Podcasts about ohio river valley

Can hybrid grapes revolutionize the wine world? Adam Huss — Host of the Beyond Organic podcast and Co-owner of Centralas Cellars breaks down what a hybrid truly is, explaining how traditional breeding — and nature itself — has long crossed grape species. With over 70 grape species worldwide, today's modern hybrids are the result of generations of crossing, backcrossing, and innovation. We explore the impact of WWII on agriculture, France's ban on hybrids in appellation wines, and why developing new hybrids is critical for disease resistance, flavor discovery, and more sustainable farming. Plus, Adam shares insights into trialing the “married vine” system — a potential game-changer for soil health, pest management, and flavor expression. Resources:         135: Cold Hardiness of Grapevines 217: Combating Climate Chaos with Adaptive Winegrape Varieties 227: Andy Walkers' Pierces Disease-Resistant Grapes are a Success at Ojai Vineyard Adam Huss – LinkedIn Centralas Organic Wine Podcast South Central Los Angeles Couple Opens New Winery Dedicated to Organic Values, Transparency, Inclusion Wine's F- Word Vineyard Team Programs: Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship - Donate SIP Certified – Show your care for the people and planet   Sustainable Ag Expo – The premiere winegrowing event of the year Vineyard Team – Become a Member Get More Subscribe wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org.   Transcript [00:00:03] Beth Vukmanic: Welcome to Sustainable Wine Growing with Vineyard Team, where we bring you the latest in science and research for the wine industry. I'm Beth Vukmanic, Executive Director [00:00:13] In today's podcast, Craig Macmillan, critical resource manager at Niner Wine Estates with longtime SIP Certified Vineyard in the first ever. SIP Certified Winery speaks with Adam Huss, host of the Beyond Organic Podcast and co-owner of Centralis Cellars. [00:00:32] Adam breaks down what a hybrid truly is, explaining how traditional breeding and nature itself has long crossed grape species with over 70 grape species worldwide. Today's modern hybrids are the result of generations of crossing, backcrossing, and innovation. [00:00:50] We explore the impact of World War II on agriculture, France's ban on hybrids and Appalachian wines, and why developing new hybrids is critical for disease resistance, flavor discovery, and more sustainable farming. [00:01:03] Plus, Adam shares insights into trialing the married vine system, a potential game changer for soil health, pest management, and flavor expression. [00:01:12] When Lizbeth didn't get into nursing school on her first try, she could have given up. Instead, she partnered with her mentor Alex, to make a new plan, attend classes part-time, build up her resume and get hands-on hospital work experience. Now Lizbeth has been accepted into Cuesta College's nursing program and her dream of becoming a nurse is back on track. [00:01:36] Lizbeth is a Vineyard Team, Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholar. You can help more students like her who are the children of Vineyard and winery workers reach their dreams of earning a degree by donating to the Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship. Just go to vineyardteam.org/donate. [00:01:53] Now let's listen in. [00:01:58] Craig Macmillan: Our guest today is Adam Huss. He is the host of the Beyond Organic Podcast and also co-owner of Centralis Winery in Los Angeles, California. And today we're gonna talk about hybrid grape varieties. Welcome to the podcast, Adam. [00:02:11] Adam Huss: Thanks, Craig. I really appreciate it. Thanks for having me. [00:02:17] Craig Macmillan: So let's just start with the basics. What are hybrid grape varieties? [00:02:22] Adam Huss: I should also say I'm a fan of your podcast as well, so it's really fun to be here. [00:02:26] Craig Macmillan: Thank you. Thank you. [00:02:28] Adam Huss: Been listening for a while. So hybrids, I mean, it's really simple. It's funny, I see stuff on Instagram sometimes where people just are so misinformed and they think that, you know, hybrid means like GMO or something like that. [00:02:41] A hybrid simply is just, you take pollen from grape X, you put it on flowers from grape y, and if those two grapes are from different species, you have a hybrid. If they're from the same species, you just have a cross, and this is something that has been part of traditional breeding since forever. It's also what happens naturally in the wild. [00:03:00] Or I hate, I actually just use two words I try not to use at all, which is like natural and wild, but in forests and streams forests and backyards without human intervention, these pollen get exchanged by wind and everything else and have led to, you know, some of the more. Old popular varieties of grapes that are, considered hybrids that we know of now, like Norton and Isabella and Kaaba. [00:03:23] Nobody actually crossed them. They just happened. So yeah, that's, that's a hybrid. It's very simple. [00:03:29] Craig Macmillan: That's what they are, what aren't they and what are some of the myths surrounding them? [00:03:33] Adam Huss: yeah, great question. You can't generalize about hybrids. Generally speaking. So that's really important thing for people to wrap their heads around, which is because. You know, we'll get into this, but so much, so many hybrids are, and just hybrids in general, are wrapped up in prejudice because we live in this sort of viniferous centric wine world. [00:03:56] You know, , those of us who are in wine, but there, you just can't generalize. The qualities of hybrids are just like humans. Like it depends on what your parents are. You know, you, you get different things every time you mix 'em up and you're not like your brother or sister. If you have a sibling, you know you're gonna be different from them even though you have the same parents. [00:04:13] So that's the same thing happens with grapes. There's genetic diversity and mutation happens and. For hybrids, , the possibilities, the potentials are literally infinite. It's pretty incredible to know that possibility exists. There are over 70 species of grapes on earth besides vitus vara, and if you cross any of those two varieties, yeah, you'll get a genetic cross that's 50 50 of, of two different species. [00:04:40] But that. Within that you could do that cross again and get a different variety of grape, even with the same cross. So it's just amazing. [00:04:51] The modern hybrids that are now out there are. Often multi-species crosses and have been crossed. Generationally again and again and back crossed and recrossed. And so, you know, I was just looking at a hybrid grape that had five species of grapes in its family tree. I mean, there are family trees that would make the royals blush, honestly, in some of these hybrids. [00:05:11] So it's not, it's not something that is just, can be just said. You can say one thing about it or that. And, and the idea of hybridizing doesn't imply anything at all, really, like it is just this process that happens that we've been doing for a long time. This might be a good thing to dispel some of the prejudices. [00:05:34] You know, something like the word foxy often gets thrown around when we start talking about hybrids. I did a whole podcast about this what's really interesting, I just brought this word up to a, a young couple here in LA who are growing grapes and they, they had no idea what I was talking about. [00:05:49] So that's kind of encouraging. Like in, in the younger generations, these prejudices and some of these words that we inherited from the last century , are dying out truly. Which is great, but it still persists and you still hear it a lot and. If anybody goes online and researches some of these grapes, so much of the information available online is actually still misinformation and prejudiced because it comes from this vinifirous centric culture. [00:06:15] And so it's really important for people to understand that like foxy is not what it sounds like. It sounds like it would be this animalistic, musky, maybe scent gland tinged aroma, flavor thing, but. If you taste the grapes that are known as foxy and you go, you know, start researching this by tasting, you'll find that it's actually kind of delicious. [00:06:37] It's usually fruity and you know, candy like strawberry raspberry flavors. And for those of us in the US. It's often something we associate with Grapiness because of Welchs. And the flavors of Welchs, which come from the Concord grape, which is a Foxy grape, are these grapey flavors that we grew up with. [00:06:57] This sense of like grape candy and stuff like that. And that's a lot of times what you find in these, but again, it depends a lot on. The level of the compounds that are in that specific hybrid. Again, you can't, you can't generalize. And just like with anything, if you mix different compounds together, you'll get these nuances and you might have some of that flavor or aroma, but it'll be blended with other things. [00:07:17] And so it takes on new characteristics. So it's way more complex than just thinking like a. All grapes that are hybridized are foxy. That's absolutely not true. Or that foxy is this monolithic thing or that foxy is bad. None of those are true. And then really the other thing to realize is in. Grapes in the native North American varieties of species of grapes. [00:07:41] There's really only one that has been used traditionally in grape breeding and hybridization that has these flavors. And that's Vitus labrusca. It just happened to be used quite a bit because it's endemic to the East coast where a lot of the Europeans who started all this breeding were living and, and it was, you know, very readily apparent in the forest of the East coast. [00:07:59] So that. Got used a lot and it's also got a lot of great qualities of fungal resistance and stuff like that. Muscadine is the other grape that has it, but it's got a different genetic structure so it doesn't get crossed a lot or hybridized a lot. [00:08:11] Craig Macmillan: So like, what are the advantages of hybrids where you take vinifira and you cross it with a Native American indigenous grape? What are the benefits? [00:08:21] Adam Huss: Yeah. Another great question. Just , the historical perspective on this is really important. I think. So, you know, Europeans came here a couple hundred years ago, and eventually they brought some of their favorite plants over, one of which were their grapes. And what they noticed right away is that their grapes, I. [00:08:38] Suffered and died without exception, just across the board. Anything they brought over grape wise just kept dying, kept dying. You know, many people tried for a century at least, you know, including people like Thomas Jefferson, people with enormous amounts of resources, and they just failed. They failed to grow these grapes. [00:08:56] Meanwhile, you know, these things like. Norton, this, these hybridized grapes started developing and people noticed like, oh, this grape, it's crossing with some of , the local varieties and it's doing really well. So they began to realize, like they didn't know then that part of, one of the benefits that you get is phylloxera resistance, for example. [00:09:16] But that was a big one and came to save, you know, Europe's wine industry at the end of the 19th century. But also you have these grapes that . Evolved with the fungal pathogens of this, of these climates of North America and other places around the planet. So they've developed resistance and tolerance for all these things. [00:09:38] And so when you cross them with vinifira, you get some of the desirable characteristics that you might like from Vera, and hopefully you'll get some of that, you know, hardiness and fungal resistance and some of the other, just. General benefits of having hybridized interesting new flavors and characteristics [00:09:56] Craig Macmillan: have you seen some examples of this in your, in your travels? [00:10:01] Adam Huss: the fungal resistance and things like [00:10:03] Craig Macmillan: resistance or Pierces disease resistance or anything like that. [00:10:07] Adam Huss: Oh yeah. I mean, I. Whew, so many. I mean, the fact that people can grow grapes organically in Vermont for example, relies almost entirely on hybrids. You know, first of all, they have extremely cold winters there. They have extremely wet, hot, humid summers there. And if you try to grow vinifera there the only way to do it is with chemicals and, and a lot of heartache and, and high risk agriculture. [00:10:35] But here we have somebody like Matt Niess, who's working entirely with hybrids, with his winery, north American Press, and basically he's not using any sprays in any of his vineyards in here in California because these. These grapes have genetics that developed for resistance to the fungal pathogens of the East Coast. [00:10:55] And so you bring them to this nice dry, you know, Mediterranean climate, they're just like, they're crazy. They're like you know, they're, you can basically spray free now. I mean, some people have a problem with zero sprays because they don't want things to develop, but he has a 70-year-old baco noir vineyard, for example, that's in like a wet region in Sonoma that. [00:11:18] He has never sprayed and it's pumping out grapes and looking beautiful every year. And the really interesting thing about it's, there are some inter plantations of vinfiera in that like somebody. Planted something. Maybe it was Pinot Noir in with the Baco. It's like one every, you know, like there's only a few, a handful of these scattered throughout the acre of the Baco noir, and you can tell which ones those are every year because they're just decimated by mildew by the end of the year, whereas the Baco is just spotless and beautiful. [00:11:46] So that's a really like obvious, [00:11:49] Craig Macmillan: What are the wines like? The bako noir? I've never had a bako noir. [00:11:53] Adam Huss: Oh, his wines. Well, so Baco is nice. It's, I mean, it's higher acid. It's almost like a high acid. Gosh, I don't know what, it's hard. I, I, I hate to go down the rabbit hole of like trying to compare it to a vinifira, but it is unique. But it's a deep red almost interior, like with deep purple, higher acid flavors, but pretty balanced, really luscious. Dark fruited flavors maybe a little. Like Syrah, like meatiness, there may be a touch. You might find that it depends on the year. He's had a couple different vintages, so it's been really interesting to see. I'm, I'm kinda like loving following that year by year, seeing the vintage variation and what. [00:12:35] Different things come out because nobody's really doing this. Nobody's, nobody's experimenting with these. So we don't really know how they'll do in, in California other than what he's doing. And just a couple other growers. But he also this year introduced awba for the first time back into California. [00:12:50] The last catawba Vines were ripped out of California in like the sixties, and he, planted some and finally was able to harvest a crop this year and released what was once. California, I mean, the America's most popular wine from the Ohio River Valley is sparkling catawba, and it's like pink and just delicious, beautiful, beautiful stuff. [00:13:10] If I can step back, I think a lot of the discussion of hybrids, again, comes from this perspective of vinifira culture and how do we. Help vinifera become better. How do we use these hybrids as a tool to help, you know, this sort of vinifira centric culture? But I, I would, I'd like to reframe it. [00:13:31] I think a better way to look at this is hybridization is kind of just what we always do with agriculture. It's how you evolve and adapt your agriculture. Ecologically in the absence of modern chemistry that we have. So like before World War ii, and part of, and this is part of the history, France's history too, is like, you know, we had RA decimating their, their vineyards as well as. , we didn't just bring phylloxera back from North America, we brought BlackRock, Downey mildew, powdery mildew. So , their vines were just like dying. Like they were just dying. And so there was this urgent need and a lot of the hybridization, a lot of, some of our, you know, hybrids like Save El Blanc and things like that. [00:14:15] Came from French breeders who were just trying to save the French wine industry. Like they just wanted to have wine, let alone vinifira. You know, it was that. It was pretty bad at the end of that set, you know? And so they developed these new things and then we, you know, things like Isabella and catawba and things like that were coming over from North America, some of our hybrids that came from here, and pretty soon they had these really productive, really hardy vines with new, interesting flavors that. [00:14:41] People kinda liked 'cause they are like fruity and delicious and interesting and new and, and if you're a farmer and you have less inputs and you get a more productive, like higher yields on your vine, like, it's just kind of a no-brainer. And so people were just planting these things. They really were taking off. [00:14:59] And in 1934, the French were like, whoa, whoa, whoa. Like our, our, first of all, our. Ancient vinifera cultures are going to be completely diluted, but second of all, we're gonna devalue the market 'cause we're gonna have all this like, it's too abundant, you know? So they made, in 1934, they made hybrids illegal in the French Appalachians. [00:15:17] And so that legacy is something that still sticks with us. Of course then World War II happened and we. Didn't really pay much attention to wine at all 'cause we were just trying to survive. But once World War II was over and the the war machine transferred into the pesticide and industrial agricultural machine, the French realized they could keep Vera alive on root stocks of American hybrids or American native varieties by spraying them with these new novel chemistry chemicals. [00:15:49] And so then they started enforcing the ban on hybrids because they could, and they knew they could have the, this alternative. And so that's when you saw like they had their own sort of version of reefer madness where you, you saw a lot of misinformation and hyperbole and outright propaganda and lies about these, these grapes because they were trying to get them out of French vineyards. [00:16:10] It's important to realize that Ban the EU just lifted the ban on hybrids in Appalachian wine in 2021. So it's kind of not surprising that some of these prejudices and misinformation still persist today. We're not too far away from that. I. [00:16:26] Craig Macmillan: And, and why was the band lifted? Do you know? [00:16:30] Adam Huss: That's a great question. It's, it was lifted for ecological reasons because they're realizing these are really important to dealing with climate change. This is like, if you want a sustainable industry, you need to be able to adapt. When you're inside this, this world of vinifira, what I call the vinifira culture, which is, you know, very centered on Vera. [00:16:50] You don't realize how strange it is. You know, it's kind of like growing up with a, a weird family, you know? It's all you know, so you don't know how strange they are until you start seeing the rest of the world. But to think that, you know, 50 years ago we just decided that maybe like. 10 grapes were the pinnacle of viticultural achievement for all time, and we've basically invested all of our energies into, you know, propagating those around the planet and preserving them at all costs is kind of strange when you think about the whole history of agriculture. [00:17:20] And it's really only possible because of cheep fossil fuels and the novel chemistry that we. Have put into our systems. And so if you take those out, if you start thinking ecologically about how do you develop a wine system, I mean the question is like, does it make sense when farming in a world where the only constant is change and we just live in a dynamic world, does it make sense to try to do everything you can to prevent change? [00:17:45] Like is prevention of change like a good strategy? And so I think, you know, diversity and adaptation are. What have always worked, you know, historically through agriculture, and that's kind of the future. I mean, in a real sense, vinifera culture is the past and hybrids are the future. If we want to have a future, there's my enthusiastic, [00:18:09] Craig Macmillan: Well, I'd like you to expand a little bit more on that. 'cause we we have a group of hybrids that are well known or are commonly used. I've, I've been hearing about Marquette a lot more, um, As having a lot of potential WW. What does that future potentially look like and what are some things that would have to happen for that potential to be realized? [00:18:31] Adam Huss: So we have invested, you know, millions of dollars in time and energy and even policy into developing, , the chemicals that we now use to support our, viticulture. And to make it possible in places like Virginia, where, you know, they're developing a whole wine industry there around vinifira in a climate that is, you know, like I said, that was the climate that like Thomas Jefferson failed for and everyone else for hundreds of years failed to grow it there. [00:18:59] If we invested that same amount of time and energy and money into breeding programs and into. Research for the kinds of things that we're now discovering, like DNA markers so that we can have DNA marker assisted breeding. So you're, you're speeding up the breeding process by sometimes two, three years. [00:19:19] Which is, which is significant in a process that can take, you know, 10 to 20 years that any, any little bit helps. So that kinda stuff and just more of it, more private breeders, making it more valuable for private breeders. I always think it's really interesting that like billionaires would rather just do another sort of like cult. [00:19:39] Ego, Napa cab investment, you know, rather than like breed their own personal variety of grape that nobody else could have. I mean, I'm not recommending that, but like, to me that seems really interesting as an idea. You could just have your own proprietary grape variety if you wanted to, you know, but nobody's thinking that way. [00:19:58] But I would say breeding, putting our, our time and energy into breeding not new varieties is, . Really important and, and working with the ones that are already there, I mean. The only reason California's so such strangers to them is because it's so easy to grow here. You know, we're relatively speaking and I get that. [00:20:15] I mean, you know, people like what they like and, and change is hard and market conditions are what they are. But I think we're at a point where. Marking conditions are changed. Like I said, you know, this young couple I was just talking to don't, don't have never even heard the word foxy. And so I think there's a lot more openness to just what's in the glass. Now. [00:20:35] Craig Macmillan: So some. Of it's messaging. If we can have wines that people can taste and do it in a context that's new to them. So there may be an opportunity here with newer wine drinkers or younger wine drinkers potentially, is what it sounds like to me. [00:20:48] Adam Huss: Yeah, and I. I mean, some of this is also realizing all the different ways that hybrids are already being used and could be used. Like, you know, we know you mentioned Pierce's disease. Pierce's disease is this disease that's endemic to California and is heading north. I mean, it's really on the threshold of all of the major wine regions of, of California. [00:21:11] And the only ways . To stop it without hybrids, without resistant hybrids are, are pretty intense. You know, it's like eliminating habitat through, , basically creating a sterile medium of your vineyard and then spraying with insecticides, you know some, sometimes pretty intense insecticides. [00:21:29] The alternative though is there are now multiple varieties of grapes that are. Resistant to them that are tolerant to it so they, they can carry the bacteria, but it won't affect the health of the vine. Those were bred, some of them here, right here in California at uc Davis. And yet if you go to the University of California Agricultural Network Resources page that, you know, kind of handles all the IPM for California, sort of like the resource. [00:21:56] And if you read about Pierce's disease, it makes zero mention of using tolerant. Varieties as a management strategy. And it makes no mention that there are even are tolerant varieties to Pierce's disease as a management strategy. So just that kind of stuff is the shift that has to happen. 'cause it just shows how vinifera centric our entire industry is, like from the top down, even when there are these great strategies that you can use and start implementing to combat these things, ecologically versus chemically. [00:22:25] They're not there, you know, they're not being mentioned. So just little things like that would go a long way. Also, you know, I mean, one of my fun little facts is like. There are already hybrids being used significantly, like probably everybody on who's listening to this has, if you've bought a bottle of wine at a grocery store that was under 20 bucks, you've probably drunk hybrids because 10,000 acres of ruby red is grown in California to make mega purple and mega purples. Pretty much in every, like, you know, mass produced under $20 bottle of wine and it's got esra, Vitus, esra in it. So you've probably been drinking hybrids and not even known about it. [00:23:04] In terms of these Andy Walker hybrids, I do have a little that which were bred for Pierce's disease resistance. I also have kind of a fun story in that I, as you know, like we've, we've both talked to Adam Tolmach, who replanted a whole block that he lost to Pierce's disease with these hybrid varieties, and these are designed specifically to retain a lot of vinifira characteristics. They're like 97% back crossed to be. vinifira and 3% with Vitus, Arizona to have that Pierce's disease resistant specifically. So they don't have a lot of the other benefits that like a higher percentage of North American native varieties would have. Like they, they're still susceptible to powdery mildew and other mildew pretty, pretty intensely, [00:23:44] but just in terms of flavor for anybody who's out there. So I've, I've barrel tasted with Adam. Tasted each of those varieties individually out a barrel. And then we went to his tasting room and tried all of his wines and, and got to, and then he, instead of keeping, he has two red hybrid varieties, two white hybrid varieties, and he blends them and makes a, you know, a, a red blend and a white blend that he calls a state red and state white. [00:24:09] And we went to his tasting room and he makes beautiful wine. All of his wines are great, but no joke. Everybody in my party. Preferred the hybrids to like all of his pinots or raw chardonnay, I mean, I have no idea why. I mean, but, and that's just anecdotal, obviously nothing scientific, but the very least I can say the, the flavors are exciting and delicious. [00:24:29] Right. [00:24:30] Craig Macmillan: If you can get them in front of the consumer, [00:24:33] Adam Huss: Yeah. [00:24:33] Craig Macmillan: the key. That's really the key. [00:24:35] Adam Huss: Right, right, [00:24:36] Craig Macmillan: And for, your own wine making. Are you making wine from hybrids for yourself? [00:24:40] Adam Huss: Not yet just 'cause there are, there just aren't any in California very much, you know, I mean, it's like little patches here and little patches there. And the people that have them are using them for themself, you know, for their own growing. They've grown them specifically you know, Camus has planted some of these Andy Walker hybrids along their riparian corridors to prevent Pierce's disease. [00:24:58] Those varieties specifically are being used. I don't know if they're blending those in. With like their cab or whatever. I honestly think they could, but I don't know if they are. They're probably, I dunno what they're doing with them, but I do grow them here in Los Angeles and I'm, but they're, you know, it's like I'm trying out a bunch of different things, partly just to see how they do, because, you know, they haven't been grown here. [00:25:21] They were developed for colder, wetter climates and so, you know what, how will they grow here in Los Angeles? There's a lot of unanswered questions for some of these. [00:25:30] Craig Macmillan: You and I were chatting before the interview and you have a, a new project that you're very. Excited about tell us a little bit about that, because I thought that was pretty cool. [00:25:39] Adam Huss: Yeah. Thanks. So this past summer, my wife and I finalized the acquisition of this farm in upstate New York that I'm going to develop into a. Married Vine Vida Forestry Demonstration and Research Project. And, and married vines, essentially vines growing with living trees. [00:26:02] But the best way to think about it is if you know the three Sisters of Agriculture, the corn, beans and squash idea, where you plant these. This guild of, of a Polyculture guild, and they have these symbiotic stacking benefits and productivity. This is what a married vine polyculture is for perennial agriculture. And so I don't just see it as vine and tree, but also vine and tree, and then a ground cover and or small shrubs or things like that that are also perennials planted in a guild together to create these stacking benefits and productivity. [00:26:35] Multiple productivity layers as well as making it a grable system because the vines will be up in trees and and we're gonna call it the Beyond Organic Wine Forest Farm. [00:26:47] Craig Macmillan: So gimme some more detail on this. So like, what are the other plants that are in the forest and how are the vines, what's the spacing like? How, how many trees per vine or vine per tree? [00:27:01] How is the vine trellis? Um, I just, I'm really curious about this idea because this goes back to very, very ancient times. [00:27:09] Adam Huss: Yes. Yeah, yeah, [00:27:09] Craig Macmillan: Uh, that I've read about. I've never seen evidence of it, but I have been told that going back to like Roman times, they would plant grapevines, interplant with things like olives, [00:27:18] Adam Huss: yeah, yeah. Yeah. And [00:27:20] Craig Macmillan: use the olive as a trails. [00:27:22] I mean, is this the, is this the same kind of concept? [00:27:24] Adam Huss: You can see some of this still in Italy. So even pre roam the Etruscan times is what the oldest versions of this that are still visible in Campania, just north of Napoli, I think is the largest married vine system that is still in production. And I think it's about, it might be about 34 hectares of this variety where they have elm trees. That are really tall, full sized elm trees. [00:27:51] And then between them they sort of have wires or ropes between the trees and the vines grow up like up 15 meters. Like it's crazy. Like the guys that harvest this, they have like specially designed ladders that are built for their stance so that they can like lock into these 18 meter ladders and be up there like with a little pulley and a bucket, and they're lowering grapes down from way up in the end. [00:28:14] And you get. So many cool things about that, you know, the, the ripeness and the PHS of the grapes change, the higher you go up in that system. , the thinking is they might have even been used to like. Just inhibit invading armies because , it's like a wall of vines and trees that create like almost a perimeter thing. [00:28:33] That that's also how they're being used in Portugal, they are sort of like if you have a little parcel of land, you use trees and vines to create like a living fence keep your domestic animals inside. And animals that might eat them outside and protect, you know, from theft and things like that. [00:28:51] Keep all your crops in a little clo, like a little controlled area. There are old systems where. They're more like feto systems where they were using maple trees and just pollarding them at, at about head height. And every year, every year or two, they would come in and clip off all the new growth and feed it to the livestock. [00:29:10] And meanwhile, the vines were festooned between the, the maple trees is like, you know, just like a garland of, of grapevine. So there's a lot of different things. And what I wanna do is trial several of them. One of the most. Interesting ones that I just saw in whales uses living willows, where you literally just stick a willow slip in the ground, bend it over to the next one that's about a meter and a half away and attach it. [00:29:35] And so you have these arched willow branches that grow once you stick 'em in the ground. They start growing roots and they create like a head high trellis, like a elevated trellis system, and you plant vines in them. And, and it literally looks just like. Like a row of grapevines that you would find here, except the, the trellis is alive and there's no wires and, and you prune the tree when you prune the vine in the winter, you know? [00:29:58] And Willow, I, I don't know if you know, but the, the other interesting thing about that is like willow has been used historically that the salicylic acid is known. Obviously that's aspirin and stuff like that. That's where we get, you know, one of our oldest like pain relievers and things like that. [00:30:12] But. It's used in biodynamic preps as well as an antifungal. And so there's some thought that like this system could be really beneficial to the vines growing with those. Specifically for that, like for antifungal properties or just creating a, you know, showering the vines with this, this salicylic acid thing that will help them grow and have health throughout the season without, with, again, reduced need for sprays of anything. [00:30:37] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, and that was why I brought it up is because there's the idea of working with the natural ecology of what's in the germ plasm of native plants. I. Mixing with an import plant. [00:30:51] And then there's the other way of looking at it and saying, well, what, what about recreating the conditions under which this plant that has evolved in the first place? And I, I just think that there's really fascinating concept. It's really intriguing to me. [00:31:05] yeah. And there's so many different ways you could do it, and that's why it's interested in what you're planning on doing, because there's obviously a lot of ways you could do it. [00:31:11] Adam Huss: Yeah, I wanna experiment with several. Like you said, the, the soil benefits are incredible potentials. And then when you're also thinking about what do I do besides just vines and trees, and I mean, the other thing is like. How does it make the wine taste? Like if you plant a vine with an apple tree or a, a black locust tree, or a honey locust tree, or a, or a mulberry tree, like, does, is the vine happier with one of those trees? [00:31:35] You know what I mean? Does it, does it, you know, and if it is, does that make the wine taste better at the end of the day? All these are really fun questions for me. That's why I'm really excited to do it. But also like what are the benefits in terms of, you know, the health of the vine, the health of the tree? [00:31:50] Do they are, is there symbiotic elements? It seems like they would, I, I think a lot about what kind of mycorrhizal connections and associations the trees have, because we vines have our Arbuscular connections. And so if you plant them with a tree that has similar connections, they might actually have a symbiotic benefit. [00:32:07] They might increase that soil network even further. And then if you're planting shrubs like blueberries or flowers, you know, perennial flowers or Forbes and things like that, that could either be grazed or could be gathered or could be another crop even for you, or it could be a protective thing. [00:32:22] There are things like indigo that you might plant because. Deer don't like it. So you might want that growing around the base of your vine tree thing while it's young, because it will prevent the deer from grazing down your baby vines and trees, you know? And so there's just a, a myriad ways of thinking about these guilds that you can do. [00:32:39] Obviously these are, I. Yeah, they're, they're different. If I was doing it in California, if I was in California, I would be thinking more about olives and pomegranates and figs and things like that, you know, like there's a lot less water for growing trees here, so depending on where you are, unless you're on the coast. [00:32:55] Craig Macmillan: Are you planning on using hybrids in your project? [00:32:59] Adam Huss: Yeah. I don't know how I would do it any other way. Yeah, it's, definitely a climate that. If you try to grow ra, like you're just asking for trouble. And, and just, you know, because of my approach is so ecological, like I will attempt to be as minimal inputs as possible is the other way I look at it. [00:33:20] You know, try to just imitate what's happening around to, to see what that landscape wants to do and then how it. Maintains its health and resilience and maybe, and, and I mean, my, my ideal is to spray not at all. But you know, with not a dogma about that. If I see an issue or if I think like I'm building up these pathogen loads in the vineyard, maybe I'll spray once a year, even if they seem like they're doing okay. [00:33:47] You know, I'm not like dogmatic about nose spray, but I, it's a, it's a fun ideal to reach for. And I, you know, I think potentially with. Some of the symbiotic benefits of these systems that could be achievable with with the right hybrids. You know, I mean, again, I don't wanna generalize about hybrids because you have the Andy Walker hybrids on the one end, which you have to treat just like vinifira in terms of the spray program. [00:34:10] And then on the other hand, you have something like Petite Pearl or Norton, which is like in many cases is almost like a bulletproof. Grape, you know, and in California specifically, it would be like insanely. And then you have things right down the middle. Things like tranet that you know, is basically like, I could blind taste you on Tranet and you wouldn't be able to tell the difference between it and gewurztraminer . [00:34:31] But it's more cold, hearty, it has a little more disease resistance. Gives you a just a little bit, a little bit more of a benefit while still getting flavors that are familiar to you. If you like those flavors. [00:34:43] Craig Macmillan: Is there one thing that you would tell growers on this topic? One takeaway. [00:34:48] Adam Huss: Great question. I think give hybrids the same allowance that you give Vinifera. I. We all know there's a huge diversity of Vin Nira from Petite Ough to Riesling. And not everyone is right for every wine drinker and not all of them per perform the same in the vineyard. And, and you know, and we tolerate a lot of. [00:35:12] Frailty and a lot of feebleness in our veneer vines. We, we do a lot of care. We do a lot of like, you know, handholding for our veneer vines when necessary. If we extended the same courtesy to hybrids in terms of understanding and willingness to work with them. I think like that would just go a really long way too. [00:35:33] And I think we'd be surprised to find , they're a lot less handholding than, than Venire generally speaking. I. But also just try some. I think a lot of the prejudice comes from just not being exposed to them right now. You know, if you, if you think, if you're thinking negative thoughts about hybrids, get out there and drink some, you probably just haven't had enough yet. [00:35:51] And if you don't like the first one, you know, how many bad Cabernets have you had? I mean, if, if I had stopped drinking vinifira, I [00:35:59] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, that's, that's a really good point. If I judged every wine by the first wine that I tasted, that's probably not a very, [00:36:06] Adam Huss: right. [00:36:07] Craig Macmillan: good education there, [00:36:08] Adam Huss: Prevented me from exploring further, I would've missed out on some of the more profound taste experiences of my life if I'd let that, you know, guide my, you know, my thinking about it. So yeah, I think it's like anything with prejudice, once you get beyond it, it kind of, you see how silly it is, man. [00:36:25] It's, it's like so freeing and, and there's a whole world to explore out there. And like I said, I really think they're the future. Like if we wanna have a future, . We can only cling to the past for so long until it just becomes untenable. [00:36:38] Craig Macmillan: Right. Where can people find out more about you? [00:36:42] Adam Huss: So beyondorganicwine.com is the, the website for me. The email associate with that is connect@organicwinepodcast.com. [00:36:53] Craig Macmillan: Our guest today has been Adam Huss. He is the host of the Beyond Organic Podcast and is the co-owner of Centralas Wines in Los Angeles. [00:37:01] Thank you so much. This has been a really fascinating conversation and I'd love to connect with you at some point, talk more about. Out this, thanks for being on the podcast [00:37:08] Adam Huss: Thank you so much, Craig. Appreciate it. [00:37:13] Beth Vukmanic: Thank you for listening. Today's podcast was brought to you by VineQuest. A Viticultural consulting firm based in Paso Robles, California, offering expert services in sustainable farming, vineyard development, and pest management. With over 30 years of experience, they provide tailored solutions to enhance vineyard productivity and sustainability for wineries and agribusinesses across California. [00:37:38] Make sure you check out the show notes for links to Adam. His wine, brand, Centralis plus sustainable wine growing podcast episodes on this topic, 135 Cold hardiness of grapes 217. Combating climate chaos with adaptive wine, grape varieties, and 227. Andy Walker's Pierce's Disease resistant grapes are a success at Ojai Vineyard. [00:38:04] If you liked the show, do us a big favor by sharing it with a friend, subscribing and leaving us a review. You can find all of the podcasts at vineyardteam.org/podcast and you can reach us at podcast@vineyardteam.org. [00:38:19] Until next time, this is Sustainable Wine Growing with Vineyard Team.   Nearly perfect transcription by Descript

The 2026 midterm elections are a long way away, but millions of dollars are already flowing into the Senate race as incumbent GOP Sen. Bill Cassidy faces a challenge from fellow Republican State Treasurer John Fleming.Greg LaRose, editor-in-chief for the Louisiana Illuminator, tells us more about what this race says about Cassidy's vulnerability.Under  a new Louisiana law, thousands of inmates  can no longer plead their cases to a parole board. This is thanks to a computerized scoring system adopted by the Department of Public Safety and Corrections, which ranks an inmate's risk of reoffending. Calvin Alexander, a 70-year-old and nearly blind inmate is no longer eligible to speak before a parole board.  Verite's Richard Webster tells us more about Alexander and the thousands of other inmates whose cases are in limbo.Following heavy rainfall in the Ohio River Valley, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has activated proactive flood fight protocols as water from upstream swells the Mississippi River.  State climatologist Jay Grymes tells us how residents should best prepare for potential flooding.—Today's episode of Louisiana Considered was hosted by Karen Henderson. Our managing producer is Alana Schreiber. We receive production and technical support from Garrett Pittman, Adam Vos and our assistant producer, Aubry Procell. You can listen to Louisiana Considered Monday through Friday at noon and 7 p.m. It's available on Spotify, the NPR App and wherever you get your podcasts. Louisiana Considered wants to hear from you! Please fill out our pitch line to let us know what kinds of story ideas you have for our show. And while you're at it, fill out our listener survey! We want to keep bringing you the kinds of conversations you'd like to listen to.Louisiana Considered is made possible with support from our listeners. Thank you!

Historians use a lot of different sources when they research the past. Many rely on primary source documents, documents that were written by official government bodies or those written by the people who witnessed the events or changes historians are studying. But how do you uncover the voices and stories of people who didn't know how to write or whose families didn't preserve much of their writing?  Maeve Kane, an Associate Professor of History at the University at Albany and author of Shirts Powdered Red: Gender, Trade, and Exchange Across Three Centuries, ran into this very problem as she sought to recover the lives of Haudenosaunee women. Maeve overcame this challenge by researching a different type of historical source—the cloth Haudenosaunee women traded for and the clothing they made and wore. Maeve's Website | Book  Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/403   RECOMMENDED NEXT EPISODES

Vivek Ramaswamy has announced his bid to become Ohio's next governor. He joins Charlie to lay out his vision for how AI, radical school choice, and other reforms can make the Ohio River Valley into the next Silicon Valley. Plus, Charlie delivers a sizzling highlight from his recently resumed campus tour, and the Alliance Defending Freedom gives an update on the aftermath of a Turning Point event disrupted by an antifa mob. Watch ad-free on members.charliekirk.com! Get new merch at charliekirkstore.com!Support the show: http://www.charliekirk.com/supportSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Vivek Ramaswamy has announced his bid to become Ohio's next governor. He joins Charlie to lay out his vision for how AI, radical school choice, and other reforms can make the Ohio River Valley into the next Silicon Valley. Plus, Charlie delivers a sizzling highlight from his recently resumed campus tour, and the Alliance Defending Freedom gives an update on the aftermath of a Turning Point event disrupted by an antifa mob. Watch ad-free on members.charliekirk.com! Get new merch at charliekirkstore.com!Support the show: http://www.charliekirk.com/supportSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Welcome to the daily304 – your window into Wonderful, Almost Heaven, West Virginia.   Today is Saturday, Jan. 18, 2025. West Virginia's giant salamander population serves as a monitor to the Mountain State's water quality…West Virginia Northern Community College receives a federal grant to support manufacturing education…and Weirton residents gear up for the tastiest event of the year: Weirton Restaurant Week…on today's daily304. #1 – From WV EXPLORER – Beneath the surface of clean-flowing streams in West Virginia, a multitude of strange creatures lurk, but none is perhaps more shocking to encounter than the hellbender. Also known as the devil dog, the mud devil, and the Allegheny alligator, its names testify to the strangeness of what turns out to be a giant aquatic salamander. These strange creatures thrive in only the most healthy streams. They are thus indicators of poor water quality, a concern in parts of West Virginia where the hellbender lives. Due to the impact of disease and habitat loss, the animal is listed as a vulnerable species though groups like the New River Conservancy. The conservancy is urging people in the New River watershed and beyond to comment on a proposal by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to designate it as endangered. “Not only does the presence of hellbenders indicate the rivers we rely on for drinking water are clean,” says Andrew Downs, executive director of the conservancy, “but this sometimes-strange-looking and beautiful creature is part of the identity of our region. Read more: https://wvexplorer.com/2025/01/07/monster-hellbenders-hiding-west-virginia-streams/   #2 – From WEIRTON DAILY TIMES – West Virginia Northern Community College has been awarded $1.5 million as part of the U.S. Department of Labor's $65 million Strengthening Community Colleges Training Grant initiative. WVNCC is one of only 18 institutions nationwide, and the only recipient in West Virginia, to receive this funding. The grant will fund WVNCC's M.A.P.S. 2.0: Manufacturing and Production Skills Pathway for the 21st Century. The program is a next-generation, industry-aligned skills pathway designed to support the revitalized manufacturing and production industries in West Virginia's Northern Panhandle. This initiative aims to build workforce education and training capacity in the Ohio River Valley region, focusing on sustainable and scalable change to prepare students for careers in advanced manufacturing and next generation energy. Read more: https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2025/01/west-virginia-northern-community-college-receives-1-5-million-federal-grant/   #3 – From WEIRTON DAILY TIMES – Area residents are encouraged to seek out some local flavor during Weirton Restaurant Week. Scheduled from Feb. 2-8, Weirton Restaurant Week is being organized by the Top of West Virginia Convention and Visitors Bureau and the Weirton Area Chamber of Commerce as a way to celebrate the local dining scene. Representatives of the CVB and Chamber are in the process of contacting eateries who are members of either of the two organizations to participate, with a goal of having at least 10 set to take part. Read more: https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2025/01/cvb-chamber-team-up-for-restaurant-week/   Find these stories and more at wv.gov/daily304. The daily304 curated news and information is brought to you by the West Virginia Department of Commerce: Sharing the wealth, beauty and opportunity in West Virginia with the world. Follow the daily304 on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram @daily304. Or find us online at wv.gov and just click the daily304 logo.  That's all for now. Take care. Be safe. Get outside and enjoy all the opportunity West Virginia has to offer.  

8/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1805 Ohio River at Marietta

2/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1776 English map Ohio River

1/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1755 French map Ohio River 

GOOD EVENING: The show begins in the Ohio River Valley where an ambush by Maryland colonists leads to mass murder, including infants, and a cycle of revenge murders along the frontier. CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR 1883 Ohio River FIRST HOUR 9-915 1/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 915-930 2/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) 930-945 3/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) 945-1000 4/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) SECOND HOUR 10-1015 5/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today.42 illustrations 1015-1030 6/8  Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) 1030-1045 7/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) 1045-1100 8/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) THIRD HOUR 1100-1115 1/8: Plentiful Country: The Great Potato Famine and the Making of Irish New York Hardcover – March 12, 2024 by  Tyler Anbinder  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Plentiful-Country-Potato-Famine-Making/dp/031656480X/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= In 1845, a fungus began to destroy Ireland's potato crop, triggering a famine that would kill one million Irish men, women, and children—and drive over one million more to flee for America. Ten years later, the United States had been transformed by this stupendous migration, nowhere more than New York: by 1855, roughly a third of all adults living in Manhattan were immigrants who had escaped the hunger in Ireland. These so-called “Famine Irish” were the forebears of four U.S. presidents (including Joe Biden) yet when they arrived in America they were consigned to the lowest-paying jobs and subjected to discrimination and ridicule by their new countrymen. Even today, the popular perception of these immigrants is one of destitution and despair. But when we let the Famine Irish narrate their own stories, they paint a far different picture. In this magisterial work of storytelling and scholarship, acclaimed historian Tyler Anbinder presents for the first time the Famine generation's individual and collective tales of struggle, perseverance, and triumph. Drawing on newly available records and a ten-year research initiative, Anbinder reclaims the narratives of the refugees who settled in New York City and helped reshape the entire nation. Plentiful Country is a tour de force—a book that rescues the Famine immigrants from the margins of history and restores them to their rightful place at the center of the American story. 1115-1130 2/8: Plentiful Country: The Great Potato Famine and the Making of Irish New York Hardcover – March 12, 2024 by  Tyler Anbinder  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Plentiful-Country-Potato-Famine-Making/dp/031656480X/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= 1130-1145 3/8: Plentiful Country: The Great Potato Famine and the Making of Irish New York Hardcover – March 12, 2024 by  Tyler Anbinder  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Plentiful-Country-Potato-Famine-Making/dp/031656480X/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= 1145-1200 4/8: Plentiful Country: The Great Potato Famine and the Making of Irish New York Hardcover – March 12, 2024 by  Tyler Anbinder  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Plentiful-Country-Potato-Famine-Making/dp/031656480X/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= FOURTH HOUR 12-1215 5/8: Plentiful Country: The Great Potato Famine and the Making of Irish New York Hardcover – March 12, 2024 by  Tyler Anbinder  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Plentiful-Country-Potato-Famine-Making/dp/031656480X/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= In 1845, a fungus began to destroy Ireland's potato crop, triggering a famine that would kill one million Irish men, women, and children—and drive over one million more to flee for America. Ten years later, the United States had been transformed by this stupendous migration, nowhere more than New York: by 1855, roughly a third of all adults living in Manhattan were immigrants who had escaped the hunger in Ireland. These so-called “Famine Irish” were the forebears of four U.S. presidents (including Joe Biden) yet when they arrived in America they were consigned to the lowest-paying jobs and subjected to discrimination and ridicule by their new countrymen. Even today, the popular perception of these immigrants is one of destitution and despair. But when we let the Famine Irish narrate their own stories, they paint a far different picture. In this magisterial work of storytelling and scholarship, acclaimed historian Tyler Anbinder presents for the first time the Famine generation's individual and collective tales of struggle, perseverance, and triumph. Drawing on newly available records and a ten-year research initiative, Anbinder reclaims the narratives of the refugees who settled in New York City and helped reshape the entire nation. Plentiful Country is a tour de force—a book that rescues the Famine immigrants from the margins of history and restores them to their rightful place at the center of the American story. 1215-1230 6/8: Plentiful Country: The Great Potato Famine and the Making of Irish New York Hardcover – March 12, 2024 by  Tyler Anbinder  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Plentiful-Country-Potato-Famine-Making/dp/031656480X/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= 1230-1245 7/8: Plentiful Country: The Great Potato Famine and the Making of Irish New York Hardcover – March 12, 2024 by  Tyler Anbinder  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Plentiful-Country-Potato-Famine-Making/dp/031656480X/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= 1245-100 am 8/8: Plentiful Country: The Great Potato Famine and the Making of Irish New York Hardcover – March 12, 2024 by  Tyler Anbinder  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Plentiful-Country-Potato-Famine-Making/dp/031656480X/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=

7/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1755 Military map of the colonies

6/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1803-1805 Ohio River

5/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1854 Fort Henry

4/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1789 American map Ohio River

3/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1781 French map Ohio River

PREVIEW: OHIO RIVER VALLEY: Professor Robert G. Parkinson, author "American Heart of Darkness," remarks on the extreme violence of early America in contest with the retreating indigenous peoples, chiefly fighting over land-grabbing by the colonials.. More tonight.  1753 Ohio River Valley

PREVIEW: REVOLUTIONARY WAR: Professor Robert G. Parkinson, author "American Heart of Darkness," documents that the bloodiest year of colonial America was 1782, and it was in the battles with the indigenous. More tonight. 1877 Ohio River Valley

In this show, Susy talks with Bill and Jaci Kousoulas. - The mysterious Ohio River Valley, the Silver Bridge disaster, Mothman  and more Jaci is a retired U.S. federal official. Her professional expertise lies in data analytics, investigation, and research. Point Pleasant became a home away from home for her the very first time she visited there. The community and people remind her of her childhood and what it was like to experience the unity of life in a small town. She is highly intuitive and has been encouraged by a retired hypnotherapist and gifted psychic to pursue her profound abilities. Jaci has had numerous paranormal encounters during her lifetime, including seeing UFOs, disembodied heads on the dresser, and a lumbering entity plodding through a cornfield, which she describes as looking like one of Richard Shaver's Detrimental Robots (DEROs). She has also been contacted by family members and friends since their passing.Bill completed his doctorate in psychology in January of 2021. He specializes in positive psychology, the science of “what goes right in life.” Most of his doctoral research is in the area of post-traumatic growth - the good outcomes that we gain by navigating our challenging life experiences. Later in 2021, Jaci and Bill formed Phenomenology Research Professionals, a practice in which they focus on the correlations between paranormal experiences and post-traumatic growth. This discipline allows them to combine multiple interests into a passion for investigating the unknown, learning how people and communities grow from trauma, and helping others to understand that good things can and do come from traumatic events.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/paranormal-uk-radio-network--4541473/support.

It's Sustainability Week at the University of Louisville, and on this week's program, your host, Justin Mog, is in conversation with UofL Class of 2027 ASL Interpreting Studies Major, Katelyn Johnston! In high school, Katelyn co-founded the environmental non-profit Clean 4 Change KY, and the Post-Landfill Action Network (PLAN) recently named her as one of the Students Taking on Oil & Petrochemicals (STOP) Fellows for 2024-25! The STOP Fellowship supports students in the Ohio River Valley, a region threatened by petrochemical build out, as they create campaigns & education in their campus communities. Students connect over shared experiences, receive one-on-one guidance from mentors in their area, and train up on facilitation and leadership skills. Katelyn is a sophomore American Sign Language Interpreting Studies major at the University of Louisville. She is co-founder of an environmental nonprofit, Clean4ChangeKY, an organization that focuses on environmental justice and education in Kentucky. Learn more at https://clean4changeky.wixsite.com/home. This year's STOP Fellows include students from Ohio University, Virginia Tech, Centre College, Berea College, University of Louisville, Morehead State University, Bethany College, West Virginia State University, and Virginia State University. They are passionate community organizers, policy advocates, educators, researchers, club leaders, and more! Learn more at https://www.postlandfill.org/post/stop-fellows-24-25 As Katelyn reminded you, don't forget to support her organization by participating in this Saturday's Louisville Earth Walk Saturday, October 26th, 9am, Shawnee Park Everyone is invited to join in the 8th annual Louisville Earth Walk, a community celebration featuring a non-competitive walk. Join in support of a vision where every neighborhood has safe and clean water, air, and soil. Participants can celebrate our beautiful planet while raising both awareness and funds for the organizations in our city that work to protect and improve the quality of life for all. We invite participants to join us at 9 a.m. at Shawnee Park for a celebration and 3.7k walk. Proceeds will be distributed among the 10 environmental nonprofit organizing partners. They include Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest, Clean4Change, Kentucky Conservation Committee, Kentucky Interfaith Power and Light, Kentucky Solar Energy Society, Louisville Grows, Louisville Sustainability Council, Passionist Earth & Spirit Center, OurEarthNow, and the West Jefferson County Community Task Force. Details and registration options available at https://LouisvilleEarthWalk.org. As always, our feature is followed by your community action calendar for the week, so get your calendars out and get ready to take action for sustainability NOW! Sustainability Now! is hosted by Dr. Justin Mog and airs on Forward Radio, 106.5fm, WFMP-LP Louisville, every Monday at 6pm and repeats Tuesdays at 12am and 10am. Find us at http://forwardradio.org The music in this podcast is courtesy of the local band Appalatin and is used by permission. Explore their delightful music at http://appalatin.com

Alice, Dylan, and Ashley discuss using government funds for regenerative agriculture, building bioregional food hubs, and their upcoming Heritage Food Festival this November. Alice Melendez- I was born in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains between Clay City and the rolling fields of central Kentucky. I grew up on the farm, went to small-town schools, and learned to drive on winding country roads with lots of blind spots. I went away, like a lot of people, and came back. “Away” took me to Dartmouth College, Philadelphia, and then six or so years in Houston where my kids were born into a big Mexican household. I studied the way that economies social agreements and hard physical realities interplay in actual places (not models). I worked at a delivery business and a refugee resettlement agency. I ran a handyman business and for a short while a grain elevator. I thought for a while that 'the climate movement' might generate political will for a massive transformation in how humans relate to the natural world, and I worked on that. Now, I think it's time to focus on regenerative agriculture in our Ohio River Valley to ride through whatever comes our way. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1duQMt65R-EeAMVzZzhpsVwQuBfYet0/view?usp=drive_link https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Uxg83U_IQ6RXOUQVCOz3H-MlkCt6EzP0/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=115071514593909738663&rtpof=true&sd=true http://heritagefoodfest.org http://mtfolly.com http://mtfolly.com/for-farmers

Habitat Podcast #294 - In today's episode of The Habitat Podcast, we are back with a shorter episode talking with Al Tomechko of Vitalize Seed. Al and I get into what he's doing in Ohio right now with his fall food plots to help them make it through to the fall during one of the worst droughts on record for the Ohio River Valley region. We discuss: The worst drought in a century Livestock sales due to hay scarcity No-till drill benefits during a drought Diverse planting strategies for droughts The importance of soil health during extreme conditions Late planting still offers hope The new Vitalize clover, oat, and chicory mix Armyworm threat in the south looms And So Much More! PATREON - Patreon - Habitat Podcast Brand new HP Patreon for those who want to support the Habitat Podcast. Good luck this Fall and if you have a question yourself, just email us @ info@habitatpodcast.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Patreon - Habitat Podcast Latitude Outdoors - Saddle Hunting: https://bit.ly/hplatitude Stealth Strips - Stealth Outdoors: Use code Habitat10 at checkout https://bit.ly/stealthstripsHP Midwest Lifestyle Properties - https://bit.ly/3OeFhrm Vitalize Seed Food Plot Seed - https://bit.ly/vitalizeseed Down Burst Seeders - https://bit.ly/downburstseeders 10% code: HP10 Morse Nursery - http://bit.ly/MorseTrees 10% off w/code: HABITAT10 Packer Maxx - http://bit.ly/PACKERMAXX $25 off with code: HPC25 Exodus Outdoor Gear - Use Code: HP - https://exodusoutdoorgear.com/discount/HP First Lite --> https://bit.ly/3EDbG6P LAND PLAN Property Consultations – HP Land Plans: LAND PLANS Leave us a review for a FREE DECAL - https://apple.co/2uhoqOO Morse Nursery Tree Dealer Pricing – info@habitatpodcast.com Habitat Podcast YOUTUBE - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmAUuvU9t25FOSstoFiaNdg Email us: info@habitatpodcast.com habitat management / deer habitat / food plots / hinge cut / food plot Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

6/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1920 Lafayette Room Mount Vernon

5/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1633 

7/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1933 Valley Forge

8/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1830 George III Statue NYC

PREVIEW: OHIO RIVER VALLEY: 18TH CENTURY: COLONIALS: NATIVES: Conversation with Professor Robert Kagan, his new book, AMERICAN HEART OF DARKNESS, re the shocking cruelty and violence of the frontier as the colonists pushed the tribes more and more west before and after the Revolution. This is part of a two hour conversation, last Friday and this. More tonight. 1700 Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations

1/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1696 WILLIAM PENN MARRIAGE

2/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1883 WILLIAM PENN IN PHILADELPHIA

3/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1900 WILLIAM PENN HOUSE

4/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by  Robert G. Parkinson  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1689 WILLIAM PENN AND CHARLES II

GOOD EVENING: The show begins tonight in Scranton Pennsylvania, on North Washington Street, once the home of both the Casey and the Biden family... 1908 Pennsylvania CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR FIRST HOUR 9-915 #KeystoneReport: Bob Casey and Joe Biden on North Washington avennnue. Salena Zito, Middle of Somewhere, @DCExaminer Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, New York Post, SalenaZito.comhttps://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/3098233/does-casey-have-a-harris-problem/ 915-930 #PHILIPPINES: Blinken and Austin to the frontline of the South China sea. Craig Singleton, FDD.https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/07/23/us-south-china-sea-philippines-crisis-military-alliance-deterrence/?utm_content=gifting&tpcc=gifting_article&gifting_article=dXMtc291dGgtY2hpbmEtc2VhLXBoaWxpcHBpbmVzLWNyaXNpcy1taWxpdGFyeS1hbGxpYW5jZS1kZXRlcnJlbmNl&pid=PNIIg2Uhiq5yk80 930-945 #SmallBusinessAmerica: Pawnshops in America. @GeneMarks @Guardian @PhillyInquirerhttps://www.pawnexpo.com/ 945-1000 #SmallBusinessAmerica: Update your website for Disability Act regulations. @GeneMarks @Guardian @PhillyInquirer https://www.wsj.com/business/entrepreneurship/small-business-web-accessibility-lawsuits-c910f6fb?mod=mhp SECOND HOUR 10-1015 #PacificWatch: #VegasReport: Farewell to the Tropicana and Mirage -- Greetings to MLB and Hard Rock Hotel. @JCBliss https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/casinos-gaming/tropicana-landowner-confident-in-ballys-as-development-projects-3102754/ 1015-1030 #LANCASTER REPORT: 3.5% OFF FOR CASH. Jim McTague, former Washington Editor, Barrons. @MCTagueJ. Author of the "Martin and Twyla Boundary Series." #FriendsofHistoryDebatingSocietyhttps://www.ft.com/content/50985749-f817-474e-82a4-428f0ac3f8e2?emailId=2eccbf97-cd46-4be8-bf5e-0ccce7f4ff97&segmentId=2785c52b-1c00-edaa-29be-7452cf90b5a2 1030-1045 SPACEX: Cleared for Blast-off. Bob Zimmerman BehindtheBlack.com https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/spacex-says-it-s-fixed-the-falcon-9-and-will-resume-launches-tomorrow/ar-BB1qHcwJhttps://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/spacex-announces-completion-of-investigation-of-july-11-falcon-9-second-stage-failure/ 1045-1100 WEBB: Carbon Monoxide in a Moon of Uranus. Bob Zimmerman BehindtheBlack.comhttps://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/webb-carbon-monoxide-detected-on-surface-of-uranuss-moon-ariel-suggests-an-underground-ocean/ THIRD HOUR 1100-1115 1/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by Robert G. Parkinson (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-American-Darkness-Bewilderment-Frontier/dp/1324091770 We are divided over the history of the United States, and one of the central dividing lines is the frontier. Was it a site of heroism? Or was it where the full force of an all-powerful empire was brought to bear on Native peoples? In this startingly original work, historian Robert Parkinson presents a new account of ever-shifting encounters between white colonists and Native Americans. Drawing skillfully on Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, he demonstrates that imperialism in North America was neither heroic nor a perfectly planned conquest. It was, rather, as bewildering, violent, and haphazard as the European colonization of Africa, which Conrad knew firsthand and fictionalized in his masterwork. At the center of Parkinson's story are two families whose entwined histories ended in tragedy. The family of Shickellamy, one of the most renowned Indigenous leaders of the eighteenth century, were Iroquois diplomats laboring to create a world where settlers and Native people could coexist. The Cresaps were frontiersmen who became famous throughout the colonies for their bravado, scheming, and land greed. Together, the families helped determine the fate of the British and French empires, which were battling for control of the Ohio River Valley. From the Seven Years' War to the protests over the Stamp Act to the start of the Revolutionary War, Parkinson recounts the major turning points of the era from a vantage that allows us to see them anew, and to perceive how bewildering they were to people at the time. For the Shickellamy family, it all came to an end on April 30, 1774, when most of the clan were brutally murdered by white settlers associated with the Cresaps at a place called Yellow Creek. That horrific event became news all over the continent, and it led to war in the interior, at the very moment the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Michael Cresap, at first blamed for the massacre at Yellow Creek, would be transformed by the Revolution into a hero alongside George Washington. In death, he helped cement the pioneer myth at the heart of the new republic. Parkinson argues that American history is, in fact, tied to the frontier, just not in the ways we are often told. Altering our understanding of the past, he also shows what this new understanding should mean for us today. 42 illustrations 1115-1130 2/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by Robert G. Parkinson (Author) 1130-1145 3/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by Robert G. Parkinson (Author) 1145-1200 4/8: Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Hardcover – May 28, 2024 by Robert G. Parkinson (Author) FOURTH HOUR 12-1215 #NPT: China tells US to stop deploying. Henry Sokolski, NPEC.https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202407/1316642.shtml 1215-1230 #ITALY:Giorgia Meloni to China. Lorenzo Fiori, Ansaldo Foundation https://www.reuters.com/world/italys-meloni-visit-china-this-week-with-trade-investment-agenda-2024-07-24/ 1230-1245 SCOTUS: National Rent Control and Bomber Fleets. Richard Epstein Hoover Institutionhttps://www.hoover.org/research/keeping-rental-markets-safe 1245-100 AM SCOTUS: Court-Packing 2024, Richard Epstein, Hoover Institution. https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-court-smacking-plan-reform-term-limits-amendment-ethics-e43d1fed?mod=editorials_article_pos2

PREVIEW: #IROQUOIS SIX NATIONS: OHIO RIVER VALLEY: Conversation with historian Robert Parkinson re: his new work, "AMERICAN HEART OF DARKNESS," on the bloody-minded contest between colonials, between tribes, between colonials and the Empire in 18th century America. From a two-hour conversation. More tonight. UNDATED SHAWNEE

Shownotes and Transcript We are delighted to welcome Jacki Deason, who is the host of The Jacki Daily Show on blaze.com to help Peter delve into the recent presidential debate.  They begin by critiquing candidate performances and discussing political strategies before touching on cultural Marxism's impact on institutions, advocating for balanced history education, and prioritizing national interests in industries like energy.  The conversation extends to renewable energy challenges, highlighting the need for informed decision-making, stressing the importance of nuanced understanding and thoughtful discourse on complex societal issues. Jacki Deason hosts The Jacki Daily Show, a weekly show and podcast airing on BlazeMedia, on the dial in Texas, and podcast on iHeartRadio, iTunes, Spotify, and Stitcher. Previously, Jacki worked for an engineering firm specializing in energy production, national security, and environmental cleanup.  She served as legal counsel on Capitol Hill to the Chairman of the Subcommittee on the Constitution and the former Ranking Member of the Commercial and Administrative Law Subcommittee, advising on the oversight of federal agencies.  Prior to her career in Washington, she worked as a corporate litigator, and as an Assistant Vice President for a national bank. Jacki studied Economics, Spanish, and World History at Marshall University (U.S. Society of Yeager Scholars), Oxford University (U.K.), and the University of Zaragoza (Spain).  She is an alum of the Vanderbilt University Law School, where she served as the President of the law school's Federalist Society chapter. Jacki has an extensive network from which the show draws its guests—including industry leaders representing all parts of the energy sector, government officials, journalists, and political insiders.  Often, Jacki will know the day's most-wanted guest and be able to secure the guest with a personal call. Jacki is from the Ohio River Valley, where the shale runs deep. She descends from a long line of energy workers, including roughnecks, railroaders, coal miners, and nuclear energy specialists. Connect with Jacki... WEBSITE                jackidaily.com/ X/TWITTER            x.com/JackiDailyHost TRUTH                   truthsocial.com/@jackidaily INSTAGRAM           instagram.com/jackidaily/ Interview recorded  28.6.24 Connect with Hearts of Oak... X/TWITTER        x.com/HeartsofOakUK WEBSITE            heartsofoak.org/ PODCASTS        heartsofoak.podbean.com/ SOCIAL MEDIA  heartsofoak.org/connect/ SHOP                  heartsofoak.org/shop/ TRANSCRIPT (Hearts of Oak) It's wonderful to have a guest on, first time, who I met over when I was stateside last time, Jacki Deason. Jacki, thank you so much for your time today. (Jacki Deason) Thank you so much, Peter, for the opportunity. I'm looking forward to this. Not at all. I know you've got a lot happening in everything, in media world, and everything else, so it is great to have you on. And, of course, you host the Jacki Daily Show, a weekly show airing on Blaze Media. And I had the privilege of actually getting a tour of the fantastic Blaze Studios, which made me feel a little bit jealous as a Brit. But great. And I know on your tagline, it says, entertains and educates a worldwide audience, dispels fear with facts and all things energy, freedom, happiness and prosperity. And I love that uplifting message. And your background you worked in energy and then before that legal counsel on Capitol Hill and then before that you worked as a corporate litigator and assistant at the president for a national bank. So, a lot in there in your background a lot of experience you bring and I love talking to those in the media who actually have a wealth of background experience they bring to that and it's It's not just another podcast. So, great to have you with us. And obviously, people can find you @JackiDailyHost on Twitter or X. And JackiDaily.com is the website. And all the links for your Facebook and Instagram are all up there on the website and on Twitter. Now, the first thing I need to ask you, of course, Jacki, is the presidential debate last night. And I didn't subject myself to the whole two hours. I watched snippets of it, maybe snippets more on the Trump side, because you get what feed Twitter gives you. But what were your thoughts on that? And I've read a lot of newspaper headlines, but what were your thoughts? So, I watched it from start to finish and I went and got a massage and took a nap before the debate just to get rested up for it. Like everyone here was so jacked up, amped up for it. You know, I mean, we couldn't wait, because we actually thought this moment might never come, either because Biden would just refuse to debate, which is the new thing, or because, you know, Trump could be in jail. Literally, it's possible. So, we didn't know what was going to happen. Out of nowhere came this early debate, which is weird. I'm telling you, the Democrats are doing that strategically, agreeing to that so that they can show the world why they have no choice but to replace him at the convention. Probably with Michelle Obama, could be Gavin Newsom. But it's Michelle Obama who, who, you know, they put these books out for her, book tours all over the place. She's all over these shows that are, you know, supposedly mainstream culture shows, but they're really run by Democrat loyalists at the top. She's the one that's being traipsed out all the time, not Gavin Newsom. They did have a debate with Gavin Newsom and DeSantis earlier in the year. So, some people thought they were, like, trying him out. But, I really think that's the whole purpose of this debate. I think it came from the Democrat side. They know the problem they have. I mean, there's no way that Biden can not have major gaps showing that he's cognitively not there anymore. He wasn't in 2016 either, really, but they could hide it well enough. People scorned me for saying that he was being drugged up in advance of national media appearances. But you know what? Like about 95 percent of conservatives believe that. And now probably 90 percent of liberals would believe that. I don't know. But anyway, you heard Biden say that there were a thousand trillionaires in America. I mean, whoa, that people were being raped by their in-laws and their brothers and sisters, that he beat Medicare, that Democrats are against late-term abortion. Abortion, I'm sure that disgusted and shocked his base, who think therefore, or at least if they actually correct that, most Democrats are not, but the party apparatus, the people at the highest levels most certainly are. So anyway, those were all major flaws in his performance, I thought, aside from the obvious the name calling and moodiness and all that. Trump actually, I thought, performed just like last time, which is that, you know, I watched and he is, he missed a lot of opportunities to lay out. Well, there were a lot of opportunities, I agree. I mean, I think it's just that he refuses to prepare, right? So because, like you said, He said, I saw the quote, he says, I've been preparing for this debate all of my life. He is off the cuff because he is, in fact, a performer. He is an entertainer. And that works to his benefit a lot. People don't know, if you haven't been to a Trump rally, he's a completely different person. He is like a stand-up comedian. He is very relaxed. He's having a great time. He's witty and clever. Last night, he was agitated. You know, it wasn't, it's a very different Trump. And so, you know, I heard a lot of repetition in there. And, you know, John McCain did the same thing. They're two very different people, two very different people. But, you know, I thought Trump was passable. I don't think it changed really anyone's minds. Campaigns, the only person who changed minds was Biden, because now he did his job, which was to convince the Democrats that they don't want him on the ticket, even though they voted for him in the primary. That's the issue. And he has to want to step down. I mean, I actually thought that maybe going after his son criminally was about coercing him to step down. They did the same thing to General Flynn on the Republican side, you might remember. So, that either didn't work or he didn't get it. He really cognitively might not even understand threats at this point. So, it's very interesting. But there's a total meltdown this morning on the Democrat side, which I think is orchestrated, foreseeable. I try to not get too political on my, X account. You know, I actually try to avoid the words Democrat or Republican. It's not a partisan show. It's a policy show. So, I don't, but I don't mind when I go into other people's shows. It's your show. So, you can ask anything you want. And the truth is I love talking politics. I don't get to do it very often on my show. So, this is a real treat for me. Good. Well, I want to ask you everything. And I've had the privilege of being at three Trump rallies, including my picture with the man himself, so it's it's phenomenal and from someone who's been at steeped in U.K politics nothing beats a trump rally. So, anyone watching this you have to get out to a trump rally before November, because nothing beats that atmosphere the excitement the the electric environment that is. But I was kind of thinking, and I agree with your assessment fully. I'm glad I'm not more down the rabbit hole than you are; Michelle Obama: I agree it ticks those boxes. I wonder why kind of you the trump team would want to debate Biden, because you don't want him to look too decrepit because then it plays into the hands of those who want to remove him, but the media have portrayed him as mentally unable over the last maybe one, two, three, months and it of seems to be playing up and this seems to be the the culmination in that. So, maybe the Trump team couldn't actually do anything about it that they had to push for the debate, agree, and then whatever happens-happens. So, what... Yeah, what were your I thought why would he want to debate debate Biden, because he seems to be winning on immigration on the border and economy, so why go into that. You know, I don't communicate with the Trump team, so I don't have any special insight into that decision making process. But I will tell you, I do believe what they should have done is waited until after the Democratic convention, which is the normal course of things. I mean, that's the way it normally works. I mean, the fact that they would agree to this should have tipped off some alarm bells. So, I do think that was a tactical mistake myself. I think I think that part of what they must have been thinking is literally it's possible Trump will be in jail between now and the election. What the debates represent, and few people appreciate this, even in the States, is it is the one event where you have both sides watching, listening, meaning President Trump can get through to even the Democrat supporters of Biden with zero media filter. And that almost never happens. It almost doesn't exist. Everything we get is filtered through our media source of choice. And so it's really scary that we live in these echo chambers and now you have social media so you can cultivate your own reality and universe and friend set. So, I love debates because it's the one opportunity we get to really speak directly to the other side. We have to find all of those opportunities we can. And even people like you and me, who we might not be running for president, but we do have a platform and a voice. And I try very hard to find those opportunities to speak directly to people on the other side, especially at the highest levels. Levels because once you spend time around them, which is so rare these days, unfortunately, you realize something. Many of them are just human beings. They really do believe in what they're doing sometimes. Some of them do. And so I've spent a lot of time lately trying to hack the filter that they're seeing through and figure out how do we get to them? Because here's what I come away with every single time. Every single time I spend time with a high profile liberal, like having drinks or spending social time, you know, just really downtime. It's that both sides maybe are being deceived. What the really bad guys, the really bad guys don't want is for us to communicate directly and get around the filters that are put on us. By both sides of the corporate media. So... I just, we have to remain humanized to each other. We become objectified as some big, horrible, awful other out there. And they believe the worst things imaginable about us. And it has to be shocking for them to be around us and find out that we're just normal, decent, caring, respectful human beings. And so I just come away with this. I'm not going to give you the names, but it was just a couple of months ago. I was out in Palo Alto, California with two extremely high profile liberals. You would know their names right away in the UK too. And so we were meeting for this kind of side reason. It's not the core of what I do at all. I just happened to be there. In fact, I wasn't really an invitee and clearly they had no idea who I was, because I walk in and spend half an hour talking to one of them before this thing gets started. And she's like, so what do you do? And I'm like, well, I do energy and environment research. And she goes, oh, how lovely. She has no idea who I am, which is great. So, we have this amazing conversation. And here's the bottom line. At the end of this long event, we then go have drinks. And it's just a few of us, like less than five. And these two to say to me, every day, we were on the phone this morning and we said, every day we become more conservative, because they're like, you know what? Pro-Hamas protests, we're out. This business of, you know, operating on children, removing their genitals, so they can't reproduce before they're even old enough to know, you know, you're four years old. Every other day you think you're a dinosaur, much less the opposite sex. They're like, we're out. We're having no part of that. We cannot be a part of that. It's a violation of our conscience. And then, you know, men in our transition, men in women's sports, we're out. We can't be a part of that. And even one of them was in a gay marriage and said that the other one, the spouse, had just been let go from a job for refusing to identify pronouns, because that person objected. You know, there are actually people on the other side who are reasonable. They know what's happening is not the truth. They know they're being asked to be part of something that cannot be right. And so, I really just came away with a lot of hope after speaking with them. Like I said, they'd been drinking. I feel like they were like loosened up and it was like a truth serum coming out. And it was really very reassuring. And then they said to me, they said, you know, people just believe that Republicans don't care about people. I said, that is just emphatically false. It is emphatically false. I feel like most of my day is filled with trying to figure out how to protect people. And so anyway, what I'm saying to you is that conversation was so valuable. It was so valuable because that's a humanizing conversation. I think it's exactly the conversation that the really bad guys don't want us to have. hey don't want us to figure out that the people on the other side are probably actually decent human beings who just, that what's happened is we, we all have, different information sets, different life experiences, different, friend sets. And so that's probably the biggest difference between the average liberal and average conservative. It's different. You've been exposed to different information. And so, but you're not that different. So, I just want this unifying message. I had a separate conversation with a guy who was the founder of the Bloods street gang here in Dallas. There's the Bloods and the Crips in LA, very famous. There've been films made about it. There are rap songs about it. These are very violent criminal gangs, but they are a family to the people who join them, because often they don't have family. Anyway, I was speaking with him him. And I could tell you other things about him that make him different from me. We're racially different. We're at this point, socioeconomically different, but I just, we had this amazing conversation and I just thought this is exactly, again, I came away thinking, this is the conversation that the people who work to divide us don't want us to have. We have to force those conversations in those social settings where it's not a debate. You're not at a panel, right? You know, where it's scripted in front of a lot of people. You're just talking one-on-one. I want to pick up, because that's a really interesting line, because often we see the other side as the enemy, or we see them as actually as maybe evil in what they push forward and forget that they are probably misinformed. And that may be a better place to start. I want to pick up on that, but I wanted to ask you one more question on the debate, because some of the headlines, I mean, even CNN talked about 67% thought that Trump won. From their viewers and 33% thought the Biden one, I don't know where how those 33% were watching; maybe they were sleeping, I don't know. You were pulling The White House staff. They could have been but and then a lot of the headlines. I mean, New York post: this debate was a blowout for Trump, political Democrats really have no way to spin this. And New York Times piece: Joe Biden is a good man a good president, but he must buy out of the race. And then CNN did that fact check and and showed a lot of the stuff was incorrect. Independent in the U.K: I really didn't know what he said and I think, I don't think he does either, which was a quote from Trump. That was the headline of the article. Trump pulls no punches as Biden struggles in debate Sky News an unmitigating disaster for Biden and tv debate with Trump as he faces calls from democrats to step aside which is what you touched on. Then The Guardian, who will replace Joe Biden, and a lot of other publications beginning to talk about who will replace for the first time ever, actually. It's been more the conservative side, but actually seeing the left. And it seemed as though simply on the end with Joe Biden taking him by the hand and leading the poor guy off stage where Trump just walks off. All of that. Seem to be put out to say, actually, he's not able to continue. And I'm firmly of the view, not that I would put money on it, even after our conversation, but actually, Michelle Obama seems to tick all the boxes the Democrats want. So they think. I'll tell you what, here's my thought about it. And maybe I'm totally wrong, not like I had my finger on the pulse of the average Democrat voter. But she seems to me to check the boxes for the elite Democrat set. The elites, they're the ones that you the only ones you're allowed to hear from, really, on cable news. So, Michelle Obama, she is, I think I was saying I grew up beneath the poverty line. I'm now very much not. The liberals in the suburbs and the really nice neighbourhoods think she's the greatest thing since sliced bread. I'll tell you who I don't think thinks that. Union Democrats, people working with their hands, which historically was a huge voting bloc for Democrats. And they've already been peeling off a lot long before she came along. Then Hispanics. I mean, again, Hispanics are very practical people. There's no cocktail circuit that they're going to care about as much. These are like, some of them are new Americans, but a lot of them are not. People forget. We have a very large Hispanic community that's Cuban in South Florida and Venezuelan from the central and South America. You've got the Puerto Ricans in New York. [20:39] You've got Mexicans in Texas. [20:42] And we we have in this southwestern part of the country, Hispanics who were here long before we were, like literally, they didn't immigrate anywhere in the last probably thousand years. So, they're a huge demographic that's now flipping Republican. And people marvelled at this last election. These were once Native American tribes. Then they were conquered by the Mexicans, specifically the Spanish government when they were still in control of Mexico. Then they were Texians because they'd won their independence from Mexico. Then they joined the United States. So, the borders just keep running over top of these folks. That's a huge demographic. What is it about Michelle Obama that appeals to them at all? I can't think of really one reason why. What has she accomplished, really? They don't care about checking boxes and woke politics. These are people who care about inflation and crime and immigration, obviously, for where they live is going to be the big issue for them. I'm just not at all sure. Then how about all of the new immigrants who come from countries? Where women don't have the status that they have here? How about countries where, you know, if women testify in court, their testimony is worth half of a man's? We're importing immigrants from countries where that is the practice. That is the belief system. Why are they going to go for Michelle Obama? I just don't, I don't see it. Okay, well, we'll watch it and see if her surname carries her forward or whether they choose someone else. But I 100% agree, that everything was played out to show that Biden is not able to stand us, whether Jill Biden accepts us, maybe that could be the sticking point. I'm sure she's enjoying that position in the White House. Jacki, I'm interested in your thoughts on the whole march of cultural Marxism, which you've seen over the past couple of decades, really, through every institution, not only in the US, but here in the UK and across Europe. And during this election, immigration and the economy are the two big issues, whether it's in the European elections just passed or the French elections just happening, the UK elections coming up in days or the US election in November. It's actually interesting the same issues which is border control, immigration, and the economy, but the whole issue of cultural Marxism and how it's torn up a lot of our institutions and I'm wondering how that kind of fits in in regards to rewriting American history, and then we'll get on to kind of education, the whole gender debate, but where does that fit into this, presidential election? So, I mean, we now have reached, the Marxists have now reached a critical mass of young people. So, let's say people under the age of maybe who genuinely are buying into what they're. Which is that there's an us versus the oppressor. So they're permitting the people teaching them to divide us. That's the first issue. And it's just a modern application. And because they don't have enough evidence, I mean, they tried earlier in American history in the last 100 years to divide us, lower income bracket, upper income bracket. They introduced the words class. That's why I try so hard to avoid using the words working class, upper middle class. The word class itself is dividing. It just means, you know, let's call them upper income, lower income. It didn't work in America because frankly, I mean, I grew up in a lower income family. Our lives were not that bad. You know, I don't recall ever going hungry, ever going homeless. We were free. We could say what we wanted, do what we wanted. It wasn't like Europe where only the elite could hunt. We could hunt, we could fish and feed ourselves and grow our own crops. We all had gardens growing up. Our lives were pretty good. The socioeconomic Marxism really never caught on here. gear. So, they shifted gears. And now it's all about your immutable characteristics, race, sex, or now they'll fluid it with gender. Race and sex, you inherited those completely beyond any control of your own from the moment of your conception, not the moment of your birth, the moment of your conception. You were encoded with your DNA as male or female, black, white, whatever. And so this has been success. What's amazing is they had to do the bag of checks and go back 400 years to the 1619 Project to be able to find sins big enough to cause people to begin to question whether or not America was good, whether or not they are good, whether or not their parents are any good and their grandparents. And so what I see happening, and it's the critical theory school, the Frankfurt School and all that, you're seeing them use critical theory, which in my mind is the cheapest theory. Easiest, lowest bar school. And all it does is say, all right, let's take whatever it is we want to destroy, zoom in on the worst moments in the history, moments in a person's life, blow them up out of all proportion and pretend they're representative. And by all means, what you will never want to do is actually show the other side of that person or that country. Here's the truth, right? You can destroy any country or people or person with that approach. There is no people group that didn't practice slavery. And in fact, Americans were one of the first to abolish it. I mean, slavery is going on right now all over the world. There are more people enslaved right now than in any other time in history. Do people even know that? They don't, because if they did, the fault wouldn't break down along racial lines that the Marxists need to get what they want politically in this country. It's just a matter of changing the perspective of the kids they're brainwashing and saying, just a minute, let me ask you one question. What country would you rather live in, the United States or pick a Marxist country? Pick one. Cuba, Russia, some of the middle America countries have hard left governments. Some of the South American countries, you know, I don't see you rushing their border the way the people from those countries are rushing our border. Why is that? Why do they want to be here? We must be doing something right. Would you like to talk about what we're doing right? You know, would Would you like to talk about what's so great about America or the West or Christendom as it was once known? Countries that have a Christian background? I mean, one of the things I thank God for is that I was born in this country and I wasn't born an Iraqi Christian in the last 30 years. Or a Syrian Christian or a Lebanese Christian. The war on Christians and the genocide that's happened against Christians around the world, not just in the Middle East and North Africa, but all over the place, is an outrage. And no one seems too concerned about that. Why? Why aren't Americans under the age of 40 taught about that? Why not? Instead of learning about the genocide that's happening today. They're learning about something that happened 400 years ago. They have to reach back 400 years. And still, if I were born, you know, check their boxes. If I were a young, black, female, bisexual, I'd far rather live in the United States than live in any other country. Period. Period. And so what are we doing right? Why is that true? And why is nobody asking these questions? So, I guess what I'm saying is it's a critical theory. [29:50] And you can get people to understand this by applying it to one human being, rather than looking at countries, rather than needing a command of world history, which most people don't have, because the Department of Education scrubbed that out of the curriculum a long time ago to make sure you can't do this analysis I'm asking you to do. Let's look at one person. Let's take the Christian view of this, which is you can take any human being and, and take the worst moments of their lives where they behave the worst, they did the worst thing that they're most ashamed of, that they most regret. You can zoom in on that and put it up on a big, you know, overhead projector. Let me show you how old I am and overhead projector and, or put it up on your social media and pay for it to go viral and show the world that one worst moment in that human being's life and pretend like that represents their life. There's nothing else to know, right? They've never done anything good in their life. There's no redeeming anything about that person. This is it. That's what the Marxists do. That's what the politics is about today. And it's about dehumanizing and demonizing that person or that country or that culture or that faith off the very worst moments in history three with the very worst people who ever phony put on the mantra and that, that label. So, I guess it's just, it's the critical thinking that we have to teach to the younger people so they don't fall victim to this warring against their own people, their own family, you know, people who won't even speak to their parents anymore because they, they believe something different about supply side economics or taxation or something. It's ridiculous. And that's brainwashing. And it's what What brainwashers do, they isolate you from everyone who ever loved you. So, they can have their way with you in your brain. And so it's not that the kids are bad, and it's not that they're stupid. It's none of those things. And you have to refrain from getting angry about it and calling people names, because it's actually that nobody has ever taught them real history. No one has ever taught them how to think critically, because that's the last thing that the Marxists want. I was talking to a lady yesterday in Texas who is doing education reform. Now, she said, this is in Texas now, they don't even want to give the kindergartners pencils or crayons. God forbid they might learn how to read and write. You know, it was illegal in slave-holding countries to teach the slaves how to read. You know why? They might actually advance in society. They're harder to subdue. And now they're doing the exact same thing in Texas schools or someone's trying to make that the policy. This is an outrage. And they do it on the basis of not every kid can read and write. Not every kid can succeed. We need to care about the people at the lower end who can't succeed. And that is a thinly veiled excuse for keeping them down. We got to call this what it is. That is victimization. That's a predator trying to keep those kids down. It's really disgusting. And there are very few people who are truly the bad people. Again, it's only the operatives who want to keep us divided and want to keep people ignorant. We have to recognize this is so important. It's a teeny little sliver of the population. It's not the Democrat party. Most Democrats don't feel that way. It's some of the people at the top of the apparatus who are funding things, who run the media. And we all need to kind of get together against that teeny little sliver of bad people trying. And why do they do it? You know, it's about power and money. It's about separating people from their rights and their money and their autonomy and their self-determination. Anyway, I could go on for a long time. As you can see, I'm very passionate about this and reframing the debate so that people aren't having their heritage stripped from them. Americans should be very proud to be Americans. There's a lot we do right. And that's why there are millions of people flooding our border to get in here. And nowhere else in the world do you see that. Yeah, I agree. We're seeing British history rewritten where the British Empire is now something awful instead of looking at how William Wilberforce was the forefront of actually freeing, stopping slavery and then looking at the educational side, the health side, transport, all those things that were provided and history is rewritten. And it kind of fits into in the US where Make America Great Again is an uplifting message of hope, of actually bringing the country to where it should be. And that's now degraded as evil and hateful. It's curious where making a country great is regarded as awful. It's, yeah, a curious mix. It's a very difficult mantra to try to demonize, but people have certainly tried. And so, you know, they're like, what he's trying to say, they make this up. Okay. They're saying what Trump is trying to say is that somehow we were great when we were less diverse. It's like, actually, this country has always been diverse. Always. There's never been a day, a day since America existed from the 1700s that we didn't have have. Native Americans, especially all over the frontier, wherever that was, we have, you know, always had, at least since the 1700s, a hefty percentage of Black Americans. We had, as you know, the Spanish were in Florida, the French were in the North, the Dutch, you know, it used to be Dutch in New York before it was English, before we renamed it York. Yeah. But anyway, and of course, as I told you, the people in the Southwest, they were always tribal and they're still there. They're not on reservations. They live in Laredo. They live in El Paso. So anyway, it's always been a diverse country. Therefore, the slogan, Make America Great Again, in, does not hearken back to some, this is what they, his enemies want you to believe, like it harkens back to some time when America was all white. When was that? But because their sense of history is about as deep as their lifetime, or maybe not even that long, they became politically conscious five years ago. So, nothing existed before five years ago. And so anyway, I mean, sometimes I make fun of the the people on the other side just because you have to laugh or cry. You got to have some fun sometime. But really, there's a great mission in front of us to educate people about real history and some of it is dark, some of it is bad, and then we have to own it. When you were in Texas, for example. My studio, part of the studio is a museum. It's called the American Journey Experience. And the museum highlights all kinds of things from Hollywood and its history to, you know, to the Geneva Bible, to crime and punishment. There's an electric chair in there showing you some of the really dark stuff. And Glenn Beck is, you know, running that project. And he's like the the lead host at the Blaze Media. He thought it was important to take all the horrible things in history and showcase them accurately, which sometimes it's actually worse than you think. Sometimes it's better than you think. But also there's American greatness in the museum. You can also see a whole library of burned books that the Nazis burned in World War II. So, you know, it's just a lot of great stuff that you can't really get anywhere else. And so that's the importance of history. We have to tell it all. The good and the bad. Concede the bad points. But make sure the good points are taught. And you're making me jealous again and I did see some of that. I thought it's so essential that that story, that history is preserved because there seems to be an onslaught everywhere. One of the other tidelines is America first. First and this is something that actually Europe are struggling with actually nations being the priority for the government which should be the first duty of any government putting the country and citizens first and we've ended up a duty of the government seems to be putting the citizens last. I mean when Trump was in the White House he there were many things that he wanted to do with manufacturing, with energy, and I know your background in energy, and he always talked about being energy independent. And we've moved away, not only in America, but in Britain, we've got gas in the North Sea, and we were energy independent for decades. But we've moved away from that to shipping LPG from foreign countries, and that seems better than actually producing it under our own feet. But that must be another part of Trump's call for November to actually put America first and to use the resources that America has instead of relying on other countries. Right. So, you know, COVID should have taught us about strategic commodities. There were all kinds of things that we needed and we weren't sure that we would have them, whether it's pharmaceuticals like antibiotics or whether it's PPE is what we call it. But that's basically during COVID, it's all the sterile stuff, the masks, you know, the gloves, the simple stuff, plastic barriers. America doesn't manufacture anything anymore. Well, take that problem and put it on steroids when you're talking about oil and gas. Oil and gas run the world, even now and even for the foreseeable future, at least 20 years from now. Anything to the contrary is just a lie. It's just a lie. Imagine this in in the first two world wars the united states supplied about 70 percent of the oil and gas or the fuel to the allies that was needed to win those wars if it weren't for American oil and gas and American steel as well those wars would have gone the other direction, understand it. So, that's why you know Hitler was trying so hard to get Baku Azerbaijan on. That's the oldest oil field in the world. It's huge. And he really needed that to continue the war. That's a lot of what went wrong for him. And thank God it went wrong for him. And so it was us storming the beaches of Europe at this time with oil and natural gas. And it's one reason why the pipeline that the Russians lost was such a big deal too. Because everyone knows fossil fuels are still what run the world. It's the reason why China's building all these coal plants, because they're smart. They have to somehow take care of 1.3 or more billion people. You can't do that without fossil fuels. We are watching this bizarre suicide that our federal government is trying to impose upon us. Right now, the U.S. is the number one oil producer on Earth. We're the number one natural gas producer on Earth. That wasn't true before the fracking revolution. So first you saw the attack on fracking. It supposedly is destroying groundwater. It's destroying the air and all that proved false. It was debunked. Then it was methane. Then it's attack pipelines. Suddenly pipelines are evil, even though they're obviously the most green way of moving the hydrocarbon because the alternatives are rail and truck. When you stop the pipeline, all you're doing is moving it to rail and truck, which has like 20 times the carbon footprint of a pipeline. So anyway, back to what Trump needs to do is make clear to people, number one, face the reality. With math and with physics, it is not possible to run this country on wind and solar, nor is it green, by the way, but that's a much longer conversation. But when you watch people make really bad decisions like like RFK Jr. And Governor Cuomo, who banned fracking in New York, an outrage. New York is rich in shale. It has one of the most monstrous shale plays in the country. Pennsylvania chose to develop it. So, you have like a lot of wealth in Pennsylvania. These poor farmers up in New York, they can't have any of that money and the New Yorkers can't have any of the gas. So guess what? The result is that the Russians are pulling their tankers into the Northeast to give New York its natural gas. And the New Yorkers are paying the Russians and therefore or have been since over the time when they did the ban, which I think was 2014. Russians are a little more suppressed at this point. But for a long, long, long time, that's what happened. Now you're paying Russia for your fuel. Congratulations. You didn't change one thing about the amount of fossil fuels you're burning. All you're doing is giving Putin money to fuel a war. And so this is what happens. But the New Yorkers really believed that if they voted for the fracking ban, they were all going to just magically hop over to wind and solar, which can't even fuel that state. Apparently, all the battery storage in the country right now could run New York City for an hour. So, yeah, but they were lied to. They were lied to. And so they didn't know that. hey would never have made that choice if they'd had the real facts that people like Governor Cuomo and RFK Jr. Miseducated them because they were miseducated themselves. Yeah, not huge. I think energy needs to be; without energy actually economy collapses nothing works and energy is is absolutely central and forefront to to anything.. Jacki, I really do appreciate your time covering obviously the debate that we've just had and touching on some of those key issues which I think will be front and foremost in this election campaign. So, thank you so much for giving us your time today. Thank you, Peter. And thank you for the opportunity. It's really fun to connect across the ocean here, have this conversation. I really appreciate everything you do. Oh, thank you. You keep up the great work.

Sometimes LGBT equality means the freedom to make the same crappy choices straight people do. Your hosts travel to the beautiful Ohio River Valley to meet an out and proud hairdresser turned coal mine foreman with questionable taste in men and home decor. In episode 8 of season 32 of venerable true crime classic DATELINE, entitled “Dangerous Secret”, the unflappable Dennis Murphy narrates this twisty, soapy tale of bedroom antics turned deadly.  Meanwhile, Christopher and Eric play a speedy game of who can spot the guilty party the quickest. It's usually Eric, but this time it might be a draw.

4/3/24 - The fight for AM radio in cars continues, dangerous storms in the Ohio River Valley region, the upcoming total solar eclipse, and Taylor Swift joins an elite list of people. We discuss. A Michigan lottery winner thought her $1M win was a scam, a woman is arrested at Boston Logan Airport with 74 pounds of marijuana, Taiwan experiences largest earthquake in 25 years, a pressure is being put on Israel to stop the war  against Hamas due to humanitarian crisis in Gaza. We discuss that, too.Website: GoodDayShow.comSocial Media: @GoodDayNetworks

PREVIEW: #OHIO: Excerpt from a conversation with colleague Salena Zito of the Washington Examiner and Wall Street Journal re the Senate contest in Ohio -- and the surprising vulnerability of the long-serving and successfully Progressive Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio).  More of this later. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2920197/kristi-noem-brings-populist-star-power-to-ohio-primary/ 1885 Ohio River Valley

Jaci and Bill Kousoulas, PhD are the authors of "Bridging the Tragedy" a book based upon the 1967 Silver Bridge Disaster in Point Pleasant, WV, Mothman, and post-traumatic growth, a phenomenon that often occurs after tragedy.Book available here: https://www.amazon.com/Bridging-Trage...Bill's interest in the paranormal began in the late seventies with the original Project UFO television series. In 2003, he was introduced to THE MOTHMAN PROPHECIES movie, and it changed his life. Jaci is a retired USPS Postmaster and a current business owner/operator. She specializes in research, data analytics, and “connecting the dots” between intuition, perception, and reality.Since 2016, Bill & Jaci have visited Point Pleasant regularly, where they have become friends with several area residents, including Mothman Museum owner Jeff Wamsley and the late Carolin Harris, co-founder of the Mothman Festival. Bill holds a doctorate in psychology, with a focus on post-traumatic growth, the good things that come from bad experiences.The couple visit with Talking Weird on the week of the 56th anniversary of the Silver Bridge collapse, a tragedy often seen as the denouement of the Ohio River Valley's Mothman flap.So get ready for an insightful and moving conversation about Mothman, the Silver Bridge collapse, and the post-traumatic growth of many of the locals who were impacted by the events.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/4602609/advertisement

In this episode the team welcomes a roundtable panel to discuss the 2022 scientific paper The Hopewell airburst event 1699-1567 years ago (252-383 CE). This controversial paper has since been refuted by our panel members. In this interview the panel will present all of the information surrounding the 2022 paper and present their evidence for refuting the claim that the Hopewell culture was greatly affected or even destroyed by a cosmic event. Our panel consists of lead author Dr. Kevin Nolan. Dr. Nolan is the Director and Senior Archaeologist in the Applied Anthropology Laboratories (AAL), an institute within the College of Sciences and Humanities at Ball State University. His research specializations include: Prehistoric Archaeology, CRM, GIS, Ohio River Valley, Paleoenvironments, Soil geochemistry, and Geophysics. Next, we welcome Dr. Tony Krus. Dr. Krus is an Assistant Professor at the University of South Dakota in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology. His current research focuses on chronological modeling, human-environmental relationships, and archaeological fieldwork of late-Holocene communities, primarily in the Eastern Woodlands and the Plains. We also welcome, Dr. Tim McCoy: Dr. McCoy is a Curator of Meteorites at the Smithsonian Institution. His work primarily focuses on using meteorites to understand the differentiation of asteroids in the early Solar System and he has worked on 6 robotic spacecraft missions. Relative to this project, he has studied artifacts made from iron meteorites, including Hopewell beads from Havana, IL. Finally, we round out the panel with Dr. Laura Murphy is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas, where she teaches many archaeology courses, including the popular "Archaeological Myths, Frauds, and Controversies" course. She is a geoarchaeologist specializing in paleoenvironmental reconstruction using soils. Dr. Murphy holds her Bachelor's degree from The Ohio State University, and her MA and PhD from the University of Kansas. She is also a former National Park Ranger who worked at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park in Chillicothe, Ohio. X (Formerly Twitter)  Instagram  Facebook  Seven Ages Official Site  Patreon  YouTube  News and Guest Links:  The Hopewell airburst event, 1699-1567 years ago  Refuting the sensational claim of a Hopewell-ending cosmic airburst 

A small town in the Ohio River Valley is left in shock after beloved local coal miner Brad McGarry is found fatally shot in the basement of his home. As investigators dig into his personal life, a secret affair reveals a surprising suspect. Dennis Murphy reports.

Join us as we sit down with the man, the myth, the legend Fritz Zimmerman as we talk about the history of North America, and "Giants in the Ohio River Valley"!This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/4656375/advertisement

Trauma manifests in myriad ways.. On December 15, 1967, trauma erupted in West Virginia - as the small river town of Point Pleasant had just experienced the deadliest bridge collapse in U.S. history. Early that evening, lives in the Ohio River Valley were forever altered, as the Silver Bridge connecting Point Pleasant to Kanauga, Ohio collapsed into the icy river below. 150 American Red Cross volunteers worked feverishly overnight to rescue people and debris from the frigid waters, while friends provided comfort to the weary and hopeful with missing friends and family members. Concerned others supplied food and fire to nourish and warm the workers. “Efforts to dredge the waters of the Ohio River were hampered by the murkiness of the winter's waters, as well as the deep, persistent cold of the December air” (Bolte, 2010). Before the bridge collapse, scores of area residents experienced a year-long barrage of paranormal phenomena. Reports of UFOs, lights in the sky, and Mothman plagued the area for thirteen months to the date, halting abruptly when the thirty-nine-year-old structure collapsed. During this period, witnesses discussed their experiences with police, Athens, Ohio Messenger correspondent Mary Hyre, and paranormal researchers John Keel and Gray Barker; each of whom has since published extensively about the topic. The anomalous activity and catastrophic bridge collapse each caused great emotional, physical, and psychological strain to the people of this otherwise idyllic Appalachian region.

Trauma manifests in myriad ways.. On December 15, 1967, trauma erupted in West Virginia - as the small river town of Point Pleasant had just experienced the deadliest bridge collapse in U.S. history. Early that evening, lives in the Ohio River Valley were forever altered, as the Silver Bridge connecting Point Pleasant to Kanauga, Ohio collapsed into the icy river below. 150 American Red Cross volunteers worked feverishly overnight to rescue people and debris from the frigid waters, while friends provided comfort to the weary and hopeful with missing friends and family members. Concerned others supplied food and fire to nourish and warm the workers. “Efforts to dredge the waters of the Ohio River were hampered by the murkiness of the winter's waters, as well as the deep, persistent cold of the December air” (Bolte, 2010). Before the bridge collapse, scores of area residents experienced a year-long barrage of paranormal phenomena. Reports of UFOs, lights in the sky, and Mothman plagued the area for thirteen months to the date, halting abruptly when the thirty-nine-year-old structure collapsed. During this period, witnesses discussed their experiences with police, Athens, Ohio Messenger correspondent Mary Hyre, and paranormal researchers John Keel and Gray Barker; each of whom has since published extensively about the topic. The anomalous activity and catastrophic bridge collapse each caused great emotional, physical, and psychological strain to the people of this otherwise idyllic Appalachian region.  

Mothman researchers JACI and BILL KOUSOULAS, STEVE WARD and BRIAN SEECH are our guest tonight to discuss the latest on all things Mothman.  Of course, we will be discussing their new edition of their enthralling "Bridging the Tragedy:  Silver Linings in the Mysterious Ohio River Valley."  Steve can give us the inside scoop on the latest from the Mothman Museum and Festival.  Brian is an expert on the greater Ohio Valley paranormal events.  We will be delving into Keel's writings and other Valley cryptids and high strangeness.  We can also get into other locales associated with the legends like the TNT area.  

Welcome to the daily304 – your window into Wonderful, Almost Heaven, West Virginia.   Today is Saturday, July 29  The Ceredo Petroglyph captures a slice of time from ancient Native American culture…The History Project showcases fascinating people, places and events from WV's past…and get your best business pitch ready for the Build-Up Berkeley initiative…on today's daily304. #1 – From WV EXPLORER – The Ceredo Historical Society Museum is home to a remarkable artifact. The modest, one-room structure in Wayne County serves as a vital repository for local history. Its displays are packed with old documents, high school memorabilia, handblown glassware, and various other eclectic artifacts. Most visitors, however, are quickly drawn to the massive sandstone boulder beside the front desk. The Ceredo Petroglyph, as it has come to be known, measures three feet by six feet and weighs upwards of a thousand pounds. The top features around a dozen carvings of different symbols. They seem to depict four birds, a turtle, some humanoid or mammalian figures, and some indeterminate geometric designs.  Archaeologists today believe that the Ceredo Petroglyph and others around the state were carved between 1200 and 1700 A.D. This would have been during the time of the Fort Ancient culture, a civilization of Native Americans who inhabited much of the Ohio River Valley.  Read more: https://wvexplorer.com/2023/07/10/ceredo-petroglyph-historical-museum-west-virginia/   #2 – From WV.GOV – Perfectly centered among the Eastern states, West Virginia is where the thresholds of the North, South and Midwest all converge with the Appalachian Mountains, to tell the history of our nation in microcosm. Major events like the Revolutionary and Civil wars, and famous people ranging from Daniel Boone to Katherine Johnson, mix with the rich heritage of Native Americans and men and women of all colors who reshaped the world and serve as guides through the American story. These stories all come together in “The History Project,” the daily304's presentation of famous people, places and events that shaped West Virginia.  Subscribe to the daily304 YouTube channel and podcast so you don't miss an episode! Watch the videos: https://www.wv.gov/daily304/historyproject/Pages/default.aspx   #3 – From THE MARTINSBURG JOURNAL – The Berkeley County Development Authority has announced its new Build-Up Berkeley initiative, a competition with a $10,000 grand prize aimed to empower small local businesses and foster economic growth within the community. Build-Up Berkeley combines a competitive element with an educational one, as entrepreneurs have the opportunity to learn through educational sessions, followed by a live presentation that will be open to the public on Nov. 2 at the Apollo Civic Theatre in Martinsburg. Competitors will showcase their business plans and pitch their ideas to a panel of judges. Applications open at 8 a.m. Aug. 11. To apply, participants must be located in Berkeley County and will need to fill out an application and create a 30-second pitch that will be reviewed by a panel of judges.  Read more: https://www.journal-news.net/journal-news/build-up-berkeley-initiative-aims-to-foster-small-businesses-in-berkeley-county/article_764e140b-e125-56dd-a165-b05e08ddde04.html   Find these stories and more at wv.gov/daily304. The daily304 curated news and information is brought to you by the West Virginia Department of Commerce: Sharing the wealth, beauty and opportunity in West Virginia with the world. Follow the daily304 on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram @daily304. Or find us online at wv.gov and just click the daily304 logo.  That's all for now. Take care. Be safe. Get outside and enjoy all the opportunity West Virginia has to offer.

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:59).Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments ImagesSources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.). Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 7-7-23. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the weeks of July 10 and July 17, 2023.  This is a revised version of an episode from July 2018. MUSIC – ~16 sec – instrumental. That song, by Trevor McKenzie—the title of which will be revealed later, so as not to spoil the upcoming mystery—opens an episode about a formerly hoppin' southwestern Virginia crossroads, whose two-word name tells a tale of landscape, water, and seasonal aquatic creatures.  Have a listen for about 10 seconds to these mystery sounds, and see if you can guess this crossroads' name.  The sounds are your hint to the first word of the name, and here's a hint for the second word: water on it doesn't flow downhill, and people on it tell the truth. SOUNDS - ~11 sec - Gray Treefrog, Spring Peeper, Green Frog If you guessed Frog Level, you're a Virginia geography expert!  Along U.S. Business Route 19 in Tazewell County lies a large, flat, seasonally wet area that attracts lots of loud amphibians in spring and summer.  Just uphill from that area, where Route 19, U.S. Route 460, and State Route 16 all meet, the Frog Level gas station plus store and tavern was a popular spot for gathering, socializing, and politicking from 1932 to 2007.  In 2009, the historic building was moved about two miles to a spot adjacent to Tazewell's Crab Orchard Museum. The colorful history of the business included the creation by bar regulars of the Frog Level Yacht Club, with t-shirts that joked about refueling schooner vessels.  That whimsical name is also the title of this episode's opening song, which recalls the business's connection to the Prohibition and Great Depression eras. Tazewell County, Virginia, is by no means the only locality to claim an area called Frog Level.  That water feature-and-creature-based name also is found, for example, in Caroline County, Virginia; in Waynesville, North Carolina; in Carter County, Tennessee; and in Fayette County, Alabama.  In Caroline County, Frog Level is an area between Boot Swamp and Herring Creek, in the Mattaponi River watershed.  In the North Carolina and Alabama cases, the name was applied to low, flat areas where the first railroad tracks were laid.  And in Tennessee, Frog Level is a remote, mountainous area of streams, waterfalls, bogs, and—one can presume—seasonally breeding and calling frogs. Other wildlife-based names also add a natural-resource perspective to Virginia's geography and history.  The Commonwealth is home to Buffalo Gap, Clam, Dolphin, Ducks Store, Possum Trot, and many others.  But, at least from a water perspective, creature place names don't get much more descriptive, or fun, than Frog Level. Thanks to Trevor McKenzie for permission to use part of “Frog Level Yacht Club,” from his album “Generational Things,” and we close with about 30 more seconds of that song. MUSIC - ~32 sec – Lyrics: “With that calypso beat it always sounded so neat on the five-string, and an empty gas can could always double as a drum.  I know it's fantasy and my mind plays tricks on my memory, but that's how I recall the Frog Level Yacht Club.” SHIP'S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech's College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close this episode.  In Blacksburg, I'm Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Virginia Water Radio episode revises and replaces Episode 431, 7-30-18. The frog sounds heard in this episode—all recorded by Virginia Water Radio in Blacksburg, Va., on May 23, 2013—were Gray Tree Frog, Green Frog, and Spring Peeper. “Frog Level Yacht Club,” from the album “Generational Things,” is copyright by Trevor McKenzie, used with permission.  More information about Trevor McKenzie is available online at http://www.trevormckenzie.com/. Virginia Water Radio thanks Jess Jones, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Virginia Tech Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, for suggesting and helping with the previous version of this episode in 2018. Click here if you'd like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Cosgrove is available online at http://www.bencosgrove.com.IMAGES (Photographs are by Virginia Water Radio.) Wetland area at Frog Level in Tazewell County, Va., July 13, 2018. Frog Level sign at U.S. Route 19, U.S. Route 460, and State Route 16 intersection in Tazewell County, Va., July 13, 2018. Remains at the former site of the Frog Level store in Tazewell County, Va., July 13, 2018. Former Frog Level store building at a site adjacent to the Crab Orchard Museum on U.S. Routes 19 and 460 in Tazewell County, Va., July 13, 2018. SOURCES USED FOR AUDIO AND OFFERING MORE INFORMATION City of Fayette, Alabama, “A Brief History of Fayette,” online at http://fayetteal.org/about/. Crab Orchard Museum, online at https://www.craborchardmuseum.com/. DeLorme/Garmin Company, Virginia with Washington, D.C., Atlas and Gazetteer, Ninth Edition, 2021. Frog Level Farm, Aylett, Va. (King William County), online at https://www.facebook.com/pages/Frog-Level-Farm/161088237254620. Frog Level Volunteer Fire Department (Caroline County), online at https://www.facebook.com/Frog-Level-Volunteer-Fire-Department-152122678162630/. Historic Frog Level Merchants Association, “Historic Background of Waynesville [Haywood County, N.C.] & Frog Level History,” online at http://www.historicfroglevel.com/frog-level-history/.  (This Web site was accessed in 2018; as of 7-10-23, the site stated that it is “under maintenance.”) Kevin Kittredge, Fans of Frog Level Service Station preserve Tazewell County icon by moving it a hop, skip and jump away, Roanoke Times, 3/26/11. Bill Lohmann, Welcome to Frog Level, a short hop to good living, Richmond Times-Dispatch, 10/28/15 (on the Caroline County, Va., community called Frog Level). Mark W. Peacock, “Appalachian Treks/Frog Level,” 8/24/14 (describing an area in Carter County, Tenn.), online at http://appalachiantreks.blogspot.com/2014/08/frog-level.html. Joe Tennis, Hopping Along: Work under way to restore Frog Level store, Bristol Herald-Courier, 6/3/10. RELATED VIRGINIA WATER RADIO EPISODES All Water Radio episodes are listed by category at the Index link above (http://www.virginiawaterradio.org/p/index.html).  For other frog episodes, see the “Amphibians” subject category.  Following are links to some other episodes on Virginia geography.  For other episodes about water-related places, see particularly the “History” and “Rivers, Streams, and Other Surface Waters” subject categories. A walk across Virginia – Episode 110, 5-14-12. Cumberland Gap – Episode 544, 9-28-20. Exploration of the Chesapeake Bay – Episode 140, 12-10-12. Forks in waterways – Episode 545, 10-5-20. Fort Valley – Episode 331, 8-29-16. Geography in general – Episode 265, 5-11-15. Mountain gaps – Episode 288, 11-2-15. River origins of Virginia's signers of the Declaration of Independence – Episode 220, 6-30-14. Virginia connections to the Ohio River Valley – Episode 422, 5-28-18. Virginia's National Park Service Units – Episode 229, 9-1-14. Virginia Peninsula and Historic Triangle – Episode 273, 7-6-15. Virginia rivers quiz – Episode 586, 7-19-21. Virginia's Western or Alleghany Highlands – Episode 577, 5-17-21. Water and settlement of Roanoke – Episode 181, 9-30-13. Watersheds – Episode 581, 6-14-21; Episode 582, 6-21-21; Episode 583, 6-28-21; Episode 585, 7-12-21; Episode 587, 7-26-21; Episode 588, 8-2-21; Episode 589, 8-9-21. Water Places in U.S. Civil Rights History – Episode 619, 3-7-22. FOR VIRGINIA TEACHERS – RELATED STANDARDS OF LEARNING (SOLs) AND OTHER INFORMATION Following are some Virginia Standards of Learning (SOLs) that may be supported by this episode's audio/transcript, sources, or other information included in this post. 2020 Music SOLs SOLs at various grade levels that call for “examining the relationship of music to the other fine arts and other fields of knowledge.” 2018 Science SOLs Grades K-4: Living Systems and Processes3.5 – Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems support a diversity of organisms.4.3 – Organisms, including humans, interact with one another and with the nonliving components in the ecosystem. Grades K-5: Earth Resources4.8 – Virginia has important natural resources. 2015 Social Studies SOLs Virginia Studies CourseVS.1 – Impact of geographic features on people, places, and events in Virginia history.VS.10 – Knowledge of government, geography, and economics in present-day Virginia. United States History: 1865-to-Present CourseUSII.6 – Social, economic, and technological changes from the 1890s to 1945. World Geography CourseWG.2 – How selected physical and ecological processes shape the Earth's surface, including climate, weather, and how humans influence their environment and are influenced by it.WG.3 – How regional landscapes reflect the physical environment and the cultural characteristics of their inhabitants. Virginia's SOLs are available from the Virginia Department of Education, online at https://www.doe.virginia.gov/teaching-learning-assessment/instruction Following are links to Water Radio episodes (various topics) designed especially for certain K-12 grade levels. Episode 250, 1-26-15 – on boiling, for kindergarten through 3rd grade. Episode 255, 3-2-15 – on density, for 5th and 6th grade. Episode 282, 9-21-15 – on living vs. non-living, for kindergarten. Episode 309, 3-28-16 – on temperature regulation in animals, for kindergarten through 12th grade. Episode 333, 9-12-16 – on dissolved gases, especially dissolved oxygen in aquatic habitats, for 5th grade. Episode 404, 1-22-18 – on ice on ponds and lakes, for 4th through 8th grade. Episode 407, 2-12-18 – on snow chemistry and physics, for high school. Episode 483, 7-29-19 – on buoyancy and drag, for middle school and high school. Episode 524, 5-11-20 – on sounds by water-related animals, for elementary school through high school. Episode 531, 6-29-20 – on various ways that animals get water, for 3rd and 4th grade. Episode 539, 8-24-20 – on basic numbers and facts about Virginia's water resources, for 4th and 6th grade. Episode 606, 12-6-21 – on freezing and ice, for kindergarten through 3rd grade.

Bill Kousoulas and his wife Jaci are the authors of "Bridging theTragedy," a book based upon the 1967 Silver Bridge Disaster in PointPleasant, WV, Mothman, and post-traumatic growth, a phenomenon thatoften occurs after tragedy. Bill's interest in the paranormal began inthe late seventies with the original Project UFO television series. In2003, he was introduced to "The Mothman Prophecies" movie, and itchanged his life. Since then, he has dedicated countless hours toresearching the Mothman events in the Ohio River Valley. He holds adoctorate in psychology.Since 2016, Bill & Jaci have visited Point Pleasant regularly, wherethey have become friends with several area residents, includingMothman Museum owner Jeff Wamsley and the late Carolin Harris,co-founder of the Mothman Festival. They own and operate PhenomenologyResearch Professionals, an organization that focuses on the goodthings that come from bad experiences.

The recent derailment of a train carrying toxic and hazardous chemicals through East Palestine, Ohio, offers a window into the centuries-long history of industrial pollution in the Ohio River Valley region. This area, known for centuries as “coal country,” is transforming into a plastics production hub — with similarly devastating environmental consequences. We're joined by Eve Andrews, an environmental journalist from Pittsburgh. Andrews recently visited the region and spoke with residents about how this past impacts their futures. Read her story for Grist here.

When a train carrying hazardous materials derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, just over a month ago, the team at River Valley Organizing sprang into action. River Valley Organizing is a multi-racial, multicultural working class organization that radically builds community throughout the Ohio River Valley—and they've been calling attention to the possibility of a train derailment like this for years. Since this catastrophic incident, they've been advocating for residents' health and safety, holding political and business leaders accountable, and getting the word out about what's going on in Ohio. Today, we're releasing a conversation Jonathan recorded on Instagram Live with Emily Wright and Justin Garner from River Valley Organizing. Listen in to learn more about this environmental and public health disaster, and what the future could look like for residents of Columbiana County. This is still a fast-developing situation, so make sure to follow River Valley Organizing for the latest. They're on Instagram @rivervalleyorganizing, Twitter @RiverValleyOrg, and Facebook @rivervalleyorganizing. Their website is rivervalleyorganizing.com. Emily Wright is the Development Director for River Valley Organizing. Justin Garner is the Communications Director and LGBTQIA+ Rep for River Valley Organizing. Follow us on Instagram and Twitter @CuriousWithJVN to join the conversation. Jonathan is on Instagram and Twitter @JVN and @Jonathan.Vanness on Facebook. Transcripts for each episode are available at JonathanVanNess.com. Our executive producer is Erica Getto. Our associate producer is Zahra Crim. Our editor is Andrew Carson. Our theme music is “Freak” by QUIÑ; for more, head to TheQuinCat.com. 

The fossil fuel industry is banking its future on petrochemicals — the toxic precursor to plastics. In this episode, Katharine and Leah speak with activists who are fighting back against petrochemicals in “sacrifice zones” across America, from the Ohio River Valley to the Gulf Coast. Learn where petrochemicals come from, how they harm people, places, and the climate, and why the fossil fuel industry wants them as a lifeline.  We hear from three guests who are leading us to a world beyond petrochemicals and plastics: Michele Fetting, program director at the Breathe Project in Pittsburgh; Shilpi Chhotray, co-founder and executive director of People Over Plastics, a BIPOC storytelling and environmental justice power-building collective; and Yvette Arellano, founder and director of a Houston-based environmental justice organization, Fenceline Watch. Katharine mentions the Clean Air Council's fact sheet on the Shell Appalachia Ethane Cracker plant and cites data from the OECD on projected global plastic emissions. Leah references a study on cancer rates in Louisiana's “Cancer Alley.” If you want to dive deeper on the many problems with plastics, explore the bounty of resources from Beyond Plastics. Check out the comprehensive policy solutions proposed in the Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act. Next time, we'll bring you a special holiday episode, featuring an audio essay from the bestselling anthology All We Can Save: “Indigenous Prophecy and Mother Earth” by Sherri Mitchell. Subscribe wherever you get your podcasts and don't miss a single episode this season!

On this episode of the Bear Grease Podcast we'll be looking into the life a man whose legacy is wrought with conflict. To Americans who lived in the Ohio River Valley he was a folk  hero, but to the Native Americans he hated and murdered in cold-blood, he was known as the Deathwind. Clay Newcomb went to the Ohio Valley to interview outdoor writer and author, Chip Gross, to learn about the life of Lewis Wetzel. This dark-deep-dive comes at the request one of Steve Rinella of MeatEater, who is also a guest on this episode. We'll talk about Wetzel's life and the brutality of the American frontier. Lastly, in an effort to understand the mind frame of Wetzel, Clay will interview mental health professional, Zach Newcomb, to learn if our boy Wetzel was truly a sociopath, a serial killer, or if his actions simply the result of life lived in a war zone. We doubt you're going to want to miss this one.  We know folks let their young kids listen to Bear Grease (which we love), but we'll warn you -- in this episode there is lots of talk of graphic violence. Connect with Clay and MeatEater Clay on Instagram MeatEater on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube Shop Bear Grease Merch See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.