Podcasts about Unclean

Read OnlineWhen Jesus came down from the mountain, great crowds followed him. And then a leper approached, did him homage, and said, “Lord, if you wish, you can make me clean.” He stretched out his hand, touched him, and said, “I will do it. Be made clean.” His leprosy was cleansed immediately. Matthew 8:1–3After leading the Israelites out of Egypt, God gave Moses not only the Ten Commandments but also laws governing daily life, including regulations on ritual purity. Among these were strict laws regarding leprosy, a contagious and incurable disease at the time. Lepers were forbidden to touch anyone, were isolated from the community, barred from worship, and required to cry out “Unclean, unclean” when approaching others. Beyond preventing disease, these laws had a deeper spiritual meaning: leprosy became a symbol of sin, which defiles the soul and separates us from the holiness of God, necessitating divine purification.In today's Gospel, Jesus fulfills and transcends the requirements of the Mosaic Law by touching and healing a leper. Under the Law, contact with a leper rendered a person unclean, yet Christ's divine power reverses this order. The leper's touch does not defile Jesus; instead, it purifies the leper. In this miraculous act, Jesus reveals a deeper spiritual reality: it is only through His touch of divine grace that sinners are truly cleansed and restored to communion with God. No longer does impurity separate man from holiness; rather, in Christ, holiness overcomes impurity, offering reconciliation and healing to all who seek Him in faith.The scene unfolds immediately after Jesus concludes His Sermon on the Mount and descends from the mountain. This imagery echoes Moses descending from Mount Sinai after receiving the Ten Commandments. Yet, while Moses brought down a law written on stone, Jesus, the new and greater Moses, descends not merely as a lawgiver but as the very embodiment of the New Covenant. In Him, the Law is not only taught but fulfilled and perfected. Whereas the Mosaic Law prescribed ritual separation from impurity, Christ now draws near to the unclean, extending the Divine Mercy that alone can fully restore and sanctify.The leper perfectly models how we ought to approach Jesus and the New Law of grace. He does not demand healing, nor even explicitly ask for it; rather, he simply professes faith in who Jesus is and what He can do: “Lord, if you wish, you can make me clean.” In addressing Jesus as “Lord,” the leper acknowledges His divine authority, recognizing Him not merely as a miracle-worker, but as the One who has dominion over sickness, impurity, and all creation. Furthermore, the leper displays not only trust in Jesus' power but also surrender to His divine will. He does not presume to dictate the outcome but submits himself entirely to the Lord's mercy.Too often, we approach God with a kind of spiritual wish list, treating prayer as a means of securing our desires rather than aligning ourselves with His will. Like the leper, we must transform our prayer from self-centered petitions to acts of faith and trust. First, we acknowledge God's sovereignty—that He alone is the all-powerful Lord, capable of healing every wound and forgiving every sin. Second, we surrender completely to His will, trusting that He knows and desires what is best for us. How beautiful it is to pray, “Lord, if You wish…” or “Lord, as You will…”—a prayer that reflects a petition Jesus had just taught on the mountain: “Thy will be done.”Reflect today on this humble leper and the example he sets for perfect prayer. We do not need to convince God to help us; He desires it far more than we do. Call to mind those areas of your life that, like leprosy of old, separate you from God and His Church, leaving you in need of His healing grace. Entrust your wounds to the Lord with humility and trust, laying them before His mercy. Seek Him in prayer and especially in the Sacrament of Reconciliation, and like the leper, you too will hear Him say, “I will do it. Be made clean.”Lord of perfect mercy, You desire my cleansing far more than I do, and You alone can accomplish it. Like the leper, I profess my faith in You as the New Moses, the Perfect Lawgiver, and the Divine Healer. All that You say and do is holy, restoring my soul and leading me to life. I surrender myself entirely to You—my wounds, my sins, my weaknesses. Let Your will alone be done in me, O Lord, for through Your touch, I find my healing and peace. Jesus, I trust in You.Image: Georg Pencz, CC0, via Wikimedia CommonsSource: Free RSS feed from catholic-daily-reflections.com — Copyright © 2026 My Catholic Life! Inc. All rights reserved. This content is provided solely for personal, non-commercial use. Redistribution, republication, or commercial use — including use within apps with advertising — is strictly prohibited without written permission.

Luke now writes to Theophilus that Jesus left Nazareth to go down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee. Jesus continues teaching in the synagogue there on the sabbath.Luke shows there - a man there who had a spirit of an unclean demon. Luke 4:33-34.Dr. Mitchell then points out that there is no doubt in hell nor in Heaven who Jesus is but only among the people of thisearth. It is man who has the most difficulty in believing in the person of the Lord Jesus Christ, that He is indeed the Holy One of God, who is so because He is God in the flesh.The demon knew Jesus as a man being from Nazareth, the city where Jesus was raised from a youth.Jesus doesn't allow demons to proclaim who He is. Dr. Mitchell proclaims Jesus, on the Unchanging Word Bible Broadcast, Luke 4:31.

How does one approach difficult problems and issues in the church? Do they see how each part relates to the whole or simply attack the problem directly? In his sermon on Romans 14:13–15 titled “Clean or Unclean?” Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones calls for paying attention to the apostle Paul's method in dealing with one of the premier problems in the early church. After one pays attention to the apostle's method, they also need to follow his teaching. Dr. Lloyd-Jones brings out the Lord's teaching on loving one another and combines it with Paul's words found in Romans. As the church disagrees on matters indifferent – like whether a Christian should eat meat – the love commandment becomes all the more appropriate. One's opinions, says Dr. Lloyd-Jones, may be right but if they have forgotten love for their fellow Christian then the right opinion may be a cause of serious trouble. But what is the apostle Paul's teaching on clean and unclean food? Are Christians prohibited from eating certain foods? Listen as Dr. Lloyd-Jones navigates the intricacies of the Mosaic Law and the tension of the early church between Jew and Gentile.

How does one approach difficult problems and issues in the church? Do they see how each part relates to the whole or simply attack the problem directly? In his sermon on Romans 14:13–15 titled “Clean or Unclean?” Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones calls for paying attention to the apostle Paul's method in dealing with one of the premier problems in the early church. After one pays attention to the apostle's method, they also need to follow his teaching. Dr. Lloyd-Jones brings out the Lord's teaching on loving one another and combines it with Paul's words found in Romans. As the church disagrees on matters indifferent – like whether a Christian should eat meat – the love commandment becomes all the more appropriate. One's opinions, says Dr. Lloyd-Jones, may be right but if they have forgotten love for their fellow Christian then the right opinion may be a cause of serious trouble. But what is the apostle Paul's teaching on clean and unclean food? Are Christians prohibited from eating certain foods? Listen as Dr. Lloyd-Jones navigates the intricacies of the Mosaic Law and the tension of the early church between Jew and Gentile. To support this ministry financially, visit: https://www.oneplace.com/donate/603/29?v=20251111

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A pure red heifer for purification? Come Bible Study WITH ME through Numbers 19 and ask all the questions!

How does one approach difficult problems and issues in the church? Do they see how each part relates to the whole or simply attack the problem directly? In his sermon on Romans 14:13–15 titled “Clean or Unclean?” Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones calls for paying attention to the apostle Paul's method in dealing with one of the premier problems in the early church. After one pays attention to the apostle's method, they also need to follow his teaching. Dr. Lloyd-Jones brings out the Lord's teaching on loving one another and combines it with Paul's words found in Romans. As the church disagrees on matters indifferent – like whether a Christian should eat meat – the love commandment becomes all the more appropriate. One's opinions, says Dr. Lloyd-Jones, may be right but if they have forgotten love for their fellow Christian then the right opinion may be a cause of serious trouble. But what is the apostle Paul's teaching on clean and unclean food? Are Christians prohibited from eating certain foods? Listen as Dr. Lloyd-Jones navigates the intricacies of the Mosaic Law and the tension of the early church between Jew and Gentile. To support this ministry financially, visit: https://www.oneplace.com/donate/603/29?v=20251111

Leviticus 11:1-25Mark 7:14-23 Clean-unclean: The need to be clean (Leviticus: Drawing near to God) Roger Cunningham

7 takeaways from this study Take your “wilderness” seasons seriously. Times of isolation, sickness, or loss can become holy ground where God has your undivided attention. Ask Him what He is teaching you, not only what He is removing. Treat both body and soul. When facing long-term illness or patterns like addiction, pursue wise medical help and also ask: “What is going on in my heart, habits, relationships, and walk with God?” Guard your tongue. Miriam and Gehazi show how slander, complaint, and deceit can become “spiritual toxins.” Make repentance for sinful speech as real and specific as you would for any outward act. Dedicate what you hear, do, and where you go. The ear, hand, and foot imagery invites a daily prayer: “Lord, cleanse and direct what I listen to, what I put my hands to, and the paths I choose today.” Let your healing deepen your calling. The cleansed leper is not only restored but symbolically “near-priestly.” When God brings you through a trial, ask how your story can now serve others in practical, humble ways. Do not waste your outsider experiences. Like the four lepers in 2 Kings 7, the places where you were most rejected or desperate may become the very places God uses you to bring good news and provision to others. Respond with obedience and gratitude, not just relief. The ten lepers in Luke 17 remind us: it is possible to receive God's mercy and then move on. Make a habit of returning in worship, obeying His instructions, and giving Him glory publicly. Biblical “leprosy” functions as more than a medical label. In Scripture, צָרַעַת ṣāraʿat/tzara’at exposes both physical affliction and spiritual condition. Leviticus 13–14 establishes the basic categories and rituals. Historical narratives in 2 Kings and the Gospels then illustrate how God uses lepers and leprosy to reveal sin, grant cleansing, and redirect lives. Leviticus 14 shows that the ritual for the “leper in the day of his cleansing” (Leviticus 14:2 NASB95) applies after physical restoration has already occurred. The ceremony therefore emphasizes spiritual realities. Later accounts in 2Kings 7, Luke 17, and Mark 1 further develop the connection between outward disease and inner life. Leprosy in Leviticus: Broad and ritual, not narrowly clinical Leviticus 13–14 describes tzāraʿat in terms of color, depth, spread, and duration. The text speaks of white hair, raw flesh, reddish or greenish marks, and deeper depressions in the skin (Leviticus 13:2–8, 18–25). The vocabulary allows many modern skin conditions — such as eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, or other chronic dermatoses — to fall within its scope. Consequently, ṣāraʿat in Leviticus functions primarily as a ritual and covenantal classification rather than a precise clinical diagnosis like modern Hansen's disease. The passage focuses on whether the condition renders the individual טָמֵא ṭāmēʼ (unclean) or טָהוֹר ṭāhôr (clean), not on identifying a specific pathogen. In addition, priestly involvement centers on examination and declaration. The priest observes, isolates, re-examines, and then pronounces clean or unclean (Leviticus 13:3, 13:13, 13:17). The priest does not apply medical treatment. This division of roles underscores the ritual and spiritual focus of the legislation. Isolation outside the camp: Loss and direct encounter Once declared unclean, the person with ṣāraʿat must live “alone; his dwelling shall be outside the camp” (Leviticus 13:46 NASB95). Clothing is torn. The head is uncovered. The upper lip is covered. The leper must cry out “Unclean! Unclean!” (Leviticus 13:45). These actions publicly mark the condition and prevent casual contact. Practically, such isolation strips a person of home, normal relationships, and community worship. Family connections become distant, often literally. Daily survival may depend on food left at a distance by compassionate relatives or neighbors. The social cost mirrors the spiritual reality of being separated from the holy presence in the camp. At the same time, this separation places the leper in a kind of wilderness space, separated from community structures. Human mediators can only pronounce, not cure. In this setting, dependence on יי רֹפְאֵנוּ Adonai Rofeinu (the LORD our Healer) becomes central. If healing comes, it comes from God Himself. In this way, the “outside the camp” experience embodies both judgment and opportunity for direct encounter. Physical and spiritual dimensions of disease Biblical material often links physical conditions with inner states without denying natural causes. Emotions, patterns of sin, and spiritual dynamics interact with bodily health. For instance, prolonged anger and anxiety can aggravate stomach ulcers or gallbladder problems. Psalm 32:3–4 portrays unconfessed sin in terms of bodily wasting: “When I kept silent about my sin, my body wasted away… my vitality was drained away as with the fever heat of summer” (NASB95). Here inner guilt and physical experience intertwine. Modern examples follow the same pattern. Alcoholism, while classified as a disease, frequently arises from deep emotional wounds, trauma, or despair. In biblical categories, such factors involve the לֵב lēv (heart) and the רוּחַ rūakh (spirit). Chronic destructive habits grow out of damaged inner life as well as physical predisposition. Consequently, long-term conditions—such as addictions, some chronic illnesses, or persistent psychosomatic complaints—often display both physical and spiritual dimensions. Addressing only the physical symptoms may leave the root issues untouched. When this occurs, patterns can recur, intensify, or shift into alternate forms. Leviticus 14: Cleansing after healing Leviticus 14 opens with a clear temporal statement: “This shall be the law of the leper in the day of his cleansing” (Leviticus 14:2 NASB95). The ritual begins only after the visible disease has ceased. The priest “shall go out to the outside of the camp; thus the priest shall look, and if the infection of leprosy has been healed in the leper” (Leviticus 14:3). Only then does the ceremony proceed. The ritual includes: Two live clean birds Cedar wood (עֵץ אֶרֶז ʿēṣ ʼerez) Scarlet string or material (שָׁנִי תוֹלָעַת šānî tôlāʿat – scarlet) Hyssop (אֵזוֹב ʼēzov) An earthenware vessel over “living water” (fresh, running water) Later, sacrifices of a guilt offering, sin offering, burnt offering, and grain offering Application of blood and oil to the cleansed person One bird is slaughtered over the living water. The blood and water mix in the vessel. The living bird, cedar, scarlet, and hyssop are dipped in the mixture. The priest sprinkles the person seven times and then releases the live bird in the open field (Leviticus 14:4–7). The individual then washes, shaves, and enters a staged process of re-entry. These procedures do not function as medical therapies. They do not administer herbs, balms, or diet. Instead, they act as symbolic actions that declare cleansing, atonement, and new consecration. Physical healing has already occurred. The ceremony publicly acknowledges this healing and integrates the person back into the worshiping community with a heightened spiritual significance. Connections to Passover, Atonement, priesthood and nazarite vows The elements in Leviticus 14 echo several major biblical themes. First, the use of hyssop and blood recalls Passover. In Exodus 12:22, Israel takes a bunch of hyssop, dips it in the blood, and applies it to the lintel and doorposts. The LORD passes over the homes marked by blood (Exodus 12:23). In that event, deliverance does not depend on prior holiness. The people remain as they are, sheltered by the blood. Salvation comes as a gift. Second, the two-bird pattern parallels the two goats of the Day of Atonement. On Yom Kippur, one goat is sacrificed. The other, the scapegoat, bears the iniquities of Israel into the wilderness (Leviticus 16:7–10, 20–22). The live bird released in Leviticus 14:7 reflects similar symbolism. Guilt and impurity are carried away. The person stands cleared in God's sight. Third, the procedure copies the anointing of priests. At Aaron's ordination, Moses puts blood “on the lobe of Aaron's right ear and on the thumb of his right hand and on the big toe of his right foot” (Leviticus 8:23 NASB95). The same pattern applies to Aaron's sons (Leviticus 8:24). In Leviticus 14:14–17, the cleansed person receives blood and oil on these same points. This alignment indicates a movement toward priestly-like consecration. Fourth, the shaving of all hair resembles Nazarite transitions. A נָזִיר nāzîr (Nazarite) grows hair during a vow period (Numbers 6:5). At completion, the Nazarite shaves the head and presents offerings (Numbers 6:18). In Leviticus 14:8–9, the former leper shaves head, beard, eyebrows, and all body hair twice. This suggests a complete reset and renewed dedication. Taken together, these resonances bind leper-cleansing to: Passover (protective blood and undeserved rescue) Yom Kippur (removal of iniquity and cleansing of intentional sin) Priesthood (set-apart service between God and people) Nazarite vow (special consecration and surrendered life) The restored person thus moves from total exclusion to a status that symbolically approaches priestly consecration. Ear, hand, and foot: Hearing, doing, walking The specific locations of blood and oil carry clear symbolic meaning. In both priestly ordination and leper cleansing, the sequence appears: Right ear lobe Right thumb Right big toe The right ear represents hearing. With blood and oil applied, the hearing life is cleansed and consecrated. The individual is marked to listen to God's word, not merely to surrounding voices. The right thumb represents action and work. Hands grasp tools, perform tasks, give, and receive. Blood and oil on the thumb declare that deeds now belong to God's service. The right big toe represents movement and direction. Feet choose paths. They either walk in God's ways or stray. The consecrated toe indicates that future journeys should align with holiness. By repeating this pattern over a once-unclean person, the text assigns a new quality to daily life. Every sound taken in, every act performed, and every path chosen stands under the sign of cleansing and dedication. Thus, the ritual does not simply restore social status. It reorients the entire life. Speech, sin, and leprosy: Miriam and Gehazi Several narrative passages explicitly associate leprosy with moral failures, especially in speech and covetousness. Miriam and Aaron speak against Moses “because of the Cushite woman whom he had married” (Numbers 12:1 NASB95). God defends Moses and confronts them. After the cloud departs from over the tent, “Miriam was leprous, as white as snow” (Numbers 12:10). The judgment directly follows her misuse of the tongue. Moses intercedes, and Miriam endures seven days outside the camp before restoration (Numbers 12:13–15). Gehazi, servant of Elisha, covets and lies. After Naaman the Aramean receives healing from leprosy, Elisha refuses payment (2 Kings 5:15–16). Gehazi secretly pursues Naaman, invents a story to secure silver and garments, and hides them. Elisha exposes the deceit. Then he declares, “Therefore, the leprosy of Naaman shall cling to you and your descendants forever” (2Kings 5:27 NASB95). Gehazi “went out from his presence a leper as white as snow.” In both accounts, leprosy functions as visible confirmation of inner failure — slander and rebellion in Miriam's case, greed and deceit in Gehazi's. These histories do not cover every case of ṣāraʿat. They do, however, establish that Scripture sometimes presents leprosy as a direct, divinely appointed sign of moral and spiritual breakdown. The four lepers of 2Kings 7: Freedom and leadership from the margins 2Kings 6–7 presents another major leprosy-related narrative. Samaria faces siege from the king of Aram. Famine grows so intense that some resort to cannibalism (2Kings 6:28–29). The king of Israel blames Elisha and contemplates his death (2Kings 6:31). Outside the city gate sit four lepers (2Kings 7:3). They analyze their situation. Staying where they are means death. Entering the city also means death by famine. Approaching the Aramean camp may result in death by the sword but also carries a faint possibility of mercy and food. They decide, “Let us go over to the camp of the Arameans” (2 Kings 7:4 NASB95). When they arrive, the camp stands empty. The Lord has caused the Arameans to hear a great noise “like the sound of chariots… and of a great army,” so they flee, abandoning tents, horses, donkeys, and supplies (2Kings 7:6–7). The lepers eat and drink. They take silver, gold, and clothing and hide them (2Kings 7:8). After some time, conscience awakens. They say, “We are not doing right. This day is a day of good news, but we are keeping silent” (2Kings 7:9 NASB95). They return to the city gate and report their findings. Ultimately, the people stream out, plunder the camp, and food prices drop dramatically, in fulfillment of Elisha's earlier word (2Kings 7:16–18). Here, unhealed lepers become pivotal agents in God's deliverance. Their social exclusion places them outside the besieged city. That marginal position gives them freedom of movement no one inside the walls possesses. Their desperate choice to walk toward supposed death leads to life for an entire population. Thus, people marked as unclean and expendable end up as the first recipients and then heralds of “good news.” Their path out to the enemy camp becomes the route others must follow to find provision. Leprosy in the Gospels: Healing, obedience and gratitude The Gospels include several accounts of lepers approaching Yeshua (Ἰησοῦς Iēsous – Jesus). In Mark 1:40–45, a leper kneels and says, “If You are willing, You can make me clean” (Mark 1:40 NASB95). Moved with compassion, Jesus touches him and says, “I am willing; be cleansed” (Mark 1:41). The leprosy leaves immediately. Jesus then “sternly warned him” and says, “See that you say nothing to anyone; but go, show yourself to the priest and offer for your cleansing what Moses commanded, as a testimony to them” (Mark 1:43–44). Nevertheless, the man goes out and “began to proclaim it freely,” with the result that Jesus can no longer openly enter a city (Mark 1:45). In Luke 17:11–19, ten lepers stand at a distance and cry out, “Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!” (Luke 17:13 NASB95). He tells them, “Go and show yourselves to the priests.” As they go, they are cleansed (Luke 17:14). One, a Samaritan, returns, glorifies God, and falls at Jesus' feet in gratitude (Luke 17:15–16). Jesus observes that only this “foreigner” has returned to give glory to God and says, “Your faith has made you well” (Luke 17:18–19). These passages add several layers. First, they confirm that Jesus honors Torah by directing cleansed lepers to priests and prescribed offerings. The rituals of Leviticus 14 retain their place as public testimony. Second, they distinguish between simple physical cleansing and deeper responses of obedience and worship. The man in Mark receives healing but disregards Jesus' explicit command to keep silent. The nine lepers in Luke receive cleansing but do not return in thanksgiving. Only the Samaritan combines obedience (going to the priest) with heartfelt gratitude and God-centered praise. Integrated pattern: Outward disease and inner reality Across Torah, Prophets, and Gospels, leprosy appears in a consistent pattern. In Leviticus, ṣāraʿat marks severe impurity and requires exclusion from the camp, yet it also opens the way to a profound ritual of atonement and consecration once healing occurs. In historical books, leprosy sometimes functions as a direct judgment on sins such as slander, rebellion, greed, and deception. In 2Kings 7, lepers become instruments of salvation for others while still bearing their disease. In the Gospels, lepers receive both healing and instructions that test obedience, gratitude, and witness. The physical condition therefore serves as a visible signpost. It reveals inner realities, exposes the seriousness of sin and uncleanness, and highlights God's power to cleanse and reassign identities. Leviticus 14, with its echoes of Passover, Yom Kippur, priesthood, and Nazarite vows, presents a restored leper not merely as a re-included citizen but as a person with intensified calling. Ear, hand, and foot are marked for God. The one who once cried “Unclean” now carries a distinctive imprint of cleansing and dedication. At the same time, narratives warn that if spiritual lessons remain unlearned, patterns repeat. Samaria experiences temporary relief in 2 Kings 7 but later falls due to ongoing idolatry (2Kings 17:7–23). Individuals like Miriam and Gehazi receive stark reminders that words and motives matter. The New Testament further indicates that some afflictions may remain even in faithful servants (2 Corinthians 12:7–10), not as punishment but as means of deepening dependence on God. Bottom line Biblical leprosy functions as a multilayered sign. It encompasses a wide range of physical conditions yet consistently points beyond the skin to the lēv (heart), rūaḥ (spirit), and community relationship with Adonai. Legal texts, historical narratives, and Gospel accounts converge on a central theme: God reveals, judges, cleanses, and reassigns those marked by uncleanness. In this framework, healing appears as both physical restoration and spiritual reorientation. The law of the leper in Leviticus 14 concludes with a fully reintegrated person whose hearing, actions, and walk are symbolically dedicated to God. Stories of lepers in Kings and the Gospels show that those once outside the camp can become bearers of good news and examples of faith. Thoughts to ponder Wilderness seasons / holy groundWhen you feel most isolated or stripped down, what might God be trying to show you that you can only see in this “wilderness” season? Treat both body and soulIn an area where you're seeking physical relief, what deeper heart issue, fear, or habit might God also be inviting you to address? Guard your tongueIf your recent words were made visible on your skin, what would they reveal—and where is God nudging you toward repentance or restraint? Ear, hand, and foot dedicated to GodWhat you hear, what you do, and where you go today—where is one small, concrete way you can consciously dedicate each of these to God? Healing deepens callingLooking back on a past wound or illness, how might your story now equip you to comfort, guide, or serve someone walking a similar path? God uses outsider experiencesWhere have you felt like an outsider or rejected, and how could that very experience become a bridge to people others are not reaching? Obedience and gratitude, not just reliefIn an area where God has recently helped you, what would it look like to “return” with specific gratitude and fresh obedience, rather than just moving on? The post Healing more than the body: What biblical lepers show about God's kindness (Leviticus 14; 2Kings 7; Luke 17; Mark 1) appeared first on Hallel Fellowship.

Send us Fan MailA Land Called Homily is where you'll find the weekly talks given by David Chatel at St. Paul's Episcopal Chapel in Magnolia Springs, Alabama. This episode is from The 2nd Sunday after Pentecost and based on Matthew 9:9-13, 18-26. For more content and information, visit www.davidchatel.com. Thanks for listening!

A few weeks back, Mark Call of Shabbat Shalom Mesa made the decision to spend a bit more time on the last few weeks of regular readings, which included a “double-portion,” separately. Hopefully you saw why that was important. So, this week, we’ll continue to catch up, with a bit more than parsha ‘Naso,’ (Numbers 4:22 through chapter 7) and continue through a section in chapter 10 that seems to fit well. The reading for parsha Naso begins with the remainder of the duties of the tribe of Gershon, and then summarizes the ‘census’ of the Levites, after which the narrative changes, and we again see that those who were “unclean” – for several reasons – were to be “put out,” or “shalach” in the Hebrew, a word we’ve seen before – of the camp. And that is followed up by descriptions of two other ‘processes,’ described in detail, which seem utterly foreign to most of ‘the sun-day church’ today. https://hebrewnationonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SSM-6-5-26-Naso-plus-thru-ch-10-teaching-podcast-xx.mp3 The Sabbath Day midrash this week begins with a question: What is it about those two, apparently very different, situations, and thus processes, the connects them? And why do they follow immediately after the commandment to “shalach” or put out of the camp, the “unclean?” The process outlined for the “sota” – or the woman whose husband suspects adultery, but has no proof – is said to be the ONLY one of its kind in Scripture, where YHVH actually PROMISES a miracle, one way or another. It’s also misunderstood and mis-taught (witness most of the twisting you’ve probably heard about ‘Jesus and the Woman CAUGHT in adultery’) and yet still at the very heart of so many of the most important events in all of human history! Why does the ‘whore church’ then ignore the real lesson? And that is followed-up immediately by the process surrounding the ‘Nazerite vow.’ Samson was said to be one “from his mother’s womb,’ as perhaps John the Baptist may have been as well. But Shaul, aka “Paul of Tarsus” notably TOOK such a vow, after he came to know Yahushua, notably, and yet most of xtianity has NEVER heard that! For reasons that Mark says, as the discussion unfolds, are obvious now. “Naso-plus: “Put out” the Unclean – but then Other Ignored Commandments That Speak VOLUMES about what we have been MIS-taught” https://hebrewnationonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/WT-CooH-6-6-26-Naso-plus-thru-ch-10-Shalach-the-unclean-the-Sota-the-Nazerite-and-HOW-MUCH-MORE-so-Es-QQQ-podcast-xxx.mp3 Service information: Shabbat Shalom Mesa fellowship worship services and teachings are broadcast live every Sabbath, via Paltalk. (www.paltalk.com has both the link, and the app.) The “room name” is “Walking Torah with Shabbat Shalom Mesa,” and can be found via the paltalk search, then bookmarked. Erev Shabbat services begin at 7:00 PM Mountain Time Friday evenings (9 PM Eastern, 8 PM Central) Live Sabbath teachings begin shortly after 11 AM Mountain time on Sabbath day (Saturday). email: mark@markniwot.com The combined two-part reading and Sabbath midrash:

Send us Fan MailMark 7:24 - 30 Porter Mountain Fellowship SBCP O Box 1777 Lakeside, AZ 85929contact:brojim@live.com

Reading Acts 10:14-16 where the Lord tells Peter, "What God has cleansed, no longer consider defiled," and what this has to do with dietary laws and preaching to Gentiles. Visit wwutt.com for all our videos!

Learn the meaning of one of Jesus's more obscure parables, and why turning away from sin leaves you in a worse state than before unless you turn toward the good. Support us on Patreon for Member access to our special podcast series where we go in depth on books of the Bible. Ongoing season: Hebrews. You will also gain access to the entire archive of Season 1: The Gospel of John and Season 2: The Book of Exodus Apply for Saint Paul's House of Formation Email us Music by Richard Proulx and the Cathedral Singers from Sublime Chant. Copyright GIA Publications Word & Table Episode Index

Thanks for watching! This week's sermon was delivered by our pastoral resident, Ian Hilderman, at Calvary Baptist Church on 5/31/2026. We'd love to have you join us in person or learn more about who we are.

Importance of understanding the gospel of Jesus Christ; Herod and Pharisees system of Corban; Making the word of God to none effect; Wages of unrighteousness; "Leaven"; Kidneys?; Misunderstood sacrificing; Abraham's way of gathering/government; Tributes; Democracy?; Protection money; Bound by contracts; Altars; Living stones; Melchizedek; Tithings; Well-organized society; Leviticus - how they organized; "Church"; Golden calf?; Using gold?; Jacob/Israel; Bondage of Egypt; Hebrew bible; Traitorous translators; Exercising authority?; Forcing offerings; Modern Christian minister; Leprosy?; Jesus' healing of leprosy; Taking care of the needy of society; Leviticus 11 food laws; Choosing to eat nutritious food; Facing the dangers of your diet; Feel-good information; Pursuing health; Leviticus 12 circumcision; Lessons from bondage; Baptism?; Sons of Jacob; Things Christ said NOT to do; Popular systems of social welfares; The greatest destroyers of liberty; Fleshpots?; Lev 13:1 Speaking to Moses and Aaron; "like" the plague of leprosy; Something wrong; Spiritual path; Song of Moses and of the Lamb; Delivering YOU into bondage; "Wrath of God"; "Unclean"; "Stoned"; Justin the Martyr; Systems of social welfare; Compelled offerings vs charity; Plague?; "Leprosy" tzedek-resh-ayin-tav; from tzedek-resh-ayin (disease, hornet); Ex 23:28; Locust plague?; Aztecs vs Spaniards; Free assemblies; Freewill offerings; Welfare snares and traps; Addiction to benefits; ayin-vav-resh (skin, naked, ); Hab 3:9 related to "bow/arrow"; Deut 32:9; Setting the captive free; Following Holy Spirit; OR following world governments; Ear-tickling; "Eagle" that stirs?; Abundance; Lacerate?; Removal?; Shearing sheep; Trusting in God; biet-shin-resh (flesh, tidings, published); Ps 68:11; Conscience; Sons of Jacob vs Sons of Israel; Counting people; Electing God?; Coming to the aid of Abraham; Manufactured diseases; Isa 60:6; Isa 61:1 Spiritual anointing - good tidings; Mystery Babylon; Allowing your heart to be changed; Christ's command for organization; "Israel"; Drafting?; Family; Quarantine; Understanding symptoms; Tidings = what's being preaching; The soil of the kingdom; Are YOU human resources?

The Tribulation: Hell on Earth   Our springboard text is Revelation 6:16-17: “And said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb: For the great day of his wrath is come; and who shall be able to stand?”   These words, ripped from the throats of kings and great men, rich men and chief captains, mighty men and every bondman and every free man, echo across the shattered landscape of a world in collapse.    As the sixth seal bursts open, the sky rolls up like a scroll, mountains and islands are moved out of their places, and the sun turns black as sackcloth while the moon becomes as blood.  Men do not cry out for mercy; they scream for the rocks to crush them rather than face the wrath of the Lamb. This is the Tribulation—the seven-year period of divine judgment poured out upon a Christ-rejecting world. It is hell on earth, the time of Jacob's trouble, the great tribulation spoken of by the Lord Jesus in Matthew 24:21 as unparalleled in human history.    The book of Revelation, the unveiling of Jesus Christ, lays it bare in vivid, terrifying detail. We will walk through it in the exact prophetic timeline John received, seal by seal, trumpet by trumpet, bowl by bowl, pausing at the parenthetical texts the Holy Spirit inserts to show us the behind-the-scenes reality of salvation and conflict amid the judgments. After the messages to the seven churches in Revelation 1–3, John is caught up through an open door in heaven in chapter 4.        There he sees the throne of God, the four living creatures crying “Holy, holy, holy,” and the twenty-four elders casting their crowns. In chapter 5 the Lamb as it had been slain takes the seven-sealed scroll from the right hand of Him who sits on the throne. Heaven explodes in worship: “Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation.” Then, in chapter 6, the Lamb begins to break the seals, and hell on earth is unleashed in perfect, ordered fury. The first seal: Revelation 6:1-2. “And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals, and I heard, as it were the noise of thunder, one of the four beasts saying, Come and see. And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and to conquer.”  A counterfeit Christ rides forth—the Antichrist—deceiving the nations with a false peace. No arrows yet, only a bow; he conquers through diplomacy and lies before the sword is unsheathed. The world cheers a man of peace who is in reality the man of sin. The second seal: Revelation 6:3-4. “And when he had opened the second seal, I heard the second beast say, Come and see. And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword.”    Global war erupts. The red horse rider turns the planet into a slaughterhouse. Brother against brother, nation against nation—blood flows in rivers as the false peace shatters. The third seal: Revelation 6:5-6. “And when he had opened the third seal, I heard the third beast say, Come and see. And I beheld, and lo a black horse; and he that sat on him had a pair of balances in his hand. And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine.”  Famine stalks the earth. A day's wages buys only a quart of wheat or three quarts of barley—bare survival. The rich may still afford luxuries, but the masses starve while inflation and scarcity crush the poor. The fourth seal: Revelation 6:7-8. “And when he had opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth beast say, Come and see. And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth.”  One-quarter of the world's population—billions—die in a single stroke from war, famine, plague, and wild beasts turned savage. Death rides with hell at his heels, reaping a harvest so vast the imagination recoils. The fifth seal: Revelation 6:9-11. “And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held: And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled.”      The martyrs cry from beneath the altar, their blood crying out for vengeance. More will join them—tribulation saints slaughtered for refusing the beast. Then comes the sixth seal, and the parenthetical pause is not yet. The cosmic cataclysm of Revelation 6:12-17: earthquake so violent every mountain and island moves, sun black, moon blood-red, stars falling like untimely figs, sky rolling up like a scroll. Men of every class hide in caves and beg the rocks to fall on them—“from the wrath of the Lamb.” This is only the beginning.   Now the first major parenthetical text breaks the chronological flow in Revelation 7. While the judgments continue on earth, heaven reveals two groups preserved and saved amid the horror.    First, the 144,000 Jewish evangelists: Revelation 7:4-8. “And I heard the number of them which were sealed: and there were sealed an hundred and forty and four thousand of all the tribes of the children of Israel.”      Twelve thousand from each tribe—Judah, Reuben, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Manasseh, Simeon, Levi, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, Benjamin—sealed on their foreheads with the seal of the living God.    These are not the church; they are literal Jews, protected supernaturally so they cannot be harmed by the coming trumpet and bowl judgments. They become the greatest missionary force in history, preaching the everlasting gospel to every nation, kindred, tongue, and people while the world burns.   Because of their fearless proclamation—and the ministry of the two witnesses yet to come—an innumerable multitude is saved. Revelation 7:9-17: “After this I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands… These are they which came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.”      Millions upon millions—Gentiles from every corner of the globe—turn to Christ during this hellish time. They endure hunger, thirst, scorching heat, and persecution, yet they stand before the throne, palms waving, singing of salvation. The 144,000 Jewish evangelists and the two witnesses are the instruments God uses to reap this vast harvest even as wrath falls. The seventh seal brings silence in heaven for half an hour—Revelation 8:1—then the seven trumpets. The first four are ecological and cosmic disasters affecting one-third of the earth. First trumpet: Revelation 8:7. “The first angel sounded, and there followed hail and fire mingled with blood, and they were cast upon the earth: and the third part of trees was burnt up, and all green grass was burnt up.” Burning hail and blood rain down; one-third of the planet's vegetation is incinerated.   Second trumpet: Revelation 8:8-9. A burning mountain—perhaps a meteor or volcano—plunges into the sea. One-third of the sea turns to blood, one-third of sea creatures die, one-third of ships are destroyed. Oceans become graveyards. Third trumpet: Revelation 8:10-11. A star named Wormwood falls on one-third of the rivers and springs. Waters turn bitter; “many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter.”   Fourth trumpet: Revelation 8:12. One-third of the sun, moon, and stars are struck. The day and night lose one-third of their light. Darkness deepens over the planet.   Then an angel flies through heaven crying, “Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabiters of the earth by reason of the other voices of the trumpet of the three angels, which are yet to sound!” The three woes are announced.   The fifth trumpet—first woe—Revelation 9:1-12. A star falls, given the key to the bottomless pit. Smoke darkens the sun and air. Locusts pour out—demonic hordes with the power of scorpions. They do not touch grass or trees or those sealed by God, but only the unsealed men. “And to them it was given that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months: and their torment was as the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man. And in those days shall men seek death, and shall not find it; and shall desire to die, and death shall flee from them.”    Picture it: locusts shaped like battle horses, crowned like gold, faces of men, hair of women, teeth of lions, iron breastplates, wings roaring like chariots, tails with scorpion stings. For five long months men are stung again and again. The agony is unbearable—burning, electric torment that drives them mad. They claw at their flesh, beg for death, but death refuses to come. This is hell on earth, demonic torture let loose by divine permission. Their king is Abaddon—Apollyon—the destroyer. The sixth trumpet—second woe—Revelation 9:13-21. Four angels bound at the Euphrates are loosed for a precise hour, day, month, and year. An army of two hundred million horsemen is released. “And thus I saw the horses in the vision, and them that sat on them, having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone: and the heads of the horses were as the heads of lions; and out of their mouths issued fire and smoke and brimstone. By these three was the third part of men killed…” Fire, smoke, brimstone, and serpent-like tails with heads that wound. One-third of surviving mankind is slaughtered.  Yet the rest “repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship devils, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood… Neither repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts.” Even after billions dead, hearts remain stone.   Now the second major parenthetical section: Revelation 10 and 11.  A mighty angel with a rainbow crown and feet like pillars of fire stands on sea and land, holding a little open book. John eats it—sweet as honey in the mouth, bitter in the belly.    He is told he must prophesy again. Then the temple is measured; the outer court is given to the Gentiles for forty-two months. And the two witnesses appear: Revelation 11:3-12. “And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth. These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth. And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”      They shut heaven so no rain falls, turn waters to blood, and smite the earth with plagues as often as they will. For 1,260 days they torment the beast's kingdom. Then the beast from the bottomless pit kills them. Their bodies lie in the street of the great city for three and a half days while the world rejoices and sends gifts. But suddenly breath enters them; they stand on their feet. A voice from heaven calls, “Come up hither,” and they ascend in a cloud while their enemies watch. A great earthquake follows, killing seven thousand. The two witnesses—likely Enoch and Elijah or Moses and Elijah—preach, perform miracles, and add to the harvest of souls alongside the 144,000.   The seventh trumpet sounds: Revelation 11:15. “The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever.” Heaven rejoices, but the third woe is still to come in full force.   Revelation 12–14 forms the third great parenthetical block, filling in the cosmic and earthly drama. A woman clothed with the sun gives birth to a man child who is caught up to God's throne.    The red dragon—Satan—is cast out of heaven with his angels. “Woe to the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a short time.”    He persecutes the woman (Israel) who flees to the wilderness for 1,260 days. Then the beast rises from the sea—Revelation 13—the Antichrist, empowered by the dragon, with a healed deadly wound that causes the world to worship him. He blasphemes God for forty-two months and makes war on the saints.    The second beast—the false prophet—rises from the earth, performs miracles, makes fire come down from heaven, and forces the world to worship the image of the beast. He causes all to receive a mark in the right hand or forehead—the mark of the beast, 666—without which no one can buy or sell. Those who refuse it are beheaded.   Yet amid this, the 144,000 stand with the Lamb on Mount Zion in Revelation 14:1-5, singing a new song no one else can learn—virgins, firstfruits, without guile.    Three angels fly through heaven: one preaches the everlasting gospel, another announces Babylon's fall, the third warns with the most terrifying words in Scripture: “If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark… The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever.”    Then the harvest of the earth—both the reaping of the saved and the grapes of wrath trodden outside the city until blood flows to the horse bridles for two hundred miles. Finally the seven bowls—the last plagues, in which the wrath of God is filled up—Revelation 15–16. These are poured out rapidly, one after another, more intense than anything before. First bowl: Revelation 16:2. Noisome and grievous sores break out on everyone who has the mark of the beast and worships his image.    Open, festering ulcers cover their bodies; they cannot sit, cannot lie down, cannot escape the burning pain.   Second bowl: Revelation 16:3. The sea becomes as the blood of a dead man; every living soul in the sea dies. The oceans are one vast, stinking cemetery of rotting flesh.   Third bowl: Revelation 16:4-7. Rivers and fountains turn to blood. The angel of the waters declares it just: “For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given them blood to drink; for they are worthy.” Fourth bowl: Revelation 16:8-9. The sun is given power to scorch men with fire. Men are burned with fierce heat. Instead of repenting, they blaspheme the name of God “and they repented not to give him glory.”   Fifth bowl: Revelation 16:10-11. The seat of the beast is plunged into darkness. Men gnaw their tongues for pain from the sores and the darkness, yet “they blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds.”     Sixth bowl: Revelation 16:12-16. The great river Euphrates is dried up, preparing the way for the kings of the east. Unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouths of the dragon, beast, and false prophet—demonic miracle-workers gathering the armies of the world to Armageddon for the battle of the great day of God Almighty.   Seventh bowl: Revelation 16:17-21. “It is done.” Voices, thunders, lightnings, the greatest earthquake in history. Every island flees, mountains disappear. The great city is divided into three parts; the cities of the nations fall.    Babylon is remembered before God to receive the cup of the wine of the fierceness of His wrath. And “there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone about the weight of a talent”—one hundred pounds of ice falling from the sky. Men blaspheme God because the plague of the hail is exceeding great.   Revelation 17–18 details the fall of Babylon the great—the religious and commercial system that intoxicated the nations with her fornication and persecuted the saints.      She is made desolate, naked, eaten, and burned with fire by the ten kings who once supported her. The merchants of the earth weep over her in one hour her riches are destroyed.   All of this is the Tribulation—hell on earth. One-quarter of mankind dead at the fourth seal, another third at the sixth trumpet, billions more from famine, plague, hail, scorching, demonic torment, and war.        Yet through it all, the 144,000 sealed Jewish evangelists and the two witnesses proclaim the gospel, and a great multitude no man can number is saved out of the great tribulation, washing their robes white in the blood of the Lamb. Most harden their hearts, refusing to repent even as they gnaw their tongues and scream under the hailstones. The wrath of the Lamb is poured out without mixture—pure, undiluted, terrifying justice.   The Tribulation ends with the return of the King in Revelation 19. Heaven opens; the white horse rider—Faithful and True—comes with the armies of heaven to tread the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. The beast and false prophet are cast alive into the lake of fire. Satan is bound. The thousand-year reign begins. But the question remains from our springboard text: “Who shall be able to stand?” Only those whose robes are washed in the blood of the Lamb. The Tribulation is coming. It is the time of God's wrath poured out on a world that has rejected His Son.    Yet even in the darkest hour, grace abounds for those who will call upon the name of the Lord. The 144,000 will preach, the two witnesses will testify, and multitudes will be saved. But for those who take the mark and worship the beast, there is only fire and brimstone forever.   This is the Tribulation. This is hell on earth. May we heed the warning and be found among those who stand before the throne, palms in hand, singing the song of Moses and the Lamb.

Join us for our Baptism Weekend as we celebrate what God has done in the lives of his children. Evan Alrutz will also open the Word with a sermon entitled "Unclean No More" from Mark 5:25-34.

Colossians 2:13-19 (ESV)Andrew and Edwin discuss Moses's Law and its relationship to Christ. Jews don't have to quit being Jews to become Christians. But Gentiles don't have to become Jews to become Christians.Read the written devo that goes along with this episode by clicking here.    Let us know what you are learning or any questions you have. Email us at TextTalk@ChristiansMeetHere.org.    Join the Facebook community and join the conversation by clicking here. We'd love to meet you. Be a guest among the Christians who meet on Livingston Avenue. Click here to find out more. Michael Eldridge sang all four parts of our theme song. Find more from him by clicking here.   Thanks for talking about the text with us today.________________________________________________If the hyperlinks do not work, copy the following addresses and paste them into the URL bar of your web browser: Daily Written Devo: https://readthebiblemakedisciples.wordpress.com/?p=25527The Christians Who Meet on Livingston Avenue: http://www.christiansmeethere.org/Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/TalkAboutTheTextFacebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/texttalkMichael Eldridge: https://acapeldridge.com/ 

Confusion as to why Moses using rituals; Childbirth; Uncleanliness; Lev 12:1; Bleeding; Animal sacrifice vs charity?; Israel national network; Tens, hundreds and thousands; Forbidden from exercise authorities; True vs fake Israel/Christianity; Basics; Male child = like she's unclean; Circumcision of the heart; Religious rituals?; Herod's "corban" (sacrifice) by force; Why male time different than female?; Oppressing women?; Made to be persecuted or protected?; Ritual vs morality; Tabernacle; Early treatment of women - extremely protected; Next generation is your social security; Becoming merchandise; Cursing your children; Story telling = sharing ideas; Childbirth - burden that women carry; Unclean? Extra protection and bonding; Emerging from isolation; Purification?; Mental/emotional message?; Welfare for the nation; Gifting; Destruction of narcissism; Overcoming pain/difficulty; Facing danger; Condemning patriarchy; "Kibbutz"; Focus on the child first; Then return to congregating; Atonement?; PTSD; Bravery vs anxiety; Subject to fear; Sharing experience; Justin's apology; Private religion; Temple of Janus; Binding the people; God's WAY; Overcoming isolation; Societal choice to care; China's one child contract; Corruption; Forms of "Christianity"; Living by faith rather than entitlements; Opportunities to atone and forgive; Turtledoves; Abraham's vision; Choosing to sacrifice; Crowning others to rule over you; tav-vav-resh - separating faith from power; Gifts of value; Reuniting with Holy Spirit; biet-nun; yod-nun-hey; Opportunity to give life - to family and nation; "Call no man father"; Husband role; Choice - given by God; Exposing corruption; Willingness to care about others; Ps 107:7; City of habitations; Isa 1:21; Wages of unrighteousness; Forcing neighbors; Isa 32:1; Mt 5:14; Ps 101:6; Prov 11:10; Restarting temple sacrifice?; Rev 22:14; Cities of blood; Ex 16:3; Fleshpots and cauldrons; Gen 11:4; Peace upon your house.