution and the application of science to technology, drives innovation during the Second Industrial Revolution. So in the first industrial revolution, you see, particularly in the textile sector, a range of innovations arising from learning by doing, from people within the industry solving problems that occur to them in the production process and making incremental improvements, really, without the aid of any kind of formal knowledge. Not all of these improvements are incremental, like inventions like the flying shuttle, the water frame, the spinning jenny, all these things bring about colossal improvements in productivity, and they make Britain by 1850 the world's leading textile exporter, but none of them required deep formal knowledge of how to construct machinery of the physics of the engineering process. Whereas by the end of the 19th century, some of the leading sectors like steel, electricity, the construction of automobiles, chemicals, all of these industries require significant scientific knowledge in order to advance to an appreciable degree. So there's the argument that Britain's success in tinkering-based innovation-led it to undervalue the importance of investment in human capital, specifically through an education system. And consequently, there was sort of an inadequate generation of young scientists and professional engineers coming through the ranks just at the time when they were most needed in transitioning the British economy toward the modern industries that we're taking hold in Germany and the United States. That's probably true to an extent. But there's also a degree to which Britain is simply following its comparative advantage in other kinds of industries in the face of the industrialization of the United States and the Central European powers. Britain is always going to have an advantage in the provision of financial services and shipping, and that is really one of the directions that the British economy takes in the years before World War One. And so the economic historian Simon Carly has argued that this isn't senescence, this is not the ageing and stagnation of the British economy, but really a movement in a new direction to conform with her resource possibilities and comparative advantages. Obviously, the United States is always going to have a much larger advantage in heavy resource-based industrialization, because of the massive reserves of ores, minerals, timber at its disposal.Tobi; Final question before I let you go, if we look at contemporary economic growth and policies, especially in countries that are still behind income-wise, what can we learn from the Industrial Revolution? Because a lot of people project different things depending on the causal story that they buy, or that they want to believe. Advocates of industrialization and the East Asian style of industrial policy take different lessons, people who favour the Institutionalists also use that to give their own sort of policy advice. People who favour liberalism will say, well, it's about political freedom. So what are we supposed to learn from the Industrial Revolution, so to speak, does that particular period of history have anything to teach us at all?Davis; You and every sort of public, economic intellectual in every country that has tried to develop ever since the Industrial Revolution wonders the same thing. And the thing that's really interesting and unique about the British Industrial Revolution is not just that it's the first of its kind, but that it's the only Industrial Revolution that occurs without a model. Because every other industrialization process in history looked back on the British experience, and said, you know, we should imitate this aspect and that aspect. And that where Britain has been successful, we should expect to be successful too. They've taken Britain's successes and applied them to their own, to some extent. The British Industrial Revolution is unique because there is no precedent, there is no model for what occurred. It really did happen spontaneously, because even though there may have been some elements in the British government that wanted to promote economic growth, that's the famous mercantilism of the 17th and 18th centuries and really, one of the reasons why Adam Smith writes his great book, The Wealth of Nations in 1776, is because these are all people interested in making the country wealthier. But they had no idea that industrialization was sort of what could or would follow. And so, in terms of the lessons that we can draw from this, they are to some extent limited. We know that because of the degree to which all of these countries that have attempted to follow the British model have either successfully or unsuccessfully failed to do so. The United States, for example, was moderately successful at industrializing, say, in New England, along British lines, but immensely successful in going its own way in a variety of Heavy Industries toward the end of the 19th century. Partly because of the simple scale, but also because of the human capital and skill advantages that we've been talking about. You know, it's quite reasonable to argue that many of the East Asian countries would have struggled to industrialize in the spontaneous fashion that Britain did because they were situated in a position in the global economy in which they did not have a comparative advantage in the industries that would end up transforming them until they employed industrial policy in order to break free and to get out of low level local agrarian traps. And I know that people will shout at me and say that Meiji Japan was already growing prior to the world wars. But I don't think it was necessarily true that Meiji Japan was set to grow in the spectacular fashion that Japan did after 1945. But all this is debatable. But what is certainly true from the British example, is that it demonstrates, in some respects, the extent to which a different combination of political liberalism and state capacity can make a difference in producing some economic separation. So if you have the right political economy, by comparison with your neighbours, you can have a bit of a growth advantage. This is not to say that if you have had Britain's political economy from the 18th century, you would somehow grow faster today. Rather, if you had Britain's advantage in political economy, you might have. But in my opinion, and this is not to sound too down, the genesis of the Industrial Revolution is primarily in the long process of the transformation of productive forces from the 16th century onward. And no hand was taken really by any institution in shaping them. And that spontaneity, and that mystery really, is what makes the Industrial Revolution so interesting. And so also just why it has been so difficult to copy. And why nations that have intentionally industrialized have needed to find their own recipes for doing so.Tobi; Finally, what are you working on right now? And why are you excited about it?Davis; Yeah, so I'm planning on obviously continuing with my Substack and blog, I never really know what to call it. I don't know if it's a newsletter or a blog, or what? I guess it just depends on...Tobi; I think it's both. Davis; Yeah, I guess it depends on how you access it. But yeah, I've got a couple of projects in various stages of production. I have an economic history paper that is presumably being refereed at the moment, so we'll see how that's received and whether major transformations will be needed to bring that toward publication. And then I also am in some of the very early stages of what could be an exciting project in Canadian economic history. But I don't want to reveal too much about that at the present. I'm not exactly like throwing spaghetti at the wall and hoping that it sticks because I have way too much time in order to, sort of, incentivise desperation like that.But I do think it's, at this point, beneficial to engage in a diverse array of possibilities for work that I can consider doing.Tobi; It's been great talking to you, Davis, and I wish you all the best.Davis; Yeah, thanks. Fun conversation. This is a public episode. Get access to private episodes at www.ideasuntrapped.com/subscribe
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