Podcasts about Rwandan genocide

On September 2, 1998, the first conviction for the crime of genocide was entered by an international tribunal. The date is an essential milestone in the development of criminal responsibility imposed by the international community for the commission of mass atrocities.Written by Dr. John B. Quigley. Narration by Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Video production by Laura Seeger and Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle. A textual version of this video is available at https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/september-2018-genocide-and-rwanda. This is a production of Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective at the Goldberg Center in the Department of History at The Ohio State University and the Department of History at Miami University. Be sure to subscribe to our channel to receive updates about our videos and podcasts. For more information about Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, please visit origins.osu.edu.

In his most recent book, Human Rights in a Divided World: Catholicism as a Living Tradition (Georgetown UP, 2024), Jesuit scholar and Georgetown professor, Fr David Hollenbach explains the Judeo-Christian roots of our concept of human rights and the contributions of secular institutions like the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). He explains further when it is right for a country to intervene in the affairs of its neighbors, codified by the UN in 2005 as the Responsibility to Protect in answer to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide that gave lie to the world's promise of “never again” after the horrors of the Holocaust. He contrasts the doctrine of R2P with the tragic case of a homicide in Kew Gardens in 1964 where 38 witnesses, all law-abiding “good people,” failed to intervene because they assumed someone else would do it. “Am I my brother's keeper?” Cain asked God (Gen 4:9). “Who is my neighbor?” The lawyer asked Jesus (Lk 10:29), to which Our Lord told the parable of the Good Samaritan.  Perhaps these questions are a little more complicated between sovereign nations than they are between travelers on a dangerous road, but Fr. David guides us through the Catholic Church's moral teachings, the principles of proportionality and of just war, and the ability and desire to do something even when we can't do everything. Fr David's book: Human Rights in a Divided World. Fr David's faculty website at Georgetown. Responsibility to Protect, the R2P doctrine at the UN website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In his most recent book, Human Rights in a Divided World: Catholicism as a Living Tradition (Georgetown UP, 2024), Jesuit scholar and Georgetown professor, Fr David Hollenbach explains the Judeo-Christian roots of our concept of human rights and the contributions of secular institutions like the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). He explains further when it is right for a country to intervene in the affairs of its neighbors, codified by the UN in 2005 as the Responsibility to Protect in answer to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide that gave lie to the world's promise of “never again” after the horrors of the Holocaust. He contrasts the doctrine of R2P with the tragic case of a homicide in Kew Gardens in 1964 where 38 witnesses, all law-abiding “good people,” failed to intervene because they assumed someone else would do it. “Am I my brother's keeper?” Cain asked God (Gen 4:9). “Who is my neighbor?” The lawyer asked Jesus (Lk 10:29), to which Our Lord told the parable of the Good Samaritan.  Perhaps these questions are a little more complicated between sovereign nations than they are between travelers on a dangerous road, but Fr. David guides us through the Catholic Church's moral teachings, the principles of proportionality and of just war, and the ability and desire to do something even when we can't do everything. Fr David's book: Human Rights in a Divided World. Fr David's faculty website at Georgetown. Responsibility to Protect, the R2P doctrine at the UN website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In his most recent book, Human Rights in a Divided World: Catholicism as a Living Tradition (Georgetown UP, 2024), Jesuit scholar and Georgetown professor, Fr David Hollenbach explains the Judeo-Christian roots of our concept of human rights and the contributions of secular institutions like the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). He explains further when it is right for a country to intervene in the affairs of its neighbors, codified by the UN in 2005 as the Responsibility to Protect in answer to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide that gave lie to the world's promise of “never again” after the horrors of the Holocaust. He contrasts the doctrine of R2P with the tragic case of a homicide in Kew Gardens in 1964 where 38 witnesses, all law-abiding “good people,” failed to intervene because they assumed someone else would do it. “Am I my brother's keeper?” Cain asked God (Gen 4:9). “Who is my neighbor?” The lawyer asked Jesus (Lk 10:29), to which Our Lord told the parable of the Good Samaritan.  Perhaps these questions are a little more complicated between sovereign nations than they are between travelers on a dangerous road, but Fr. David guides us through the Catholic Church's moral teachings, the principles of proportionality and of just war, and the ability and desire to do something even when we can't do everything. Fr David's book: Human Rights in a Divided World. Fr David's faculty website at Georgetown. Responsibility to Protect, the R2P doctrine at the UN website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/politics-and-polemics

In his most recent book, Human Rights in a Divided World: Catholicism as a Living Tradition (Georgetown UP, 2024), Jesuit scholar and Georgetown professor, Fr David Hollenbach explains the Judeo-Christian roots of our concept of human rights and the contributions of secular institutions like the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). He explains further when it is right for a country to intervene in the affairs of its neighbors, codified by the UN in 2005 as the Responsibility to Protect in answer to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide that gave lie to the world's promise of “never again” after the horrors of the Holocaust. He contrasts the doctrine of R2P with the tragic case of a homicide in Kew Gardens in 1964 where 38 witnesses, all law-abiding “good people,” failed to intervene because they assumed someone else would do it. “Am I my brother's keeper?” Cain asked God (Gen 4:9). “Who is my neighbor?” The lawyer asked Jesus (Lk 10:29), to which Our Lord told the parable of the Good Samaritan.  Perhaps these questions are a little more complicated between sovereign nations than they are between travelers on a dangerous road, but Fr. David guides us through the Catholic Church's moral teachings, the principles of proportionality and of just war, and the ability and desire to do something even when we can't do everything. Fr David's book: Human Rights in a Divided World. Fr David's faculty website at Georgetown. Responsibility to Protect, the R2P doctrine at the UN website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/christian-studies

In his most recent book, Human Rights in a Divided World: Catholicism as a Living Tradition (Georgetown UP, 2024), Jesuit scholar and Georgetown professor, Fr David Hollenbach explains the Judeo-Christian roots of our concept of human rights and the contributions of secular institutions like the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). He explains further when it is right for a country to intervene in the affairs of its neighbors, codified by the UN in 2005 as the Responsibility to Protect in answer to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide that gave lie to the world's promise of “never again” after the horrors of the Holocaust. He contrasts the doctrine of R2P with the tragic case of a homicide in Kew Gardens in 1964 where 38 witnesses, all law-abiding “good people,” failed to intervene because they assumed someone else would do it. “Am I my brother's keeper?” Cain asked God (Gen 4:9). “Who is my neighbor?” The lawyer asked Jesus (Lk 10:29), to which Our Lord told the parable of the Good Samaritan.  Perhaps these questions are a little more complicated between sovereign nations than they are between travelers on a dangerous road, but Fr. David guides us through the Catholic Church's moral teachings, the principles of proportionality and of just war, and the ability and desire to do something even when we can't do everything. Fr David's book: Human Rights in a Divided World. Fr David's faculty website at Georgetown. Responsibility to Protect, the R2P doctrine at the UN website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today, I have the privilege of speaking with Immaculée Ilibagiza, an extraordinary witness to faith and resilience. She survived the 1994 Rwandan Genocide by hiding in a tiny bathroom for three months with seven other women. When she emerged, she faced the devastating loss of her family and friends, who had all been murdered. Immaculée shares her incredible journey of faith, hope, and forgiveness, even as she came face to face with those responsible for her family's deaths. Her story is both heartbreaking and inspiring, and I'm deeply honored to have this conversation with her. I hope it moves you as much as it did me.-Immaculee's website: https://www.immaculee.com/-Her instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ilibagizaimmaculee/ Join our Locals community: https://lilarose.locals.com/Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/LilaRose865 A big thank to our partner, EWTN, the world's leading Catholic network! Discover news, entertainment and more at https://www.ewtn.com/   Check out our Sponsors!-Franciscan University Study Abroad: Experience the summer of your life learning and growing in faith in beautiful Austria: https://austria.franciscan.edu/-Crowd Health: https://www.joincrowdhealth.com/ The new alternative to health insurance - sign up and use the code "LILA" for a special deal of $99 for your first 3 months!-EveryLife: https://www.everylife.com Buy diapers from an amazing pro-life diaper company and use code LILA and get 10% off! 00:00:00 - Intro00:01:46 - Immaculee's Background00:05:50 - Marian apparition00:11:16 - CrowdHealth00:12:15 - Franciscan University00:13:17 - History of tribal hatred00:17:36 - She only had a rosary00:20:46 - Lost 50 pounds00:24:02 - “What changed was my heart”00:26:44 - They came to search, I knew my life was over00:37:56 - Meditating on Jesus' death00:40:26 - A million people dead…00:48:30 - Media fomenting hatred00:58:23 - Patterns in the killers?01:05:03 - Her first job afterwards01:13:10 - Encounter with rosary01:25:31 - American Media

On this episode, we have Sara Delaney who is the Founder and CEO at Sarilla. Sarilla is supporting regenerative agriculture with its lineup of ready-to-drink spritzers that are all made with organic and regenerative ingredients. Sarilla sources the majority of its ingredients via direct trade relationships with farmer cooperatives in Rwanda that are USDA Organic and Fair Trade Certified and pursuing regenerative certification. In this episode, Sara shares how she was inspired to launch the brand to further her work supporting the people of Rwanda in their ongoing recovery from the Rwandan Genocide in 1994, and she shares how Sarilla has grown over time to find the right name, SKUs, and product positioning. Sara's personal story is one of resiliency, empathy, and community and is definitely very alive in the Sarilla brand. She subscribes to the Rwandan wisdom that “to be alone is to die” - which underpins Sarilla's social impact mission and should serve as good advice for all of looking to increase collaborative efforts in regeneration. Episode Highlights:

Today's HeadlinesM23 rebels advance in the DRCJordan reaffirms support for SyriaMore consultants needed in sign language Bible translation

One of the organization's first missions was in Nicaragua following the devastating 1972 earthquake. Since then, MSF has expanded its operations worldwide, responding to emergencies such as the Rwandan Genocide, the Ebola outbreaks in West Africa, and refugee ...

Gerrard Williams is an esteemed international journalist and Historian with a career span of over thirty years.His resume includes Duty Editor for Reuters, as well as the BBC and Sky News. Williams' groundbreaking reporting has taken him to the front lines of the fall of the Soviet Union, the Rwandan Genocide, the 2004 tsunami in Thailand and the US occupation of Iraq among many other international stories. Ten years ago, while reporting in Argentina, Williams came across evidence in a local archive that changed the way he looked at historical reporting. That lead was to the existence of Nazi war criminals, including Adolf Hitler, using clandestine international routes to flee defeated Germany for safe haven in Argentina and other South American countries.The outcome of William's mission through these archives, eyewitness reports, and local history was the book, Grey Wolf: The Escape of Adolf Hitler. Despite the rigour in his journalism and adherence to facts and evidence, the international community has largely ignored Williams. Today, with the release of the classified FBI and OSS documents, his work is finally getting the credit and respect it deserves.Williams has taken over a dozen trips to Argentina and visited locations like Hotel Eden, Bariloche, and the Inalco House years before the FBI files pointed squarely to them. Williams believes that where he lacked the finances and technology to dig deep enough, this team won't be held back in the same way. Despite the newly released intelligence material, Williams understands how sensitive the subject is to discuss and unfathomable it is to comprehend, but stands by his work and welcomes a spirited debated revolving around the facts.From a death claims standpoint, Steven Rambam believes Williams is an invaluable asset to the team. Williams has spent over a decade laser focused on the facts surrounding this investigation and has access to a legion of declassified information, buried contemporaneous BBC reports, and knows everything about the Nazi movements, motives, and capabilities of the time. As a journalist, his devotion to facts provides the precise framework that Rambam demands to make this investigation the most in-depth and revealing the world has ever seen.Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/houseofmysteryradio. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/houseofmysteryradio. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this week's podcast episode of Perspective Shift, Frank Daly and Mike Kitlas sit down with Jeff Mugongo to talk about his recovery from his recent accident and how he turned tragedy into triumph. Jeff was born in Rwanda in 1996, two years after the Rwandan Genocide. At the age of seven, his parents decided to join a refugee camp in order to get to the United States of America. Jeff has been in Arizona for two years and is now a fitness trainer as well as a youth football coach. In his time being here, he has come to the realization of the importance of forgiveness and becoming empowered, grateful, and present through life's challenges.Follow Jeff Mugongo here:Instagram: @JTSfitness_training@JeffollyEmail: JTSfitnessperformance@gmail.comWebsite: www.jtsfit.comAbout Perspective Shift:Perspective Shift is a way to see the world as it is. It is the shift from a conditioned mind to an unconditioned consciousness. All welcome, come as you are. Email your Questions Here: perspectiveshift2020@gmail.com Socials: Follow Us on Instagram: https://bit.ly/PerspectiveShiftNowIG Subscribe to our Channel: http://youtube.com/PerspectiveShiftNOWUse our LinkTree: https://linktr.ee/PerspectiveShiftNOWListen on SPOTIFY: https://open.spotify.com/show/64rEEWd More Content: More Podcast Episodes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mmsj... Meditate with us: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0mtr...

The looming contest to decide the next archbishop of Canterbury, Rev Antoine Rutayisire reflects on bringing healing after one of the world's worst genocides, and will the upcoming Vatican synod tackle issues around women's leadership and sexuality?

Like what we do? Consider supporting us on patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lionsledbydonkeys Grab tickets to our live show in Belfast: https://www.universe.com/events/lions-led-by-donkeys-podcast-live-in-belfast-tickets-83V5QD Can't make it to Belfast? We're streaming it! Get your stream tickets here: https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/livestream-lions-led-by-donkeys-live-in-belfast-tickets-1008166803047 The Conclusion to the Rwandan Genocide series. sources used for this series: Scott Straus. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda Scott Straus. Fundamentals of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention Scott Straus. Rwanda, RTLM, and Mass Media Effects. Jean Hatzfeld. Machete Season. Philip Gourevitch. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. Alison Des Forges. Leave None to Tell The Story: Genocide In Rwanda. Roméo Dallaire. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Case Files. https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases

Support the show on Patreon and get our next episode right now as well as years worth of bonus content: www.patreon.com/lionsledbydonkeys Grab tickets to our live show in Belfast: www.universe.com/events/lions-led…t-tickets-83V5QD Can't make it to Belfast? We're streaming it! Get your stream tickets here: www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/livestream-l…-1008166803047 Sources for this series: Scott Straus. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda Scott Straus. Fundamentals of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention Scott Straus. Rwanda, RTLM, and Mass Media Effects. Jean Hatzfeld. Machete Season. Philip Gourevitch. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. Alison Des Forges. Leave None to Tell The Story: Genocide In Rwanda. Roméo Dallaire. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Case Files. unictr.irmct.org/en/cases

On this episode, I follow up with a very special Daughter of Change, Esi Chantal Umuraza. You may remember Chantal from our podcast in July of 2021 entitled “Daughter of Rwanda”.  On that podcast, we discussed her journey from a young survivor of the Rwandan Genocide to a budding social entrepreneur.Since we last spoke, Chantal's dream of creating a retreat in her homeland to highlight the rich, cultural history of her country - while helping the people in her community - has become a reality.Chantal is the proud founder of Ishobe Rwanda, a wellness retreat center that specializes in connecting people through traditions, cultural activities, arts, thematic events, and wellness.We'll be discussing how her concept became a reality, what she has learned, and how she is lifting up her local community.Links to Check Out:www.artandtravelrwanda.comChantal's Instagram - ishoberwandaFollow Daughters of Change:Website:Facebook:InstagramLinkedInMarie's LinkedIn:Daughters of Change Producer:  Sarah StaceySarah's LinkedIn Profile

Support the show on Patreon and get our next episode right now as well as years worth of bonus content: https://www.patreon.com/lionsledbydonkeys Grab tickets to our live show in Belfast: https://www.universe.com/events/lions-led-by-donkeys-podcast-live-in-belfast-tickets-83V5QD Can't make it to Belfast? We're streaming it! Get your stream tickets here: https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/livestream-lions-led-by-donkeys-live-in-belfast-tickets-1008166803047 Sources for this series: Scott Straus. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda Scott Straus. Fundamentals of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention Scott Straus. Rwanda, RTLM, and Mass Media Effects. Jean Hatzfeld. Machete Season. Philip Gourevitch. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. Alison Des Forges. Leave None to Tell The Story: Genocide In Rwanda. Roméo Dallaire. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Case Files. https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases

Get tickets to our last live show of 2024: www.universe.com/events/lions-led…s-belfast-83V5QD Get the next episode in the series by becoming a Patreon supporter: https://www.patreon.com/lionsledbydonkeys If you want to support the show via a one time donation without using Patreon, you can PayPal us at admin@llbdpodcast.com Content Warning Over the course of only around 100 days, horrific acts of violence, a genocide long in the making but seemingly deployed overnight, swept through the nation of Rwanda. This is the story and history of the Rwandan Genocide. Part 1/4 Sources: Scott Straus. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda Scott Straus. Fundamentals of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention Scott Straus. Rwanda, RTLM, and Mass Media Effects. Jean Hatzfeld. Machete Season. Philip Gourevitch. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. Alison Des Forges. Leave None to Tell The Story: Genocide In Rwanda. Roméo Dallaire. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Case Files. https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases

In this episode, Therese Markow and Dr. Alex Hinton discuss the complexities of genocide, its definitions, and the role of perpetrators. Dr. Hinton gives us the conventional, legal, and social scientific definitions of genocide and gives examples of how these affect the legal battles and social impact of different incidents, highlighting the Khmer Rouge mass killings in Cambodia. They also discuss the moral and legal implications of perpetrators and why none of us can be complacent in our understanding of genocide.    Key Takeaways: There are three main definitions of genocide. Most recognize it as mass deaths, often perpetrated by a state figure. The UN legal definition requires intent. And the social scientific definition expands beyond the UN definition. While genocide is an atrocity, not all atrocities are genocides. Similarly, not all mass murders are genocides. When legally looking at the genocide perpetrators, the courts typically go after the architects and lower-level individuals are often brought in as witnesses. However, the question of who the perpetrators are is a moral and ethical question still being debated. Education is key - the dynamics that gave rise to Auschwitz are all around us and we are all part of them. We must be self-critical, reflexive people as a first step to make sure that we don't have a recurrence.   "It's a potentiality that exists for ourselves and for our societies. You know, it's not comfortable. Many people will say ‘no,' but that's the starting point of prevention, because only when you have that realization can you effectively begin to take action to stop genocide from taking place." —  Dr. Alex Hinton   Episode References: Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland by Christopher R. Browning: https://www.amazon.com/Ordinary-Men-Reserve-Battalion-Solution/dp/0060995068  To Save Heaven and Earth: Rescue in the Rwandan Genocide by Jennie E Burnet: https://www.amazon.com/Save-Heaven-Earth-Rwandan-Genocide/dp/1501767119/    Connect with Dr. Alex Hinton: Professional Bio: https://sasn.rutgers.edu/alex-hinton Twitter: https://x.com/AlexLHinton   Center for the Study of Genocide & Human Rights: https://x.com/Rutgers_CGHR    Check out Dr. Hinton's writings mentioned in this episode: Why Did They Kill?: Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide: https://www.amazon.com/Why-Did-They-Kill-Anthropology/dp/0520241797  Perpetrators: Encountering Humanity's Dark Side: https://www.amazon.com/Perpetrators-Encountering-Humanitys-Stanford-Studies/dp/1503634272  Anthropological Witness: Lessons from the Khmer Rouge Tribunal: https://www.amazon.com/Anthropological-Witness-Lessons-Khmer-Tribunal/dp/1501765698/  It Can Happen Here: White Power and the Rising Threat of Genocide in the US: https://www.amazon.com/Can-Happen-Here-Rising-Genocide-ebook/dp/B08L9JHRN6  Pol Pot's Secret Prison: https://www.ronslate.com/pol-pots-secret-prison/      Connect with Therese: Website: www.criticallyspeaking.net Threads: @critically_speaking Email: theresemarkow@criticallyspeaking.net     Audio production by Turnkey Podcast Productions. You're the expert. Your podcast will prove it.  

کتاب "دختر لبخند مرواریدی" نوشته کلمانتین واوماریا، یکی از آثار مهم در مورد نسل‌کشی رواندا است. این کتاب، به نام اصلی "Survivors: An Oral History of the Rwandan Genocide" به زبان انگلیسی منتشر شده و به شرح زندگی و تجربیات کسانی می‌پردازد که از این فاجعه جان سالم به در برده‌اند."دختر لبخند مرواریدی" روایتگر زندگی کسانی است که از نسل‌کشی رواندا در سال ۱۹۹۴ جان سالم به در برده‌اند. در این نسل‌کشی، حدود ۸۰۰,۰۰۰ تا ۱,۰۰۰,۰۰۰ نفر از اقلیت توتسی و هوتوهای میانه‌رو توسط هوتوهای افراطی کشته شدند. این کتاب از زبان بازماندگان روایت می‌شود و تجربیات دردناک و هولناک آنها را به تصویر می‌کشد.سایت موسسه مردم نهاد مهر گیتی :https://mehrgiti.com/fa/سایت رپاپ اینستاگرام رپاپشما میتونید از طریق لینک زیر از ما حمایت کنیدحمایت مالی Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

There's been a lot of talk about a new Cold War — and this week the world was surprised by an old Cold War throwback: a major prisoner swap between the Western countries and Russia. But why did Putin agree to such a thing, and what does it mean for the war in Ukraine? Two military experts join guest host Murray Brewster to discuss.Plus: Roméo Dallaire has spent three decades since the Rwandan Genocide on a journey towards inner peace — and he has some ideas about peace between nations as well. He sits down with The House as part of our Book Smart Series series to talk about his new book, The Peace: A Warrior's Journey.This episode features the voices of: Sean Maloney, professor, Royal Military College of CanadaMatthew Schmidt, associate professor, University of New HavenRoméo Dallaire, retired lieutenant-general, author, The Peace: A Warrior's Journey

On Culture Friday, identity politics on the campaign trail, taking phones out of the classroom, and the ideas of the French revolution driving LGBTQ displays at the opening ceremony of the Olympics; a new Batman show misses what made previous adaptations great; and Ask the Editor for August. Plus, the Friday morning newsSupport The World and Everything in It today at wng.org/donate.Additional support comes from Compelled Podcast. Alex Nsengimana lost his family in the Rwandan Genocide. Then Christ called him to forgive the killers. Episode #82 at CompelledPodcast.com.From the International ALERT Academy. ALERT's purpose is to forge extraordinary men who influence their world for Christ. ALERT utilizes a military-style structure, intentional discipleship, unique experiences, and professional skills training to create an environment that facilitates the forging process. Our goal is to create men who are spiritually sound, physically fit, and ready to serve. More at alertacademy.com/world.And from Chosen Gen Ministry, outfitting family discipleship through resources such as the Discipleship Parenting podcast. More at chosengenministry.org.

Conflict in the Middle East heats up and Vice President Kamala Harris takes on a larger role in foreign policy ahead of the 2024 election; California Governor Gavin Newsom issues an order to clear homeless encampments; and a team of clinicians working to help children who stutter build confidence. Plus, a whale flips a fishing boat near New Hampshire, Cal Thomas on the media's handling of Kamala Harris's record, and the Thursday morning newsSupport The World and Everything in It today at wng.org/donate.Additional support comes from Chosen Gen Ministry, outfitting family discipleship through resources such as the Discipleship Parenting podcast. More at chosengenministry.org.From Compelled Podcast. Alex Nsengimana lost his family in the Rwandan Genocide. Then Christ called him to forgive the killers. Episode #82 at CompelledPodcast.com.And from the International ALERT Academy. ALERT's purpose is to forge extraordinary men who influence their world for Christ. ALERT utilizes a military-style structure, intentional discipleship, unique experiences, and professional skills training to create an environment that facilitates the forging process. Our goal is to create men who are spiritually sound, physically fit, and ready to serve. More at alertacademy.com/world.

On Washington Wednesday, President Biden proposes changes to the Supreme Court and Congress takes its time on government funding bills; on World Tour, Kenyan troops in Haiti have yet to lay out plans for evicting gangs and restoring order; and a wounded veteran finds healing and purpose by offering hope to other veterans through podcasting. Plus, ending the US men's gymnastics medal drought, Emma Waters on lax border policies putting immigrant children in harm's way, and the Wednesday morning newsSupport The World and Everything in It today at wng.org/donate.Additional support comes from the International ALERT Academy. ALERT's purpose is to forge extraordinary men who influence their world for Christ. ALERT utilizes a military-style structure, intentional discipleship, unique experiences, and professional skills training to create an environment that facilitates the forging process. Our goal is to create men who are spiritually sound, physically fit, and ready to serve. More at alertacademy.com/world.From Chosen Gen Ministry, outfitting family discipleship through resources such as the Discipleship Parenting podcast. More at chosengenministry.org.And from Compelled Podcast. Alex Nsengimana lost his family in the Rwandan Genocide. Then Christ called him to forgive the killers. Episode #82 at CompelledPodcast.com.

Venezuela's president claims victory in Sunday's election but vote counts have not been made public; a new law could fix problems in federal prisons, but staff shortages remain high; and competing in a version of the Scottish Highland Games in North Carolina. Plus, meeting old friends in Uber rides, Carl Trueman on desecration on display in the opening ceremony of the Paris Olympics, and the Tuesday morning newsSupport The World and Everything in It today at wng.org/donate.Additional support comes from Compelled Podcast. Alex Nsengimana lost his family in the Rwandan Genocide. Then Christ called him to forgive the killers. Episode #82 at CompelledPodcast.com.From the International ALERT Academy. ALERT's purpose is to forge extraordinary men who influence their world for Christ. ALERT utilizes a military-style structure, intentional discipleship, unique experiences, and professional skills training to create an environment that facilitates the forging process. Our goal is to create men who are spiritually sound, physically fit, and ready to serve. More at alertacademy.com/world.And from Chosen Gen Ministry, outfitting family discipleship through resources such as the Discipleship Parenting podcast. More at chosengenministry.org.

On Legal Docket, public school teachers fired for raising concerns about gender identity policies take their case to 9th Circuit Court of Appeals; on Moneybeat, the White House's misguided plan for capping rent increases; and on the World History Book, Anne Frank writes her final diary entry. Plus, the Monday morning news.Support The World and Everything in It today at wng.org/donate.Additional support comes from Chosen Gen Ministry, outfitting family discipleship through resources such as the Discipleship Parenting podcast. More at chosengenministry.org.From Compelled Podcast. Alex Nsengimana lost his family in the Rwandan Genocide. Then Christ called him to forgive the killers. Episode #82 at CompelledPodcast.com.And from the International ALERT Academy. ALERT's purpose is to forge extraordinary men who influence their world for Christ. ALERT utilizes a military-style structure, intentional discipleship, unique experiences, and professional skills training to create an environment that facilitates the forging process. Our goal is to create men who are spiritually sound, physically fit, and ready to serve. More at alertacademy.com/world.

Alex Nsengimana grew up in Rwanda during the 1990s, surrounded by racial tension and anger that eventually boiled over into full-scale violence. As a child, Alex witnessed the unimaginable horrors of the Rwandan Genocide, but after being exposed to the Gospel of Jesus Christ, Alex was challenged to do the unthinkable... to forgive the unforgivable. Show notes and book drawing @ https://compelledpodcast.com/episodes/alex-nsengimana ++++++++++++ Compelled is a seasonal podcast using gripping, immersive storytelling to celebrate the powerful ways God is transforming Christians around the world. These Christian testimonies are raw, true, and powerful. Be encouraged and let your faith be strengthened! Want to help make new episodes? Either make a one-time gift, or become a Monthly Partner at: https://compelledpodcast.com/donate Perks of being a Monthly Partner include: EARLY ACCESS to each new Compelled episode 1 week early! FULL LIBRARY of our unedited, behind-the-scenes interviews with each guest... over 100+ hours of additional stories and takeaways! Become a Monthly Partner by selecting the "Monthly" option during check-out.  Show notes, emails, and more at: https://compelledpodcast.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Every Saturday, we revisit a story from the archives. This originally aired on April 28, 2021. None of the dates, titles, or other references from that time have been changed. Two new reports – one commissioned by the French government and one by Rwanda's government – have underscored the role France played in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. But one critic says Rwandan President Paul Kagame's response to the reports may have more to do with his grip on power than it does on justice. That critic was once part of Kagame's government but now, he has gone into hiding. That is this week's episode of The Take. In this episode:  David Himbara (@DavidHimbara), educator, political economist, & development strategist Episode credits: This episode was updated by Tamara Khandaker. The original production team was Amy Walters, with Ney Alvarez, Alexandra Locke, Dina Kesbeh, Negin Owliaei, Priyanka Tilve, Thomas Fenton, Stacey Samuel, and our host Malika Bilal.  Our sound designer is Alex Roldan. Our lead of audience development and engagement is Aya Elmileik. Adam Abou-Gad is our engagement producer. Alexandra Locke is The Take's executive producer, and Ney Alvarez is Al Jazeera's head of audio. Connect with us: @AJEPodcasts on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook

LINKS Vatican bio of Cardinal Kambanda https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_kambanda_a.html     Aontoine Kambanda on FIU's Cardinals Database (by Salvadore Miranda): https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios2020.htm#Kambanda  Cardinal Kambanda on Gcatholic.org: http://www.gcatholic.org/p/52193    Cardinal Kambanda on Catholic-Hierarchy.org: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkamb.html     Archdiocese of Kigali on Gcatholic.org: http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kiga0.htm?tab=info     Archdiocese of Kigali on Catholic-Hierarchy.org: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkiga.html Official Vatican summary of JPII's 1990 visit to Rwanda (and other African nations): https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/1990/travels/documents/trav_est-africa.html  2004 BBC timeline of the Rwandan Genocide: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3580247.stm  Caritas Internationalis official website: https://www.caritas.org/  Athanase Seromba, genocidal priest: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16189347  Seromba upsate: https://alchetron.com/Athanase-Seromba  2001 Washington Post reporting on Rwandan nuns jailed for role in genocide: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/06/09/rwandan-nuns-jailed-in-genocide/fce3308b-3e6e-4784-8490-0887f69c7a39/  VOA News coverage of 2016 Rwandan Bishops' Conference statement acknowledging and apologizing for complicity in the genocide: https://www.voanews.com/a/rwanda-genocide-catholic-bishops/3605319.html  Reaction to 2019 Rwandan Bishops' Conference statement: https://cisanewsafrica.com/rwanda-bishops-apologize-for-calling-for-release-of-convicts-of-genocide/  2022 English-language video interview with Cardinal Kambanda (via The New Times/Pacis TV): https://youtu.be/yadR0vD1EW4?si=J5nJHxHCLjFMd0z7    Thank you for listening, and thank my family and friends for putting up with the time investment and for helping me out as needed. As always, feel free to email the show at Popeularhistory@gmail.com  If you would like to financially support Popeular history, go to www.patreon.com/Popeular. If you don't have any money to spare but still want to give back, pray and tell others– prayers and listeners are worth more than gold! IMAGE CRED: By David Neuvere - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=126027927  TRANSCRIPT Welcome to Popeular History, a library of Catholic knowledge and insights.   Check out the show notes for sources, further reading, and a transcript.   Today we're discussing another current Cardinal of the Catholic Church, one of the 120 or so people who will choose the next Pope when the time comes.   Antoine KAMBANDA was born on November 10, 1958 in Nyamata, Rwanda, which is today part of the country's Eastern Province. Rwanda has somewhat famously had ethnic tensions between two out of three of their main tribes, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Antoine and his family were Tutsi, and, well, content warning, because today's episode includes a genocide.   Antoine studied internationally right from the start, doing primary schooling in neighboring Burundi and Uganda, followed by secondary school in somewhat more distant Kenya. His seminary training took place back in Rwanda, and in 1990 he was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Kigali, Kigali being Rwanda's Capital. He was actually personally ordained by Pope Saint John Paul II during his 1990 visit to Rwanda.   Fortunately for him Father Kambanda decided to pursue further studies and so left for the Alphonsian Academy in Rome in 1993, I say fortunately because while he was studying abroad his parents and five of his six siblings were killed during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide during which half a million people were butchered and hundreds of thousands more were raped, predominately Tutsi but also a fair number of Hutu and Twa who were less than enthusiastic about joining the murderous Hutu militias. And those are the more conservative estimates, the 2003 Constitution of Rwanda lists the death toll at over a million.   Let's just take a moment to pray, you can do reverent silence if that's your thing but my wife and I are going to say a quick Hail Mary.   In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, amen.   ***Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee. Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.   Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.***   In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, amen.   For what it's worth I didn't plan for this to be a rough stretch, as a reminder I'm doing these cardinals in age order. Tomorrow's episode doesn't have a death toll.   As weird as it feels to get back to a normal narrative after that, get back we should, and Father Kambanda got back to things as well, obtaining a doctorate in moral theology in 1999 and taking on teaching at a minor seminary while also serving as the director of Caritas for the diocese. Caritas, a Latin term most often translated as “charity” but more strongly conveying the sense of selfless love, is an international confederation of organizations that effectively serves as the Catholic Church's in-house clearinghouse for charity initiatives, if I'm allowed to put it that way. Catholic Relief Services, for example, is one of the founding members of Caritas Internationalis, with 0 points going to anyone who can correctly guess what internationalis means.   In 2005, Father Kambanda began the first of two seminary rectorships, and we'll jump ahead to 2013, that's when he was elected bishop of Kibunga.   As a bishop, he joined his brothers in a difficult admission: The Catholic Church had been part of the genocide. Sure, the one Catholic Bishop who was formally charged with war crimes had been cleared, but he had also refused to shelter those who had sought refuge, and indeed many of the massacre sites were the churches themselves, including in the case of Father Athanase Seromba–and I mean seriously, fast forward 15 seconds if you need to–the hutu priest who ordered his church bulldozed when it was housing thousands of refugees, personally showing the driver the weakest points of the church, and by some accounts helping massacre remaining survivors found in the rubble.   In case you're speed listening or tuned out for a minute, just as a reminder I am not currently talking about our cardinal of the day, a Tutsi who was studying in Rome at the time of the genocide and whose family was by and large slaughtered. But I don't want to gloss over the Church's involvement in the genocide–an involvement which our Cardinal acknowledges as we will see. So we're looking at the tough cases, because I hope to God none of them are ever made Cardinals or we'd talk about them then.   Father Seromba was found guilty of genocide and originally sentenced to 15 years. He appealed to the tribunal, which found that oh yes, they had indeed failed to carry out justice in his case, upgrading his sentence to life imprisonment upon further review.   There's more to say about the Seromba case, especially how he was hidden by church authorities after fleeing, and I'll say more about it if Cardinal Kambanda makes it to the next round, but for today I want to get back to Kambanda, because he isn't even a Cardinal yet in our narrative.   In 2016, Bishop Kambanda cosigned a major statement from the Rwandan Bishop's Conference apologizing for the complicity of the Rwandan Catholic Church as an institution in the genocide, stating, quote:   “Forgive us for the crime of hate in the country to the extent of also hating our colleagues because of their ethnicity. We didn't show that we are one family but instead killed each other.” End quote   The statement, which was read in parishes across the country, was generally well received, though of course there are wounds that words cannot heal and there were understandable questions about why it took 22 years for such a statement to be made. A later statement asking for some clemency for elderly and infirm convicted perpetrators was less well received, though honestly pretty on-brand for the Catholic Church in terms of mercy. By that time, Bishop Kambanda was Archbishop Kambanda, having been transferred to Rwanda's principle see of Kigali.   In 2020, Pope Francis made Archbishop Kambanda Rwanda's first Cardinal, also naming him a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples later that year. The next year, Pope Francis also added him to the Congregation for Catholic Education, and the year after that, 2022, he became head of the Rwandan Bishops' Conference for a three-year term. More recently, in February of 2023, he was added to the Dicastery for Culture and Education. So, he's definitely not sitting around.   Antoine Kambanda is eligible to participate in future conclaves until he turns 80 in 2038.   Today's episode is part of Cardinal Numbers,  and there will be more Cardinal Numbers next week. Thank you for listening; God bless you all!

Compelled returns with Season 8 on Monday, July 22nd! Our season premiere is with Alex Nsengimana, who grew up in Rwanda during the 1990s, surrounded by racial tension and anger that eventually boiled over into full-scale violence, now known as the Rwandan Genocide. As a child, Alex witnessed unimaginable horrors, but after being exposed to the Gospel of Jesus Christ, Alex was challenged to do the unthinkable... forgive the unforgivable. But if you can't wait until then, then join our exclusive Season 8 Premiere Preview on The Hamilton Corner on American Family Radio on Friday, July 19th at 5pm CT. Find station listings near you at AFR.net. See you there! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

 Today's episode offers a powerful example of courage, peace, and forgiveness. Our story looks back thirty years, to one of the most violent periods in modern history — the genocide against the Tutsi — and to the resilience and wisdom of the Rwandan spirit and heart. On April 6, 1994, beautiful Rwanda, known as the Land of a Thousand Hills, became a hell on Earth. Between April and July 1994, hundreds of thousands of Rwandans were slaughtered in a horrifying frenzy of state-sponsored terror. Freddy Mutanguha, an ethnic Tutsi, was just eighteen years old when the genocide began. Today, Freddy shares the story of his unimaginable losses, the miracle of his survival, and his life's work nurturing peace, forgiveness, and reconciliation in his country and across the world.  Read the transcript of this episode Learn more about the Kigali Genocide Memorial and the Aegis Trust Subscribe to Stories of Impact wherever you listen to podcasts Find us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube Share your comments, questions and suggestions at info@storiesofimpact.org Supported by Templeton World Charity Foundation

This conversation with Freddy Mutanguha is all about peace education and what it takes for neighbors to heal from generations of violence, discrimination and weaponized rhetoric. Freddy is CEO of the Aegis Trust and Director of the Kigali Genocide Memorial. Freddy led the development of Aegis' peace education programme in Rwanda and is now leading Aegis' work to take this model beyond the borders of Rwanda to areas at risk, including the Central African Republic, South Sudan and Kenya. He is also a survivor of the Genocide Against the Tutsis. He was a teenager in 1994 when his parents and most of his siblings were killed. He has dedicated his life to teaching about the impact of the Genocide and the importance of forgiveness as way of post-conflict reconstruction.For more about Barak Sella and to read the episode transcript, visit: https://alongtheseam.com/freddy-mutanguhaFor more from Rachael and Along The  Seam, sign up for the Along The Seam newsletter.

The Rwandan Genocide, occurring between April-July 1994, was a devastating episode of mass violence in which nearly 1 million people were killed over a period of 100 days. Fueled by longstanding ethnic tensions, political power struggles, and a deep seated history of discrimination, the genocide saw members of the Tutsi ethnic group slaughtered indiscriminately by extremists of the Hutu ethnic group. Growing up amid this chaos, Christian Ntizimira, MD witnessed some of humanity's most horrific atrocities. Instead of turning away, however, he chose to enter medicine, a profession that would allow him to address the immense suffering he saw. Today, Dr. Ntizimira is a palliative care physician and the founder and executive director of the African Center for Research on End of Life Care. In this episode, Dr. Ntizimira joins us to share his personal experiences with the Rwandan Genocide, his journey to palliative medicine after initially exploring a career in surgery, what palliative care means to him, what it looks like to honor the dignity of a patient, how he advocates better access to palliative care and chronic illness care, and his unique approach to medicine rooted in “ubuntu,” a philosophy emphasizing the universal bond that connects all humanity that is best summarized by the phrase “I am because you are.”In this episode, you'll hear about: 2:45 - How Dr. Ntizimira's experience as a young person during the Rwandan Genocide inspired him to become a physician, and how he eventually found himself drawn to palliative care  14:25 - Dr. Ntizimira's distinction between “treating the disease” and “treating the person”20:22 - How Dr. Ntizimira teaches doctors to fully conceptualize patients as people instead of focusing only on their medical ailments 25:50 - The heart of palliative care that transcends cultures30:54 - The importance of presence in palliative care38:27 - What “reconciliation” means in Dr. Ntizimira's approach to palliative care 47:17 - “Ubuntu,” an African philosophy emphasizing a shared connection among humans, and how it can revolutionize how we care for patients    Dr. Christian Ntizimira is the author of The Safari Concept: An African Framework for End of Life Care.Dr. Christian Ntizimira can be found on Twitter/X at @ntizimira.Visit our website www.TheDoctorsArt.com where you can find transcripts of all episodes.If you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe, rate, and review our show, available for free on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. If you know of a doctor, patient, or anyone working in health care who would love to explore meaning in medicine with us on the show, feel free to leave a suggestion in the comments or send an email to info@thedoctorsart.com.Copyright The Doctor's Art Podcast 2024

It's been 30 years since the Rwandan genocide, and like other tragedies, it continues to impact generations, as documented in films like Hotel Rwanda. Each year, from April 7th to July 4th, marks 100 days of mourning, commemorating the nearly 1 million people who were killed during this short period in 1994. In this week's episode of the AC Podcast, Andy sits down with local pastor Jean Michel for an insightful conversation about the effects of evil and how the person of Jesus leads us to hope and reconciliation.

For 91 harrowing days, Immaculée Ilibagiza huddled a tiny bathroom with seven other women while hundreds of machete-wielding killers hunted for them during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Today, Immaculée stands as a beacon of hope and resilience. Join us at Immaculee shares her excruciating experience, how she found her faith and taught herself English in the midst of unimaginable terror, and most incredibly, embraced a life of peace, hope and forgiveness, even for those who had murdered her family. My friends, Immaculée's story isn't just about survival; it's about the boundless capacity for faith and resilience that lies within each of us. It's a reminder that no matter how dire the circumstances, we all have the power to rise above, to find peace within, and to spread love and hope to the world.

Content warning for discussion of genocide, torture, mutilation, rape, and slavery Hey, Hi, Hello, this is the History Wizard and welcome back for Day 11 of Have a Day w/ The History Wizard. Thank you to everyone who tuned in for Day 10 last week, and especially thank you to everyone who rated and/or reviewed the podcast. I hope you all learned something last week and I hope the same for this week. This week we're going to be talking about the currently ongoing humanitarian crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the long history of capitalist exploitation, western imperialism, and systemic racism that led to it. But first, as is tradition, let's take a trip over to the Alchemists Table to see what potion we've got for today. Today's libation has a lot going on in it, it's called Underworld Vacation. It starts by adding some strawberries and blueberries to the bottom of your shaker with .75 of an ounce of rose simple syrup before muddling the fruit. Then add one ounce each of pomegranate and elderflower liquor followed by 2 oz of Hendricks Lunar gin, add ice to your shaker and then stir for about 30 seconds before straining into a highball glass and topping with about 4 oz of prosecco. With that out of the way it's time to talk, once again, about the most important part of history. The proverbial devil in the literal details, context. Because to understand what is happening in the DRC today you need to understand the Kivu Conflict, and to understand that you need to understand the Second Congo War, and to understand that you need to understand the First Congo War, and to understand that you need to understand the end of the Rwandan Genocide and the Congo Crisis of the 1960s, and to understand that you need to understand the Scramble for Africa, The Berlin Conference and King Leopold !! of Belgium. So, we've got a lot to cover, and we're going to be doing it in fairly broad strokes, but it might still take us a while, so let's get started with the Berlin Conference. Near the end of the 19th century there was very little European colonial and mercantile presence in Africa. There were some port towns, to be sure, and there was trade, but very little of the African continent was under the control of European powers at this time. But, European greed for gold and, especially, ivory wouldn't allow them to ignore African riches for much longer. The Berlin Conference was organized in 1885 at the request of King Leopold II of Belgium and was organized by Otto von Bismarck of Germany.   Leopold had been using the explorations of Henry Morgan Stanley, and his own organization, the International African Association to quietly try and create his own private colony in central Africa that would be called the Congo Free State, but France found out and started making moves, and then Britain and Portugal found out and began trying to grab land which led Germany to do the same. War was brewing quickly as these various European powerhouses all sought as much land, wealth, and power as they could grab. This, ultimately, would be why the Berlin Conference was called and why it was so successful. These European powers decided, instead of going to war and killing each other over Africa they'd just all meet and carve it up like a pecan pie and settle it all peaceful like. There were 14 nations/empires in attendance at the Berlin Conference, Germany, Austria Hungary, the International Congo Society (this really means King Leopold II of Belgium), Spain, Denmark, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Sweden-Norway, and the Ottoman Empire. And while all 14 of those countries were in attendance at the Berlin Conference and had a say in the final decisions that were made, only 7 countries were actually going to colonize Africa once it was over. Those countries were Belgium (really just King Leopold II, this would be his own private colony), Germany, Spain, France, Great Britain, Portugal, and Italy. At the time of the Berlin Conference less than 10% of the African continent was under European control, but by the time World War 1 broke out only Liberia and Ethiopia were still independent. Although, Liberia certainly only existed because of US colonial power, and so doesn't REALLY count as independent.  This period of New Imperialism is what we tend to call The Scramble for Africa. Sof ar we've been talking about this all in fairly clinical terms, as if these European countries simply sat around a table and calmly decided who would get what land in the second largest continent on the planet and then it just happened, with no additional muss or fuss. Anyone who has studied even the barest amount of human history knows that nothing happens without muss or fuss. There were wars, and battles, and massacres that led to Europe gaining control of African territory, but that's not the topic of today's podcast. We now need to talk a bit about the Congo Free State, and how King Leopold of Belgium, a frail weakling (compared to the other European powers) managed to worm his way into the conference and into one of the most lucrative colonies in Africa. The Congo Free State was a truly massive colony that was owned personally by Leopold. It was NOT, at least between the years 1885 and 1908, part of the Belgian Empire, it was not owned by the Belgian government and was ruled entirely separately, it just happened to be ruled by the King of Belgium. Leopold was able to gain this massive colony by convincing the monarchs of Europe that he was engaged in humanitarian and philanthropic work, and that the Congo Free State would be an area of free trade in Africa.  Leopold maintained a guise that he was not trying to use the Congo Basin to increase his own wealth and economic and political power. He maintained that his presence in the region was, as was a huge part of the ethos of New Imperialism, to civilize the savages of the Congo Basin and to bring them closer to God and good European cultural supremacy.  Of course, all of that was a lie, and that lie would reveal itself over the intervening years. The Congo was home to something that would become one of the most important natural resources in the entire world, rubber. There are only two sources of natural rubber in the world. The sap of the Hevea brasiliensis, or rubber tree that grows in the Amazon River Basin, and the sap of Landolphia owariensis, a species of woody vines that grow in the Congo. I mean, technically there are 2500 species of plants that produce natural latex and rubber, but those two are the big ones. Today 99% of natural latex and rubber comes from the Amazon, but Leopold was able to make massive profit off of his colony. The economic system in the Congo Free State was known as the red rubber system. It was a slave economy that Leopold enforced through the use of his armed forces known as the Force Publique. Each slave in the Congo Free State was required to harvest a regular quota of rubber sap. What that quota was was often arbitrarily decided based purely on profit based concerns. Workers who refused to supply their labour were coerced with "constraint and repression". Dissenters were beaten or whipped with the chicotte, hostages were taken to ensure prompt collection and punitive expeditions were sent to destroy villages which refused. The policy led to a collapse of Congolese economic and cultural life, as well as farming in some areas. Failure to meet the rubber collection quotas was punishable by death. Meanwhile, the Force Publique were required to provide the hand of their victims as proof when they had shot and killed someone, as it was believed that they would otherwise use the munitions (imported from Europe at considerable cost) for hunting or to stockpile them for mutiny. As a consequence, the rubber quotas were in part paid off in cut-off hands. A Catholic priest quotes a man, Tswambe, speaking of the hated state official Léon Fiévez, who ran a district along the river 300 mi north of Stanley Pool: “All blacks saw this man as the devil of the Equator ... From all the bodies killed in the field, you had to cut off the hands. He wanted to see the number of hands cut off by each soldier, who had to bring them in baskets ... A village which refused to provide rubber would be completely swept clean. As a young man, I saw [Fiévez's] soldier Molili, then guarding the village of Boyeka, take a net, put ten arrested natives in it, attach big stones to the net, and make it tumble into the river ... Rubber causes these torments; that's why we no longer want to hear its name spoken. Soldiers made young men kill or rape their own mothers and sisters.” One junior officer in the Force Publique had this to say about the quota system: The baskets of severed hands, set down at the feet of the European post commanders, became the symbol of the Congo Free State. ... The collection of hands became an end in itself. Force Publique soldiers brought them to the stations in place of rubber; they even went out to harvest them instead of rubber ... They became a sort of currency. They came to be used to make up for shortfalls in rubber quotas, to replace ... the people who were demanded for the forced labour gangs; and the Force Publique soldiers were paid their bonuses on the basis of how many hands they collected. Within the Congo Free State there was also rampant famine and disease that killed hundreds of thousands of people, a type of residential school where children were sent to learn to be either workers or soldiers. About 50% of the children who entered these schools died. There were also several reputable reports of Congolese people turning to cannibalism in the face of their lack of food resources. With everyone being forced to harvest rubber there was no one to farm or gather or hunt for food. It is generally accepted that over the course of Leopold's rule in the Congo Free State, between 1885 and 1908 that at least 10 million Congolese people were killed. Eventually word got out of what was happening in the Congo Free State and a conclave of the European powers of the Berlin Conference was called as, even they, decided that Leopold was going too far. Leopold offered to reform his government and economic system in the Congo, but no one would give him the chance, but also, no one wanted to take on the responsibility of rebuilding the Congo. Eventually, after two years of debate, the Belgian Parliament took over control of the Congo. Leopold would die about a year later in 1909. The Congo would remain under under Belgian control for another 50+ years, and while the abuses and overwhelming violence of King Leopold's rule were curbed. They even added a clause to the new Colonial Charter to outlaw slavery. Article 3 of the new Colonial Charter of 18 October 1908 stated that: "Nobody can be forced to work on behalf of and for the profit of companies or privates", but this was not enforced, and the Belgian government continued to impose forced labour on the indigenous people of the area, albeit by less obvious methods. So, even without King Leopold, the Belgian Congo was still a European colony, which means it was still exploited for profit. African independence movements existed throughout the entirety of European colonialism and imperialism in Africa, excepting Liberia the first country in Africa to gain independence from direct European control would be South Africa which would nominally gain its independence in 1910 after the creation of the Union of South Africa and would formally gain official independence when the last vestiges of British parliamentary control would leave the country in 1931 with the Statute of Westminster, and while there would be other successful independence movements after World War 1, such as Egypt, most African decolonization would come after World War 2, including the Congo's.  Nationalist movements popping up in various African nations and agitating for Independence is, generally speaking, what would eventually cause all of African independence, and this would be no different for the Congo. Though, something that is often also common in the case of independence movements that emerged between the end of World War 2 and the early 1990s is that they would become proxy wars for the US and the USSR during the Cold War. To make a long, complex story very short, the US came out on top in this war. The nationalist movements within the Congo largely emerged amongst a class of people called the évolués, which is a term that was used in French and Belgian colonies for “evolved ones”, people of African descent who had become somewhat Europanized through education.  One of the deciding moments in Congolese independence came in the form of the Leopoldville Riots of 1959. Joseph Kasa-Vubu, who would become the first President of an independent Democratic Republic of the Congo, was the leader of the ABAKO political party, the Alliance of Bakongo. The riots began because many young folks and members or sympathizers of the ABAKO party felt that the government was forbidding them from organizing and protesting. The riots broke out on the 4th of January, 1959. The crowd began throwing rocks at police and attacking white motorists. The initial group of protesters were soon joined by 20,000 Congolese leaving a nearby soccer stadium. At the time press accounts estimated that 35,000 Africans were involved in the violence, which quickly spread as the rioters attempted to enter the European section of the capital. Rioters allegedly smashed and looted storefronts, burned Catholic missions and beat Catholic priests. Many demonstrators chanted "indépendance immédiate" The Belgian Parliament established a commission of inquiry to investigate the cause of the riots. The commission found the disturbances to be the culmination of discontent with racial discrimination, overcrowding, and unemployment. It also concluded that external political events, such as France's decision to grant self-governance to the neighboring French Congo, to be a contributing factor, and criticized the colonial administration's response to the riot. On 13 January the administration went forward with its scheduled announcement of reforms, including new local elections in December, the institution of a new civil service statue that made no racial distinctions, and the appointment of more Africans to advisory bodies. The Belgian King, Baudouin, also declared for the first time that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future. January 4th is still celebrated as an auspicious day in the DRC, it's the Day of the Martyrs and denotes a turning point in the independence movement. Congolese independence was officially declared, as planned, on the 30th of June, 1960, with Kasa-Vubu of the ABAKO elected as president and Patrice Lumumba of the Congolese National Movement appointed as the Prime Minister. Now, despite the DRC formally being declared as independent at this day, they still relied heavily on Belgian colonial institutions that had been in place previously, like the Force Publique and various white technical experts who couldn't be replaced in the face of a lack of ready replacements available amongst the Congolese people. The fact that this lack of available peoples being a result of European colonialism forbidding Congolese people from higher education wound up being somewhat irrelevant, but absolutely caused greater levels of resentment among the newly independent Congolese. In the face of this lack of change and in the face of an address given by Lieutenant General of the Force Publique Émile Janssens, many of the Congolese troops mutinied. The address went as follows: "Independence brings changes to politicians and to civilians. But for you, nothing will be changed ... none of your new masters can change the structure of an army which, throughout its history, has been the most organized, the most victorious in Africa. The politicians have lied to you." Instead of sending in Belgian troops to put down the mutiny, as Janssens wanted, Lumumba fired him and began to institute some reforms, including immediately remaining the Force Publique to the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC) and promoting all black soldier by at least one rank. While this had success in Leopoldville and Thysville, it failed in the rest of the country and the mutiny intensified. The government attempted to stop the revolt—Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu intervened personally at Léopoldville and Thysville and persuaded the mutineers to lay down their arms—but in most of the country the mutiny intensified. White officers and civilians were attacked, white-owned properties were looted and white women were raped. The Belgian government became deeply concerned by the situation, particularly when white civilians began entering neighbouring countries as refugees. The international press expressed shock at the apparent sudden collapse of order in the Congo, as the world view of the Congolese situation prior to independence—due largely to Belgian propaganda—was one of peace, stability, and strong control by the authorities. The Congo Crisis would run for 5 years and would end with the torture and assassination of Patrice Lumumba, with Joesph Kasa-Vubu dying while under house arrest, and with the military dictator Mobuto Sese Seko “elected” as the president of the Republic of Congo-Leopoldville. This would note just one in the long string of times that the US helped to install a military dictator in order to overthrow a democratically elected left wing government, just because they had support from the USSR and the US feared (and fears) any threat to their capitalist hegemony. Between 1965 and 1971 Mobutu consolidated his hold on power as much as he could, removing all provincial control over anything and bringing every scrap of infrastructure he could under the control of himself and his central government. In 1971, with his hold on power relatively secure and as part of his policy of Africanization of the Congo's culture and government Mobutu renamed the Republic of Congo Leopoldville to Zaire, a name that was derived from the Kikongo wore nzere, meaning “river that swallows all rivers”. Mobutu would remain as “president” of Zaire all the way until 1997, but his hold on power would begin to crumble with the First Congo War that began in 1993. Now comes the time for more context. What started the First Congo War? Honestly, to a certain extent we can view the First Congo War as an extension of the Rwandan Genocide. The Rwandan Genocide began in 1994 as a final culmination of ethnic tensions that were exacerbated by, first, German and the Belgian colonialism. See, Rwanda used to be a German colony, Rwanda was one of the nations that Germany got as part of the Scramble for Africa, but after World War 1, with the signing of the treaty of Versailles Germany was forced to give up all of its overseas colonies. Belgium gained control of Rwanda. Belgium maintained many of the systems of power and oppression that Germany had put into place, most notably the fact that they put the Tutsi ethnic group in positions of authority and disenfranchised the Hutu and Twa ethnic group. The Twa are the indigenous ethnic group of Rwanda, but by the time the Rwandan genocide occurred they were only about 1% of the population, about 85% were Hutu and the remaining 14% were Tutsi. Still, based on the indicators of European scientific racism and phrenology the Tutsi had more “European features” and so were considered superior to the Hutu ethnic group and placed, exclusively, in positions of authority. The sudden shift in power dynamics after Rwandan independence is what would lead to the Rwandan Genocide as Hutu supremacists decided to vent their fury on the Tutsi people. We won't go into any more detail than that for the Rwandan genocide. Suffice it to say that when it ended hundreds of thousands of ethnic Tutsi people had fled the nation of Rwanda to neighboring African countries, such as Zaire. Roughly 1.5 million ethnic Tutsi people wound up settling in Zaire. There were also about 1 million Hutu extremists in eastern Zaire who had fled the retaliation of the Rwandan Patriotic Front at the end of the Rwandan Civil War and the Rwandan Genocide. As mentioned previously, the First Congo War, also known as Africa's First World War can most simply be seen as an extension of the Rwandan Genocide. Zaire had been in decline since Mobutu gained power in 1965. He was a terrible leader and the average GDP of Zaire dropped by about 65% during his reign. Eastern Zaire was a region of massive instability that was only made worse by the number of Hutu extremists who fled to the region following the Rwandan Genocide. Rwanda, just fully, invaded Zaire in 1996 in order to put down various Hutu rebel groups that were extant in the region. These rebel groups were actively funded and supported by Mobutu's government leading to this war that lasted for some 6 months. It involved several African nations including Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Burundi, Zambia, ZImbabwe, South Sudan, Tanzania, South Africa, Ethiopia, Chad, China, Israel, and Kuwait. Following the war Mobutu went into exile in the nation of Togo where he eventually died of prostate cancer in 1997. Zaire came under the rule of the communist aligned Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Kabila had heavy support from Rwandan, Burundian, and Ugandan forces during his rise to power in the form of the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire. Kabila also came to be seen as an instrument of the foreign regimes that put him in power. To counter this image and increase domestic support, he began to turn against his allies abroad. This culminated in the expulsion of all foreign forces from the DRC on 26 July 1998. The states with armed forces still in the DRC begrudgingly complied although some of them saw this as undermining their interests, particularly Rwanda, which had hoped to install a proxy-regime in Kinshasa. Several factors that led to the First Congo War remained in place after Kabila's accession to power. Prominent among these were ethnic tensions in eastern DRC, where the government still had little control. There the historical animosities remained and the opinion that Banyamulenge, as well as all Tutsi, were foreigners was reinforced by the foreign occupation in their defence. Furthermore, Rwanda had not been able to satisfactorily address its security concerns. By forcibly repatriating refugees, Rwanda had imported the conflict. This manifested itself in the form of a predominantly Hutu insurgency in Rwanda's western provinces that was supported by extremist elements in eastern DRC. Without troops in the DRC, Rwanda was unable to successfully combat the insurgents. In the first days of August 1998, two brigades of the new Congolese army rebelled against the government and formed rebel groups that worked closely with Kigali and Kampala. This marked the beginning of the Second Congo War. The Second Congo War is generally considered to be the deadliest war since World War 2. Over the course of this war some 5.4 million excess deaths took place.  Now comes the time where I need to define what an excess death is. In epidemiology, the excess deaths or excess mortality is a measure of the increase in the number deaths during a time period and/or in a certain group, as compared to the expected value or statistical trend during a reference period (typically of five years) or in a reference population. It may typically be measured in percentage points, or in number of deaths per time unit. To put it more simply, disease, depravation, and starvation were so rampant during the Second Congo War that the overwhelming majority of deaths weren't caused directly by the fighting, but were caused by the residual damage of the fighting. The Second Congo War involved many of the same issues of the First Congo War. It would end with Laurent-Désiré Kabila assassinated in 2001 in his office by an 18 year old former child soldier. Laurent would be replaced as president by his son Joseph Kabila, who was elected unanimously by the Congolese parliament. To further highlight the complexity of the Congolese Wars, In April 2001, a UN panel of experts investigated the illegal exploitation of diamonds, cobalt, coltan, gold and other lucrative resources in the Congo. The report accused Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe of systematically exploiting Congolese resources and recommended the Security Council impose sanctions. All conflicts within Congolese territory will ultimately go back to economic exploitation and capitalist overreach. The Congo Basin is full of some of the most valuable natural resources that exist on the planet, and people will always be fighting over them. This leads us into the Kivu conflict. The Kivu conflict is an umbrella term for a series of protracted armed conflicts in the North Kivu and South Kivu provinces in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo which have occurred since the end of the Second Congo War. This includes, but is not limited to Effacer le tableau, which was a genocidal extermination campaign against the Mbuti Pygmy ethnic group. The Bambuti were targeted specifically as the rebels considered them "subhuman", and it was believed by the rebels that the flesh of the Bambuti held "magical powers". There were also reports of cannibalism being widespread. It is estimated 60,000 to 70,000 Pygmy were killed in the campaign, and over 100,000 more were displaced. There are more than 120 distinct rebel groups involved in the Kivu Conflict, including the March 23 Movement, which a UN report indicates was created by the Rwandan government in order to potentially take over the Congolese government. Conflict began in 2004 in the eastern Congo as an armed conflict between the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) and the Hutu Power group Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) has played a large role in the conflict. With 21,000 soldiers in the force, the Kivu conflict constitutes the largest peacekeeping mission currently in operation. In total, 93 peacekeepers have died in the region, with 15 dying in a large-scale attack by the Allied Democratic Forces, in North Kivu in December 2017. The peacekeeping force seeks to prevent escalation of force in the conflict, and minimise human rights abuses like sexual assault and the use of child soldiers in the conflict. In 2007 and 2008, in several news and TV reports, the BBC published own evidence about Pakistani MONUC peacekeepers in Mongbwalu had entered in a gold-for-guns trading relationship with Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI) militia leaders, eventually drawing Congolese army officers and Indian traders from Kenya into the deal. Following its own investigations, the UN concluded that there was no involvement of Pakistani peacekeeper in any such trade relationship. Namely Human Rights Watch harshly criticized the UN for the way it handled the investigation, providing detailed information from several UN documents, arguing that serious allegations of wrongdoing by Pakistani peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of Congo were ignored, minimized or shelved by the UN's Organization of Internal Oversight Services. MONUC officials say nothing of substance about mining in Congo, which proceeds in parallel with the bloodletting, arms trading and extortion. For example, Anvil Mining has been involved in massacres in DRC. Anvil directors include former U.S. Ambassador Kenneth Brown, who served at U.S. embassies in Brussels, Kinshasa, Congo-Brazzaville and South Africa. Brown was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Africa (1987–1989) under George Shultz and George H.W. Bush and Director of Central African Affairs (1980–1981). Interestingly, Brown succeeded William Lacy Swing—head of MONUC in DRC—as Ambassador to the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville). Meanwhile, the former top internal intelligence and security chief of the United Nations Observer's Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) has been worked for Anvil mining in Katanga since 2006. There have been numerous cases of sexual misconduct by UN peacekeeping forces in the Congo. This has been acknowledged by the UN itself (such as the letter of 24 March 2005 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly). So, basically foreign powers both within Africa and outside of it are actively fighting within the Congo Basin in order to secure control of the vast amount of natural resources that exist within the nation. The DRC currently produces about 70% of the world's cobalt, and 80% of the cobalt mines in the DRC are owned by China. The leading use of cobalt in modern technology is in rechargeable batteries. So your cell phone battery, your laptop batteries, any kind of rechargeable battery you have is likely created using Congolese cobalt, which is a direct cause of the millions of deaths and displacements that are occuring in the DRC.  The DRC is, effectively, the site of a capitalist proxy war as the region is fought over by foreign governments and local rebel groups for control over Congolese natural resources. No one in Europe or the US would even begin to care about an African country if it wasn't for the battery technology resources that are so abundant in the region. Between 1885 and today it is, very easy, to say that roughly 20 million people have been killed by capitalist excess and exploitation.  We can, absolutely call what is happening in the DRC a genocide, though it can be difficult to always pinpoint who, exactly are the victims. Broadly speaking the victims are the Congolese people, all of them, who are being killed over a desire to control the cobalt mines. This has gone far beyond simple ethnic conflict between Hutu and Tutsi, though that conflict, which is still ongoing, definitely added to the fire. This is a genocide of the people of the DRC by capitalism itself. Capitalism has always been, and will always be an inherently genocidal institution. It craves the acquisition of individual wealth at the expense of the working class. You cannot have a system predicated on infinite growth within a closed system. Capitalism will always require that resources and wealth be stolen from people who need them. And when so much of our wealth is tied up in food, water, and housing, the theft of those resources from the working class will lead to our deaths. For the past century and a half the Congo Basin has been subjected to genocide after genocide in the name of capitalism. What is happening right now is only an extension of that, though made far more complicated by the literal hundreds of competing groups and the lack of any international will to see peace achieved. That's it for this week folks. No new reviews, so let's get right into the outro. Have a Day! w/ The History Wizard is brought to you by me, The History Wizard. If you want to see/hear more of me you can find me on Tiktok @thehistorywizard or on Instagram @the_history_wizard. Please remember to rate, review, and subscribe to Have a Day! On your pod catcher of choice. The more you do, the more people will be able to listen and learn along with you. Thank you  for sticking around until the end and, as always, Have a Day, and Free Congo.    

Genocide is a term flying around the social media space and on the nightly news. Pesach and Doug sit down with journalist Ben Poser to talk about the concept of genocide and all that is associated with it. Ben gives a modern history of ignored genocide, and slavery taking place in Africa predominantly in Muslim countries. He looks at the Rwandan Genocide as the first genocide that was seen live on TV, yet was largely ignored. Ben looks at history and the role of the UN, and gives some insights to help us better understand the media claims that Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians.

Warning: This episode contains some upsetting descriptions of human suffering.The Rwandan Genocide is a dark and pivotal moment in modern history; the catastrophic consequence of ethnic division and global inaction. Over 100 days in 1994, it's estimated around 800,000 predominantly Tutsi people were killed by the Hutu government and civilian militiamen. The groundwork for the atrocities had been laid decades earlier by the colonial Belgian powers that controlled Rwanda and sowed the seeds of division into the fabric of the country.Dan is joined by Dr Scott Straus, a professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley who unpacks the events and years that led up to the genocide as well as the inaction from the international community during it. Dan also hears from survivor Beatha Uwazaninka who was just a teenager when her entire family were killed and describes how neighbours turned on neighbours as she struggled to evade capture herself. Together they explain how and why the genocide happened and what lessons we should learn from it.Produced by Mariana Des Forges and edited by Dougal Patmore.Enjoy unlimited access to award-winning original documentaries that are released weekly and AD-FREE podcasts. Get a subscription for £1 per month for 3 months with code DANSNOW sign up at https://historyhit/subscription/We'd love to hear from you- what do you want to hear an episode on? You can email the podcast at ds.hh@historyhit.com.You can take part in our listener survey here.

Award-winning photojournalist Keith Harmon Snow breaks apart the mainstream myth(s) of the Rwandan genocide. What actually happened was a violent coup d'état with Western backing, led by Paul Kagame. Full breakdown: https://jermwarfare.com/conversations/keith-harmon-snow-rwandan-genocide-myth Join our exclusive tribe: https://jermwarfare.com/join-our-tribe

Hour 3 of The Drew Mariani Show 4-8-24 Drew shares his thoughts on the Rwandan Genocide and then is joined in studio with Immaculee Ilibagiza who shares her incredible story of surviving the Rwandan Genocide

Music:  Everybody Wants To Rule The World (Urban Mix) (youtube.com) The American Civil War and the Circassian Genocide (conjuringthepast.com)  Watch Hotel Rwanda (2004) – Free Movies | Tubi (tubitv.com) FREE Movie  False Religions Role in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 – YouTube  The Rwanda Genocide’s Origins Are in Resource Extraction and US Militarism (youtube.com)  2024 […] The post Rwanda GENOCIDE * 100% USA Murder Genocide Plot with USA PUPPET Rwanda President Paul Kagame Master Murdering Psychopath in charge. MAIN Purpose: to rob Resources in CONGO and More Murder while no one is looking. appeared first on Psychopath In Your Life.

Immaculée Ilibagiza followed her father's instructions and ran to her neighbor's house to hide at the start of the Rwandan genocide. She spent the next three months huddled in a tiny bathroom with seven other women, while extremist members of another tribe tried to find and kill them.  It was in this bathroom that Immaculée gave her heart to God and began to pray in a way she never had before—as she recited the words of the Rosary, peace veiled and healed her from the anger and fear that otherwise consumed her.   When Immaculée finally left the bathroom at the end of the genocide, she learned that her parents, grandparents, siblings, 950 schoolmates and so many more had been murdered. While Immaculée cried out for her loved ones, she sensed God holding her tight and telling her that her journey on Earth was not over. While her family was in heaven, she still had a mission. Since that moment thirty years ago, Immaculée continues to wake up every day and ask the same question that echoed in her heart so long ago: How much can you love with what God has given you? In this Easter podcast, learn that love is everything.

April 1994 was the start of the Rwandan genocide, 100 days of slaughter, rape and atrocities.As part of the Tutsi ethnic group, Antoinette Mutabazi's family were a target for the killings.So her father told her to run, leaving her family behind. She was just 11 years old.As a survivor of the genocide, she speaks publicly about reconciliation and forgiveness. She tells Rosie Blunt her story.(Photo: Antoinette as an adult. Credit: HMDT)

As it absorbs record numbers of new immigrants, the U.S. faces critical questions: is it better to promote a unifying, shared identity that transcends ethnic differences or to foster a multicultural salad of distinct group identities? Is it better to minimize ethnic distinctions or to accentuate them with diversity initiatives and ethnic preferences? Out of the Melting Pot, Into the Fire takes a global, historical perspective to address these questions, examining how societies, from ancient Rome to modern Rwanda, have dealt with them. It provides essential analysis and data for America and other countries that are contemplating an increasingly multiethnic future. Shermer and Heycke discuss: • melting pots • culture • multiculturalism • identity politics • cancel culture • cultural appropriation • Critical Race Theory • Affirmative Action • why group preferences tend to last forever • human nature and factionalism • how official recognition and group preferences exacerbate group divisiveness • how group identification is fluid and contextual Jens Heycke was educated in Economics and Near Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago, the London School of Economics, and Princeton University. He worked as an executive in several technology startups, including one that created the first Internet mobile phone. Since retiring from high tech, he has worked as an independent researcher and writer on culture and ethnic conflict, conducting field research around the world, from Bosnia to Botswana. He is the author of Out of the Melting Pot, Into the Fire: Multiculturalism in the World's Past and America's Future.