Podcasts about statutes

CW: Suicide This episode we are talking about Law and Order--where Ritsuryo system gets its name.  We are going to look at some of the underlying theory of how the government was set up and then some of the new laws people were expected to follow and examples of punishment--as well as pardons and general amnesties. For the blogpost, check out:  https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/episode-145 Rough Transcript Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua, and this is Episode 145:  Law and Order in the Reign of Temmu     The sound of struggle could be heard, as a man, hands bound behind him, was roughly brought into the courtyard by several sturdy men.  They thrust him roughly to the bare ground in front of the pavilion.  The man's clothes were disheveled, his hair was unkempt, and his right eye was swollen shut.  He was a stark contrast from the four officials standing over him, and even more from those who stood in the pavilion, above, prepared to dole out judgment.  A clerk was handling the paperwork at a nearby desk, but the court official already knew this case.  He had read the reports, heard the testimony of the witnesses and, to top it all off, he had read the confession.  It seems it had taken some coercion, but in the end, the criminal before him had admitted to his wrongdoing. And thus the official was able to pronounce the sentence with some sense of moral clarity.  After all, if this man was innocent, why would he confess?  On the other hand, if he were truly innocent, how would he even have come to their attention?  Even if he was not guilty of this crime, if he had been such an upstanding citizen, why would his neighbors have accused him in the first place?  One way or another, justice was being done.     We remain—for at least the next couple of episodes—firmly in the reign of Ohoama, aka Temmu Tennou.  There is a lot more in this reign, and we are reaching a period where we won't be able to cover nearly as much as previously, so we'll have to summarize some things, but there is still a lot here to discuss.  Last episode we looked at what was happening outside of the court.  This episode we turn our attention back to the center, and specifically, what law and order meant in Ohoama's time. This period is called the Ritsuryo period, and as the name indicates, it is characterized by the set of laws and accompanying penal codes, the ritsu and the ryo.  Most of these codes are no longer extant, only known to us by other sources which contain only fragments of the originals.  But it was this adoption of a continental style of law that seems to most characterize this period.  So this episode, we are going to look at the project Ohoama kicked off to establish  one such law code —possibly even the first actual—for Yamato, as well as some of the examples of how law and order were enforced. In Episode 143 we talked about Ohoama's  historiographical project, which kicked off in the third month of 681 and culminated in the very chronicles we have been poring over.  However, a month before that, we see the start of a different and likely more immediate project, as the sovereign ordered work to begin on a new legal code.  This task was decreed from the Daigokuden to all of the Princes and Ministers -- who were then cautioned to divide it up and take it in shifts, since after all, they still needed to administer the government.  And so this division of labor began. The code would take years to compile, so, like so many of the ambitious projects of this reign, it was not quite ready by the time of Ohoama's death in 686.  In fact, it wouldn't be promulgated until 689, and even then that was only the "Ryou" part of the "Ritsuryou"—that is to say it contained the laws, the "ryou", but no the penal code, or "ritsu".  Still, we are told that the total body of laws was some 22 volumes and is known today as the Asuka Kiyomihara Code.  It is unfortunately no longer extant—we only have evidence of the laws based on those edicts and references we see in the Nihon Shoki, but it is thought by some to be the first such deliberate attempt to create a law code for Yamato.  We do have an earlier reference to Naka no Ohoye putting together a collection of laws during his reign, known as the Afumi Code, but there is some question as to whether that was actually a deliberate code or just a compilation of edicts that had been made up to that point.  These various codes are where the "Ritsuryo" period gets its name, and the Asuka Kiyomihara Code would eventually be supplanted in 701 by the Taihou code—which is one of the reasons why copies of previous codes haven't been kept around.  After all, why would you need the old law code when you now have the new and improved version? This also means that often, when we don't have other evidence, we look to later codes and histories to understand what might be happening when we get hints or fragments of legal matters.  The Chronicles often make note of various laws or customs, but they can be sparse on details.  After all, the main audience, in the 8th century, would be living the current law codes and likely understood the references in ways we may have to work out through other sources. As for the Kiyomihara Code, there are further notes in the Chronicles that seem to be referencing this project.  Besides the obvious—the new laws that were promulgated through various edicts—we see a few entries sprinkled throughout that appear to be related to this project.  First, I would note that in the 10th month of the same year that they started the project, 681, there was issued an edict that all those of the rank of Daisen on down should offer up their admonitions to the government.   Bentley notes that Article 65 of the Statutes on Official Documents provides a kind of feedback mechanism via this admonitions, where anyone who saw a problem with the government could submit it to the Council of the State.  If they had a fear of reprisals they could submit anonymously. This entry for the 10th month of 681 could just refer to a similar request that all those who had a problem should report it so it could be fixed, but in light of several other things, I would also suggest that it was at least in line with the ongoing efforts to figure out what needed to be figured out vis a vis the laws of the land.  Later, in the 8th month of 682 we see a similar type of request, where everyone from the Princes to the Ministers were instructed to bring forward matters suitable for framing new regulations.   So it looks like that first year or so there were, in a sense, a lot of "listening sessions" and other efforts going on to give deliberate thought to how the government should operate.  A few days later in 682 the Chronicles tell us that the court were working on drawing up the new laws, and as they did so they noticed a great rainbow.  Bentley suggests that this was an auspicious sign—even Heaven was smiling on the operation. So we know that there was lawmaking going on.  But what did these laws actually look like? This episode we are going to look at both criminal law – crimes and punishments, and gow they could be mitigated as well as those laws that were less about criminal activities and more about how the state itself was to be run. As I just stated, a lot of the laws and edicts are not necessarily about criminal activities.  Many of them are about the government and how it works—or at least how it is supposed to work.  Some of this helps to reveal a bit about the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of this project.  That said, I'm not always sure that Ohoama and his officials were necessarily adherents to those philosophies or if they saw them more as justifications fro their actions.  And, in the end, does it matter?  Even if they weren't strict Confucianists, it is hard to argue that Confucian theory didn't loom large in their project, given its impact on the systems they were cribbing from.  Furthermore, if we need to extrapolate things that go unsaid, we could do worse than using Confucianism and similar continental philosophies as our guide, given what we see in the record.  A particularly intriguing record for understanding how that government was supposed to work is a declaration that civil and military officials of the central and provincial governments should, every year, consider their subordinates and determine what promotions, if any, they should receive.  They were to send in their recommendations within the first ten days to the judges, or "houkan".  The judges would compare the reports and make their recommendations up to the Daibenkan—the executive department of the Dajokan, the Council of State.  In addition, officers who refused orders to go on various missions for the court were ineligible for promotion, unless their refusal was specifically for genuine illness or bereavement following the loss of a parent. This feels like an important note on how the whole bureaucratic appointment and promotion system worked.  It actually follows early ideas of the meritocratic bureaucracy that was at the heart of how the government was supposed to work.  It isn't quite the same as magistrates roaming the land and seeking out talented individuals, but it still demonstrates a promotion system that is at least nominally about the merit of the individual and not solely based on personal patronage—though I'm sure the sovereign, the sumera no mikoto, or tennou, could still issue promotions whenever he so wished. And as cool as I find all that to be, I think the piece that I find particularly fun is the fact that they had to specify that only a "genuine" illness was a valid excuse.  That suggests to me that there were people who would feign illness to get out of work.  In other words, faking a sick day is nothing new and you could totally have a ritsuryo version of "Ferris Buehler's Day Off". This meritocratic idea seems to be tempered a bit a few years later, in 682.  We see an edict that not only describes the language and character of the court ritual, but also talking about verifying the lineage and character of anyone who applies for office.  Anyone whose lineage was found to be less than sufficient would be declared ineligible, regardless of whatever else they had done. And this is the tension of trying to overlay a theoretical system, based on the idea of merit, on a hereditary aristocracy.  In a meritocracy, one wouldn't blink twice at a person from a "lesser" ranked family making their way up and above those of "superior" families.  Then again, you probably wouldn't have families ranked in a hierarchy, anyway.  I feel like we've touched on this in a past episode, somewhere, but it isn't the last time we'll be talking about this.  After initially adopting the system as it theoretically should be, the cultural pressures of the elite nobles would start to shape the government into something that was not quite so threatening to the power of those elite families.  After all, those families held a lot of power—economic, political, and otherwise—and, as elites throughout history have done, they would do whatever they could to hold onto that power. This is actually something we see on the continent.  Whatever sense of justice or equality may have lay at the heart of the theory behind good governance, it was always going to be impacted by those with resources and the familial connections that bind people together.  For instance, it was the wealthy who would have the money and leisure time to be able to hire tutors, acquire books, and spend time studying and learning—something that is hard to do if you have to help your family work in the fields.  And the court would always be a place of politics, which was fueled by wealth and connections.  No doubt, if you asked someone of the time, they would say that the "correct" thing to do would be to work your way up from the bottom, starting from a low ranked position and climbing up based on their good deeds.  That's all well and good, but then we see preference given to the highest nobles, with their own progeny getting a jump on things by being automatically placed higher in rank.  With only a finite number of positions in the government, this meant  that climbing through the ranks would be almost impossible at some point, as there just weren't enough positions for those qualified to take them. This is an all-too-common problem, regardless of the actual system of government.  The powerful and wealthy have always had a leg up—though sometimes more than others. That isn't to say that those less fortunate were always ignored.  For instance, early in his reign, Ohoama made a decree to divide the common people—those who were not members of the royal family, so not princes or princesses—into three different classes, Upper, Middle, and Lower, all based on their wealth or financial status.  Only the two lower groups were eligible for loans of seed rice, should they need it.  That isn't so different than a lot of modern, means-tested government assistance programs, when you think about it.  The idea of breaking up groups into an "Upper", "Middle", and "Lower" category is found elsewhere—Bentley notes Article 16 of the Statutes of Arable Land dividing up families who planted mulberry.  "Ryou no Shuuge", a 9th century commentary on the Yoro law-code, notes that, at least by that time, the three categories were based on the number of people in a given household, not just the total wealth, it would seem.     Other decrees help us understand the make-up of the court, such as decree in the 8th month of 679, with the sovereign requesting that various houses send women to work in the court.  Bentley notes that this is very similar wording to Article 18 of the statutes of the Rear Palace, where the sovereign's consorts lived.  He also mentions a note in Ryou no Shuuge stating it was specifically women from noble families in the capital city and nearby who were employed for low-level tasks in the palace.     Continuing with the ordering of the government, in the third month of 681, Ohoama went to the well of the New Palace—the Nihi no Miya—and he ordered the military drums and other instruments to be played.  In the continental style, music was an important part of the military, with certain instruments and tunes that would be played for a variety of purposes.  It is unclear that the archipelago had such a detailed history of military music, and so it seems that this is in emulation of the continental practice. Then, in the 5th month, Ohoama had to crack down on another practice that was apparently taking off with the various public functionaries.  As we noted, earlier, public functionaries were reliant on their superiors, the judges, and then the Council of State for their promotion.  However, some appear to have found another way to garner favor, and that was through female palace officials—those working in the private quarters.  Those palace officials would have access to the sovereign and his families—his queen and various consorts.  And of course, if Ohoama heard good things about a person, then perhaps he would put them forward for promotion.  At the very least, if that person's name came forward, it might be well thought of.  And so public functionaries had taken to paying their respects to the women working in the palace.  Sometimes they would go to their doors and make their case directly.  Other times they would offer presents to them and their families.  This was clearly not how the system was intended to work.  As such, Ohoama told everyone to knock it off—should he hear about anyone trying this in the future, then the offenders would be punished according to their circumstances. Of course, I would note that this only would be a problem if the individuals were caught.  If the rest of Japanese history—heck, world history—is anything to go on, then humans are going to human and the court was no doubt deeply steeped in political maneuvering of all kinds.  I imagine that this practice never fully stopped, but it probably stopped being quite as blatant—for now. Continuing with the development of how the government operated, we get the entry for the 28th day of the 3rd lunar month of 682.  It starts with various sumptuary laws, with Princes down to public functionaries no longer wearing specialized caps of office—effectively getting rid of the idea of "cap-rank".  They also would no longer wear the aprons, sashes, or leggings that were part of the previous outfit.  Likewise the Uneme and female palace officials would no longer wear the elbow-straps or shoulder-scarves.  This appears to have moved the court closer to what the continent was wearing at the time, with belted garments based on clothing not too dissimilar from what was found across the Silk Road, to be honest.  They also discontinued all sustenance-fiefs for Princes and Ministers.  Those had to be returned to the State.  Presumably their salaries would then come from any stipends associated with their rank, instead.  This doesn't seem all that connected with the other edict, focused on clothing and rank, except that is part of the further centralization of power and authority—all taxes were to go to the central government and then get parceled out, and everyone—or at least those in the court—were to conform to a standard uniform.  That said, for all that it may have been the intent, as we shall see, the court would never fully get rid of the idea of privately held tax land—it would just take different forms over time. Later, we get more sumptuary laws, some about what the people of the court would wear, but others that were more general.  Sumptuary laws are laws specifically focused on controlling things such as expenditures or personal behavior—including what one wore and how they expressed themselves--and they are generally made to help order society in some way.  There were a lot of cultures where purple, for instance, was reserved for royalty—often because of how expensive it was and difficult to make.  Wearing an expensive purple fabric could be seen as an expression of wealth—and thus power—and that could feel like a challenge to those in power themselves.  It probably also meant that there was enough dye for the royal robes and it was not nearly so scarce. In other instances, we see sumptuary laws to call out people of certain groups.  Some laws are to distinguish an in-group, and others to call out a group to be set apart from society.  Other such laws were made to distinguish between social constructs such as caste or gender.  Even today we have a concept of "cross-dressing" as we have determined that certain clothing or styles are seen as either more masculine or feminine, and there are those who call out such things as somehow perverting society.  And yet, the clothing is simply pieces of fabric, and what may have been considered masculine or feminine in one time or place may not bee seen as such in another. In this case, the sumptuary laws in question focused on hairstyles.  Ohoama decreed that all persons, male or female, must tie up their hair—they couldn't leave it hanging down. This was to be done no later than the last day of the year—the 30th day of the 12th lunar month, though it could be required even before that.  We are also told that women were expected to ride horses in the saddle similar to the way men did. This appears to mean they would sit astride a saddle, with their legs on either side, and not in something akin to side saddle.  This also likely meant that women riding horses would want trousers, similar to what men wore, at least for that part of it.  Trying to wear a long skirt with your legs on either side of a horse does not strike me as the most comfortable position to put yourself in, not that people haven't figured it out over the centuries in various ways.  Indeed, in some Tang statuary, women are often depicted riding horseback with trousers.   In the 9th month of 682 we get a fun entry.  Well, I find it amusing.  We are told that the practice of ceremonial crawling and kneeling was to be abolished and that they would adopt the ceremonial custom of standing, as had been practiced in the Naniwa court.  And a part of me thinks of some old courtier who was having trouble with all of the kneeling who was suddenly very happy with this new ordinance.  On the other hand, it is fascinating to think of the other implications. First, we are being told that there was a custom of standing at the Naniwa court, while in Asuka there was a tradition of ceremonial crawling and kneeling.  Bentley's translation makes it apparent that this was specifically as you entered through the gates: that you would bow and then crawl through the entranceway. I'm assuming that the standing custom was based on continental tradition, since that seemed to be what the Naniwa palace was built to emulate, and that in returning to Asuka they were partaking in a more local ritual—though I'm not entirely certain as I just don't have enough information to know at this point.  Aston does claim that it was custom in the Tang court, though I'm not sure of his source for that. In 683 we get more information on how the court functioned.  We are told that there was a decree that all persons of rank in the Home Provinces were expected to present themselves at Court at some point in the first month of each quarter.  You were only excused if you were sick, at which point an official would need to send a report up to the judicial authorities.  So every noble in the Home Provinces had to travel to the court once every four months.  And if they couldn't, they need to be able to produce the equivalent of a doctor's note, saysing so. We aren't told why this was implemented.  I suspect that there had to be some compromise between nobles being at and working at the court and going back to their hometown to also keep an eye on things there.  It is possible that there were plenty of people who just weren't coming to the court unless they had to—living off their stipend, but not necessarily doing the work.  So this may have been a "return to office" type order to make sure that people were there, in the "office" of the court at least once every four months. This brings to mind the Edo period practice of alternate attendance, or Sankin-koutai, where daimyo would have to attend on the Shogun for a time and then could return home.  Of course, that was also done as a means to drain their coffers, and I don't believe this was meant in quite so punishing a manner. Having a permanent city, where the nobles had houses in the city, would likely fix these issues, allowing the court to be more regularly staffed.  Sure enough, that same decree included the decree that there would be a Capital City at Naniwa as well as other places, while the work at Nihiki, on what would become the Fujiwara capital, was already underway. Speaking of the capital, that work would require labor and people to oversee it.  In 10th month of 684, we see a note that gives us a glimpse into the management of corvee labor, as Prince Hatsuse and Kose no Asomi no Umakahi, as well as officials down to facilities managers, 20 people in all, were set up as corvee labor managers for the royal region.      Next, let's talk criminal matters.  What kinds of things were people being accused of or what laws were being set up to constraing the activities of individuals.   We'll start by looking at how justices was handled, generally speaking.  Some of it seems almost obvious, like in 675, when we are told that the sovereign ordered that nobody—whether a minister, a functionary, or a citizen—should commit an offense lest they be punished accordingly.  'But what was happening previously to make such a proclamation necessary? On the one hand, I suspect that this was a warning to the elites of the archipelago more than anything else, especially those who might not have been in direct fealty to the Yamato sovereign previously.  Those elites farther out in the provinces were probably used to a looser hand, and fewer consequences for their actions.  Back in Taika years, in the late 640s, just as everything was kicking off, the court had had to bring the hammer down on the governors and various kuni no miyatsuko, local elites who had been doing things their own way.  I suspect this was just a similar attempt to bring people into line and a reminder of who actually wore the hakama in this administration.  It also seems to be a straightforward statement that the law applied to every person—or at least every person outside of the sovereign, himself. That was likely a novel idea for many people, where those in positions of power were likely able to get away with murder, quite literally, because who was going to stop them?  We've seen how many of the more powerful families controlled what were essentially private armies. At the same time, 675 is before these new formal law codes and punishments were in place.  Presumably there was tradition in place and some understanding that the sovereign could declare laws and punishment, but I also wonder if this isn't part of the reason that they felt that centralized, authoritative, written law codes were required in the first place.  After all, communicating laws and punishments verbally across the archipelago, even with the potential for written edicts, likely relied a lot on local administrators to interpret the edicts and figure out what was going on. This seems to align with an edict from the 10th month of 679, which decried that there were many people guilty of crimes and violence hanging around the capital.  This was blamed on the Princes and Ministers, since the edict claimed that these high officials heard about it but didn't do anything, instead treating it like a nuisance that was too much trouble—or perhaps too personally expensive—to do anything about.  Alternatively, those same princes and ministers would see people that they knew were guilty, but they didn't want to go through the trouble of actually reporting them, and so the offenders could get away with it.  The proposed solution was to exhort those in higher stations to punish the offenses of those beneath them, while those of lower stations were expected to remonstrate with their superiors when those superiors were rude or violent.  In other words, if everyone just held everyone else accountable, then things would work out. This seems like a great sentiment, but I have to imagine that there was something more beyond the high-minded ideals. Again,  I suspect that it was probably as much Ohoama putting people on notice.  Still, this seems aspirational rather than definitive.      A clear example of the kind of thing that was being prohibited is likelye the decree about fishermen and hunters, who were forbidden from making pitfalls or using spear traps or similar devices.  Also, from the beginning of the 4th month until the 13th day of the 9th month, no one was to set fish-weirs, or himasakiri—an unknown device, but probably another type of fish trap.  Ohoama also prohibited the eating of cattle, horses, dogs, monkeys, or chickens.  Other animals, including boar, deer, fish, etc., were all fair game, as it were. The prohibition on traps is likely because they were a hazard to anyone walking through the area.  In the Tang dynasty they did something similar, but they did make exceptions for hunters in the deep mountains, who were supposed to put up signs warning any travelers.  As for the weirs and himasakiri, whatever that might be, I have less context, but likely it did have some reasoning—possibly similar to our modern concepts of having certain seasons for various types of fishing.  Fish weirs do create obstructions, and between the 4th and 9th lunar months Japan does see the summer monsoon rains—could that be the reason?  Tsuyu, or rainy season, is often around July to mid-June, today.  Or perhaps there is another motivation for that particular prohibition. As for the eating of various animals—of the animals listed, all but the monkeys are domesticated animals who generally weren't considered as food animals.  Cattle were used for working the fields, horses were ridden, and dogs were used for hunting.  I wonder if monkeys were just too close to people. The chicken prohibition may seem odd to us, today.  The word for chicken, "niwatori", literally means garden bird, though the Nihon Shoki uses something more like "barn door bird".  We know that cock-fighting was a thing in later periods, and that chickens were associated with Amaterasu, possibly for their legendary habit of crowing as the sun comes up.  We can also note the lack of some animals, like cats, from the list.  Perhaps cats were never in danger of being seen as a food source, or perhaps cats just weren't as prevalent at the time—we know cats were around from at least the Nara period, but there isn't much evidence before that.  There are examples of bones thought to be from a cat from the Yayoi period found on Iki island, but it is hard to say from that if they were fully established across the archipelago. Still,  I do find it curious they are not on the list.Continuing on, we later see where see the court issued an edict that prohibited the cutting of grass or firewood on Mt. Minabuchi and Mt. Hosokawa.  Furthermore they prevented any indiscriminate burning or cutting on all of the mountains in the Home Provinces.  This feels somewhat religious—after all, the mountains were often considered the domain of the kami.  Perhaps there were some religious restrictions.  On the other hand, some of it sounds like they were trying to just ensure that with a growing population they didn't denude the mountains around the capital. This whole incident brings to mind problems that occurred in and around Chang'an, the western Tang capital.  The palace itself—not to mention all of the houses and temples—took so much wood that it was a drain on the nearby forests.  And that is without taking into account the simple harvesting of wood for cooking fires, tools, etc.  In fact, the logging industry of that time devastated the local environment, meaning that they had to travel farther and farther to find suitable wood for the monumental buildings they wished to create.  It is also thought to have contributed to various natural disasters in and around the capital.  Perhaps Yamato was worried that unrestricted logging in the Home Provinces could likewise cause problems?  Or was that simply an added benefit gained from the idea that mountains were sacred spaces?   Later in the 10th month of 679, there was an edict determining sumptuary rules for monks clothing, as well as what kind of retinue could accompany them when they went out.  We talked about this back in Episode 142.  That same month, there was an edict that, while monks and nuns might normally be expected to stay at a temple—such as in the quarters identified in the ruins of Kawaradera—that it became a problem when older monks became bed-ridden.  After all, if they couldn't leave their bed, then one can only imagine how it must have been.  Not to get overly graphic, but they couldn't exactly make it out to the latrine at that point, either.  So it was determined that if an elderly monk were to reach the stage that they were bed-ridden, and unlikely to recover, then the temple would seek out relatives or laypersons to help build a hut or two in vacant spaces on the temple grounds.  There, the sick and bed-ridden monks could be cared for in a more sanitary manner. Now the way this is written, on the one hand it seems they were worried about ritual purification as much as anything, but I imagine that this was also practical.  After all, as you get all of those monks living together, one can only imagine that disease and illness could easily spread in those close quarters.  So separating those who were quite sick only makes sense, like an early form of quarantine. A lot of these prohibitions seem to be fairly practical.  Don't put traps where people could accidentally fall into them.  Don't chop down the nearby forest—we may need that later.  And even: don't leave a sick or elderly monk in a crowded dormitory situation.But what about the penal codes? If you lived in the latter part of Temmu's reign and you did violate one of the rules mentioned above, or one of the many others at play, what would happen to you, and how did that vary based on your place in society? Unfortunately, most of what we get on this is kind of bare bones.  We often see the punishment, but not t he crime.  We are just told that someone was found guilty, or condemned.  Take, for example, the Buddhist Priest, Fukuyou, of Asukadera, who was condemned and thrown into prison.  We aren't told what he did to deserve confinement, but it wouldn't last long.  Apparently Fukuyou cut his own throat, ending his life, rather than face other consequences or live with the shame of whatever crime he had committed. By the way, the term "prison" here is interesting.  We certainly see people being imprisoned in some way, shape, or form—locked up and unable to freely travel.  That isn't exactly the same, however, as a prison complex or system.  There may have been buildings used a jail—a temporary holding facility while the actual punishment was determined.  And we also see the equivalent of house arrest.  Later, there would be formal "prisons" set up for the detention of individuals, who were often then forced to labor as part of their punishment.  However, they had many other forms of punishment, many of which required much fewer staff.  After all, a prison requires that you have guards constantly watching the prisoners to make sure nothing gets out of hand.  Instead, you could just exile them to an island or even just another province, with a lot less manpower. A less drastic punishment was handed out back in the 4th month of 675, when we are told that Tahema no Kimi no Hiromaro and Kunu no Omi no Maro were both forbidden from attending the court—for what purpose we aren't immediately told.  However, six days later, Kunu no Maro was held accountable for offering resistance to a royal messenger—maybe the one who communicated that he was banished from the court.  As a punishment, he was stripped of all of his offices and dignities.  Both Tahema no Hiromaro and Kunu no Maro appear to have been pardoned at a later date, though we aren't sure when.  It could have been one of the various general amnesties—and we'll talk about that in a moment.  Hiromaro passed away in 685, but he was provided a posthumous promotion in rank and is noted for his efforts supporting Ohoama during the Jinshin no Ran.  Meanwhile, Kunu no Maro—also known as Abe no Kunu no Maro is seen delivering a eulogy in 686.  Perhaps somewhat ironically, he did so on behalf of the Office of Punishments—later the Keimu-shou, or Ministry of Punishment.  These actions certainly seem to be at odds with them being punished, let alone banished from the court. We also see an example where  Prince Womi, who was of the 3rd princely ranks—even higher than Prince Kurikuma, whom we discussed last episode—was guilty of some kind of offense and banished to Inaba.  One of his children was also banished to Izushima and the other to Chikashima.  Aston suggests that this means Ohoshima and Chikashima may be in Hizen.  Again, very little to go on as to what was happening, though it seems that all three were punished together and sent away from each other, perhaps so that they could not plot or scheme together.  Later amnesties would probably have resulted in pardons for them.   Speaking of pardons—the punishments that we are speaking about all appear to be permanent, other than imprisonment, which may have been more of a temporary situation.  It wasn't like being sent away for so many years.  However, on the other side of the coin was the option for a pardon or amnesty.  While I imagine that the sovereign could always provide a pardon directly, we more regularly see general amnesties declared, sometimes with very specific guidelines. One of the most illuminating such instances, and possibly where Kunu no Maro and Tahema no Hiromaro were pardoned, came in the 7th month of 676.  That month the court issued a general amnesty, likely to increase the merit accrued to the State through an act of mercy and forgiveness, given the drought and famine that had been reported earlier that summer.  Perhaps paradoxically, this act of leniency gives us an interesting view into the types of punishments that were made, as well as how severe each was considered.    The amnesty mitigated all sentences of death, enforced servitude, or the three classes of banishment, and they would all be mitigated by one degree.  So anyone sentenced to death would instead just become enslaved.  Those who were sentenced to enslavement would be banished to a distant province.  Those banished to a distant province would only be banished to a province at a medium distance.  Banishment to a medium province would be downgraded to a nearer province.  And Banishment to a nearer province would be downgraded to banishment—or removal—to a place in the same province.  For anyone who committed a crime for which they would be removed to a place in the same province—or for any lesser crime—would be completely pardoned, whether or not the crime was actually known.  So you couldn't be held responsible, retroactively. This gives us a kind of hierarchy to use as far as the kinds of punishment that might be handed out.  Of course, there are also a few others, which I generally assume were considered lesser.  For instance: banishment from the court, or being stripped of government rank, that sort of thing. There was a caveat that this amnesty would not apply to those who had already left for their place of banishment—nor, obviously, to those who had already been executed.  So if you had already settled in to your new life, this amnesty didn't exactly matter.  This could be where Tahema no Hiromaro and Kunu no Maro were pardoned and thus allowed to find their way back into the court's good graces.  On the other hand, others probably wish that this amnesty happened a bit later—one month later, to be exact.  We are told that Prince Yagaki, the current viceroy of the Dazaifu, was accused of some offense and banished to Tosa, in Shikoku.  As usual, the record does not feel the need to tell us what the offense was or try to justify it anyway.   This is all well and good, but what exactly did the justice system look like?  How were criminals accused, and how would they investigate and prove your guilt?  In the 11th month of 682, we see a rather detailed description of how trials and punishment were to be carried out.  For any offense against the law, whether it was in the palace or the court, it would be immediately examined, and nobody was allowed to conceal information about it.  If the offense was grave enough, then the next step would depend on the rank of the individual.  For individuals of high birth, their guilt would be reported to the court, presumably for whatever punishment they deemed appropriate from there.  For others, they would be arrested.  If they resisted arrest, then the palace guards would be sent after them.  A typical punishment was flogging, which was not to go beyond 100 blows.  Finally, if the individual were clearly guilty, but yet continued to profess their innocence, then that would be considered perjury and added to their sentence. It should be noted that in East Asia at this time, there was no concept of innocent until proven guilty.  If you were accused of a crime, then it was up to you to prove that you were innocent.  It was not uncommon for an arrest to occur, and then for the authorities to then torture a confession out of the individual.  Since they already had assumed the individual's guilt, this was just meant to get them to admit it.  Even into modern times, Japan has had a high conviction rate, but there are accusations that this is simply because of the presence of coerced confessions.  A coerced confession helps to demonstrate that the system is correct, and working as designed, whilst protestations of innocence call into question the validity of the system. There is another type of guilt and punishment—and leniency, for that matter—mentioned in the 6th month of 677: We are told that the Yamato no Aya no Atahe were considered guilty of the "seven misdemeanors", which seems like it is more an indictment of their moral failings rather than any kind of direct criminal behavior.  Furthermore, they were accused of pushing back against the rightful sovereigns from the time of Kashikiya Hime down to the time of the Afumi court.  This would seem to indicate that they had been supporting the Soga and the Afumi court, but if so, I wouldn't say that the Chronicles help to clarify it in any way.  Perhaps they just were willful and not showing the right amount of loyalty to the throne.  Whatever they did, Ohoama was none too pleased, but he also didn't want to completely destroy the uji.  Instead, as a compromise, he offered them clemency for any past actions, pardoning them, but also claiming that if they stepped out of line again, then their offense would be unpardonable.  This whole entry is a vibe.  It is less of a punishment and more of a sword of Damocles being set up above them. Several years later, in 682, we see the Yamato no Aya being granted the title of Muraji.  In consequence of the appointment, the entire household—all the men and women alike, presented themselves to the court.  They rejoiced and praised Ohoama, thanking him for raising them in status.  This doesn't feel like a normal entry—it isn't like every family was coming into court and giving thanks every time that a promotion was handed out.  This feels like classic "kissing the ring" to get back into good graces with someone who was, effectively, an autocratic ruler.  While there was a bureaucracy, based on everything we've seen Ohoama had bent it largely to his will by appointing family members and other members of the elite princely class—those with at least nominal familial connections—to positions of power and authority.   And with that, I think we will bring this episode to a close.  Next episode we'll finish out this reign with a few projects and various other miscellaneous events. Until then if you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website,  SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  

Classes on Rambam, divided according to the daily schedule.

Classes on Rambam, divided according to the daily schedule.

Classes on Rambam, divided according to the daily schedule.

Classes on Rambam, divided according to the daily schedule.

Classes on Rambam, divided according to the daily schedule.

This Day in Legal History: Blue Sky LawsOn March 10, 1911, Kansas enacted the first “blue sky law” in the United States, marking a significant development in the regulation of securities markets. The statute was designed to protect investors from fraudulent investment schemes that had become increasingly common in the early twentieth century. At the time, promoters frequently sold speculative securities with little oversight and few consequences if the ventures failed. Kansas lawmakers responded by creating a system that required securities offerings to be reviewed before they could be sold to the public. State officials were given authority to examine proposed investments and determine whether they were legitimate.The name “blue sky law” reflected the legislature's concern that many promoters were selling investments backed by nothing more than empty promises. Lawmakers wanted to prevent the sale of securities that had no real value or financial foundation. Kansas banking commissioner Joseph Norman Dolley played a central role in advocating for the law and persuading the legislature to adopt stronger investor protections. His efforts reflected growing public concern about financial fraud and the need for government oversight of securities markets.The Kansas statute quickly became a model for other states. Within a few years, many states adopted their own versions of blue sky laws, creating a patchwork system of state-level securities regulation. These laws helped establish the principle that governments could require disclosure and review before securities were sold to the public. The idea later influenced the development of federal securities regulation during the New Deal era. In particular, the framework helped shape the Securities Act of 1933, which created nationwide disclosure requirements for securities offerings.Live Nation Entertainment has reached a proposed settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice in a major antitrust case challenging the company's dominance in concert promotion and ticketing. The agreement was disclosed during a court hearing and could resolve part of a lawsuit brought by federal regulators and more than two dozen states. Live Nation is also negotiating separately with state attorneys general in an effort to reach a broader nationwide resolution of related claims.Under the proposed deal, the company would pay roughly $200 million in damages to participating states and accept structural reforms aimed at reducing its market power. Regulators had argued that Live Nation's control of venues, artist promotion, and ticketing—particularly through Ticketmaster—allowed the company to inflate prices and limit competition. The lawsuit was filed in 2024 and initially sought to break up the company by forcing a sale of Ticketmaster.The settlement instead focuses on changing how the ticketing market operates. Ticketmaster would be required to open parts of its technology platform to competing ticket sellers, allowing third-party companies to list tickets directly through its system. The deal would also limit the length of Live Nation's exclusive contracts with venues to four years and permit venues to allocate some ticket inventory to rival platforms.The case gained political attention after widespread complaints about long online queues and high prices during the 2022 Taylor Swift Eras Tour ticket sales. A federal judge had allowed the antitrust case to proceed to trial after rejecting Live Nation's attempt to dismiss it earlier this year. If finalized, the settlement would impose oversight and competition requirements on the company rather than break it up.Live Nation reaches settlement with DOJ in antitrust case | ReutersDemocratic U.S. senators plan to introduce legislation that would extend the time prosecutors have to bring foreign bribery cases from five years to ten. The proposal, called the FCPA Reinforcement Act, is led by Senators Elizabeth Warren and Dick Durbin along with several other Democratic lawmakers. It responds to recent Justice Department decisions to scale back enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), a 1977 law that prohibits companies operating in the United States from bribing foreign officials.Supporters of the bill argue that international corruption investigations are complex and often take years to uncover, making the current five-year statute of limitations too short. The proposed law would temporarily extend the deadline for bringing anti-bribery charges to ten years for an eight-year period. Lawmakers say the change is meant to ensure companies can still be held accountable for misconduct even if enforcement priorities shift.The proposal also signals to corporations that compliance obligations remain important despite the current enforcement slowdown. Some legal experts worry that reduced federal enforcement could lead companies to scale back anti-corruption compliance programs or stop voluntarily reporting violations. Although the bill may face difficulty passing in the current Congress, it indicates that some lawmakers want to preserve strong anti-bribery enforcement and may pursue stricter oversight in the future.US lawmakers plan bill allowing 10 years to bring bribery cases | ReutersA divided federal appeals court has refused to allow the Trump administration to end immigration protections for more than 350,000 Haitians living in the United States. In a 2–1 decision, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit declined to pause a lower court ruling that blocked the Department of Homeland Security from terminating Haiti's Temporary Protected Status (TPS). The ruling means the protections will remain in place while the administration continues its appeal.TPS is a humanitarian program that allows people from certain countries facing crises—such as armed conflict, natural disasters, or political instability—to remain in the United States temporarily and obtain work authorization. Haitians first received TPS after the devastating 2010 earthquake, and the designation has been repeatedly renewed because of ongoing instability in the country.The Trump administration sought to end Haiti's TPS designation as part of a broader effort to scale back the program, arguing that it was never intended to function as long-term legal status. But a federal district judge previously ruled that the government's attempt to terminate the protection likely violated both TPS procedures and constitutional equal-protection principles. The appeals court majority agreed that sending Haitian migrants back now could expose them to severe violence and humanitarian risks due to Haiti's deteriorating conditions.One judge dissented, arguing the case was legally similar to disputes where courts allowed the administration to end TPS protections for Venezuelans. The Department of Homeland Security said it plans to appeal the ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court. For now, the decision preserves legal status and work authorization for hundreds of thousands of Haitian immigrants while the litigation continues.Trump cannot end protections for 350,000 Haitians, US appeals court rules | ReutersMy column for Bloomberg this week examines the surprising milestone that renewable energy generated 26% of U.S. electricity in 2025—even as federal clean-energy incentives were being rolled back. At first glance, that record share might suggest the transition to renewables is unstoppable. In reality, much of the current growth reflects investment decisions made years earlier, when generous subsidies from the Inflation Reduction Act and related policies were still in place. Large wind and solar projects often take three to seven years to move from financing and permitting to full operation. That means many facilities coming online today were funded under a very different policy environment than the one developers face now.Recent changes to federal tax policy have scaled back or eliminated several incentives that previously supported renewable development and electric vehicle adoption. These changes do not immediately halt construction, but they alter the financial calculations for the next generation of projects. Renewable energy projects rely heavily on financing structures that incorporate tax credits, equity partnerships, and long-term debt. When incentives shrink or become uncertain, developers must either accept greater risk or secure more expensive capital. At the same time, unresolved federal rulemaking and regulatory uncertainty are adding another layer of caution for investors. Although wind and solar technology costs have declined and can remain competitive with fossil fuels, policy instability can still erode project margins.The key point is that energy statistics describe what is already built, while investment decisions determine what the energy system will look like years from now. Current renewable growth may therefore reflect past policy rather than present conditions. Financing data already shows signs of slowing investment in green energy. To maintain steady development, policymakers should avoid abrupt tax-credit expirations and instead adopt predictable, multi-year phaseouts that allow markets to adjust. Agencies could also reduce uncertainty by finalizing or withdrawing proposed energy regulations within clear timelines. Stable rules make it easier for investors to commit capital to projects designed to operate for decades. The next investment cycle will reveal whether today's policy environment supports continued energy expansion or discourages it. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

I will put My Spirit within you and cause you to walk in My statutes, [NKJV]

This comprehensive session demystifies the creation and validity of trusts, covering essential elements, creation methods, and special trust structures. Perfect for law students and legal professionals aiming to master trust law for exams and practice.Most students stumble over the dense world of trusts—and it's no wonder. Trust law is built on a fundamental concept that often trips up even the brightest: bifurcated title. When you grasp that a trust isn't a separate legal entity but a fiduciary relationship over property with split ownership—legal in the trustee's hands, equitable in the beneficiary's—you unlock the entire doctrine. This insight alone simplifies an otherwise complex legal maze and transforms your exam approach.In this episode, we cut through the jargon and clarify what makes a trust valid: six essential elements that must all align at once—capacity, intent, property, beneficiaries, trustee, and purpose. We dissect each, exposing common pitfalls like misunderstanding a mere expectancy for actual trust property, or confusing a debt with a trust. You'll learn how to instantly spot issues such as an indefinite class (which kills private trusts), or a passive trustee who causes the entire trust to fail. We also explore critical topics such as the detailed formalities needed for real estate, the power of charitable trusts to last forever, and how to handle trust creation via declaration, transfer, or will—demystifying legal formalities that many students find intimidating.But knowing the rules isn't enough. The real power lies in mastering the diagnostic methodology: analyze capacity, then intent, property, beneficiaries, trustee, purpose, and formalities—step by step. This systematic approach not only prepares you for exam questions but also trains you to see beyond superficial issues, turning complex fact patterns into straightforward problem-solving.Failing a trust? Don't panic—your fallback is equitable remedies. When trusts fail, courts impose resulting trusts to revert property to the settlor's estate, or create constructive trusts to strip fraud or undue influence from wrongdoers. These tools are essential to understanding the full landscape of trust law and will distinguish your answers as comprehensive and insightful.Perfect for law students, future estate planners, and anyone facing the trust creation challenge—this episode is your blueprint to ace trust law questions. Whether it's creating a revocable living trust, analyzing a charitable purpose, or navigating the formalities required by the Statute of Frauds or Wills Act, you'll come away with clarity and confidence.Remember: once you understand bifurcated title, the entire structure of trust law opens up. Use this knowledge, apply the systematic checklist, and turn every tricky fact pattern into a clear legal victory. Mastering trusts isn't just about passing exams—it's about wielding a powerful estate planning tool confident in its principles. Hit play, and take the first step towards trust law mastery.Trusts hinge on bifurcated ownership, not legal personalityThe core principle that unlocks trust law is the division of property into legal title held by the trustee and equitable title held by the beneficiary.Why it mattersUnderstanding this split clarifies why trusts are relationships, not entities—crucial for spot-on issue identification and avoiding common pitfalls like mistaking trusts for corporations or LLCs.In practiceWhen analyzing a fact pattern, ask: is the property split into legal and equitable parts? If so, you're dealing with a trust, not a legal entity.The six elements of a trust must coexist simultaneously at creationEvery trust requires six elements: capacity, intent, property, beneficiaries, trustee, purpose. Missing any one invalidates the entire trust from inception.trust law, creation of trusts, trust elements, estate planning, legal trusts, trust validity, trust types, trust formalities, trust analysis, estate law

Eating out in Bellingham and Whatcom County is getting pricey — so AJ and Chris are bringing the fun home. This month, your pacific northwest podcasting aficionados make the case for analog: gather some people you know (or some friendly strangers), throw some chicken nuggets in the oven, and play a game. No screens. No $120 dinner tabs. Just meeples, dice, and a little friendly competition or co-op'ing.AJ and Chris share their favorite game stores across the region, swap game recommendations for every type of player — cooperative, competitive, family-friendly, and card-shark — and close with Quality Assurance picks including a shout-out to a pair of local Bellingham authors and a generative music app that just might help you survive eight hours of studying if you are studying for finals.♟️Where to Find Your Games* Meeple's Manor (Lynden) — Your local game shop up north* Cosmic Games (Bellingham) — Great local Pokémon league and loads of games of all kinds (and the materials around them) * AEGIS Games (Downtown Bellingham, Railroad Ave) — A substantial wall of board games, card games, tabletop, and expansions; near the fabulous Café Adagio* Bakerview Games (Anacortes) — The Ollivander's Wands of board game shops. If you have a game in mind, stump the band — they just might have it upstairs.

Send a textArtificial Intelligence (AI) needs a little pushback. In Part 2 of this 2-part episode, Captain Integrity Bob Wade continues his talk on the intersection of AI, Fair Market Value (FMV), the Stark Law, and the Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) with HealthValue Group Managing Partner Chris David. Hear why we need to be human to make AI helpful, how to protect your nonproprietary data AI can't replicate, why survey data & valuation models are a commodity now, why AI won't replace you as healthcare consultants, and an exercise involving a letter generated by Copilot. Learn more at CaptainIntegrity.com 

Yesterday a US appeals court threw out an appeal by the White House to decline refunds for those companies who paid tariffs on imported goods after the US Supreme Court said they were illegal. That means the lower courts can now start refunding billions of dollars by claimants. But the White House is using different legal statutes to keep the tariffs in place for nearly all countries in what can technically be described as ‘a mess' for exporters from Europe. So what happens now? All to discuss with Mark Ludwikowski Chair of Clark Hill's International Trade Practice.

Richard Epstein reports that the Supreme Court's 6-3 ruling determined the president cannot unilaterally impose tariffs using emergency statutes without clear Congressional approval or an actual, profoundly disruptive emergency. 3.1910 SIXTH STREET BRIDGE

Jonathan Adler reports that following the tariff decision, the administration must now use specific statutes with procedural strings, limiting the president's ability to adjust trade penalties on a whim. 8.

Send a textArtificial Intelligence (AI) can save a lot of time, but you need to use it wisely. In Part 1 of this 2-part episode, Captain Integrity Bob Wade talks the intersection of AI, Fair Market Value (FMV), the Stark Law, and the Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) with HealthValue Group Managing Partner Chris David. Hear how AI is already impacting the healthcare consulting industry, notable cases involving AI, the top use cases for AI tools, how AI-generated documents are viewed under the Stark Law, and whether the government is accepting AI. Learn more at CaptainIntegrity.com 

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.

Leviticus 18 grounds obedience in God's authority and redemption: don't pattern your life after pagan culture or its laws, but walk in God's commands—because His way leads to life, blessing, and fellowship with Him.

This wasn't the episode I planned. I had a script ready, but I threw it out for something more honest.This is a "sprawled on the floor" conversation about the deep insecurities of working in a system—specifically New York's—that feels designed to keep us in the dark. We're diving into the "New York Glitch": the jurisdictional ambiguity other states don't have, and the moments I almost walked away from court reporting entirely.If you've ever felt like you're walking on thin ice despite your experience or credentials, this is for you.Companies mentioned:New York Career InstitutePlaza CollegeNational Notary AssociationNew York State Unified Court System

Welcome to Season 3 of the Indigenous Voices Podcast. As we wrapped up Season 2, participants discussed the importance of Native teachings, the benefits of Tribal sovereignty for all of us, and the hopes of the Treaty War warriors. The first episode of Season 3 explores tribal sovereignty. Our panelists discuss tribal governance, tribal vs. American citizenship, laws and taxes, and discourse around Native sovereignty and how these conversations have changed over time.Panelists include:Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Indian TribeBrandon Reynon, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Puyallup Indian TribeNettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation OfficerWarren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian TribeLearn more at our tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org.Resources:Tribal WebsitesPuyallup Tribe of Indians https://www.puyalluptribe-nsn.gov/about-our-tribe/historic-preservation/Nisqually Indian Tribe http://www.nisqually-nsn.gov/index.php/heritage/Muckleshoot Indian Tribe https://www.muckleshoot.nsn.us/depts/preservationPrimary SourcesRamona Bennett Bill, Fighting for the Puyallup Tribe: A Memoir: https://uwapress.uw.edu/book/9780295753508/fighting-for-the-puyallup-tribe/Land Claims Settlement Agreement, August 27, 1988: https://www.puyalluptribe-nsn.gov/wp-content/uploads/Land-Claims-Settlement-Agreement.pdfPuyallup Tribe of Indians Settlement Act of 1989: https://www.congress.gov/101/statute/STATUTE-103/STATUTE-103-Pg83.pdfIndian Child Welfare Act of 1978: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-92/pdf/STATUTE-92-Pg3069.pdfIndian Citizenship Act of 1924: https://www.archives.gov/files/historical-docs/doc-content/images/indian-citizenship-act-1924.pdf

If you've ever wondered about your rights or how legal actions against the police really work, this episode is a must-listen.Welcome back to Lawyer Talk! In this episode, Steve Palmer and Troy Henricksen tackle a question straight from the audience: Is there a statute of limitations for suing the police?They look into the complexities of legal deadlines, especially when it comes to bringing a case against law enforcement for alleged constitutional rights violations.Troy Henricksen explains how Section 1983 lawsuits work, and both he and Steve Palmer discuss how the statute of limitations varies from state to state—and why figuring out the timeline isn't always straightforward. Stick around as the team offers thoughtful insights, practical advice, and answers more of your burning legal questions.Key takeaways from the discussion:Statutes vary by state: There is a statute of limitations for suing the police, but it isn't one-size-fits-all—1983 federal civil rights cases defer to state tort statutes, and each state has its own timeline.When does the clock start? The period can begin at different moments, depending on the circumstances. For example, sometimes it may not start until a related criminal case concludes.Get specialized advice, fast: If you think your rights have been violated, consult a civil rights lawyer right away. As Steve Palmer advises, acting quickly helps preserve your claims and avoid missing critical deadlines.Got a question you want answered on the podcast? Call 614-859-2119 and leave us a voicemail. Steve will answer your question on the next podcast!Submit your questions to www.lawyertalkpodcast.com.Recorded at Channel 511.Stephen E. Palmer, Esq. has been practicing criminal defense almost exclusively since 1995. He has represented people in federal, state, and local courts in Ohio and elsewhere.Though he focuses on all areas of criminal defense, he particularly enjoys complex cases in state and federal courts.He has unique experience handling and assembling top defense teams of attorneys and experts in cases involving allegations of child abuse (false sexual allegations, false physical abuse allegations), complex scientific cases involving allegations of DUI and vehicular homicide cases with blood alcohol tests, and any other criminal cases that demand jury trial experience.Steve has unique experience handling numerous high-publicity cases that have garnered national attention.For more information about Steve and his law firm, visit Palmer Legal Defense. Copyright 2026 Stephen E. Palmer - Attorney At LawMentioned in this episode:Circle 270 Media Podcast ConsultantsCircle 270 Media® is a podcast consulting firm based in Columbus, Ohio, specializing in helping businesses develop, launch, and optimize podcasts as part of their marketing strategy. The firm emphasizes the importance of storytelling through podcasting to differentiate businesses and engage with their audiences effectively. www.circle270media.com

Thomas Jefferson: “Author of the Declaration of American Independence [and] of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom & Father of the University of Virginia.” So says his tombstone, as he requested. Who was Jefferson, beyond the Declaration's author? What were his beliefs and hopes? What else did he write, and how can we better […]

Thomas Jefferson: “Author of the Declaration of American Independence [and] of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom & Father of the University of Virginia.”So says his tombstone, as he requested. Who was Jefferson, beyond the Declaration's author? What were his beliefs and hopes? What else did he write and how can we better understand this essential American Founder today?Join Jeff as he discusses Jefferson with Todd Estes, Professor of History.Read “A Summary View of the Rights of British America”: https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/a-summary-view-of-the-rights-of-british-america-2/Read the Rockfish Gap Report: https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-13-02-0197-0006Read this excerpt from the Notes on the State of Virginia: https://tjrs.monticello.org/letter/2260Host: Jeff SikkengaExecutive Producer: Jeremy GyptonSubscribe: https://linktr.ee/theamericanideaHomepage: https://ashbrook.org/the-american-idea-podcast/

Wherever you have the word "torah" (meaning, law, not the Torah in total) and the word "chukah" (meaning, statute) - then the capacity to invalidate the offering kicks in . But does that mean either/or or both? It certainly sounds like both - but the Gemara tracks it through and either/or sounds better by the end... Plus, the list of occasions or specific categories of people for which these terms are present in context in the Torah. Also, scriptural repetition about the requirements of the grain-offering establishes those details (where the repetition takes place) as essential. But the offering itself must be a permanent one for this essential status. Until the case where temporary status seems not to be a problem, in light of the number of repetitions...?

Moin, wie gewünscht ein Rant über Trump und Grönland.    Links: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greenland/ https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/country-comparison/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_in_Greenland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_crisis https://www.fr.de/politik/widerstand-naechstes-ziel-schon-ins-visier-genommen-trumps-plan-nach-groenland-doch-es-gibt-zr-94137091.html https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Dome_for_America https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-55/pdf/STATUTE-55-Pg1245.pdf https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v04/d572 https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Saint_James https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanische_Jungferninseln https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/kultur/oval-office-gold-schmuck-home-depot-baumarkt-e297042/?reduced=true https://www.buzzfeed.com/natashajokic1/turmp-oval-office-gold-home-depot  

Whether you're interested in criminal law or just want to know how timing can make or break a case, this episode delivers answers in a way that's both accessible and engaging.Welcome back to Lawyer Talk! In this episode, host Steve Palmer and law student Troy Henricksen dive into a thought-provoking legal question from a listener: Can someone file charges seven years after an incident occurred?The conversation explores the complexities of statutes of limitations, who can actually bring criminal charges, and why delayed justice is such a tricky subject.Along the way, Steve Palmer and Troy Henricksen break down the differences between civil and criminal cases, how exceptions work for serious crimes like murder and rape, and the challenges that come with bringing old cases to court.Here are 3 key takeaways from their discussion:Statutes of Limitations Matter: Most criminal charges must be filed within a specific time frame set by law. For example, in Ohio, most felonies carry a 6-year limitation, but serious crimes like murder or some types of sexual assault may have no limit at all.Discovery of the Crime is Key: The clock doesn't always start ticking when the crime happens. Sometimes, it starts when the crime is discovered or should have been reasonably discovered—especially true for cases involving hidden offenses like fraud.Defendants' Rights Are Still Protected: Even if a case is technically timely, defense attorneys can argue that a long delay in prosecution causes unfair prejudice—like lost evidence or missing witnesses—which can become a powerful part of the defense.Got a question you want answered on the podcast? Call 614-859-2119 and leave us a voicemail. Steve will answer your question on the next podcast!Submit your questions to www.lawyertalkpodcast.com.Recorded at Channel 511.Stephen E. Palmer, Esq. has been practicing criminal defense almost exclusively since 1995. He has represented people in federal, state, and local courts in Ohio and elsewhere.Though he focuses on all areas of criminal defense, he particularly enjoys complex cases in state and federal courts.He has unique experience handling and assembling top defense teams of attorneys and experts in cases involving allegations of child abuse (false sexual allegations, false physical abuse allegations), complex scientific cases involving allegations of DUI and vehicular homicide cases with blood alcohol tests, and any other criminal cases that demand jury trial experience.Steve has unique experience handling numerous high-publicity cases that have garnered national attention.For more information about Steve and his law firm, visit Palmer Legal Defense. Copyright 2026 Stephen E. Palmer - Attorney At LawMentioned in this episode:Circle 270 Media Podcast ConsultantsCircle 270 Media® is a podcast consulting firm based in Columbus, Ohio, specializing in helping businesses develop, launch, and optimize podcasts as part of their marketing strategy. The firm emphasizes the importance of storytelling through podcasting to differentiate businesses and engage with their audiences effectively. www.circle270media.com

In this episode, Niall Boylan discusses if there should be a statute of limitations in criminal law.

In this episode, Niall Boylan discusses if there should be a statute of limitations in criminal law.

Misunderstanding what Moses was trying to tell us; And Melchizedek and Abraham; "Abimelech"; "Burnt offerings"; Altars of lively stones; Rightly dividing bread from house to house; Tens, hundreds and thousands; Straying from righteousness; "Shemites"; Charity aspect of government?; John's baptism; "Corban" = oblation/offering; "Legal Charity"; Leading society into sin; Blaming world problems on other groups; Blind guides with darkened eyes; Manipulating facts; Leviticus offerings (oblation); "Israel"; "Iranians"; Spirit of sacrifice; Looking for light - whole truth; Saving the bad guys too; Lack of obedience; Lev 3:1 oblation/offering; "Without blemish"; "female" in nature; "Wood"; "Unhewn stones"; Welfare that strengthens?; Bondage of Egypt; Precepts of the LORD; Repentance; Killing the offering; Levites; Harlot riding the beast?; Public Religion; No exercising authority; Kidneys?; "Sweet savor"?; Two sons parable; Giving junk?; Intentional giving; Intent of Christ; Corruption; Hating Christ?; Is Christ your king?; Letting go of covetousness; Public flagellation?; Subtlety of Satan; Sprinkling of blood; Trees are sources; Distributing wealth?; Beginning of repentance; The faith of Abraham - living by it; aleph-hey-resh-vav-nun (Aaron); dwelling: mem+vav-shin-biet+tav+yod+mem; Ancient paths; "New Deal" of Satan; Heb 2:13; Lack of faith; Putting away idolatry; Ministers of government; Trust altars; Statutes and ordinances; Exclusively freewill offerings; Willingness to see the light; "Sin"; Protection draws subjection; Setting sheep on fire; Counterfeit Holy Spirit; Isaiah 1:1; Socialism; Citizens of the United States; Understanding the system you are in; Isa 1:10; "Gomorrah"; People bound together as merchandise; Sodom = socialist state; Creating the wrong system?; Unpayable debt; Required sacrifice; Seeking the kingdom of God and His righteousness; Praying that everybody is saved; Samuel's warnings; Network in love; Right reason; Do something!

01-16-26 - Emailer Admits Statute Of Limitations Is Up Today On The 120k He Stole - The Money Parents Spend On Kids' Sports Hoping They'll Go ProSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

01-16-26 - Emailer Admits Statute Of Limitations Is Up Today On The 120k He Stole - The Money Parents Spend On Kids' Sports Hoping They'll Go ProSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Colorado has implemented the most significant child support statute updates in over a decade. In this episode of Divorce at Altitude, co-host Amy Goscha is joined by associate attorney Kate Mulh for a clear, practical breakdown of House Bill 25-1159 and upcoming guideline changes that will impact parents across the state.From medical expense reimbursement rules to IRS-driven tax credit requirements, retroactive child support factors, and revised parenting-time calculations, this episode explains what has changed, what's coming next, and how these updates affect real families navigating divorce, child support orders, and post-decree modifications in Colorado.Guest Information: Kate MulhKate Mulh is a family law attorney at Kalamaya | Goscha, where she focuses on divorce, child support, parenting time, and post-decree matters. She regularly works with clients on complex child support calculations and statutory updates, helping families navigate changing legal and financial circumstances with clarity.Episode OutlineMajor Overhaul of Colorado's Child Support StatuteAn overview of House Bill 25-1159, the largest update to Colorado's child support framework in more than ten years, and why changes were needed to reflect modern families and economic realities.Medical Expense Updates (Effective May 31, 2025)How the statute eliminated the $250 reimbursement threshold, clarified ordinary versus extraordinary medical expenses, and established clearer reimbursement timelines.Child Support and Tax Credits Under IRS RulesWhat parents need to know about dependency claims, the IRS definition of “custodial parent,” equal parenting time scenarios, and the required use of IRS Form 8332.Retroactive Child Support Changes (Effective February 1, 2026)An explanation of retroactive child support, newly revised statutory factors, and how courts may now evaluate parental conduct, communication, and financial agreements.New Child Support Guidelines and Overnight Credits (Effective March 1, 2026)How updated child support schedules, expanded income ranges, self-support reserve adjustments, and a graduated overnight credit system address the “cliff effect” and better reflect real parenting costs.What is Divorce at Altitude? Ryan Kalamaya and Amy Goscha provide tips and recommendations on issues related to divorce, separation, and co-parenting in Colorado. Ryan and Amy are the founding partners of an innovative and ambitious law firm, Kalamaya | Goscha, that pushes the boundaries to discover new frontiers in family law, personal injuries, and criminal defense in Colorado. To subscribe to Divorce at Altitude, click here and select your favorite podcast player. To subscribe to Kalamaya | Goscha's YouTube channel where many of the episodes will be posted as videos, click here. If you have additional questions or would like to speak to one of our attorneys, give us a call at 970-429-5784 or email us at info@kalamaya.law. ************************************************************************ DISCLAIMER: THE COMMENTARY AND OPINIONS ON THIS PODCAST IS FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES AND NOT FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROVIDING LEGAL ADVICE. CONTACT AN ATTORNEY IN YOUR STATE OR AREA TO OBTAIN LEGAL ADVICE ON ANY OF THESE ISSUES.

VLOG 2 Jan 9 After US v. Luigi Mangione hearing in Federal court, mostly about whether interstate stalking statute is "divisible" to preserve the crime of violence on which death penalty charge rides. Trial Jan 2027 - or Sept 2026 if no death penalty on table

One on One Video Call W/George https://tidycal.com/georgepmonty/60-minute-meetingSupport the show:https://www.paypal.me/Truelifepodcast?locale.x=en_USAverage American Debt and Lifetime Interest Payments•  Experian: Average American Debt by Age in 2025 – Reports average consumer debt at $104,755 in June 2025, closely matching the transcript's $104,215 figure. •  CNBC: How Much Americans Owe at Every Age – Breaks down average debt by generation, noting $104,755 in 2025. •  Realtor.com: Americans Face an Average of $1.8 Million in Lifetime Debt – Estimates lifetime debt payments at $1,786,810, with breakdowns including interest; useful for comparing to the transcript's $279,000 lifetime payment example. •  JG Wentworth: Life of Debt – Details average lifetime debt at $1,786,810, including interest extraction over time. •  Self: Life of Interest – What Americans Pay in Interest Over a Lifetime – Calculates average lifetime interest at $649,067, providing context for interest-based “extraction.” Student Loan Debt Statistics•  Education Data Initiative: Student Loan Debt Statistics 2025 – Covers delinquency rates and total debt trends in 2025. •  BestColleges: Average U.S. Student Loan Debt 2025 Statistics – Notes millions owing over $100,000, with total debt context. •  WINSSolutions: U.S. Student Loan Statistics in 2025 – Projects total U.S. student debt nearing $1.79 trillion by end of 2025, close to the transcript's $1.7 trillion. •  Congress.gov: A Snapshot of Federal Student Loan Debt – States nearly 43 million borrowers with over $1.6 trillion in debt (early 2025 data). Credit Card Debt and APR•  Ramp: 2025 Average Credit Card Debt Statistics – Confirms average APR at 24.37% as of January 2025, matching the transcript exactly. •  Investopedia: Average Credit Card Interest Rate for August 2025 – Tracks average rates around 23.99%, with monthly updates. •  LendingTree: Average Credit Card Interest Rate in US Today – Reports Q3 2025 average APR at 21.39%, with trends on rising rates. Medical Debt Statistics•  KFF: Americans' Challenges with Health Care Costs – Reports 41% of adults with health care debt in 2022, aligning with the transcript's 41% figure. •  NIH PMC: Medical Debt and Collections in the United States – States 36% of households had medical debt in 2024, with breakdowns on past-due bills. •  Roosevelt Institute: The US Medical Debt Crisis – Estimates 41% of adults (~107 million) with medical debt in 2025. •  Gallup: Americans Borrow Estimated $74 Billion for Medical Bills in 2024 – Discusses borrowing for medical costs, affecting 12% of adults. Mortgage Costs and Interest•  Chase: The Total Mortgage Cost and Monthly Payment for a $300K Home – Example calculation for a $300,000 home with interest over 30 years. •  Bankrate: Amortization Calculator – Tool to calculate lifetime interest; input $300,000 loan to see totals like $511,000 paid. •  Rocket Mortgage: Simple Mortgage Calculator – Estimates based on rates (6-9%), showing interest-heavy early payments. Debt Collection Practices, Expired Debt, and Companies (Encore Capital, Portfolio Recovery Associates)•  Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (CFPB): Can Debt Collectors Collect Old Debt? – Explains collection on expired (statute-barred) debt. •  Bankrate: How Long Can a Debt Collector Pursue Old Debt? – Details on buying and pursuing time-barred debt. •  Nolo: Debt Scavengers and Zombie Debt – Describes buying old debt for pennies and collection tactics. •  Encore Capital Group: 2024 Annual Report (with 10-K) – Official report; discusses portfolio purchases ($1.35B in 2024) and collections. (Note: The specific quote from page 34 in the transcript isn't found there, but risk factors on collections and profitability are in related sections.) •  Forbes: Why Debt Collectors Have Declared Open Season On Consumers – Covers Encore's operations and debt buying scale. •  CFPB: Action Against Encore and Portfolio Recovery for Deceptive Tactics – Historical context on their debt buying practices (over $200B in defaulted debt). Statute of Limitations on Debt•&nb...

Send Us Your Prayer Requests --------Thank you for listening! Your support of Joni and Friends helps make this show possible. Joni and Friends envisions a world where every person with a disability finds hope, dignity, and their place in the body of Christ. Become part of the global movement today at www.joniandfriends.org. Find more encouragement on Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, and YouTube.

Watch The X22 Report On Video No videos found (function(w,d,s,i){w.ldAdInit=w.ldAdInit||[];w.ldAdInit.push({slot:17532056201798502,size:[0, 0],id:"ld-9437-3289"});if(!d.getElementById(i)){var j=d.createElement(s),p=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];j.async=true;j.src="https://cdn2.decide.dev/_js/ajs.js";j.id=i;p.parentNode.insertBefore(j,p);}})(window,document,"script","ld-ajs");pt> Click On Picture To See Larger PictureGermany has followed the [CB]/[WEF] green new scam and now the manufacturing jobs imploding. Germany will struggle in 2026. The debt in the US is made up of fraud, its most likely in the trillions. There a silver storm approaching and the gap between gold and silver will close as the [CB] loses control. Sound money is the only way. The [DS] is now panicking, their money laundering scheme is being exposed, the people now know that they funnel money via NGO’s and shell companies. This is bigger than anyone could ever imagine. We are in the exposure and investigative phase, Next is the cleanup, then justice. To bring down the entire corrupt system, it must be done right, it must carry weight, we must follow the rule of law, good thinks sometimes take time. Economy (function(w,d,s,i){w.ldAdInit=w.ldAdInit||[];w.ldAdInit.push({slot:18510697282300316,size:[0, 0],id:"ld-8599-9832"});if(!d.getElementById(i)){var j=d.createElement(s),p=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];j.async=true;j.src="https://cdn2.decide.dev/_js/ajs.js";j.id=i;p.parentNode.insertBefore(j,p);}})(window,document,"script","ld-ajs"); Half of Germany's Manufacturing Sectors Anticipate Significant Layoffs and Job Losses in 2026   Germany is the epicenter of the European Union's overall goal to chase the green energy agenda. For the past several years Germany has been deconstructing their fossil fuel energy production and replacing it with far more expensive alternatives.  This has led to large increases in overall energy prices, and downstream increases in manufacturing costs. The consequences have been snowballing throughout 2025, while cheap competitive alternatives coming into the EU from China have compounded their problem.  Recently a survey of major industries was conducted in Germany to determine the forecast for 2026, the results are not good. Approximately half of the industrial sectors in Germany are anticipating job losses, cuts or layoffs this year. 22 out of 46 business associations are preparing to downsize their labor force.  Only 9 of the 46 are expected to increase hiring.   Job losses are expected in auto manufacturing, the textile sector, wood and paper fabrication.  Job gains are expected in aerospace, shipbuilding and defense production – i.e. the war machinery. When the largest and most developed industrial economy in Europe is pinning its economic survival on war machinery, a particular momentum is created.  It is never a good outcome for Europe when Germany becomes reliant on war to maintain employment. Source: theconservativetreehouse.com https://twitter.com/stats_feed/status/2005654716462538992?s=20 2009 – $12T 2010 – $13.6T 2011 – $14.8T 2012 – $16.1T 2013 – $16.7T 2014 – $17.8T 2015 – $18.2T 2016 – $19.6T 2017 – $20.2T 2018 – $21.5T 2019 – $22.7T 2020 – $27T 2021 – $28.4T 2022 – $30.9T 2023 – $33.2T 2024 – $35.3T 2025 – $38.5T https://twitter.com/StephenM/status/2005494075793735925?s=20  self-loathing, self-denigration and the redistribution of our national resources to the states and peoples of the undeveloped world. https://twitter.com/profstonge/status/2005633652852437451?s=20 Political/Rights Trump-Kennedy Center Hits Jazz Star with $1M Lawsuit For Backing Out Of Christmas Eve Show Redd, a drummer and vibraphone player who has performed with legends including Dizzy Gillespie and Ray Brown, had hosted the Christmas Eve Jazz Jam at the Kennedy Center since 2006. He took over the tradition from bassist William “Keter” Betts and maintained it for nearly two decades. This year marked an abrupt departure from that longstanding commitment. “When I saw the name change on the Kennedy Center website and then hours later on the building, I chose to cancel our concert,” Redd told The Associated Press. The Trump-Kennedy Center is pursuing a $1 million lawsuit against jazz musician Chuck Redd after he withdrew from his annual Christmas Eve concert at the last minute, citing the recent addition of President Trump’s name to the venue.  Source: zerohedge.com https://twitter.com/libsoftiktok/status/2005398115030024201?s=20 DOGE Geopolitical Trump Administration Slashes UN “Humanitarian” Funding Pledge  The United States announced a $2 billion pledge for United Nations humanitarian aid programs on Monday, marking a sharp reduction from previous years as the Trump administration pushes for major reforms in global aid spending. This pledge represents a fraction of historical U.S. contributions, which have reached up to $17 billion in recent years, with voluntary funding often in the $8-10 billion range. Administration officials describe the amount as sufficient to keep America as the world's top humanitarian donor while demanding greater efficiency from UN agencies. The funding will flow through an umbrella mechanism controlled by the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), allowing targeted distribution to specific crises and countries. Initial priorities include 17 nations such as Bangladesh, Congo, Haiti, Syria, and Ukraine. Notably absent from the list are Afghanistan and the Palestinian territories, with officials stating Gaza aid will tie into ongoing peace efforts. Source: discernreport.com  War/Peace Did US Land Strikes On Venezuela Begin Last Week & No One Knew It? President Trump on Friday in a radio interview disclosed something which missed the attention of the US and global media. He let slip that a large land site had been knocked out by a strike from US forces in the Caribbean – however without specifying which country was hit (whether Venezuela or perhaps Colombia). o  According to the full remarks in context, the president said: “But every time I knock out a boat, we save 25,000 American lives. It’s very simple. And what’s happening is they’re having a hard time employment-wise, they can’t get anybody. And we just talked out, I don’t know if you read or you saw, they [Venezuela] have a big plant or a big facility where the ships come from. Two nights ago, we knocked that out. So we hit them very hard. But drugs are down over 97 percent. Can you believe it?” Some unnamed American officials suggested to the New York Times that the Commander-in-Chief was referring to a drug facility in Venezuela: Trump did not name the location of the facility, though American officials told the New York Times that the president was referring to a drug facility in Venezuela that was eliminated. The president's comment is the only report of such an attack. No other Latin American government, including Venezuela, has disclosed a strike of this sort. : Source: zerohedge.com  Zelensky Wants 50-Year(!) Security Guarantee From Trump A major point of disagreement remains security guarantees. Ukraine has been pushing maximalist demands for something akin to NATO Article 5 protections. It would be like getting all the benefits of being in NATO but without being a formal member of the Western military alliance. The Ukrainian side has revealed that President Trump had offered security guarantees for 15 years following a peaceful settlement, but Zelensky considered this much too short to protect from future potential Russian aggression. But in classic Zelensky fashion, he wants way more than this. Also, maximalist demands are something that European leaders have backed him on all along – and they may have even put him up to. According to The Wall Street Journal: Kyiv had asked for security guarantees to last up to 50 years after the end of the conflict during weekend discussions. In the documents currently being discussed, the U.S. offered a 15-year guarantee with the possibility of extension, Zelensky said in audio messages to journalists on Monday.   Source: zerohedge.com  Russia accuses Ukraine of military attack on Putin’s residence: ‘state terrorism’   Russia is promising retaliation against Ukraine for an alleged military attack on President Vladimir Putin’s residence in the northern Russia area of Novgorod, which Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky deemed a lie intended to undermine peace talks, Reuters reports. . Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Monday that Russian air defenses destroyed all 91 long-range drones targeting Putin’s residence and that no one was injured and no damage reported. “Such reckless actions,” which Lavrov deemed “state terrorism,” will be answered with retaliatory strikes on targets in Ukraine, he said. Ukrainian President Zelensky says it’s a false claim intended to undermine peace talks  . Source: justthenews.com https://twitter.com/AutistDivision/status/2005463473006801341?s=20  geo-political territories forever. And lets be honest, they couldn’t get them back under any circumstances again. Medical/False Flags [DS] Agenda https://twitter.com/amuse/status/2005334470799565113?s=20   LAFD Battalion Chief Kenneth Cook rejected the final Palisades fire report after LAFD leadership removed critical findings tied to preparation failures before Jan. 7. Drafts obtained through public records show staffing violations, delayed assignments & ignored wind warnings were scrubbed from the final version. The report meant to save lives became a political shield. As a side note, New York City is setting themselves up for the same problem... https://twitter.com/amuse/status/2005608785990262859?s=20 https://twitter.com/EricLDaugh/status/2005622039999062219?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E2005622039999062219%7Ctwgr%5E11dcdb289244b9644ea68d25359a18f753233f5d%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegatewaypundit.com%2F2025%2F12%2Fsomali-fraud-scandal-expands-as-lawyer-exposes-damning%2F   pushing for that in every single state!” “The state will, as long as the doctor has approved it, continue to pay you. It could be for 10 hours, 12 hours, up to 24 when it’s critical care.” “So you could sit at home without caring for an elderly parent who really doesn’t need it, make about $75,000 to $90,000 a year. Now you add two parents, that’s $180,000. Now you add your in-laws $250,000.” “You continue to add this and you wonder what are the services being provided? So a lot of providers came and said fraud is occurring because we said we weren’t going to rubber stamp this paperwork.” “So they went to other providers, their home health care networks saying we’ll make it worth your while. Well, sounds like a kickback to me.” “So we really need to investigate the Medicaid system and how much it’s increased since the Somalian population came and who really needs critical care because that’s meant for our disabled, our elderly and people who really need it, not to just live off our system.” “And that’s what’s happening in Ohio. I think it’s ridiculous. I think it’s despicable, but authorities are now looking at it from the Attorney General’s office to the U.S. Attorney’s office.” “I flagged them all because this is Ohio tax dollars and we have to take it seriously. I’m tired of people telling me, well, this is the way it’s always been. It’s subjective and we can’t really check. No, you can.” https://twitter.com/ArthurMacwaters/status/2005324862756127166?s=20   this not instant jail?! Like this is electoral fraud on top of Medicare fraud How is this not front page of every newspaper?! https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/2005535693918138533?s=20 https://twitter.com/amuse/status/2005657030111932568?s=20   was unanimously convicted by a jury only to have Judge Sarah West vacate the verdict. In two separate cases to other judges dismissed the cases against his wife and his brother. $7.2 million is gone and no one is being held accountable. This story is being repeated across Minnesota to the tune of more than $8 billion so far. Somali criminals in Minnesota have stolen more than Somalia’s GDP from American taxpayers. Why won’t Democrat judges hold them accountable? https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/2005496793279439182?s=20 https://twitter.com/JoeLang51440671/status/2005476678261461399?s=20   broke to being worth up to $30 million in just a year — as a massive, up to $9 billion fraud scheme involving the Somali community in her district unfolded right under her nose in Minnesota.” $9 billion in fraud happened in her district? Can I ask the question? How many Somali daycares did Ilhan Omar own? “Close to 90 people have been charged so far, including at least three with direct ties to the lefty Squad member, though she has not been charged.” https://nypost.com/2025/12/27/us-news/ilhan-omars-hubbys-30m-firm-quietly-scrubs-names-from-website-as-squad-member-faces-mounting-questions-on-sudden-wealth-amid-minnesota-welfare-fraud/ That's going to change. Have we looked into the wealth of the brother she married? I wonder if he owns some Somali daycares in Minnesota? Tick Tock!! https://twitter.com/libsoftiktok/status/2005657804301013272?s=20  , the Google business listing for this center showed the phone number 651-201-3400, which is the official public contact line for the Office of Governor Tim Walz and Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan    https://twitter.com/JoeLang51440671/status/2005329284785647715?s=20   significant investments in pre-K for four-year-olds as well as other early learning programs serving children and families birth-to-school entry. This year he focused on the country's youngest children and their families' need for high-quality child care.” The Obama administration was a gigantic money laundering operation. “The President explained the need in last Tuesday's address stating, “In today's economy, when having both parents in the workforce is an economic necessity for many families, we need affordable, high quality childcare more than ever.” “But the child care tax credit isn't all the President proposed.” “He would also significantly expand the Child Care and Development Fund(CCDF), a child care subsidy for low- and moderate-income families authorized under the Child Care Block Development Grant (CCDBG) Act. (CCDBG was reauthorized last year after 18 years.) By 2025, the proposed expansion would increase the reach of CCDF to an additional one million children, under four-years-old.” Taxpayers subsidies and grants for “childcare.” “The last part of the President's proposal, in typical Obama Administration-style, is a competitive grant that would promote innovation in the child care system. The proposed grants– totaling $100 million– would allow states to create pilot programs to determine the best ways to provide child care to vulnerable populations, including children with disabilities, parents who work non-traditional hours, and families who have difficulty finding high-quality child care.” https://newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/presidents-child-care-plan/ Taxpayers “grants” totaling $100 million (for starters) to be given to “vulnerable populations.” Can you say “Somali?” Taxpayers funding of “childcare,” was a “necessity” for the funding of the democrat party. The Somali community was always a hub of this “childcare” theft of taxpayers money. It was set up this way on purpose. A Somali community, governed by Somali's and protected by the democrat party. The Somali's were being brought into this country starting with the George W. Bush's presidency. But Obama began accelerating the number of refugees from Somalia along with other Muslim countries. Here's just the last year under Obama. “A total of 38,901 Muslim refugees entered the U.S. in fiscal year 2016, making up almost half (46%) of the nearly 85,000 refugees who entered the country in that period, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of data from the State Department's Refugee Processing Center. That means the U.S. has admitted the highest number of Muslim refugees of any year since data on self-reported religious affiliations first became publicly available in 2002.” “Just two countries – Syria (12,486) and Somalia (9,012) – were the source of more than half of fiscal 2016's Muslim refugees. The rest are from Iraq (7,853), Burma (Myanmar) (3,145), Afghanistan (2,664) and other countries (3,741).” https://pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/10/05/u-s-admits-record-number-of-muslim-refugees-in-2016/ Obama was an installed puppet of Prince Alwaleed and was doing his bidding. Obama filled his administration with people tied to the Muslim Brotherhood, who were implementing their “civilization jihad.” These communities began electing corrupt representatives like Ilhan Omar. Infiltration not invasion. Taxpayers money was funneled into these communities through “childcare grants” and other “welfare programs,” in order to fund the democrat party. Minnesota is just the “doorway” into a much larger nationwide fraud scheme to fund the democrat party. A magnifying glass is about to be put on ALL state welfare programs that are receiving “federal funding.” These grants and benefits handed out to these crooks, are now the doorway to expose and bring them all to an end. BOOMERANG! https://twitter.com/everytime_11/status/2004718928686350461?s=20 https://twitter.com/EndWokeness/status/2005651406985036272?s=20 Tim Walz's Office Responds with an Outrageous Falsehood After Journalist Nick Shirley Exposes Fraud of the Century in Minnesota “The governor has worked for years to crack down on fraud and ask the state legislature for more authority to take aggressive action,” a spokesperson for Walz told Fox News. “He has strengthened oversight – including launching investigations into these specific facilities, one of which was already closed,” the spokesperson added. “(He) hired an outside firm to audit payments to high-risk programs, shut down the Housing Stabilization Services program entirely, announced a new statewide program integrity director, and supported criminal prosecutions.” Walz previously called Shirley and others who have questioned his handling of the scandal “white supremacists.” Walz's team wants the public to believe that not only does the governor have no involvement in the scandal, but he has also been a leading advocate against this corruption. They must think that every day Americans have the same >IQ as Somali citizens.   Source: thegatewaypundit.com https://twitter.com/ElectionWiz/status/2005427571861909629?s=20 https://twitter.com/KevinKileyCA/status/2005329670083145745?s=20 Back on June 24, 2025. about 31% of applications to California’s 116 community colleges were deemed likely fraudulent by the chancellor’s office—equating to over 1.2 million fake applications. These were mostly detected and blocked before enrollment or aid disbursement, but some fraud succeeded, costing millions in stolen financial aid (around $11 million total in 2024, a small fraction of the billions distributed overall).The piece discusses ongoing efforts to combat the issue, like improved detection tools, identity verification, and a proposed $10 application fee to deter bots and scammers targeting the free-application, open-access system.  https://twitter.com/CynicalPublius/status/2005388876807057913?s=20 President Trump's Plan https://twitter.com/stats_feed/status/2005654716462538992?s=20 2009 – $12T 2010 – $13.6T 2011 – $14.8T 2012 – $16.1T 2013 – $16.7T 2014 – $17.8T 2015 – $18.2T 2016 – $19.6T 2017 – $20.2T 2018 – $21.5T 2019 – $22.7T 2020 – $27T 2021 – $28.4T 2022 – $30.9T 2023 – $33.2T 2024 – $35.3T 2025 – $38.5T https://twitter.com/4nt1p4tt3rn/status/2005345471674388575?s=20  deniability to the federal and state governments, and allow them to funnel money into the NGOs to do what the governments either don’t want to (due to optics) or can’t (due to legal constraints) do. They are quite literally dismantling the United States of America, and they’re doing it with YOUR money. Quite literally money taken out of your pockets. Food taken out of your children’s mouths. They’re directly or indirectly responsible for: * the massive invasion of this country by illegals * the high cost of healthcare * the shortage and high price of homes * the shortage and high price of unimproved land * the high cost of food and other goods * the high taxes you’re forced to pay * the skyrocketing national debt * the skyrocketing federal deficit * DEI and the elimination of qualified American workers from jobs * deaths of Americans on our roadways * the broken “justice” system In other words, literally everything everyone’s complaining about. https://twitter.com/911NewsBreaks/status/2005660846848958944?s=20   planning to livestream a racially motivated extremist attack with pipe b-mbs and g-ns. https://twitter.com/HarmeetKDhillon/status/2005444604624028029?s=20   year later as special counsel in November … statute runs on his obvious shenanigans late 2027 * Democrats in Congress and those in the states colluding with Biden WH hide their behavior, some of which STILLL HASN'T come to light! Statute runs on this five years after their concealed behavior is known to the government. This means the statute could run in the next administration. STOP POSTING CLICKBAIT BS!!! You are being used! https://twitter.com/HarmeetKDhillon/status/2005446072634872033?s=20 https://twitter.com/grok/status/2005427970681217334?s=20   to Jan. 6, 2021/2026. Specific cases vary by act. ‘Ten-year stain:' Bondi asks prosecutors to probe Obama-Biden lawfare as criminal conspiracy FBI Director Kash Patel penned a memo predicating an investigation looking at the weaponization of intelligence and law-enforcement powers dating to the Russia collusion case as an ongoing conspiracy. Attorney General Pam Bondi   asked the prosecutors to investigate the Obama-Biden era of lawfare as an ongoing election-meddling conspiracy that protected Democrats from criminal investigation and infringed the civil rights of Republicans like President Donald Trump and his supporters. An “ongoing conspiracy” and the statute of limitations Such an approach allows prosecutors to charge defendants with alleged crimes outside the statute of limitations because they were connected to an ongoing conspiracy, much like those cases brought against the mafia and drug cartels. “At my direction, our U.S. Attorneys and federal agents are actively investigating instances of government weaponization nationwide,” Bondi said. “This is a ten-year stain on the country committed by high-ranking officials against the American people. Source: justthenews.com https://twitter.com/WarClandestine/status/2005434508124782615?s=20   to be deported. They opposed the One Big Beautiful Bill because it funds ICE/US MIL, and they know Trump is going to invoke the Insurrection Act to deploy troops to their cities to assist ICE in deporting the illegals. If the Dems can't cheat in elections, they lose access to our tax dollars, and thus they lose all their power. They never cared about diversity, equality, equity, inclusion, immigration or any of that shit. It was all just a transaction. Everything they say and do is just a means to justify their treasonous scheme to steal our tax dollars. That's why it's so important to nuke the filibuster, pass the Save Act, invoke the Insurrection Act, deport all the illegals, and arrest everyone involved. If we don't, the Dems will take complete control, we will become a one-party State, and they will eventually phase us out via mass immigration. That's why the Dems have been trying to destroy, obstruct, and kill Trump, ever since he came down the escalator. Because they knew that he knew about all this, and is on a mission to stop it. The American People are being replaced, and the Democrats are directly responsible for it. This is the battle for the Republic. 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In 1998, 120 countries came together to adopt the Rome Statute, creating what would become the International Criminal Court. Four years later, that treaty entered into force, and the ICC officially opened its doors as a permanent court tasked with prosecuting individuals accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Now, looking around the world today, it's clear the ICC has not put an end to war crimes or crimes against humanity. But even so, the court—and the treaty that created it—have profoundly shaped international politics in ways that are often overlooked. My guest today is Mark Kersten. He's a Senior Consultant with the Wayamo Foundation and an Assistant Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of the Fraser Valley in British Columbia. We start with a brief history of the ICC, and then dig into how the court has influenced not just legal definitions of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but how states themselves behave. When we spoke, Mark had just returned from the ICC's annual Assembly of States Parties—the court's main governing body. He explains why that meeting offers a window into some of the biggest challenges the ICC now faces, including the very real possibility of U.S. sanctions—not just against individual court officials, but against the institution itself. This episode is produced in partnership with Lex International Fund, a philanthropic initiative dedicated to strengthening international law to solve global challenges. It's part of our ongoing series highlighting the real-world impact of treaties on state behavior, called "When Treaties Work."  

Matt Larosiere and Ivan T. Troll dive into a packed episode, starting with personal updates and a move. They explore the history of the Colt All American and discuss Matt Hoover’s legal challenges. The episode covers Caribbean gun trafficking and analyzes a controversial gun seizure image. They critique the Trump administration’s NFA contradictions and examine […]

Today on Mea Culpa, I welcome back my longtime friend, Anthony Scaramucci, for a blistering, unfiltered breakdown of the chaos coming from our old boss. We dig into Trump's deadly “drug boat” strikes, the horrific National Guard shooting, and the growing pattern of violence fueled by political lies. Scaramucci and I expose how Trump's impulsive decision-making, collapsing inner circle, and obsession with ego over governance are destabilizing everything from foreign to domestic policy. We also unpack Trump's bizarre branding spree, from slapping his name on the U.S. Institute of Peace to chasing billions through global deals, and why the military, Congress, and even Republicans are reaching a breaking point. Thanks to our sponsors: Shopify: Sign up for a $1 per month trial period at: https://shopify.com/COHEN Aura Frames: Exclusive $35 off Carver Mat at https://on.auraframes.com/COHEN Promo Code COHEN Subscribe to Michael's Substack: https://therealmichaelcohen.substack.com/ Subscribe to Michael's YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@TheMichaelCohenShow Join us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/PoliticalBeatdown Add the Mea Culpa podcast feed: https://www.meidastouch.com/tag/mea-culpa-with-michael-cohen Add the Political Beatdown podcast feed: https://www.meidastouch.com/tag/political-beatdown Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices