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26 episodes with Evapotranspiration
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2 episodes with Evapotranspiration
2 episodes with Evapotranspiration
2 episodes with Evapotranspiration
2 episodes with Evapotranspiration
Hello Interactors,I've long been a fan of “regreening” cities, imagining replacing bits of asphalt and concrete with trees, plants, mini-parks, and green roofs to cool them down. In many cases these are indeed good interventions. But even these celebrated nature-based solutions to the “urban heat island” effect require closer inspection. It turns out any land cover change alters energy, water, and momentum exchanges between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. Which are the right ones and where?To understand why cookie cutter greening plans can fail and how planners and policy makers can build cities that can handle climate change, we need to understand how land and the air interact. Environments vary from place to place, and this puts limits on what we can do to land to create urban climates that are both beautiful and healthy.To get a handle on what the research says, I found a literature review from 2025 that synthesized findings from 84 peer-reviewed studies. In was published in the journal Climate Risk Management.Let's see what they, and others, found.BEATING HEAT WITH BIOPHYSICAL FEATSWhat better place to start than science. Let's just delve right into how urban green spaces affect temperature. It starts with determining the energy balance at the surface of the earth. This comes from a budget equation found in physical geography. When sunlight hits the Earth's surface, it breaks down into three main fluxes, or ways heat moves around* Sensible heat flux: the heat that directly warms the surrounding air, which we measure as temperature.* Latent heat flux: the heat that's used to turn water from a liquid to a gas, like when we sweat or plants release water vapor (transpiration).* Ground heat flux: the heat stored in building materials, asphalt, and soil.In conventional urban environments dominated by concrete and asphalt, latent heat flux is minimal because we've built cities in ways that rapidly drain water away as ‘waste'. As a result, incoming solar energy is funneled into sensible heat. This raises daytime air temperatures that gets stored as ground heat, which is slowly radiated back into the city at night. Urban greening can reshuffle this thermodynamic budget through three interconnected physical mechanisms: shading, evapotranspiration, and albedo modification.Mechanism 1. Shading: Intercepting Solar RadiationShading — the most immediate and reliable cooling mechanism provided by vegetation — requires precise microclimatic quantification. Vegetative canopies act as physical shields, intercepting incoming shortwave solar radiation before it strikes impervious surfaces like concrete or asphalt. By preventing these dense materials from absorbing heat and emitting sensible heat flux back into the boundary layer, shading dramatically lowers surface temperatures and reduces the baseline thermal energy transferred to the surrounding air. (Bowler, D. E., et al. 2010)The cooling benefit of urban trees is non-linear, accelerating significantly once neighborhood canopy cover crosses a critical threshold of around 40%. Measuring daytime air temperatures across urban gradients, they found that canopy cover above this 40% mark can lower local air temperatures by up to 1.5 to 2.0 degrees Celsius, effectively offsetting the thermal burden created by surrounding roads and impervious surfaces. (Ziter, C. D., et al. 2019)Mechanism 2. Evapotranspiration: Trading Sensible Heat for Latent HeatWhile shading blocks heat absorption, evapotranspiration actively removes heat from the air. Plants absorb soil moisture through their root systems and release it as water vapor through tiny microscopic pores in their leaves called stomata. This process requires thermal energy that turns phase-changing liquid water into gas. This energy transfer absorbs sensible heat and converts it into latent heat.Evapotranspiration from well-watered urban green spaces can lower local air temperatures by 2-4 degrees celsius. (Coutts, et al., 2013) However, physical geographers emphasize a crucial physical prerequisite that is easy to overlook: evapotranspiration is entirely dependent on available water. When the soil is dry or the air is super dry, plants close their stomata to save water. When stomata close, evapotranspiration shuts down. This leaves shading as the sole remaining cooling mechanism.Mechanism 3. Albedo Dynamics: The Surface Reflectivity ParadoxAlbedo measures the reflectivity of a surface on a scale from 0.0 (total absorption) to 1.0 (total reflection). Urban asphalt has a low albedo (0.05 to 0.10), absorbing up to 95% of incoming solar energy. Vegetation's albedo can range from 0.11 to 0.25.In temperate climates, replacing low-albedo asphalt with greenery or reflective surfaces increases surface reflectivity, sending more solar radiation back into space before it can be absorbed as sensible heat. One study documented that increasing urban surface albedo typically lowers peak ambient air temperatures by 0.3 degres Celsius to 1.0 degree Celsius — alongside much larger drops in surface pavement temperatures. While a temperature change under one degree Celsius may sound modest at first glance, a baseline shift of this magnitude across a neighborhood is enough to redefine a local microclimate. (Santamouris, 2014)But swapping out light urban surfaces for dark vegetation can also have a negative effect. Paradoxically, when researchers in 2023 replaced dry, light-colored desert soil with darker vegetation in hot, arid regions it reduced overall surface reflectivity. The drop in albedo caused an increase in daytime surface warming. (Schlaerth, et al., 2023)Furthermore, dense tree canopies inside narrow urban street canyons can act as thermal blankets at night. While trees provide valuable shade during the day, their foliage reduces the sky view factor at street level, trapping outgoing longwave thermal radiation emitted by surrounding building facades and asphalt. When combined with reduced wind permeability, this canopy barrier restricts nocturnal radiative cooling and holds warm air near ground level (Lee et al., 2016).These are the physical realities that can demonstrate how urban greening is not a consistently inherent cooling practice. It is a complex thermodynamic intervention whose success relies entirely on local environmental conditions.PLACEMENT, PATCHES, AND PARK PATTERNSBecause thermodynamic processes happen across physical spaces, cooling urban green space can be uneven. The literature review reveals that a green space's cooling capacity depends on four spatial and biological variables: vegetation density, species selection, spatial configuration, and urban morphology. Let's break them down individually.Cooling Factor 1. Vegetation Density and Species TraitsNot all greenery cools equally. One way to measure this is through a Leaf Area Index (LAI). This is the total leaf area per unit of ground area and is a primary predictor of thermal performance. As you might imagine, dense foliage absorbs more from the sun and then produces higher cumulative transpiration (so long as there's adequate water).Botanical traits also play a big role. Broadleaf deciduous species (like oaks or maples) feature large surface areas that maximize summer transpiration, but that goes away when they drop their leaves in winter. Evergreen coniferous trees, however, maintain continuous canopy coverage through every season.In temperate rainforest environments like Seattle or Vancouver, researchers found that conifers cooled urban surroundings up to 1.7 degrees celsius more effectively than broadleaf trees. Dense needle canopies continuously block incoming solar radiation due to higher LAI and the fact that clusters of spiny needles better trap a stable buffer of calm air which moderates heat exchange with the surrounding urban environment. (Eyster & Beckage, 2022, 2023) Cooling factor 2. Spatial Configuration: Landscape Ecology PrinciplesEcologists and geographers commonly evaluate green spaces through two main attributes: composition (how much green space exists) and configuration (how those green patches are arranged across the landscape). Over 58% of the mechanism-focused studies in the literature review analyzed spatial pattern metrics. The consensus is the spatial layout of green space is just as important as its total area!Other empirical studies consistently demonstrate that cooling effects decay the further you get from green spaces. Research done in 2016 and 2023 shows how urban parks can produce a primary “cooling footprint” that extends typically 100 to 300 meters from the park boundaries. If you're lucky enough to live within this buffer, temperatures drop between 1.9 and 3.1 degrees celsius, but beyond 300 meters, the cooling influence quickly falls off. (Bao, et al. 2016, Shi et al. 2023)This spatial limit leads to a couple spatial layout choices. A few big parks or connected networks of smaller green spaces. Large, consolidated parks (>2 hectares) generate intense, stable “cool islands” at their core, but their benefits remain localized. For example, a study in Xalapa, Mexico, revealed that parks larger than 2.8 hectares with over 21% tree cover provided reliable local cooling of around 2 degrees celsius . (Lemoine-Rodriguez et al., 2022)Connected networks of smaller green spaces distributed across a city create a more equitable cooling effect. Three studies in 2019 and 2021 show that fragmented, isolated green patches — like big parks — perform poorly compared to continuous, linear green corridors. Linear “green belts” or street-tree networks (in the right environment) can act as ventilation channels, allowing cool air generated by vegetation to flow into adjacent built-up neighborhoods. (Masoudi et al., 2019, 2021; Pramanik, 2019)Cooling factor 3. Urban Morphology: The Built Environment MatrixObviously, green spaces don't exist in isolation. They're embedded within a three-dimensional hodge podge of buildings, streets, and other bits of infrastructure. Urban morphologists can quantify this urban morphological cacophony using building height-to-street-width ratio and sky view factor - the extent to which surrounding structures and canopies obstruct a location's view of the open sky.High-density urban cores with tall buildings create deep “urban canyons” that generate their own shade. In these settings, building shade can combine with tree shade during peak daylight hours to significantly lower temperatures.However, studies show that if tree canopies in narrow street canyons are too dense — particularly in humid environments — they can trap anthropogenic heat emitted by vehicle exhaust and air conditioning condenser units. They can also significantly reduce localized wind speeds. As a result, maximizing green space cooling efficiency requires aligning vegetation density and canopy architecture with prevailing wind corridors to preserve urban ventilation channels (Cheung & Jim, 2019; Morakinyo et al., 2019).Nothing is every as easy as it seems.BRIDGING GAPS WITH BETTER MAPSWhile academic literature can offer detailed insights into microclimatic processes, there remains a big gap between academia and urban planning and governmental policy. That gap may be self-fulfilling. The literature review of 84 papers revealed 61% of the papers simply advocate for expanding green space area, whereas only 26% focus on optimizing existing green infrastructure.Recommending that dense, historical cities “add more large parks” ignores real-world urban constraints. In modern, rapidly expanding cities, urban land is expensive, highly contested, and structurally constrained. Space dedicated to a new park often competes directly with housing, transit infrastructure, or commercial development. To move beyond idealistic slogans, urban planning will have to recon with three major implementation challenges.Challenge 1. The Water-Energy-Heat Nexus in Arid CitiesThe most significant implementation challenge facing nature-based solutions occurs precisely where urban heat stress is most severe — in hot, arid regions. Cities like Phoenix, Cairo, Tehran, or Riyadh already suffer from intense summer heatwaves. You don't have to live in or visit these places to know water there is extremely scarce.Maintaining green spaces in places like this requires pumping groundwater or desalinating seawater. Pumping and desalinating water requires massive amounts of electricity, which only increases greenhouse gas emissions if that power is coming from fossil fuels. Furthermore, if irrigation water runs out during a heatwave, non-adapted vegetation dries out, loses its cooling capacity, and can even become a wildfire risk.To solve this dilemma, physical geographers advocate evaluating urban greening through a standardized resource efficiency metric: evapotranspirative cooling per unit of water applied. In plain language, this ratio measures how many degrees of cooling you get for each liter (or gallon) of water that plants and soil release into the air through evaporation and transpiration.In dry climates — where municipal water is already tightly rationed and turfgrass is increasingly discouraged but rarely banned (I'm looking at you Arizona) — urban greening strategies are going to have pivot away from high-water lawns and non-native foliage. These cities have to move from simply prioritizing or incentivizing drought-tolerant species to requiring them. While drought-tolerant plants transpire less water than many other plants and trees — and still require water — when combined with drip-irrigation using treated municipal wastewater (greywater), they can provide a pretty reliable canopy shade and even modest evaporative cooling without draining water reserves.Challenge 2. Environmental Justice and Thermal EquityUrban heat exposure is rarely, if ever, distributed evenly across socio-economic groups. In many cities worldwide, low-income neighborhoods exhibit significantly lower tree canopy cover, higher proportions of impervious asphalt, and higher building densities than the more affluent suburbs and ex-urbs. This imbalance leaves more vulnerable populations exposed to extreme heat hazards.When municipalities undertake uncoordinated “regreening” projects, they risk triggering green gentrification. Installing fancy attractive parks can then inflate surrounding property values, displacing residents while still not reducing their heat related vulnerability.To address this, requires targeted interventions like deploying small-scale, distributed interventions (think pocket parks, vegetated bus stops, and road corridors) directly in high-vulnerability, low-canopy/vegetation neighborhoods. You could focus on functional shading over high-maintenance aesthetics. This could better ensure that at least transit stops, pedestrian walkways, and playgrounds are prioritized for canopy cover. Lastly, combining situated green infrastructure with social policy could create and/or protect more affordable housing around old and new greened public corridors and spaces.Challenge 3. A Multi-Benefit, Context-Specific Design FrameworkNo single cooling intervention works everywhere. Planners and policy makers need to adopt an integrated, multi-tiered approach that combines nature-based solutions with material interventions.In arid and semi-arid environments, planners should prioritize structural canopy shading and end an over-reliance on water-intensive lawn evapotranspiration. It's time to demand drought-tolerant trees with greywater irrigation networks, shade sails, and high-albedo “cool pavements” that can better reflect solar radiation without draining water resources.In contrast, humid and more temperate climates would likely benefit most from maximizing green spatial connectivity. By linking existing parks through linear street-tree corridors — with select broadleaf and/or coniferous species — summer evapotranspiration can be enhanced while maintaining year-round microclimate regulation.Finally, within high-density, built-up cores where ground space for new parks is limited, cities should leverage vertical green walls and green roofs paired with reflective building materials. But they best also preserve prevailing wind corridors while preventing nighttime heat traps through street canyons.“Regreening” is a compelling slogan, but as physical geography demonstrates, simplistic blanket policies can yield unpredictable thermodynamic results. Simply planting trees without considering local climate, available water, species traits, spatial configuration, and urban geometry can lead to unintended consequences.The exhaustive synthesis of decade-long research provided by Hadi Soltanifard and Majid Amani-Beni (2025) offers a clear path forward. Nature-based solutions are not off-the-shelf products that can be copy-pasted across different global cities. They are dynamic, living interventions that alter energy fluxes across urban surfaces.By moving beyond blanket acreage targets and framing urban greening as the strategic reorganization of surface-energy relations, geographers, urban planners, and policymakers will need to work together. When we design green infrastructure that respects local environmental constraints, honors spatial equity, and optimizes microclimatic processes, urban greening moves from a vague policy promise toward tools of experimentation that can pragmatically evolve our cities and megaregions into truly climate-resilient urbanscapes.ReferencesBowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(3), 147-155.Cheung, P.K., Jim, C.Y., 2019. Differential cooling effects of landscape parameters in humid-subtropical urban parks. Landscape and Urban Planning 192, 103651.Coutts, A.M., Tapper, N.J., Beringer, J., et al., 2013. Watering our cities: the capacity for Water Sensitive Urban Design to support urban cooling and improve human thermal comfort in the Australian context. Progress in Physical Geography 37(1), 2–28.Eyster, H. N., & Beckage, B. (2022). Conifers may ameliorate urban heat waves better than broadleaf trees: Evidence from Vancouver, Canada. Atmosphere, 13(5), 830.Eyster, H. N., & Beckage, B. (2023). Arboreal urban cooling is driven by leaf area index, leaf boundary layer resistance, and dry leaf mass per leaf area: Evidence from a system dynamics model. Atmosphere, 14(3), 552.Lee, H., Mayer, H., & Chen, L. (2016). Contribution of trees and grasslands to the mitigation of human heat stress in a residential district of Freiburg, Southwest Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning 148:37–50.Lemoine-Rodríguez, R., Inostroza, L., Falfán, I., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2022). Too hot to handle? On the cooling capacity of urban green spaces in a Neotropical Mexican city. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 74, 127633.Masoudi, M., Tan, P.Y., 2019. Multi-year comparison of the effects of spatial pattern of urban green spaces on urban land surface temperature. Landscape and Urban Planning. 184, 44–58.Masoudi, M., Tan, P.Y., Fadaei, M., 2021. The effects of land use on spatial pattern of urban green spaces and their cooling ability. Urban. Clim 35, 100743.Masoudi, M., Tan, P.Y., Liew, S.C., 2019. Multi-city comparison of the relationships between spatial pattern and cooling effect of urban green spaces in four major Asian cities. Ecol. Indic 98, 200–213.Morakinyo, T.E., Ouyang, W., Lau, K.-K.-L., et al., 2020. Right tree, right place (urban canyon): Tree species selection approach for optimum urban heat mitigation-development and evaluation. Sci. Total. Environ 719, 137461.Pramanik, M. (2019). Impacts of urban expansion on land surface temperature and urban heat island in Kolkata Municipal Corporation, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(12), 738.Santamouris, M. (2014). Cooling the cities—a review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Solar Energy, 103, 682-703.Schlaerth, Hannah L., et al. "Albedo as a competing warming effect of urban greening." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 128.24 (2023): e2023JD038764.Soltanifard, H., & Amani-Beni, M. (2025). The cooling effect of urban green spaces as nature-based solutions for mitigating urban heat: Insights from a decade-long systematic review. Climate Risk Management, 49, 100731.Ziter, C. D., Pedersen, E. J., Kucharik, C. J., & Turner, M. G. (2019). Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 116(15), 7575-7580. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit interplace.io
Welcome to The Turf Zone podcast. This episode features the article “Anyone for Tennis – Research?” written by Dr. Scott Ebdon – Emeritus Professor, University of Massachusetts – Amherst and Mike Buras – former Director of Grounds, Longwood Cricket Club, Chestnut Hill, MA For accompanying tables, graphs, photos and references see the Summer 2026 issue of New England Blade magazine available on www.theturfzone.com Tennis on Grass – USA There are 26 million tennis players in the USA, and these numbers have increased by 33% since the COVID years. Less than 1% of tennis courts are grass with most grass courts found in the Northeast region. Sports grass managers may not truly appreciate the intensity of traffic (wear) observed along grass court baselines. Previous research has shown that the intensity of traffic along court baselines is 6 times the intensity of elite soccer (Newell and Wood, 2000). The term “pace”' in tennis is the speed that tennis play (and the ball) moves and is determined largely by the vertical height of the bounce off the court. The higher the vertical bounce, the slower the play. Slower play is preferred by players. Pace on grass is notoriously fast. Grass Tennis Research – UMass Amherst In 2016 several studies were initiated at the Troll Turf Research Center (South Deerfield, MA). The two main objectives were (i) wear tolerance or carrying capacity (hours of play) along court baselines and (ii) the factors affecting tennis pace. Eight turfgrass species were compared within each of three single courts (planted as replicates). The eight species-cultivars were shown to have superior wear tolerance. The grasses were planted as pure stands. The Troll Center was open to the public for daily play from 2017 to 2024. Play averaged 125 hours during the tennis season (June 1 to September 1). Grass Court Maintenance The maintenance of grass courts at the Troll Center used a daily mowing schedule at 5/16 inches (clippings collected), rolling 4 to 6 times per week with a 2,200 lb. roller, sprayable fertilizers (spoon-feeding) on a 2 to 3-week schedule to apply 3.15 lb. N per 1,000 ft² per season, and sprayable (preventative) fungicides. Heavy rolling and daily mowing was especially important to promoting consistent (uniform) tennis ball bounce and play. Weekly measurements were scheduled after significant soil drying – irrigation was used sparingly to prevent any visible turfgrass dehydration. Tennis Ball Bounce The rules for measuring vertical ball bounce were established in 1925 (Miller, 2006) and are outlined in Table 2. Higher ball bounce (slower pace) on a tennis surface is due to greater velocity of the ball in the vertical direction. Soft grass absorbs more energy indicated by greater surface deformation – less energy is available for ball bounce in the vertical direction. Ball bounce must be uniform-consistent and representative of ball bounce across the entire court surface. Measurements of Hardness – 0.5-kg Clegg Hardness is measured with the Clegg impact soil tester and has been used on grass courts since the mid-1980s (Holmes and Bell, 1986) and used currently to predict tennis ball bounce (Ebdon et al., 2025). Surface hardness is measured as gravities (g, also referred to as “Gmax” in the literature). The energy of impact using the 0.5-kg Clegg (30 cm drop height) conforms closest to the tennis ball bounce test. The 0.5-kg Clegg and the tennis ball bounce test are highly correlated compared to heavier Clegg devices used in sport grass (2.25-kg Clegg, 45 cm drop height) or devices used in golf (USGA TruFirm, 1.95-kg, 48 cm drop height). These heavier devices are not as effective for tennis (Ebdon et al., 2025). Tennis Ball Bounce (BB) and Clegg Hardness – Courts Under Play Over the course of this 10-year study some 3,200-ball bounce impacts and hardness measurements were taken on various grass court surfaces. The results presented in Table 3 for the different surfaces are comparable because accepted (standard) methods were used. Wimbledon center court (perennial ryegrass courts) for the 2011 Championship were bouncing at 52 inches or 91% of concrete. All of the perennial ryegrass courts at the Troll Center and the Tennis HOF satisfied the minimum standard of 70% concrete. Kentucky bluegrass courts at the Troll Center were bouncing near 70% (69%) of concrete. The fine leaf fescue mixture was among the highest in BB averaging 76% of concrete. This species, however, is the least tolerant of tennis traffic, discussed below. Traditional golf species such as creeping bentgrass-Poa grass courts were bouncing below the 70 to 80% concrete standard. Tennis Ball Bounce – Uniformity Consistent BB across the tennis surface is important for uniform play. Smooth-hard concrete is the most unform and consistent surface. All other surfaces are compared to the BB consistency of smooth concrete. The concrete surface has an average hardness of 865 g compared to Wimbledon hardness of 260 g. Smooth concrete has a BB uniformity of “1.” Wimbledon BB uniformity for the 2011 Championship was measured at “2.1” – twice the variability of concrete. Player perception of BB uniformity (relative to concrete) is interpretated as “an odd bounce.” One consistent trend observed in Table 3 indicates that increasing surface hardness promotes uniform ball bounce and the chances for odd bounces decrease. Therefore, selecting species such as perennial ryegrass affording harder surfaces and higher BB (slower play) have a tendency for more consistent (uniform) play. Many bentgrass courts (or greens) and Poa annua courts that are prone to thatch are the least consistent surfaces with BB uniformity of “7” and higher relative to concrete. Court Hardness to Satisfy Standards – 70 to 80% Concrete Research at the Troll Center indicated 150 to 170 g of surface hardness is needed for tennis balls to bounce to standards – 70% (40 inches) to 80% of concrete (46 inches) (Ebdon et al., 2025). Tennis BB of 80% concrete is not easy to achieve. To that end, surface soil moisture is extremely important, discussed below. For the 2011 Wimbledon Grass Court Championship, 100% of all BB impacts were at 80% of concrete. At the Troll Center and the Tennis HOF approximately 16 to 18% of all impacts satisfied the 80% concrete standard. Following uniform drying of the Wimbledon soil, 24% of all BB impacts exceeded the minimum standard for concrete. Tennis play at Wimbledon is ideal for the Grass Court Championships because of the slow pace and consistent BB. Tennis Ball Bounce – Surface Soil Moisture Soil moisture using TDR (3-inch probes) was measured weekly during the tennis season concurrently with surface hardness and ball bounce. In tennis, the ball bounce test is a surface phenomenon. This is the main reason why the low energy impact of the light weight (0.5-kg) Clegg is more effective in predicting tennis ball bounce than heavier devices (2.25-kg Clegg or 1.95-kg TruFirm) (Ebdon et al., 2025). Similarly, longer TDR (5-inch) rods are not as effective as 3-inch probes – it is the immediate surface moisture that matters in tennis ball bounce. Soil drying will promote harder surfaces but this depends on the soil texture and the mineralogy (clay content) of the soil. Table 5 compares soil drying and surface hardness between the Troll Center and Wimbledon soils. The gains in surface hardness from 38% soil drying are very different between the Troll Center soil (silt loam, 12% clay) and Wimbledon soil (sandy clay loam, 23% clay). At the same soil moisture deficit (38% soil drying), 60% greater surface hardness is observed on Wimbledon soil (77 g increase – Wimbledon vs. 48 g increase – Troll Center). The Troll silt loam increases in hardness only 3.2 g with 1% soil drying compared to 5.5 g with 1% drying for Wimbledon soil. For most soils it is believed that soil drying is more important in providing a hard tennis surface than soil compaction by rolling. Any natural soil drying will promote higher ball bounce. Recent research indicates that soil drying to 40% soil moisture depletion causes minimal turf dehydration with fine textured soils (Bruan et al., 2022). Figure 2 presents 1122 pairs of vertical ball bounces and soil moisture (3-inch TDR) measured on Troll Center perennial ryegrass courts during a 17-week period. Prior to soil drying (week 1), tennis ball bounce was below standards (66% of concrete) while after progressive soil drying (week 17) ball bounce exceeded standards (83% concrete). Species Wear Tolerance – Carrying Capacity Grass cover after tennis play ended is presented in Table 6 along with the carrying capacity (hours of play) to wear baselines to 70% grass cover. Following 2-years of study perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass exhibited significantly better wear tolerance (≥ 65% grass cover) and greater carrying capacity (≥ 70 hrs. of play to 70% cover) compared to bentgrass and fine fescue species. Traditional golf species (bentgrass) are comparatively less tolerant of tennis traffic compared to improved cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass – providing the cultivars are tolerant of 5/16-inch mowing heights. Of all the species-cultivars tested, the fine fescue mixture was the least tolerant of tennis traffic (24% grass cover) with the lowest carrying capacity (20 hours). Interestingly, the fine fescue mixture used in the tennis study was the same mixture used on the golf greens at the 2015 US Open (Chambers Bay, WA). This is further evidence as to the intensity of the traffic that is often underestimated in tennis. The Court Playability The highest priority should be given to planting wear tolerant grasses adapted to tennis play. Grasses with significantly lower carrying capacity will wear-down faster under the same hours of play. The loss of grass cover during the tennis season has a significant impact on tennis play (pace) and the uniformity (consistency) of ball bounce. Table 7 summarizes approximately 3000 measurements on perennial ryegrass courts at the Troll Center. Perennial ryegrass represents the most wear tolerant species with the highest capacity for surface hardness for satisfying ball bounce standards – ideal for tennis. All areas of the court satisfied ball bounce standards (≥ 70% of concrete). However, the T-area approached 80% concrete with an average surface hardness of 143 g and BB of 45-inch. Surface moisture was 4.4% drier at the T-area (less grass – more exposed soil for surface drying). It is the soil drying at the worn T-area and baselines that promotes an increase in hardness and ball bounce under tennis play – consistent with soil drying presented in Table 5. These worn areas will play different (slower) because of the increase in the vertical height of the bounce compared to the less trafficked service box. The soil-water relations presented in Table 7 are consistent with golf greens and sports grass under heavy play (McClements and Baker, 1994; Straw et al., 2017). What We've Learned Soil drying promotes harder surfaces and the uniformity of ball bounce approaches the uniformity of concrete. At week 1 before soil drying, BB uniformity relative to concrete was “3.7.” At week 17 following soil drying, BB uniformity across all three courts was “2.6” – approaching the BB uniformity of hard courts. The measured results reported here are consistent with player perceptions. As eight-time Wimbledon Grass Court Champion, Roger Federer, lamented: “This new, fresh grass, we're not quite used to it…as you go deeper in the tournament, the grass court becomes more clay-courty, hard-courty with a bit of grass on it…the ball bounces a bit higher” How fast (low bounce) or slow (high bounce) or consistent (uniform) a grass court plays is dependent on the tolerance of the species-cultivar to traffic and to the properties of the underlying soil and its plant-soil-water relationships. References Braun, R. C., Bremer, D. J., Ebdon, J. S., Fry, J. D., & Patton, A. J. (2022). Review of cool-season turfgrass water use and requirements: I. Evapotranspiration and responses to deficit irrigation. Crop Science, 62, 1661–1684. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20791 Ebdon, J. S., Lu, J., and DaCosta, M. (2025). Comparison of Clegg and TruFirm surface hardness for predicting tennis ball bounce standards on grass courts under match play. Crop Science, 65, e70109. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70109 Ebdon J.S., James I., DaCosta M., and Lu J. (2020). Interspecific comparisons of C3 turfgrass for tennis use: I. Wear tolerance and carrying capacity under actual match play. CropScience. 2021;61:750–762. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20270 Holmes, G., and Bell, M. J. (1986). Playing surface hardness and tennis ball rebound resilience. Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute, 62, 207–210. ITF. (2019). Approved tennis balls, classified surfaces, and recognized courts: A guide to products and test methods. International Tennis Federation. https://www.itftennis.com/media/2016/2019-itf-technical-booklet.pdf McClements, I., and S. W. Baker. (1994). The playing quality of natural turf hockey pitches. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 70:p. 13-28. Miller, S. (2006). Modern tennis rackets, balls, and surfaces. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1136/ bjsm.2005.023283 Medicine, 40, 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.023283 Newell, A. J., and Wood, A. D. (2000). Selection of grass species, cultivars and mixtures for lawn tennis. Journal of Turfgrass Science, 76,53–65. Straw, C. M., Bowling, W. J., and Henry, G. M. (2017). Rainfall versus irrigation influences penetration resistance and surface hardness on a recreational sports field. Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 13: p. 1-5. You have been listening to The Turf Zone Podcast. Follow The Turf Zone on X, Facebook and LinkedIn for all things turfgrass, featuring podcasts, magazines, events and more. The post Anyone for Tennis – Research? appeared first on The Turf Zone.
Oklahoma summer crops may look smaller than usual, but that does not automatically mean yield potential is gone. Dave Deken talks with Brian Arnall Ph.D. and Josh Lofton Ph.D. about how timely June rains, cooler temperatures, and still-uncertain July weather are shaping corn, soybeans, grain sorghum, hay, and double crop decisions across the Southern Plains. The conversation covers why smaller soybeans can sometimes offer better yield stability in dryland Oklahoma, what corn needs during pollination, how growers are thinking about double crop acres after an early wheat harvest, and where fertilizer dollars may be best spent with current nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and lime prices. Brian also shares lessons from Brazilian row crop systems, and the team previews a hands-on OSU Extension summer crop field day in Chickasha. Key takeaways June rain changed the summer crop outlook. After a dry start, many Oklahoma fields caught enough rain to germinate and carry crops forward. Smaller crops are not automatically bad. In dryland Oklahoma, shorter soybeans and sorghum may use less water and hold up better if July turns hot and dry. Corn is in a critical window. Cooler temperatures in the 70s and 80s could help early planted corn during pollination. Soybeans are already moving. Some April-planted soybeans are flowering, but wide-row fields that have not canopied may face more weed pressure. Double crop decisions remain complicated. Moisture is favorable in places, but prices, risk, and plans for next wheat crop are slowing some decisions. Some growers may invest in existing acres first. Instead of adding more double crop acres, producers may spend fertility dollars on full-season corn, sorghum, or soybeans. Hay and forage acres may increase. Hay grazer could see more interest as producers rebuild hay supplies for winter. Potassium and lime may deserve attention. Brian points to K and lime as places to invest where soil tests show a need, while staying cautious on expensive N and P. Fertilizer markets are global. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash prices are being shaped by international demand, freight, geopolitics, and timing. Brazil offers useful contrasts. Brian's trip highlighted major differences in soils, rainfall, row crop systems, planter setup, fertility, and crop disease pressure. Detailed timestamped rundown 00:00–01:43 — Episode setup and introductions Dave introduces episode 513 and frames the discussion around moisture, cooler weather, wheat harvest, summer planting, and what has changed across the Southern Great Plains.01:48–04:55 — Weather whiplash and wet wheat harvest areas The group jokes about June feeling like winter and discusses wet conditions in northeastern Oklahoma, including areas where wheat harvest had been delayed by repeated rainfall.04:55–07:18 — “Weird things called rain” Josh explains that after a very dry early spring, rain finally arrived. Instead of one big soaking event in many areas, crops benefited from more spread-out rainfall.07:18–09:37 — Double crop decisions and crop progress The group discusses wheat coming off, double crop choices, cooler temperatures, corn approaching pollination, and early planted soybeans beginning to flower.09:37–13:10 — Josh's research projects Josh outlines current work, including crabgrass and small grain rotations, nitrogen management, forage production, soybean and sorghum herbicide work, and pigweed control research.13:10–14:16 — How research programs evolve Brian and Josh talk about how Extension research shifts through phases based on grower needs, student interests, funding, and emerging problems.14:16–17:02 — Summer crop acreage trends Josh says corn interest increased after strong performance last year, soybeans remained steadier than expected, and marketing conditions have made decisions feel like choosing the least bad option.17:02–18:40 — Early wheat harvest and double crop caution Brian notes how early wheat harvest was in some areas. Josh says some growers are considering whether to double crop or prepare ground for wheat again.18:40–19:44 — Fertility and hay grazer decisions Josh says some growers may spend money on full-season acres instead of double crop acres, while also considering lime, phosphorus, potassium, and hay grazer needs.19:45–20:55 — Bermuda grass and hay outlook Brian notes Bermuda grass started slowly because of the dry, cool start, but second cuttings may look stronger. Josh adds that eastern Oklahoma avoided some flooding problems seen in previous years.21:08–22:23 — Dry planting, then June moisture The group compares expectations at planting with current field conditions and notes that Oklahoma growers would rather have moisture in June than early growth with no rain later.22:23–24:02 — Why small crops may be okay Josh introduces the idea that smaller soybean and sorghum plants may offer yield stability in Oklahoma by lowering water demand.24:02–26:21 — Soybean height, canopy, and weed pressure Josh explains that large soybean plants can support more yield in unlimited conditions, but they also require more water. Shorter plants may protect yield if July dries out, though wide rows that have not canopied may face weed pressure.26:21–27:09 — Grain sorghum size and drought fit Josh says sorghum is smaller than recent years but is beginning to boot in some places, which may be a good fit if heat and dryness return.27:09–30:27 — Corn's narrower flexibility Brian and Josh compare soybeans, cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn. Corn can handle cool conditions well, but it has less flexibility than indeterminate crops once it commits to yield structure.30:27–33:24 — Data behind small-crop thinking Josh explains past soybean work with plant growth regulators and crop topping. In stressful years, smaller crops protected yield; in non-limiting years, taller crops could have an advantage.33:24–36:02 — Why topping soybeans is not a recommendation Josh clarifies that physically topping soybeans is not a recommended practice. Instead, planting date, irrigation, and system fit are better levers for managing crop size.36:02–37:38 — Double crop soybeans west vs. east Josh explains that farther west, double crop soybeans can sometimes compare more favorably with full-season soybeans because shorter vegetative growth may better match moisture limitations.37:38–39:24 — Weather pattern uncertainty Dave asks about changing weather patterns. Josh says producers should not overhaul whole-farm practices based on one season, but repeated issues with overly tall crops may justify revisiting planting windows.39:24–42:03 — Wheat harvest and fertility strategy Brian says many wheat fields under-yielded and fertilizer spending was down. He recommends looking at current prices and soil needs instead of assuming last year dictates this year.42:04–47:17 — Fertilizer markets and geopolitics Brian discusses urea, phosphorus, potash, lime, international fertilizer movement, and why nitrogen prices do not respond instantly to shipping news.47:17–48:40 — Brazil's role in fertilizer demand The group discusses how Brazil's crop demand, transportation constraints, tariffs, and global trade shape fertilizer movement and pricing.48:40–52:17 — Brian's Brazil agronomy trip Brian describes visiting Pará, Brazil, where row crop systems are relatively new, soils are deep and highly weathered, rainfall is extreme, and soybean systems depend heavily on fungicide.52:17–54:06 — What Oklahoma can learn from Brazil Brian reflects on how newer production regions may be more open to ideas, while also facing unproven products and unique fertility, soil, and equipment challenges.54:06–57:27 — Chickasha Summer Crop Demo Day Brian previews the July 27 producer event at the Chickasha research station, including hands-on stops for crop staging, scouting, soil pits, irrigation, spray nozzles, nitrate testing, alfalfa, and summer crop management. The related OSU event listing describes hands-on demonstrations from soil pits to crop scouting to improve summer crop productivity.57:27–59:32 — Wrap-up The group closes with the show website, resources, and a reminder for listeners to send questions through Red Dirt Agronomy. RedDirtAgronomy.com
Using imagery from LandSat and other satellites, NASA and the USGS have developed an interactive platform for farmers called OpenET.
A Rosie On The House ReplayThis episode explores practical, low-cost strategies for reusing household gray water to irrigate landscapes. Brad Lancaster shares decades of experience designing regenerative water systems in dryland environments, emphasizing simple gravity-fed solutions over complex infrastructure. The conversation highlights how homeowners can dramatically reduce water use by “stacking functions” and capturing water already on-site. By pairing gray water with rainwater harvesting, households can meet most or all of their irrigation needs. Brad Lancaster runs a successful permaculture consulting design and education business in Tucson, Arizona. He's focused on integrated and sustainable approaches to landscape design, planning and living. Growing up in a dryland environment, water harvesting has long been one of his specialties and a true passion. He's the author of the Permaculture Bible for Water Harvesting, Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond, Volumes One and Two. And he has just released new color versions, revised and expanded of both of them.Key TopicsGray water (definition and household sources)Difference between gray water and black waterBrad Lancaster (water harvesting expert)Rainwater harvesting systemsGravity-fed irrigation designSoil as a living filtration systemMulch basins and infiltration strategiesLaundry-to-landscape systemsOutdoor shower gray water reuseWater conservation in dryland climatesArizona gray water regulations (13 guidelines)Soap and detergent impacts (salt vs liquid)Planting water before plants (design philosophy)Evapotranspiration and passive coolingKey Questions AnsweredWhat is gray water and how much of household water does it represent?Gray water is lightly used water from showers, sinks, bathtubs, and washing machines. It represents a significant portion of household water use—nearly equal to outdoor irrigation demand—making it a major opportunity for reuse.Is gray water safe to use in the landscape?Yes, when basic guidelines are followed. Avoid toxins, prevent pooling, and distribute water across multiple areas. Soil biology naturally filters the water, making it safe for fruit trees and many landscape plants.How can homeowners start using gray water cheaply and easily?Simple systems like redirecting a washing machine hose or using an outdoor shower can send water directly to plants using gravity. No pumps, tanks, or complex filtration systems are needed.What soaps and products should be used with gray water systems?Liquid soaps are preferred over powdered detergents because they contain fewer salt-based fillers. Avoid chlorine bleach and opt for hydrogen peroxide alternatives to protect soil health.Why shouldn't gray water be stored in tanks?Stored gray water quickly turns septic due to organic matter, creating odor and health issues. It's best used immediately by directing it into soil systems.How does combining gray water and rainwater maximize impact?Together, they can meet nearly all irrigation needs for a landscape, especially with low-water-use plants. This reduces reliance on municipal water and increases resilience.What does “plant the water first” mean?Design the landscape to capture and infiltrate water using basins and contours before planting. This ensures plants receive consistent moisture naturally.Where should plants be placed in a water-harvesting landscape?Higher water-use plants should be placed near water sources like roofs or gray water outlets. Trees should be positioned for shade and cooling benefits, especially on east and west sides of buildings.Episode HighlightsGray water is “perennial water”—it flows daily as long as you live in your homeYou've already paid for this water—reuse it instead of sending it to the sewerA simple laundry system can irrigate multiple trees by rotating a drain hoseSoil acts as a living sponge and filter, outperforming mechanical systemsOutdoor showers can double as irrigation systems and cooling zones for animalsAvoid overcomplication—gravity systems are cheaper, more reliable, and effectiveCapturing both rainwater and gray water can eliminate most irrigation needsWater harvesting landscapes create cooler microclimates and support biodiversityCalls to Action & ResourcesBrad Lancaster Resources — https://www.harvestingrainwater.comYouTube Channel — Search “Brad Lancaster water harvesting”Books — Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond (Volumes 1 & 2)Visit www.UrbanFarm.org/980 for the show notes and links on this episode!Need a little bit of advice or just a feedback on your design for your yard or garden?The Urban Farm Team is offering consults over the phone or zoom. Get the benefits of a personalized garden and yard space analysis without the cost of trip charges. You can chat with Greg, Janis or Ray to get permaculture based feedback.Click HERE to learn more!*Disclosure: Some of the links in our podcast show notes and blog posts are affiliate links and if you go through them to make a purchase, we will earn a nominal commission at no cost to you. We offer links to items recommended by our podcast guests and guest writers as a service to our audience and these items are not selected because of the commission we receive from your purchases. We know the decision is yours, and whether you decide to buy something is completely up to you.
In this episode of The Crop Science Podcast Show, Dr. Dean Steele from North Dakota State University discusses irrigation water management and precision irrigation systems. He covers variable-rate irrigation, soil moisture sensors, pulse-width modulation, evapotranspiration, and water-scheduling strategies for corn and potato production. Dr. Steele also shares insights into how sensor data and water-balance models improve irrigation efficiency. Listen now on all major platforms!"Variable-rate irrigation reduces water application in low-lying areas and prairie potholes, preventing overwatering that leads to disease in potato fields and storage losses."Meet the guest: Dr. Dean Steele is an Associate Professor in the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department at North Dakota State University. Professional interests include irrigation and environmental engineering, and irrigation water management. Research focuses on soil water sensors, variable-rate irrigation systems, and water-use efficiency in irrigated crop production, with applied work supporting producers and conservation professionals across the Northern Plains.Liked this one? Don't stop now — Here's what we think you'll love!What you will learn:(00:00) Highlight(00:58) Introduction(04:43) Variable-rate irrigation systems(09:43) VRI application precision(14:53) Irrigation scheduling methods(19:14) Evapotranspiration(21:58) Teaching programs at NDSU(27:01) Final questionsThe Crop Science Podcast Show is trusted and supported by innovative companies like:- KWS- Loam Bio
The Yellowstone National Park area has more than 10,000 thermal features. And while Old Faithful is a pretty predictable geyser, some thermal features can change quite a bit. New ones can even pop up! Remote sensing provides a tool for monitoring them—especially the thermal infrared sensors (TIRS) on Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellites.In this episode of Eyes on Earth, R. Greg Vaughan, the remote sensing lead for the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, describes what causes the thermal features and how he uses Landsat and other remote sensing data to track their locations and estimate their temperatures. Then Terry Sohl, the Integrated Science and Applications Branch chief at USGS EROS, describes a couple of other important uses of Landsat thermal data.
The view from space just keeps getting better.
I had an optimistic thought about the effects of global warming, and I put it to the test with Dr. Meetpal Kukal.
U of I researcher coins ‘thirstwaves' as new framework emphasizing prolonged, extreme water stressors.
Two Ben-Gurion University M.Sc students, Mr. Kelvin Kiplagat and Ms. Leah Waweru from Prof. Nurit Agam's course “Hydrometeorology” graduate course present their take on an amazing class assignment: Find a creative way to explain Evapotranspiration, a crucial process for the Earth's water cycle and climate. So, they came to BGU Radio's Sde Boker Campus studio and podcasted their way to a superb grade!
Nicole and Michael dare to record an episode of their famous podcast later in the day than usual, resulting in a exploration into topics like gabapentin for dogs, getting sick at the dentist, what's wrong with the final seasons of your favorite shows, and more.
Managing water resources effectively is crucial, especially in regions facing scarcity and drought. The OpenET platform, developed through collaboration between NASA, the Environmental Defense Fund, and other partners, offers a groundbreaking solution by leveraging satellite data to measure evapotranspiration. In this episode, we hear from Forrest Melton of NASA and Robyn Grimm, formerly of the Environmental Defense Fund, who explain the science behind OpenET and its diverse applications. The episode also features insights from various users across the water sector, including farmers and water managers, who discuss how OpenET is transforming their approach to water use and conservation. From supporting regulatory compliance to optimizing irrigation, OpenET is proving to be a critical tool for ensuring sustainable water management in the face of climate challenges.waterloop is a nonprofit news outlet.
The AWARD WINNING "Too Tall Tom's Tidbits" - this week we discuss scatter storms, evapotranspiration and more! See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
- Dave Chatterton, SFarmMarketing.com- Flash Drought & Evapotranspiration with Trent Ford- USDA Weekly Crop Progress State Reports- Don Day, DayWeather.com ★ Support this podcast ★
In this episode of Eyes on Earth, we spoke with Mikael Hiestand, a Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellow. Using algorithms developed at EROS, Mikael is working on near-term drought forecasting. With synthetic Landsat data, he found that predicting evapotranspiration could be used as a means of drought prediction and monitoring. The Mendenhall Fellowship allows people who have just completed their PhD an opportunity to work on research with USGS scientists and prepare for their career.
Pistachios are very salt tolerant, at least compared to most of the other orchard crops that are grown in California. However, this does not make them immune to the effects of salinity. Daniele Zaccaria recently wrapped up a four year study examining the water use of trees under varying levels of soil salinity and found that water use decreases as soil salinity increases. This has major implications for tree health and water use post SGMA. Listen to find out more.The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed are the speaker's own and do notrepresent the views, thoughts, and opinions of the University of California. The material and information presented here is for general information purposes only. The "University of California" name and all forms and abbreviations are the property of its owner and its use does not imply endorsement of or opposition to any specific organization, product, or service. Follow us on Twitter! @SacOrchards and @SJVtandvThank you to the Almond, Pistachio, Prune, and Walnut Boards of California for their kind donations. Thank you to Muriel Gordon for the music.
How does heat affect plants? How do plants affect temperature?Summer in the City: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7ofnHmxE-IPhotosynthesis: Mrs. Frizzle says it best: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMNVwkxoW6kStomata: any of the minute pores in the epidermis (skin) of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.Transpiration: the exhalation of water vapor through the stomata.Evapotranspiration: the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.Heat index: a measure indicating the level of discomfort the average person is thought to experience as a result of the combined effects of the temperature and humidity of the air.To better understand evaporation, give 'The Water Cycle Song' a listen: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Flnn0phfpzwShow NotesSend us your questions at growingwithbloombox@gmail.com or leave us a voicemail.Bloom Box: Growing Deeper: https://plantnebraska.org/podcastFollow us @NEBloomBox on Facebook and InstagramFollow us @growingwithbloombox on PinterestLearn more about Bloom Box: https://plantnebraska.org/bloom-boxLearn more about the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum: https://plantnebraska.org
This is the first in a series of podcasts looking into an important greenhouse production topic, vapor pressure deficit or VPD. Host Bill Calkins talks to guest Dr. Will Healy in an attempt to make some fairly complex information understandable and usable in this conversation about VPD, relative humidity and water loss. They are following up on a print article ran in the January issue of GrowerTalks magazine that walked readers through some definitions related to VPD, as well as why it is an important measurement to use and how it can specifically benefit young plant production. This episode (and the others in the series) goes quite a bit deeper into the topic. Dr. Healy has more than three decades of experience working with greenhouses of all shapes and sizes and around the world to implement the best strategies for their unique situations. Will retired recently from Ball Horticultural Company but continues to think about ways to improve horticultural production. In the first podcast of the series, Will and Bill focus on clarifying the importance of VPD and Relative Humidity (RH), as well as explaining the process of Evapotranspiration. The episode sets the stage for upcoming presentations covering when VPD is most critical and ways to manage this integral piece of your greenhouse environment puzzle. RESOURCES: VIEW THIS PRESENTATION AS A VIDEO WITH SLIDES: https://youtu.be/MGb8RjLV3U0 Learning Curves & Data Curves, GrowerTalks January 2023 by Bill Calkins (article): https://www.growertalks.com/Article/?articleid=26085 Plant Empowerment (book): https://www.plantempowerment.com/in-practice/the-book/ Tech On Demand—Training Your Team to Water Properly (video): https://youtu.be/SCPPT0IXlLY
How can we measure water when it disappears into thin air? On this episode of What About Water? we're looking at evapotranspiration, or “ET” for short. It's the combination of water evaporating from the soil, combined with the measure of water transpiring through crops' leaves. Accounting for this water loss helps farmers know exactly how much water they should apply across their fields, and new agricultural technologies and satellites are making it much easier. Jay sits down with California State University at Monterrey Bay Senior Research Scientist – and former student – A.J. Purdy, whose doctoral thesis looked at the advancement and applications of satellite-derived ET algorithms. We also hear what this looks like in real life, with Brett Baker, a sixth-generation California pear farmer and lawyer. With the ever-present risk of flood on his family's land in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, Baker explains how OpenET is helping farmers like him and his father take better measurements of consumptive use. Robyn Grimm, Interim Director of OpenET, tells us how this open-source platform is making big waves.
Some plants are simply better at making use of their water supply than others. More efficient plants can capture more carbon with less water, which has implications for carbon sequestration and ultimately for climate change modeling. In other words, the more we understand about water use efficiency, the more reliable our climate change models can be. And the only way to measure efficiency at the global scale is from space. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from a scientist who studied global water use using a sensor called ECOSTRESS, whose data are housed at the USGS EROS Center, in NASA's Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC).
Some plants are simply better at making use of their water supply than others. More efficient plants can capture more carbon with less water, which has implications for carbon sequestration and ultimately for climate change modeling. In other words, the more we understand about water use efficiency, the more reliable our climate change models can be. And the only way to measure efficiency at the global scale is from space. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from a scientist who studied global water use using a sensor called ECOSTRESS, whose data are housed at the USGS EROS Center, in NASA's Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC).
Kid News This Week: Saturn loses its rings - but how, low-down on Ketanji B Jackson, Finnish treasure hunters get ready for last push to booty and Spain's abandoned village appears in dried-up lake - all that and more.
If you want to know how much rain fell yesterday, you can catch it and measure it. Water vapor? That's not so easy. Which is a problem if you want to know how quickly that rate is returning to the atmosphere. Water vapor is the single largest part of the water budget, but without space-based observations, it would be all but impossible to measure at wide scale. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we learn how a sensor called ECOSTRESS helps improve the space-based measurement of evapotranspiration, or ET, which is the combined rate of evaporation from the Earth's surface and transpiration from plants.
Phytech's Travis Klicker talks about what their high-tech solution to connecting with your plants.
If you want to know how much rain fell yesterday, you can catch it and measure it. Water vapor? That's not so easy. Which is a problem if you want to know how quickly that rate is returning to the atmosphere. Water vapor is the single largest part of the water budget, but without space-based observations, it would be all but impossible to measure at wide scale. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we learn how a sensor called ECOSTRESS helps improve the space-based measurement of evapotranspiration, or ET, which is the combined rate of evaporation from the Earth's surface and transpiration from plants.
Fires can be destructive or healthy for a landscape—often both. Fires have grown larger and more destructive in recent years, though, thanks to human activity, climate change, and a host of other factors. Satellite data helps us to map and monitor fire activity, but the study of post-fire plant life using remote sensing data goes further than fire mapping. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from Dr. Helen Poulos, who used data from the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station, (ECOSTRESS), to study Arizona Pine Oak forest 5-7 years after severe fire. Dr. Poulos and her collaborators at Northern Arizona University and the University of Maine at Farmington learned that post-fire shrublands had surprisingly high rates of water use. ECOSTRESS data are available through NASA's Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center or LP DAAC, which is located at EROS.
Fires can be destructive or healthy for a landscape—often both. Fires have grown larger and more destructive in recent years, though, thanks to human activity, climate change, and a host of other factors. Satellite data helps us to map and monitor fire activity, but the study of post-fire plant life using remote sensing data goes further than fire mapping. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from Dr. Helen Poulos, who used data from the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station, (ECOSTRESS), to study Arizona Pine Oak forest 5-7 years after severe fire. Dr. Poulos and her collaborators at Northern Arizona University and the University of Maine at Farmington learned that post-fire shrublands had surprisingly high rates of water use. ECOSTRESS data are available through NASA's Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center or LP DAAC, which is located at EROS.
Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth. Extreme weather sometimes happens in very specific areas thanks to extreme surface temperature differences. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Evapotranspiration: the return of water to the atmosphere from the ground surface. Troposphere: The lowest region of the Earth's atmosphere, extending usually to around 10 km above the Earth's surface. Tropopause: The top-most boundary of the troposphere. Low Pressure System: An area of relatively low pressure that draws air into it, causing converging winds. Micro-climate: The climate of a very small or restricted area. Heat Island: An urban area that has higher average temperatures than its surrounding due to the heat absorption of materials like concrete and asphalt. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Articles from Denver Post, Denverite, BBC, itv News,The Independent, Weather Channel, NBC 10 Philadelphia, WFMZ 69, WQAD 8 abc, KSDK 5 OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub. Topic Summary: Mitigating Climate Change with Reflective Pavements. (2021). Retrieved from: https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Albedo%201113_0.pdf Randel W. J., Jensen E. J., (2013) Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience Vol 6, pp 169. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733 Kurn, D M, Bretz, S E, Huang, B, and Akbari, H. (1994) "The potential for reducing urban air temperatures and energy consumption through vegetative cooling." United States OSTI, Retrieved from: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10180633-potential-reducing-urban-air-temperatures-energy-consumption-through-vegetative-cooling Lejeune, Q., Davin, E.L., Gudmundsson, L. et al. (2018) Historical deforestation locally increased the intensity of hot days in northern mid-latitudes. Nature Clim Change 8, 386–390. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0131-z Ma J., Chadwick R., Seo K. H., Dong C., Huang G., Foltz G. R., Jiang J. H. (2018) Responses of the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation to Climate Change and Connection to the Hydrological Cycle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 46:549–580. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517010102 Terzi, L. (2021). Personal communication. Belgian Nuclear Research Center.
"Das Klima”, der Podcast zur Wissenschaft hinter der Krise. Wir lesen den aktuellen Bericht des Weltklimarats und erklären den aktuellen Stand der Klimaforschung. Kapitel 8 des IPCC-Berichts beschäftigt sich mit dem Wasserkreislauf der Erde. Das klingt erstmal simpel, ist es aber natürlich nicht. Wir haben jede Menge Wasser in allen möglichen Formen und überall. Nachdem wir eine aquatische Bestandsaufnahme gemacht haben und wissen, wo sich das Wasser überall herum treibt, schauen wir zuerst, was dazu führen könnte, dass sich an diesem Kreislauf etwas ändert. Dann untersuchen wir, wie sich der Kreislauf bisher verändert hat und schauen am Schluss, wie er sich in Zukunft verändern wird. Dabei lernen wir nicht nur so schöne Worte wie “Telekonnektion” oder “Evapotranspiration” sondern stellen auch fest: Die Chancen auf weiße Weihnachten schwinden zunehmend und zwar für alle Menschen auf der Erde. Tja.
While precipitation like rain and snow get all the attention, the amount of evapotranspiration - water transferred from land and planets to the atmosphere - is also critical to water management. But there hasn't been an effective tool for farmers, communities, and other water stakeholders to track evapotranspiration. Enter OpenET, a powerful platform that provides easily accessible satellite-based estimates and allows users to explore data down to a quarter-acre resolution or at a broader scale for millions of fields. The development and uses of OpenET is discussed in this episode with Robyn Grimm, Director of Climate Resilient Water Information Systems at the Environmental Defense Fund, and Forrest Melton, Research Scientist at California State University Monterey Bay. Robyn and Forrest talk about building OpenET through a massive partnership, which involves NASA, Google, EDF, the Desert Research Institute, and a variety of federal agencies and universities. They also discuss pilot projects across Western states and how the tool can support irrigation efficiency, groundwater management, and trading programs.Find all episodes at https://www.waterloop.orgwaterloop is made possible in part by grants from the Walton Family Foundation and Spring Point Partners. waterloop is sponsored by High Sierra Showerheads, the smart and stylish way to save water, energy, and money while enjoying a powerful shower. Use promo code Loop20 for 20 percent off at https://www.highsierrashowerheads.com
While precipitation like rain and snow get all the attention, the amount of evapotranspiration - water transferred from land and planets to the atmosphere - is also critical to water management. But there hasn't been an effective tool for farmers, communities, and other water stakeholders to track evapotranspiration. Enter OpenET, a powerful platform that provides easily accessible satellite-based estimates and allows users to explore data down to a quarter-acre resolution or at a broader scale for millions of fields. The development and uses of OpenET is discussed in this episode with Robyn Grimm, Director of Climate Resilient Water Information Systems at the Environmental Defense Fund, and Forrest Melton, Research Scientist at California State University Monterey Bay. Robyn and Forrest talk about building OpenET through a massive partnership, which involves NASA, Google, EDF, the Desert Research Institute, and a variety of federal agencies and universities. They also discuss pilot projects across Western states and how the tool can support irrigation efficiency, groundwater management, and trading programs.Find all episodes at https://www.waterloop.orgwaterloop is made possible in part by grants from the Walton Family Foundation and Spring Point Partners. waterloop is sponsored by High Sierra Showerheads, the smart and stylish way to save water, energy, and money while enjoying a powerful shower. Use promo code Loop20 for 20 percent off at https://www.highsierrashowerheads.com
While precipitation like rain and snow get all the attention, the amount of evapotranspiration - water transferred from land and planets to the atmosphere - is also critical to water management. But there hasn't been an effective tool for farmers, communities, and other water stakeholders to track evapotranspiration. Enter OpenET, a powerful platform that provides easily accessible satellite-based estimates and allows users to explore data down to a quarter-acre resolution or at a broader scale for millions of fields. The development and uses of OpenET is discussed in this episode with Robyn Grimm, Director of Climate Resilient Water Information Systems at the Environmental Defense Fund, and Forrest Melton, Research Scientist at California State University Monterey Bay. Robyn and Forrest talk about building OpenET through a massive partnership, which involves NASA, Google, EDF, the Desert Research Institute, and a variety of federal agencies and universities. They also discuss pilot projects across Western states and how the tool can support irrigation efficiency, groundwater management, and trading programs.Find all episodes at https://www.waterloop.orgwaterloop is made possible in part by grants from the Walton Family Foundation and Spring Point Partners. waterloop is sponsored by High Sierra Showerheads, the smart and stylish way to save water, energy, and money while enjoying a powerful shower. Use promo code Loop20 for 20 percent off at https://www.highsierrashowerheads.com
Satellite imagery is everywhere. We see it on TV news and weather coverage, in our Twitter and Facebook feeds, and on our phones' mapping apps. The data behind that imagery is nothing like a screenshot, though. It's comprised of tiny packets of data, broken down from huge files and digitally manipulated to resemble the surface of the Earth, a swirling storm system or a map of urban growth. Cloud computing resources can make it easier to work with huge datasets that cover long periods of time, which is why many remote sensing scientists are using it for their analyses. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from a scientist who used the cloud for a 150-year water use modeling project, and from a data scientist working to help train others to use cloud resources.
Satellite imagery is everywhere. We see it on TV news and weather coverage, in our Twitter and Facebook feeds, and on our phones' mapping apps. The data behind that imagery is nothing like a screenshot, though. It's comprised of
Satellite imagery is everywhere. We see it on TV news and weather coverage, in our Twitter and Facebook feeds, and on our phones' mapping apps. The data behind that imagery is nothing like a screenshot, though. It's comprised of tiny packets of data, broken down from huge files and digitally manipulated to resemble the surface of the Earth, a swirling storm system or a map of urban growth. Cloud computing resources can make it easier to work with huge datasets that cover long periods of time, which is why many remote sensing scientists are using it for their analyses. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from a scientist who used the cloud for a 150-year water use modeling project, and from a data scientist working to help train others to use cloud resources.
The St. Mary and Milk Rivers cross the U.S. and Canadian border and supply water to both countries. Managing that resource in the interest of both nations is a matter of international collaboration and cooperation, and Landsat data is helping offer objective information on water use. On today's episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from Roy Sando of the USGS, who's working with EROS experts and the International Joint Commission to turn Landsat-based evapotranspiration (ET) estimates into a tool for farmers and land managers on both sides of the border.
The St. Mary and Milk Rivers cross the U.S. and Canadian border and supply water to both countries. Managing that resource in the interest of both nations is a matter of international collaboration and cooperation, and Landsat
The St. Mary and Milk Rivers cross the U.S. and Canadian border and supply water to both countries. Managing that resource in the interest of both nations is a matter of international collaboration and cooperation, and Landsat data is helping offer objective information on water use. On today's episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from Roy Sando of the USGS, who's working with EROS experts and the International Joint Commission to turn Landsat-based evapotranspiration (ET) estimates into a tool for farmers and land managers on both sides of the border.
John Liu - Ecosystem Restoration Camps - Y on Earth Community Podcast The post Episode 95 - John Liu, Founder, Ecosystem Restoration Camps first appeared on Y on Earth Community.
Brazil is a fascinating study in water use. Brazil uses roughly 72 percent of its water for irrigated agriculture, and its herds of cattle, pigs and poultry are among the largest in the world. Water management teams from that country's National Water Agency have worked in recent years with researchers from the USGS EROS Center to learn how to map, and therefore more effectively manage, the South American country's water resources. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from the Brazilian water experts and one of their collaborators at EROS.
Brazil is a fascinating study in water use. Brazil uses roughly 72 percent of its water for irrigated agriculture, and its herds of cattle, pigs and poultry are among the largest in the world. Water management teams from that
Brazil is a fascinating study in water use. Brazil uses roughly 72 percent of its water for irrigated agriculture, and its herds of cattle, pigs and poultry are among the largest in the world. Water management teams from that country's National Water Agency have worked in recent years with researchers from the USGS EROS Center to learn how to map, and therefore more effectively manage, the South American country's water resources. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear from the Brazilian water experts and one of their collaborators at EROS.
The Green Revolution leaned on fertilizers, drought-resistant seeds and other modern innovations to boost agricultural production across much of the planet in the second half of the 20th Century. But many of those innovations never reached West Africa, partially because the lack of social safety nets and crop insurance made such investments too risky. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear about a new product called index insurance that could help encourage yield-boosting investments by small holder farmers in West Africa, and how EROS data might be used to refine and improve the product.
The Green Revolution leaned on fertilizers, drought-resistant seeds and other modern innovations to boost agricultural production across much of the planet in the second half of the 20th Century. But many of those innovations
Evapotranspiration is the process by which water transpires from the leaves and stems of plants and evaporates from the Earth's surface. ET is an important metric for managing water use, but data availability has long been an issue. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we talk about OpenET, a bold initiative whose goal is to improve water management by making that water consumption data more easily accessible to 17 western states. A consortium of agencies and organizations is working together to create a “one-stop shop” where users can access remotely sensed water consumption models on a single web-based platform.
Evapotranspiration is the process by which water transpires from the leaves and stems of plants and evaporates from the Earth’s surface. ET is an important metric for managing water use, but data availability has long been an
The Green Revolution leaned on fertilizers, drought-resistant seeds and other modern innovations to boost agricultural production across much of the planet in the second half of the 20th Century. But many of those innovations never reached West Africa, partially because the lack of social safety nets and crop insurance made such investments too risky. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear about a new product called index insurance that could help encourage yield-boosting investments by small holder farmers in West Africa, and how EROS data might be used to refine and improve the product.
Evapotranspiration is the process by which water transpires from the leaves and stems of plants and evaporates from the Earth's surface. ET is an important metric for managing water use, but data availability has long been an issue. On this episode of Eyes on Earth, we talk about OpenET, a bold initiative whose goal is to improve water management by making that water consumption data more easily accessible to 17 western states. A consortium of agencies and organizations is working together to create a “one-stop shop” where users can access remotely sensed water consumption models on a single web-based platform.
Listen to this article from West Coast Nut by Julie R. Johnson
David Doll former UC Farm Advisor
It's easy enough to measure rainfall, and nearly as easy to measure streamflow. Calculating the efficiency of water use through the metric of evapotranspiration (ET) – evaporation off the Earth's surface and transpiration from the leaves of plants – is a far trickier proposal. In this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear how scientists use satellites like Landsat to measure ET, and how those measurements help guide water management decisions in the U.S. and around the world.
It’s easy enough to measure rainfall, and nearly as easy to measure streamflow. Calculating the efficiency of water use through the metric of evapotranspiration (ET) – evaporation off the Earth’s surface and transpiration from the
A bill introduced to the statehouse last week revealed more details on a new state park proposal. The legislation would appropriate $10 million to the creation of Utahraptor State Park at Dalton Wells, roughly 15 miles north of Moab. Then, our partners at KUER report on a slice of land in Southern Utah that often flies under the radar – the Kanab Escalante Planning Area. And later, groundwater is under threat from a warming climate according to a new study. Show Notes: Utahraptor State Park Bill, HB 322 – https://le.utah.gov/~2020/bills/static/HB0322.html KUER, The ‘KEPA’ Lands: What Lies Ahead For Excised Zones of Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument – https://www.kuer.org/post/kepa-lands-what-lies-ahead-excised-zones-grand-staircase-escalante-national-monument#stream/0 Nature Communications, Evapotranspiration depletes groundwater under warming over the contiguous United States – https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14688-0
There are many reasons to optimize your irrigation: Increase nutrient uptake efficiency Control Pest, Fungi, and diseases Improve plant health and productivity Reduce nutrient leaching Environmental sustainability Conserve water Reduce pumping costs We discuss some of the common methods used to determine irrigation frequency and duration. Evapotranspiration and crop water demand Weather variability and importance of Hyper-Local weather We introduce Yara's Farm Water Advisor, a simple, easy to use mobile application that delivers precise crop water demand forecasts and irrigation recommendation that are precise for YOUR crop, YOUR field, and YOUR cultural practices. Learn more and download the Ap at www.FarmWaterAdvisor.com or download at the Apple Ap Store or Google Play Store. If you have comments, questions, or suggestions, please contact Scott.warr@yara.com. 916-390-2999 or hello@farmwateradvisor.com
It's easy enough to measure rainfall, and nearly as easy to measure streamflow. Calculating the efficiency of water use through the metric of evapotranspiration (ET) – evaporation off the Earth's surface and transpiration from the leaves of plants – is a far trickier proposal. In this episode of Eyes on Earth, we hear how scientists use satellites like Landsat to measure ET, and how those measurements help guide water management decisions in the U.S. and around the world.
Episode 9- Irrigation and Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration data is a cornerstone of California irrigation management. I sit down with Allan Fulton (UCCE Irrigation Advisor) to discuss how to find and utilize ET data.You can sign-up for ET reports in the Sacramento Valley at: http://www.sacvalleyorchards.com/et-reports/More information on ET reports in the San Joaquin Valley can be found at:https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=26858There is an important working partnership between UC Ag & Natural Resources Farm Advisors throughout the Central Valley and the California DWR to provide these reports. DWR maintains the weather stations and helps with a lot of the behind the scenes calculations that we talk about. UC ANR invests resources to develop specific crop coefficients to enable crop specific estimates of ET. We validate the estimates with on-farm work and seek to help growers learn to apply the information.Almond Board irrigation resources: https://www.almonds.com/irrigationFresno State’s Wateright: http://www.wateright.net/Washington State University’s Irrigation Calculators: http://irrigation.wsu.edu/Content/Select-Calculators.phpCrop Evapotranspiration and Kc’s in FAO 56: http://www.fao.org/3/X0490E/X0490E00.htmUC Davis Biomet reference for Kc’s, biomet.ucdavis.edu/irrigation_scheduling/bis/BIS.htmThanks to the Pistachio Board of California and Almond Board of California for their generous financial support. Music by Muriel Gordon.
Green Roof Plants - How do They Survive Written and narrated by Dr. Anna Zakrisson for Purple-Roof. www.purple-roof.com/ _____ Do green roof plants matter? Yes, absolutely! The vegetation on a green roof is a central part of the engine that drives evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration helps to ensure efficient green roof stormwater management. Also, if the roof isn’t covered by a protective layer of vegetation, the soil might simply blow away or even flush away during a rainfall. Selecting green roof plants The choice of green roof plants is important and should be carefully considered. The layer of vegetation should be selected based on climatic region and be well-tailored to the soil. Vegetation and soil are closely linked, and healthy soil biology is essential for happy plants. If the vegetation layer crashes, the functionality of the roof is destroyed. ______ Read the article on the Purple-Roof blog! https://www.purple-roof.com/post/green-roof-plants-how-do-they-survive ____ Don't hesitate to contact us if you have any questions or feedback! info@purple-roof.com
What is Evapotranspiration Part I: Detailed knowledge of evapotranspiration rates is essential for a successful green roof. In this audio article, we dive into the topic of evapotranspiration. If you would like to read the article, it is available here: https://www.purple-roof.com/post/what-is-evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration is merely a combination of the words: evaporation (evapo-) and transpiration (-transpiration). But what do these two terms mean? Let’s start with evaporation!
What is Evapotranspiration Part 2: Green roofs are tricky. On the one hand, we want evapotranspiration to be very high to get rid of stormwater as quickly as possible and prepare to absorb the next storm. On the other hand, we want the plants to conserve water to not dry out in the thin soil media between storms. We also do not want to have to irrigate green roofs to support plants. It is a challenging task to design a plant palette that minimizes the need for additional irrigation. LEED, in particular, is giving the green roof designer a tough time balancing the desire for native plants, in a very shallow soil profile, and yet at the same time forbid irrigation. This shows the importance of using different roof systems for different climates and abandoning the current strategy of one-size-fits-all for soil and vegetation. Read this article on our blog: https://www.purple-roof.com/post/what-is-evapotranspiration Don't hesitate to contact us if you have any questions, suggestions, or comments!
Podcast for audio and video - NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
ECOSTRESS is a new NASA Earth science mission to study how effectively plants use water by measuring their temperature from space.
ECOSTRESS is a new NASA Earth science mission to study how effectively plants use water by measuring their temperature from space.
One of the unseen benefits an urban forest brings to a community is storm water management. A healthy diversified urban forest can extend the life of a cities gray infrastructure over decades. Dr. Peter MacDonagh looks at the incredible job trees perform in handling storm runoff in a city. (A,U,M,T,L,Bs)
Water is arguably the most important physical resource as it is the one that is essential to human survival. Understanding the global water cycle and how we use water is essential to planning a sustainable source of water for the future. This study unit is just one of many that can be found on LearningSpace, part of OpenLearn, a collection of open educational resources from The Open University. Published in ePub 2.0.1 format, some feature such as audio, video and linked PDF are not supported by all ePub readers.
Transcript -- Steps taken in calculating the amount of evapotranspiration between two points, and the instruments involved.
Steps taken in calculating the amount of evapotranspiration between two points, and the instruments involved.
Transcript -- Steps taken in calculating the amount of evapotranspiration between two points, and the instruments involved.
Steps taken in calculating the amount of evapotranspiration between two points, and the instruments involved.
"Water has fascinated me for a long time. I have spent my whole adult life studying and teaching about water in our environment. I will share with you my wonderment of water and some fun and unusual things that you can see for yourself." - Peter Black
"Water has fascinated me for a long time. I have spent my whole adult life studying and teaching about water in our environment. I will share with you my wonderment of water and some fun and unusual things that you can see for yourself." - Peter Black
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