Podcasts about varieties

Can hybrid grapes revolutionize the wine world? Adam Huss — Host of the Beyond Organic podcast and Co-owner of Centralas Cellars breaks down what a hybrid truly is, explaining how traditional breeding — and nature itself — has long crossed grape species. With over 70 grape species worldwide, today's modern hybrids are the result of generations of crossing, backcrossing, and innovation. We explore the impact of WWII on agriculture, France's ban on hybrids in appellation wines, and why developing new hybrids is critical for disease resistance, flavor discovery, and more sustainable farming. Plus, Adam shares insights into trialing the “married vine” system — a potential game-changer for soil health, pest management, and flavor expression. Resources:         135: Cold Hardiness of Grapevines 217: Combating Climate Chaos with Adaptive Winegrape Varieties 227: Andy Walkers' Pierces Disease-Resistant Grapes are a Success at Ojai Vineyard Adam Huss – LinkedIn Centralas Organic Wine Podcast South Central Los Angeles Couple Opens New Winery Dedicated to Organic Values, Transparency, Inclusion Wine's F- Word Vineyard Team Programs: Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship - Donate SIP Certified – Show your care for the people and planet   Sustainable Ag Expo – The premiere winegrowing event of the year Vineyard Team – Become a Member Get More Subscribe wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org.   Transcript [00:00:03] Beth Vukmanic: Welcome to Sustainable Wine Growing with Vineyard Team, where we bring you the latest in science and research for the wine industry. I'm Beth Vukmanic, Executive Director [00:00:13] In today's podcast, Craig Macmillan, critical resource manager at Niner Wine Estates with longtime SIP Certified Vineyard in the first ever. SIP Certified Winery speaks with Adam Huss, host of the Beyond Organic Podcast and co-owner of Centralis Cellars. [00:00:32] Adam breaks down what a hybrid truly is, explaining how traditional breeding and nature itself has long crossed grape species with over 70 grape species worldwide. Today's modern hybrids are the result of generations of crossing, backcrossing, and innovation. [00:00:50] We explore the impact of World War II on agriculture, France's ban on hybrids and Appalachian wines, and why developing new hybrids is critical for disease resistance, flavor discovery, and more sustainable farming. [00:01:03] Plus, Adam shares insights into trialing the married vine system, a potential game changer for soil health, pest management, and flavor expression. [00:01:12] When Lizbeth didn't get into nursing school on her first try, she could have given up. Instead, she partnered with her mentor Alex, to make a new plan, attend classes part-time, build up her resume and get hands-on hospital work experience. Now Lizbeth has been accepted into Cuesta College's nursing program and her dream of becoming a nurse is back on track. [00:01:36] Lizbeth is a Vineyard Team, Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholar. You can help more students like her who are the children of Vineyard and winery workers reach their dreams of earning a degree by donating to the Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship. Just go to vineyardteam.org/donate. [00:01:53] Now let's listen in. [00:01:58] Craig Macmillan: Our guest today is Adam Huss. He is the host of the Beyond Organic Podcast and also co-owner of Centralis Winery in Los Angeles, California. And today we're gonna talk about hybrid grape varieties. Welcome to the podcast, Adam. [00:02:11] Adam Huss: Thanks, Craig. I really appreciate it. Thanks for having me. [00:02:17] Craig Macmillan: So let's just start with the basics. What are hybrid grape varieties? [00:02:22] Adam Huss: I should also say I'm a fan of your podcast as well, so it's really fun to be here. [00:02:26] Craig Macmillan: Thank you. Thank you. [00:02:28] Adam Huss: Been listening for a while. So hybrids, I mean, it's really simple. It's funny, I see stuff on Instagram sometimes where people just are so misinformed and they think that, you know, hybrid means like GMO or something like that. [00:02:41] A hybrid simply is just, you take pollen from grape X, you put it on flowers from grape y, and if those two grapes are from different species, you have a hybrid. If they're from the same species, you just have a cross, and this is something that has been part of traditional breeding since forever. It's also what happens naturally in the wild. [00:03:00] Or I hate, I actually just use two words I try not to use at all, which is like natural and wild, but in forests and streams forests and backyards without human intervention, these pollen get exchanged by wind and everything else and have led to, you know, some of the more. Old popular varieties of grapes that are, considered hybrids that we know of now, like Norton and Isabella and Kaaba. [00:03:23] Nobody actually crossed them. They just happened. So yeah, that's, that's a hybrid. It's very simple. [00:03:29] Craig Macmillan: That's what they are, what aren't they and what are some of the myths surrounding them? [00:03:33] Adam Huss: yeah, great question. You can't generalize about hybrids. Generally speaking. So that's really important thing for people to wrap their heads around, which is because. You know, we'll get into this, but so much, so many hybrids are, and just hybrids in general, are wrapped up in prejudice because we live in this sort of viniferous centric wine world. [00:03:56] You know, , those of us who are in wine, but there, you just can't generalize. The qualities of hybrids are just like humans. Like it depends on what your parents are. You know, you, you get different things every time you mix 'em up and you're not like your brother or sister. If you have a sibling, you know you're gonna be different from them even though you have the same parents. [00:04:13] So that's the same thing happens with grapes. There's genetic diversity and mutation happens and. For hybrids, , the possibilities, the potentials are literally infinite. It's pretty incredible to know that possibility exists. There are over 70 species of grapes on earth besides vitus vara, and if you cross any of those two varieties, yeah, you'll get a genetic cross that's 50 50 of, of two different species. [00:04:40] But that. Within that you could do that cross again and get a different variety of grape, even with the same cross. So it's just amazing. [00:04:51] The modern hybrids that are now out there are. Often multi-species crosses and have been crossed. Generationally again and again and back crossed and recrossed. And so, you know, I was just looking at a hybrid grape that had five species of grapes in its family tree. I mean, there are family trees that would make the royals blush, honestly, in some of these hybrids. [00:05:11] So it's not, it's not something that is just, can be just said. You can say one thing about it or that. And, and the idea of hybridizing doesn't imply anything at all, really, like it is just this process that happens that we've been doing for a long time. This might be a good thing to dispel some of the prejudices. [00:05:34] You know, something like the word foxy often gets thrown around when we start talking about hybrids. I did a whole podcast about this what's really interesting, I just brought this word up to a, a young couple here in LA who are growing grapes and they, they had no idea what I was talking about. [00:05:49] So that's kind of encouraging. Like in, in the younger generations, these prejudices and some of these words that we inherited from the last century , are dying out truly. Which is great, but it still persists and you still hear it a lot and. If anybody goes online and researches some of these grapes, so much of the information available online is actually still misinformation and prejudiced because it comes from this vinifirous centric culture. [00:06:15] And so it's really important for people to understand that like foxy is not what it sounds like. It sounds like it would be this animalistic, musky, maybe scent gland tinged aroma, flavor thing, but. If you taste the grapes that are known as foxy and you go, you know, start researching this by tasting, you'll find that it's actually kind of delicious. [00:06:37] It's usually fruity and you know, candy like strawberry raspberry flavors. And for those of us in the US. It's often something we associate with Grapiness because of Welchs. And the flavors of Welchs, which come from the Concord grape, which is a Foxy grape, are these grapey flavors that we grew up with. [00:06:57] This sense of like grape candy and stuff like that. And that's a lot of times what you find in these, but again, it depends a lot on. The level of the compounds that are in that specific hybrid. Again, you can't, you can't generalize. And just like with anything, if you mix different compounds together, you'll get these nuances and you might have some of that flavor or aroma, but it'll be blended with other things. [00:07:17] And so it takes on new characteristics. So it's way more complex than just thinking like a. All grapes that are hybridized are foxy. That's absolutely not true. Or that foxy is this monolithic thing or that foxy is bad. None of those are true. And then really the other thing to realize is in. Grapes in the native North American varieties of species of grapes. [00:07:41] There's really only one that has been used traditionally in grape breeding and hybridization that has these flavors. And that's Vitus labrusca. It just happened to be used quite a bit because it's endemic to the East coast where a lot of the Europeans who started all this breeding were living and, and it was, you know, very readily apparent in the forest of the East coast. [00:07:59] So that. Got used a lot and it's also got a lot of great qualities of fungal resistance and stuff like that. Muscadine is the other grape that has it, but it's got a different genetic structure so it doesn't get crossed a lot or hybridized a lot. [00:08:11] Craig Macmillan: So like, what are the advantages of hybrids where you take vinifira and you cross it with a Native American indigenous grape? What are the benefits? [00:08:21] Adam Huss: Yeah. Another great question. Just , the historical perspective on this is really important. I think. So, you know, Europeans came here a couple hundred years ago, and eventually they brought some of their favorite plants over, one of which were their grapes. And what they noticed right away is that their grapes, I. [00:08:38] Suffered and died without exception, just across the board. Anything they brought over grape wise just kept dying, kept dying. You know, many people tried for a century at least, you know, including people like Thomas Jefferson, people with enormous amounts of resources, and they just failed. They failed to grow these grapes. [00:08:56] Meanwhile, you know, these things like. Norton, this, these hybridized grapes started developing and people noticed like, oh, this grape, it's crossing with some of , the local varieties and it's doing really well. So they began to realize, like they didn't know then that part of, one of the benefits that you get is phylloxera resistance, for example. [00:09:16] But that was a big one and came to save, you know, Europe's wine industry at the end of the 19th century. But also you have these grapes that . Evolved with the fungal pathogens of this, of these climates of North America and other places around the planet. So they've developed resistance and tolerance for all these things. [00:09:38] And so when you cross them with vinifira, you get some of the desirable characteristics that you might like from Vera, and hopefully you'll get some of that, you know, hardiness and fungal resistance and some of the other, just. General benefits of having hybridized interesting new flavors and characteristics [00:09:56] Craig Macmillan: have you seen some examples of this in your, in your travels? [00:10:01] Adam Huss: the fungal resistance and things like [00:10:03] Craig Macmillan: resistance or Pierces disease resistance or anything like that. [00:10:07] Adam Huss: Oh yeah. I mean, I. Whew, so many. I mean, the fact that people can grow grapes organically in Vermont for example, relies almost entirely on hybrids. You know, first of all, they have extremely cold winters there. They have extremely wet, hot, humid summers there. And if you try to grow vinifera there the only way to do it is with chemicals and, and a lot of heartache and, and high risk agriculture. [00:10:35] But here we have somebody like Matt Niess, who's working entirely with hybrids, with his winery, north American Press, and basically he's not using any sprays in any of his vineyards in here in California because these. These grapes have genetics that developed for resistance to the fungal pathogens of the East Coast. [00:10:55] And so you bring them to this nice dry, you know, Mediterranean climate, they're just like, they're crazy. They're like you know, they're, you can basically spray free now. I mean, some people have a problem with zero sprays because they don't want things to develop, but he has a 70-year-old baco noir vineyard, for example, that's in like a wet region in Sonoma that. [00:11:18] He has never sprayed and it's pumping out grapes and looking beautiful every year. And the really interesting thing about it's, there are some inter plantations of vinfiera in that like somebody. Planted something. Maybe it was Pinot Noir in with the Baco. It's like one every, you know, like there's only a few, a handful of these scattered throughout the acre of the Baco noir, and you can tell which ones those are every year because they're just decimated by mildew by the end of the year, whereas the Baco is just spotless and beautiful. [00:11:46] So that's a really like obvious, [00:11:49] Craig Macmillan: What are the wines like? The bako noir? I've never had a bako noir. [00:11:53] Adam Huss: Oh, his wines. Well, so Baco is nice. It's, I mean, it's higher acid. It's almost like a high acid. Gosh, I don't know what, it's hard. I, I, I hate to go down the rabbit hole of like trying to compare it to a vinifira, but it is unique. But it's a deep red almost interior, like with deep purple, higher acid flavors, but pretty balanced, really luscious. Dark fruited flavors maybe a little. Like Syrah, like meatiness, there may be a touch. You might find that it depends on the year. He's had a couple different vintages, so it's been really interesting to see. I'm, I'm kinda like loving following that year by year, seeing the vintage variation and what. [00:12:35] Different things come out because nobody's really doing this. Nobody's, nobody's experimenting with these. So we don't really know how they'll do in, in California other than what he's doing. And just a couple other growers. But he also this year introduced awba for the first time back into California. [00:12:50] The last catawba Vines were ripped out of California in like the sixties, and he, planted some and finally was able to harvest a crop this year and released what was once. California, I mean, the America's most popular wine from the Ohio River Valley is sparkling catawba, and it's like pink and just delicious, beautiful, beautiful stuff. [00:13:10] If I can step back, I think a lot of the discussion of hybrids, again, comes from this perspective of vinifira culture and how do we. Help vinifera become better. How do we use these hybrids as a tool to help, you know, this sort of vinifira centric culture? But I, I would, I'd like to reframe it. [00:13:31] I think a better way to look at this is hybridization is kind of just what we always do with agriculture. It's how you evolve and adapt your agriculture. Ecologically in the absence of modern chemistry that we have. So like before World War ii, and part of, and this is part of the history, France's history too, is like, you know, we had RA decimating their, their vineyards as well as. , we didn't just bring phylloxera back from North America, we brought BlackRock, Downey mildew, powdery mildew. So , their vines were just like dying. Like they were just dying. And so there was this urgent need and a lot of the hybridization, a lot of, some of our, you know, hybrids like Save El Blanc and things like that. [00:14:15] Came from French breeders who were just trying to save the French wine industry. Like they just wanted to have wine, let alone vinifira. You know, it was that. It was pretty bad at the end of that set, you know? And so they developed these new things and then we, you know, things like Isabella and catawba and things like that were coming over from North America, some of our hybrids that came from here, and pretty soon they had these really productive, really hardy vines with new, interesting flavors that. [00:14:41] People kinda liked 'cause they are like fruity and delicious and interesting and new and, and if you're a farmer and you have less inputs and you get a more productive, like higher yields on your vine, like, it's just kind of a no-brainer. And so people were just planting these things. They really were taking off. [00:14:59] And in 1934, the French were like, whoa, whoa, whoa. Like our, our, first of all, our. Ancient vinifera cultures are going to be completely diluted, but second of all, we're gonna devalue the market 'cause we're gonna have all this like, it's too abundant, you know? So they made, in 1934, they made hybrids illegal in the French Appalachians. [00:15:17] And so that legacy is something that still sticks with us. Of course then World War II happened and we. Didn't really pay much attention to wine at all 'cause we were just trying to survive. But once World War II was over and the the war machine transferred into the pesticide and industrial agricultural machine, the French realized they could keep Vera alive on root stocks of American hybrids or American native varieties by spraying them with these new novel chemistry chemicals. [00:15:49] And so then they started enforcing the ban on hybrids because they could, and they knew they could have the, this alternative. And so that's when you saw like they had their own sort of version of reefer madness where you, you saw a lot of misinformation and hyperbole and outright propaganda and lies about these, these grapes because they were trying to get them out of French vineyards. [00:16:10] It's important to realize that Ban the EU just lifted the ban on hybrids in Appalachian wine in 2021. So it's kind of not surprising that some of these prejudices and misinformation still persist today. We're not too far away from that. I. [00:16:26] Craig Macmillan: And, and why was the band lifted? Do you know? [00:16:30] Adam Huss: That's a great question. It's, it was lifted for ecological reasons because they're realizing these are really important to dealing with climate change. This is like, if you want a sustainable industry, you need to be able to adapt. When you're inside this, this world of vinifira, what I call the vinifira culture, which is, you know, very centered on Vera. [00:16:50] You don't realize how strange it is. You know, it's kind of like growing up with a, a weird family, you know? It's all you know, so you don't know how strange they are until you start seeing the rest of the world. But to think that, you know, 50 years ago we just decided that maybe like. 10 grapes were the pinnacle of viticultural achievement for all time, and we've basically invested all of our energies into, you know, propagating those around the planet and preserving them at all costs is kind of strange when you think about the whole history of agriculture. [00:17:20] And it's really only possible because of cheep fossil fuels and the novel chemistry that we. Have put into our systems. And so if you take those out, if you start thinking ecologically about how do you develop a wine system, I mean the question is like, does it make sense when farming in a world where the only constant is change and we just live in a dynamic world, does it make sense to try to do everything you can to prevent change? [00:17:45] Like is prevention of change like a good strategy? And so I think, you know, diversity and adaptation are. What have always worked, you know, historically through agriculture, and that's kind of the future. I mean, in a real sense, vinifera culture is the past and hybrids are the future. If we want to have a future, there's my enthusiastic, [00:18:09] Craig Macmillan: Well, I'd like you to expand a little bit more on that. 'cause we we have a group of hybrids that are well known or are commonly used. I've, I've been hearing about Marquette a lot more, um, As having a lot of potential WW. What does that future potentially look like and what are some things that would have to happen for that potential to be realized? [00:18:31] Adam Huss: So we have invested, you know, millions of dollars in time and energy and even policy into developing, , the chemicals that we now use to support our, viticulture. And to make it possible in places like Virginia, where, you know, they're developing a whole wine industry there around vinifira in a climate that is, you know, like I said, that was the climate that like Thomas Jefferson failed for and everyone else for hundreds of years failed to grow it there. [00:18:59] If we invested that same amount of time and energy and money into breeding programs and into. Research for the kinds of things that we're now discovering, like DNA markers so that we can have DNA marker assisted breeding. So you're, you're speeding up the breeding process by sometimes two, three years. [00:19:19] Which is, which is significant in a process that can take, you know, 10 to 20 years that any, any little bit helps. So that kinda stuff and just more of it, more private breeders, making it more valuable for private breeders. I always think it's really interesting that like billionaires would rather just do another sort of like cult. [00:19:39] Ego, Napa cab investment, you know, rather than like breed their own personal variety of grape that nobody else could have. I mean, I'm not recommending that, but like, to me that seems really interesting as an idea. You could just have your own proprietary grape variety if you wanted to, you know, but nobody's thinking that way. [00:19:58] But I would say breeding, putting our, our time and energy into breeding not new varieties is, . Really important and, and working with the ones that are already there, I mean. The only reason California's so such strangers to them is because it's so easy to grow here. You know, we're relatively speaking and I get that. [00:20:15] I mean, you know, people like what they like and, and change is hard and market conditions are what they are. But I think we're at a point where. Marking conditions are changed. Like I said, you know, this young couple I was just talking to don't, don't have never even heard the word foxy. And so I think there's a lot more openness to just what's in the glass. Now. [00:20:35] Craig Macmillan: So some. Of it's messaging. If we can have wines that people can taste and do it in a context that's new to them. So there may be an opportunity here with newer wine drinkers or younger wine drinkers potentially, is what it sounds like to me. [00:20:48] Adam Huss: Yeah, and I. I mean, some of this is also realizing all the different ways that hybrids are already being used and could be used. Like, you know, we know you mentioned Pierce's disease. Pierce's disease is this disease that's endemic to California and is heading north. I mean, it's really on the threshold of all of the major wine regions of, of California. [00:21:11] And the only ways . To stop it without hybrids, without resistant hybrids are, are pretty intense. You know, it's like eliminating habitat through, , basically creating a sterile medium of your vineyard and then spraying with insecticides, you know some, sometimes pretty intense insecticides. [00:21:29] The alternative though is there are now multiple varieties of grapes that are. Resistant to them that are tolerant to it so they, they can carry the bacteria, but it won't affect the health of the vine. Those were bred, some of them here, right here in California at uc Davis. And yet if you go to the University of California Agricultural Network Resources page that, you know, kind of handles all the IPM for California, sort of like the resource. [00:21:56] And if you read about Pierce's disease, it makes zero mention of using tolerant. Varieties as a management strategy. And it makes no mention that there are even are tolerant varieties to Pierce's disease as a management strategy. So just that kind of stuff is the shift that has to happen. 'cause it just shows how vinifera centric our entire industry is, like from the top down, even when there are these great strategies that you can use and start implementing to combat these things, ecologically versus chemically. [00:22:25] They're not there, you know, they're not being mentioned. So just little things like that would go a long way. Also, you know, I mean, one of my fun little facts is like. There are already hybrids being used significantly, like probably everybody on who's listening to this has, if you've bought a bottle of wine at a grocery store that was under 20 bucks, you've probably drunk hybrids because 10,000 acres of ruby red is grown in California to make mega purple and mega purples. Pretty much in every, like, you know, mass produced under $20 bottle of wine and it's got esra, Vitus, esra in it. So you've probably been drinking hybrids and not even known about it. [00:23:04] In terms of these Andy Walker hybrids, I do have a little that which were bred for Pierce's disease resistance. I also have kind of a fun story in that I, as you know, like we've, we've both talked to Adam Tolmach, who replanted a whole block that he lost to Pierce's disease with these hybrid varieties, and these are designed specifically to retain a lot of vinifira characteristics. They're like 97% back crossed to be. vinifira and 3% with Vitus, Arizona to have that Pierce's disease resistant specifically. So they don't have a lot of the other benefits that like a higher percentage of North American native varieties would have. Like they, they're still susceptible to powdery mildew and other mildew pretty, pretty intensely, [00:23:44] but just in terms of flavor for anybody who's out there. So I've, I've barrel tasted with Adam. Tasted each of those varieties individually out a barrel. And then we went to his tasting room and tried all of his wines and, and got to, and then he, instead of keeping, he has two red hybrid varieties, two white hybrid varieties, and he blends them and makes a, you know, a, a red blend and a white blend that he calls a state red and state white. [00:24:09] And we went to his tasting room and he makes beautiful wine. All of his wines are great, but no joke. Everybody in my party. Preferred the hybrids to like all of his pinots or raw chardonnay, I mean, I have no idea why. I mean, but, and that's just anecdotal, obviously nothing scientific, but the very least I can say the, the flavors are exciting and delicious. [00:24:29] Right. [00:24:30] Craig Macmillan: If you can get them in front of the consumer, [00:24:33] Adam Huss: Yeah. [00:24:33] Craig Macmillan: the key. That's really the key. [00:24:35] Adam Huss: Right, right, [00:24:36] Craig Macmillan: And for, your own wine making. Are you making wine from hybrids for yourself? [00:24:40] Adam Huss: Not yet just 'cause there are, there just aren't any in California very much, you know, I mean, it's like little patches here and little patches there. And the people that have them are using them for themself, you know, for their own growing. They've grown them specifically you know, Camus has planted some of these Andy Walker hybrids along their riparian corridors to prevent Pierce's disease. [00:24:58] Those varieties specifically are being used. I don't know if they're blending those in. With like their cab or whatever. I honestly think they could, but I don't know if they are. They're probably, I dunno what they're doing with them, but I do grow them here in Los Angeles and I'm, but they're, you know, it's like I'm trying out a bunch of different things, partly just to see how they do, because, you know, they haven't been grown here. [00:25:21] They were developed for colder, wetter climates and so, you know what, how will they grow here in Los Angeles? There's a lot of unanswered questions for some of these. [00:25:30] Craig Macmillan: You and I were chatting before the interview and you have a, a new project that you're very. Excited about tell us a little bit about that, because I thought that was pretty cool. [00:25:39] Adam Huss: Yeah. Thanks. So this past summer, my wife and I finalized the acquisition of this farm in upstate New York that I'm going to develop into a. Married Vine Vida Forestry Demonstration and Research Project. And, and married vines, essentially vines growing with living trees. [00:26:02] But the best way to think about it is if you know the three Sisters of Agriculture, the corn, beans and squash idea, where you plant these. This guild of, of a Polyculture guild, and they have these symbiotic stacking benefits and productivity. This is what a married vine polyculture is for perennial agriculture. And so I don't just see it as vine and tree, but also vine and tree, and then a ground cover and or small shrubs or things like that that are also perennials planted in a guild together to create these stacking benefits and productivity. [00:26:35] Multiple productivity layers as well as making it a grable system because the vines will be up in trees and and we're gonna call it the Beyond Organic Wine Forest Farm. [00:26:47] Craig Macmillan: So gimme some more detail on this. So like, what are the other plants that are in the forest and how are the vines, what's the spacing like? How, how many trees per vine or vine per tree? [00:27:01] How is the vine trellis? Um, I just, I'm really curious about this idea because this goes back to very, very ancient times. [00:27:09] Adam Huss: Yes. Yeah, yeah, [00:27:09] Craig Macmillan: Uh, that I've read about. I've never seen evidence of it, but I have been told that going back to like Roman times, they would plant grapevines, interplant with things like olives, [00:27:18] Adam Huss: yeah, yeah. Yeah. And [00:27:20] Craig Macmillan: use the olive as a trails. [00:27:22] I mean, is this the, is this the same kind of concept? [00:27:24] Adam Huss: You can see some of this still in Italy. So even pre roam the Etruscan times is what the oldest versions of this that are still visible in Campania, just north of Napoli, I think is the largest married vine system that is still in production. And I think it's about, it might be about 34 hectares of this variety where they have elm trees. That are really tall, full sized elm trees. [00:27:51] And then between them they sort of have wires or ropes between the trees and the vines grow up like up 15 meters. Like it's crazy. Like the guys that harvest this, they have like specially designed ladders that are built for their stance so that they can like lock into these 18 meter ladders and be up there like with a little pulley and a bucket, and they're lowering grapes down from way up in the end. [00:28:14] And you get. So many cool things about that, you know, the, the ripeness and the PHS of the grapes change, the higher you go up in that system. , the thinking is they might have even been used to like. Just inhibit invading armies because , it's like a wall of vines and trees that create like almost a perimeter thing. [00:28:33] That that's also how they're being used in Portugal, they are sort of like if you have a little parcel of land, you use trees and vines to create like a living fence keep your domestic animals inside. And animals that might eat them outside and protect, you know, from theft and things like that. [00:28:51] Keep all your crops in a little clo, like a little controlled area. There are old systems where. They're more like feto systems where they were using maple trees and just pollarding them at, at about head height. And every year, every year or two, they would come in and clip off all the new growth and feed it to the livestock. [00:29:10] And meanwhile, the vines were festooned between the, the maple trees is like, you know, just like a garland of, of grapevine. So there's a lot of different things. And what I wanna do is trial several of them. One of the most. Interesting ones that I just saw in whales uses living willows, where you literally just stick a willow slip in the ground, bend it over to the next one that's about a meter and a half away and attach it. [00:29:35] And so you have these arched willow branches that grow once you stick 'em in the ground. They start growing roots and they create like a head high trellis, like a elevated trellis system, and you plant vines in them. And, and it literally looks just like. Like a row of grapevines that you would find here, except the, the trellis is alive and there's no wires and, and you prune the tree when you prune the vine in the winter, you know? [00:29:58] And Willow, I, I don't know if you know, but the, the other interesting thing about that is like willow has been used historically that the salicylic acid is known. Obviously that's aspirin and stuff like that. That's where we get, you know, one of our oldest like pain relievers and things like that. [00:30:12] But. It's used in biodynamic preps as well as an antifungal. And so there's some thought that like this system could be really beneficial to the vines growing with those. Specifically for that, like for antifungal properties or just creating a, you know, showering the vines with this, this salicylic acid thing that will help them grow and have health throughout the season without, with, again, reduced need for sprays of anything. [00:30:37] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, and that was why I brought it up is because there's the idea of working with the natural ecology of what's in the germ plasm of native plants. I. Mixing with an import plant. [00:30:51] And then there's the other way of looking at it and saying, well, what, what about recreating the conditions under which this plant that has evolved in the first place? And I, I just think that there's really fascinating concept. It's really intriguing to me. [00:31:05] yeah. And there's so many different ways you could do it, and that's why it's interested in what you're planning on doing, because there's obviously a lot of ways you could do it. [00:31:11] Adam Huss: Yeah, I wanna experiment with several. Like you said, the, the soil benefits are incredible potentials. And then when you're also thinking about what do I do besides just vines and trees, and I mean, the other thing is like. How does it make the wine taste? Like if you plant a vine with an apple tree or a, a black locust tree, or a honey locust tree, or a, or a mulberry tree, like, does, is the vine happier with one of those trees? [00:31:35] You know what I mean? Does it, does it, you know, and if it is, does that make the wine taste better at the end of the day? All these are really fun questions for me. That's why I'm really excited to do it. But also like what are the benefits in terms of, you know, the health of the vine, the health of the tree? [00:31:50] Do they are, is there symbiotic elements? It seems like they would, I, I think a lot about what kind of mycorrhizal connections and associations the trees have, because we vines have our Arbuscular connections. And so if you plant them with a tree that has similar connections, they might actually have a symbiotic benefit. [00:32:07] They might increase that soil network even further. And then if you're planting shrubs like blueberries or flowers, you know, perennial flowers or Forbes and things like that, that could either be grazed or could be gathered or could be another crop even for you, or it could be a protective thing. [00:32:22] There are things like indigo that you might plant because. Deer don't like it. So you might want that growing around the base of your vine tree thing while it's young, because it will prevent the deer from grazing down your baby vines and trees, you know? And so there's just a, a myriad ways of thinking about these guilds that you can do. [00:32:39] Obviously these are, I. Yeah, they're, they're different. If I was doing it in California, if I was in California, I would be thinking more about olives and pomegranates and figs and things like that, you know, like there's a lot less water for growing trees here, so depending on where you are, unless you're on the coast. [00:32:55] Craig Macmillan: Are you planning on using hybrids in your project? [00:32:59] Adam Huss: Yeah. I don't know how I would do it any other way. Yeah, it's, definitely a climate that. If you try to grow ra, like you're just asking for trouble. And, and just, you know, because of my approach is so ecological, like I will attempt to be as minimal inputs as possible is the other way I look at it. [00:33:20] You know, try to just imitate what's happening around to, to see what that landscape wants to do and then how it. Maintains its health and resilience and maybe, and, and I mean, my, my ideal is to spray not at all. But you know, with not a dogma about that. If I see an issue or if I think like I'm building up these pathogen loads in the vineyard, maybe I'll spray once a year, even if they seem like they're doing okay. [00:33:47] You know, I'm not like dogmatic about nose spray, but I, it's a, it's a fun ideal to reach for. And I, you know, I think potentially with. Some of the symbiotic benefits of these systems that could be achievable with with the right hybrids. You know, I mean, again, I don't wanna generalize about hybrids because you have the Andy Walker hybrids on the one end, which you have to treat just like vinifira in terms of the spray program. [00:34:10] And then on the other hand, you have something like Petite Pearl or Norton, which is like in many cases is almost like a bulletproof. Grape, you know, and in California specifically, it would be like insanely. And then you have things right down the middle. Things like tranet that you know, is basically like, I could blind taste you on Tranet and you wouldn't be able to tell the difference between it and gewurztraminer . [00:34:31] But it's more cold, hearty, it has a little more disease resistance. Gives you a just a little bit, a little bit more of a benefit while still getting flavors that are familiar to you. If you like those flavors. [00:34:43] Craig Macmillan: Is there one thing that you would tell growers on this topic? One takeaway. [00:34:48] Adam Huss: Great question. I think give hybrids the same allowance that you give Vinifera. I. We all know there's a huge diversity of Vin Nira from Petite Ough to Riesling. And not everyone is right for every wine drinker and not all of them per perform the same in the vineyard. And, and you know, and we tolerate a lot of. [00:35:12] Frailty and a lot of feebleness in our veneer vines. We, we do a lot of care. We do a lot of like, you know, handholding for our veneer vines when necessary. If we extended the same courtesy to hybrids in terms of understanding and willingness to work with them. I think like that would just go a really long way too. [00:35:33] And I think we'd be surprised to find , they're a lot less handholding than, than Venire generally speaking. I. But also just try some. I think a lot of the prejudice comes from just not being exposed to them right now. You know, if you, if you think, if you're thinking negative thoughts about hybrids, get out there and drink some, you probably just haven't had enough yet. [00:35:51] And if you don't like the first one, you know, how many bad Cabernets have you had? I mean, if, if I had stopped drinking vinifira, I [00:35:59] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, that's, that's a really good point. If I judged every wine by the first wine that I tasted, that's probably not a very, [00:36:06] Adam Huss: right. [00:36:07] Craig Macmillan: good education there, [00:36:08] Adam Huss: Prevented me from exploring further, I would've missed out on some of the more profound taste experiences of my life if I'd let that, you know, guide my, you know, my thinking about it. So yeah, I think it's like anything with prejudice, once you get beyond it, it kind of, you see how silly it is, man. [00:36:25] It's, it's like so freeing and, and there's a whole world to explore out there. And like I said, I really think they're the future. Like if we wanna have a future, . We can only cling to the past for so long until it just becomes untenable. [00:36:38] Craig Macmillan: Right. Where can people find out more about you? [00:36:42] Adam Huss: So beyondorganicwine.com is the, the website for me. The email associate with that is connect@organicwinepodcast.com. [00:36:53] Craig Macmillan: Our guest today has been Adam Huss. He is the host of the Beyond Organic Podcast and is the co-owner of Centralas Wines in Los Angeles. [00:37:01] Thank you so much. This has been a really fascinating conversation and I'd love to connect with you at some point, talk more about. Out this, thanks for being on the podcast [00:37:08] Adam Huss: Thank you so much, Craig. Appreciate it. [00:37:13] Beth Vukmanic: Thank you for listening. Today's podcast was brought to you by VineQuest. A Viticultural consulting firm based in Paso Robles, California, offering expert services in sustainable farming, vineyard development, and pest management. With over 30 years of experience, they provide tailored solutions to enhance vineyard productivity and sustainability for wineries and agribusinesses across California. [00:37:38] Make sure you check out the show notes for links to Adam. His wine, brand, Centralis plus sustainable wine growing podcast episodes on this topic, 135 Cold hardiness of grapes 217. Combating climate chaos with adaptive wine, grape varieties, and 227. Andy Walker's Pierce's Disease resistant grapes are a success at Ojai Vineyard. [00:38:04] If you liked the show, do us a big favor by sharing it with a friend, subscribing and leaving us a review. You can find all of the podcasts at vineyardteam.org/podcast and you can reach us at podcast@vineyardteam.org. [00:38:19] Until next time, this is Sustainable Wine Growing with Vineyard Team.   Nearly perfect transcription by Descript

In this episode, Rob Smith sings the praises of broad beans — the hardy, fragrant, and easy-to-grow staple of UK veg patches. Discover his expert tips on sowing, spacing, and supporting your plants, plus how to guard against blackfly and chocolate spot. From rare heirloom varieties like Crimson Flowered and Martock to low-maintenance options perfect for busy growers, there's a bean for every plot. Martin Fish joins us in the greenhouse to cover essential May jobs: planting tomatoes and cucumbers, sowing herbs, feeding strawberries, and managing watering and weeds. Whether you're planning an autumn bean harvest or prepping for a summer glut, this episode has you covered! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

U of I researchers preserving heritage apples in wilderness area

This weekend is a somber one for so many families so Ted Ferrell joins to give some insider tips on what Haskell's has to offer as you may be venturing out of town for the weekend stop on in to one of many of the locations and check out the Fog Mountain Rose, La Forge Cabernet and Bacio Della Luna Prosecco just a couple of the great options offered this weekend at Haskell's to sit back enjoy each other's company over the holiday weekend - just visit any of the 11 Haskells locations or you can always visit www.haskells.com

Lodi, Portuguese & Spanish grape varieties, Bastardo, Boots and interview with Stuart Spencer, winemaker, St Amant Winery in Lodi. ON THE ROAD with MR CA WINE is about California's cool, aspirational lifestyle and its awesome wines hosted by Chuck Cramer, a California native, living in London and is the Director of European & Asia sales & marketing, Terlato Wines. This is a wine journey covering the hottest topics in CA wine, chatting along the way with the experts who make it all happen. This week's episode includes an interview with Stuart Spencer, winemaker, St Amant Winery. 

On the podcast today, the story of a woman who went from finance to fermentation. Terah Bajjalieh earned her degree focused on economic forecasts and number crunching, but instead wound up working in a world of weather forecasts and grape crushing. She's a winemaker you need to know -- who just debuted two of her wines at select Whole Foods.Terah graduated with a degree in finance, but a three month course on wine ended up changing the course of her life. So she followed that unexpected passion for wine and is now one of the most exciting new voices in wine.She's gone from being a globetrotting harvest helper to getting a masters degree in Enology and Viticulture and becoming a sommelier as well. Today, she is winning rave reviews for her natural style winemaking and the impressive wine she makes under her Terah Wine Company label. Terah's work as a natural winemaker earned her a spot as one of Wine Enthusiast Future 40 Tastemakers in 2024. So pour a glass of wine and join us to hear Terah' s inspiring story.

Increasing demand for surface water r and recycled water for irrigation has led to H2O, with high salt concentrations being used for crops.

On this week's MyAgLife in Almonds episode, UCCE's Phoebe Gordon discusses the best-performing almond varieties in ongoing California trials, including insights on yield, disease resistance and why self-compatible trees are the future.Supporting the People who Support AgricultureThank you to this month's sponsors who makes it possible to get you your daily news. Please feel free to visit their website.2025 Crop Consultant Conference - https://myaglife.com/crop-consultant-conference/

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 20th century German philosopher, sociologist of knowledge, and phenomenologist, Max Scheler's work Ressentiment, which provides an interpretation of Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of that same name. It focuses on what Scheler identifies as "spiritual varieties of ressentiment, two varieties of which he identifies at the beginning of his discussion, the "apostate" and the "romantic"state of mind. He also discusses ressentiment as involved in "every way of thinking which attributes creative power to mere negation and critique" To support my ongoing work, go to my Patreon site - www.patreon.com/sadler If you'd like to make a direct contribution, you can do so here - www.paypal.me/ReasonIO - or at BuyMeACoffee - www.buymeacoffee.com/A4quYdWoM You can find over 3000 philosophy videos in my main YouTube channel - www.youtube.com/user/gbisadler Purchase Max Scheler's Ressentiment - amzn.to/4f3mv18

On today's episode, UC Davis Ph.D. student Maria Rottersman shares how new wheat varieties that lower celiac disease risk while boosting bread-making quality could benefit both growers and consumers.Supporting the People who Support AgricultureThank you to this month's sponsors who makes it possible to get you your daily news. Please feel free to visit their website.2025 Crop Consultant Conference - https://myaglife.com/crop-consultant-conference/

How do we seek “the best gifts?” Professor Danny Ricks explores the Saints early days in Kirtland, the nature of spiritual gifts, and the importance of welcoming all to the Restored Church.SHOW NOTES/TRANSCRIPTSEnglish: https://tinyurl.com/podcastDC220ENFrench: https://tinyurl.com/podcastDC220FRGerman: https://tinyurl.com/podcastDC220DEPortuguese: https://tinyurl.com/podcastDC220PTSpanish: https://tinyurl.com/podcastDC220ESYOUTUBEhttps://youtu.be/SnhRyb_djHUALL EPISODES/SHOW NOTESfollowHIM website: https://www.followHIMpodcast.comFREE PDF DOWNLOADS OF followHIM QUOTE BOOKSNew Testament: https://tinyurl.com/PodcastNTBookOld Testament: https://tinyurl.com/PodcastOTBookWEEKLY NEWSLETTERhttps://tinyurl.com/followHIMnewsletterSOCIAL MEDIAInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/followHIMpodcastFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/followhimpodcastTIMECODE00:00 - Part 1 - Professor Danny Ricks04:10 Bio of Danny Ricks05:53 Come, Follow Me Manual09:53 Gifts of the Spirit and persecution12:29 Allowing all to attend13:50 D&C 46:3-6 - Could the Lord be clearer?14:50 D&C 35:17 - Jesus wants smokers, drinkers, and sexists.18:48 You had better follow the Holy Ghost21:34 Satan preys on Imposter Syndrome27:36 A bishop in overalls31:52 Meetings directed by the Spirit35:11 Gratitude is a cure-all39:17 Understanding comes with time42:51 Seeking spiritual gifts47:27 Administrative gifts 50:55 Elder Packer “Our Moral Environment”53:15 A spiritual autopsy55:47 The love of a comma59:13 Nodding at Nephi1:01:00 Given to believe1:03:41 Varieties of gifts1:07:17 End of Part I - Professor Danny RicksThanks to the followHIM team:Steve & Shannon Sorensen: Cofounder, Executive Producer, SponsorDavid & Verla Sorensen: SponsorsDr. Hank Smith: Co-hostJohn Bytheway: Co-hostDavid Perry: ProducerKyle Nelson: Marketing, SponsorLisa Spice: Client Relations, Editor, Show NotesJamie Neilson: Social Media, Graphic DesignWill Stoughton: Video EditorKrystal Roberts: Translation Team, English & French Transcripts, WebsiteAriel Cuadra: Spanish TranscriptsAmelia Kabwika: Portuguese TranscriptsHeather Barlow: Communications Director"Let Zion in Her Beauty Rise" by Marshall McDonaldhttps://www.marshallmcdonaldmusic.com

In this episode, we sat down for a heartwarming Chai Pe Charcha with the Octavius Brand CMD Ekta Jain, a premium tea brand with a 150-year-old legacy. We explored the amazing health benefits of tea, the importance of having different types of tea in your routine—with examples like green tea, oolong, and herbal blends—and how tea can elevate not just your day, but your mindset. From personal stories to brand insights, this candid conversation blends tradition, wellness, and flavor in the most refreshing way. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Gardens are a multisensory experience, and while we primarily think of aesthetics, it's the scent of spring plants which is absolutely second to none.Sarah's flying solo this week on ‘grow, cook, eat, arrange' to share her pick of favourite scented spring bulbs and other perfumed plants to envelop your senses and uplift your spirits.In this episode, discover:Spring's most wonderfully scented bulbs, from delicate narcissus to room-filling tulipsWhich bulbs are Sarah's longest-flowering, most resilient garden heroesHow to create a sensory sensation with fragrant climbers that transform your outdoor spaceProducts mentioned:Hyacinth 'Peter Stuyvesant' for Forcinghttps://www.sarahraven.com/products/hyacinth-peter-stuyvesant-for-forcingHyacinthus orientalis 'Woodstock' (Forcing)https://www.sarahraven.com/products/hyacinth-woodstock-for-forcingNarcissus 'Moonlight Sensation'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/narcissus-moonlight-sensationNarcissus 'Starlight Sensation'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/narcissus-starlight-sensationNarcissus 'Actaea'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/narcissus-actaeaNarcissus 'Geranium'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/narcissus-geraniumNarcissus 'Avalanche'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/narcissus-avalancheNarcissus 'Cragford' (Forcing)https://www.sarahraven.com/products/narcissus-cragford-for-forcingNarcissus cordubensishttps://www.sarahraven.com/products/narcissus-cordubensisNarcissus 'Pipit'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/narcissus-pipitTulip 'Ballerina'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/tulip-ballerinaGeum 'Totally Tangerine'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/geum-totally-tangerineTulip sylvestrishttps://www.sarahraven.com/products/tulipa-sylvestrisTulip 'Request'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/tulip-requestAkebia quinata (Chocolate Vine)https://www.sarahraven.com/products/akebia-quinataTulip 'Sarah Raven'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/tulip-sarah-ravenFollow Sarah: https://www.instagram.com/sarahravenperchhill/Get in touch: info@sarahraven.comShop on the Sarah Raven Website: http://bit.ly/3jvbaeuFollow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sarahravensgarden/Order Sarah's latest books: https://www.sarahraven.com/gifts/gardening-books?sort=newest

Wine Pairings with your Easter meal. What goes well with a leg of lamb? What goes well with ham? Varieties of Bordeaux wine and the range of prices available. What makes German wine unique? For more information, and to check out some of the incredible selections Ted and the team at Haskell's has to offer, visit Haskells.com.

Clara E. Mattei on the relation between austerity, fascism and authoritarian liberalism. Clara's book is out in German! Find it here: Die Ordnung des Kapitals: Wie Ökonomen die Austerität erfanden und dem Faschismus den Weg bereiteten. Brumaire Verlag. https://shop.jacobin.de/bestellen/clara-mattei-die-ordnung-des-kapitals   Shownotes Clara E. Mattei's website: https://www.claramattei.com/ Center for Heterodox Economics (CHE) at the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma: https://sites.utulsa.edu/chetu/ CHE's YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@CHE-tulsa Mattei, C. E. (2022). The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism. University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo181707138.html the german translation: Mattei, C. E. (2025). Die Ordnung des Kapitals: Wie Ökonomen die Austerität erfanden und dem Faschismus den Weg bereiteten. Brumaire Verlag. https://shop.jacobin.de/bestellen/clara-mattei-die-ordnung-des-kapitals on „Derisking“: Amarnath, S., Brusseler, M., Gabor, D., Lala, C., Mason, JW (2023). Varieties of Derisking. Phenomenal World. https://www.phenomenalworld.org/interviews/derisking/ on “DOGE” (Department of Government Efficiency): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency on the new german “Sondervermögen” to invest in rearmament and infrastructure: https://www.dw.com/en/germany-set-to-spend-big-on-army-and-infrastructure/a-71834527 on the 1920 International Financial Conference in Brussels: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_International_Financial_Conference_(1920) on the 1922 Economic and Financial Conference in Genoa: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_Economic_and_Financial_Conference_(1922) on Google's contract with the IDF: https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/22/24349582/google-israel-defense-forces-idf-contract-gaza Benanav, A. (2022). Socialist Investment, Dynamic Planning, and the Politics of Human Need. Rethinking Marxism, 34(2), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2022.2051375 Sirianni, C. J. (1980). Workers' Control in the Era of World War I: A Comparative Analysis of the European Experience. Theory and Society, 9(1), 29–88. https://www.jstor.org/stable/656823 on the Landless Workers Movement in Brazil: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landless_Workers%27_Movement Braun, B. (2021) Central Bank Planning for Public Purpose. In: Fassin, D. and Fourcade, M. (eds.) Pandemic Exposures: Economy and Society in the Time of Coronavirus. HAU Books, pp. 105–121. https://benjaminbraun.org/assets/pubs/braun_central-bank-planning-public-purpose.pdf on the “Phillips Curve”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_curve Arun K. Patnaik. (1988). Gramsci's Concept of Common Sense: Towards a Theory of Subaltern Consciousness in Hegemony Processes. Economic and Political Weekly, 23(5). https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378042 Thomas, P.D. (2015). Gramsci's Marxism: The ‘Philosophy of Praxis'. In: McNally, M. (eds.) Antonio Gramsci. Critical Explorations in Contemporary Political Thought. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137334183_6 on the US Solidarity Economy: https://neweconomy.net/solidarity-economy/ the US Solidarity Economy Network: https://ussen.org/ the US Solidarity Economy Map and Directory: https://solidarityeconomy.us/   If you are interested in democratic economic planning, these resources might be of help: Democratic planning – an information website https://www.democratic-planning.com/ Sorg, C. & Groos, J. (eds.)(2025). Rethinking Economic Planning. Competition & Change Special Issue Volume 29 Issue 1. https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/ccha/29/1 Groos, J. & Sorg, C. (2025). Creative Construction - Democratic Planning in the 21st Century and Beyond. Bristol University Press. [for a review copy, please contact: amber.lanfranchi[at]bristol.ac.uk] https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/creative-construction International Network for Democratic Economic Planning https://www.indep.network/ Democratic Planning Research Platform: https://www.planningresearch.net/   Future Histories Episodes on Related Topics S03E24 | Grace Blakeley on Capitalist Planning and its Alternatives https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e24-grace-blakeley-on-capitalist-planning-and-its-alternatives/     Future Histories Contact & Support If you like Future Histories, please consider supporting us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/join/FutureHistories Contact: office@futurehistories.today Twitter: https://twitter.com/FutureHpodcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/futurehpodcast/ Mastodon: https://mstdn.social/@FutureHistories English webpage: https://futurehistories-international.com   Episode Keywords #ClaraEMattei, #JanGroos, #Interview, #FutureHistories, #FutureHistoriesInternational, #futurehistoriesinternational, #Austerity, #CentralBanks, #Capitalism, #Fascism, #Economics, #NeoclassicalEconomics, #HeterodoxEconomics, #PluralEconomics, #State, #CapitalistState, #Markets, #History, #SolidarityEconomy, #AntonioGramsci, #Gramsci, #Investment, #DemocraticPlanning, #DemocraticEconomicPlanning, #Derisking, #PoliticalEconomy, #EconomicHistory, #AuthoritarianLiberalism, #EconomicThought, #EconomicDemocracy

This week Sam discusses The Wine Group's acquisition of six of Constellation's brands, Mexico's first IGP, three new grape varieties approved to be planted in France and Trump's postponement of tariffs. You can read the transcript of this newscast at https://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/six-constellations-wine-brands-sold-mexicos-first-igp-and-three-new-french-grape-varieties.

Welcome to a new mini-series from the Vint Podcast: Five Questions with a Winemaker. In each bite-sized episode, we sit down with a leading voice in the world of wine and ask five questions that reveal their personal story, winemaking style, and what makes their wines unique. These short episodes are designed to offer quick insights into the minds behind the bottles—perfect for both casual wine lovers and serious collectors alike.In this inaugural episode, we feature Mikey Etzel, President of the iconic Beaux Frères Vineyards, located in the Ribbon Ridge AVA of Oregon's Willamette Valley. Beaux Frères is widely regarded as one of the premier producers of Pinot Noir in the U.S., and under Mikey's leadership, the winery is entering an exciting new era of innovation and estate-focused winemaking.In this episode, Mikey shares:

From the 'Pride of Augusta' to the swamp, there's a species of Yellow Jessamine for every occasion.

Welcome back wine friends! In this exciting episode we return with part two of our conversation with Amanda Barnes, a newly crowned Master of Wine and an authority on South American wine. Amanda shares her deep knowledge of Criolla grape varieties, the history and culture of South American winemaking, and the unique techniques that are helping preserve ancient vines.   You can buy Amandas book HERE!   Before diving into the world of South American wine, I have some exciting news! I have been nominated for the Wine Travel Awards in the Influencer category for expert opinion. The awards celebrate the best in wine tourism and education, and your support could make a big difference. Your support would mean the world to me as I continue sharing my passion for wine with fellow enthusiasts. It takes one click to vote. So please VOTE HERE.   If you want to skip ahead:   03.30: Amanda Barnes MW explains the origin of Criolla grapes and their genetic identification. 05.48: Discussion on the historical background of Listán Prieto and its impact on South American wines. 07.31: Amanda shares her fascination with old vines in Chile and the overlooked potential of Criolla varieties. 09.00: Challenges in gaining recognition for Criolla wines and the push to preserve old vines. 11.32: Highlighting the distinctive character of Pais in Chile and Criolla Chica in Argentina. 14.00: Quality potential of Criolla Grande and Ceresa for lighter red wines and rosés. 15.30: Exploring the different Torrontés varieties and their unique profiles. 18.00: Genetic confusion surrounding Torontel and the challenge of identifying new Criolla varieties. 20.30: Ancestral winemaking techniques in Chile, such as the use of the Zaranda de-stemmer and amphora aging. 23.00: The role of Criolla varieties in shaping South American wine culture. 25.00: Bolivia's unique vine cultivation with trees and the distinctive flavors from Moscatel de Alejandría 29.00: Extreme winemaking in South America through high altitudes, southern latitudes, and coastal regions. 35.30: Mendoza highlighted as the epicenter of South American wine with diverse terroirs and excellent tourism. 41.00: One of the most beautiful vineyards: Laberinto in Maule, Chile. 44.00: Where to find and connect with Amanda Barnes: Instagram @amanda_wine and @southamericawineguide    And a reminder to vote for me for the Wine Travel Awards. It will only take a second:  https://winetravelawards.com/nominee/janina-doyle/   Any thoughts or questions, do email me: janina@eatsleepwinerepeat.co.uk Or contact me on Instagram @eatsleep_winerepeat If you fancy watching some videos on my youtube channel: Eat Sleep Wine Repeat Or come say hi at www.eatsleepwinerepeat.co.uk Until next time, Cheers to you!   ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- THE EAT SLEEP WINE REPEAT PODCAST HAS BEEN FEATURED IN DECANTER MAGAZINE, RADIO TIMES AND FEED SPOT AS THE 6TH BEST UK WINE MAKING PODCAST.

It's a sad truth nowadays, but it seems like anything you see online is too good to be true, and that's true for gardeners, too. In this episode, Don and John talk about the disturbing new phenomenon of using images generated by artificial intelligence to sell plant varieties that don't exist. But if you've been duped by one of these, don't fear: they also go over some varieties that might seem too good to be true and can be found at a local garden center.

Like many gardeners, Joe Clark was captivated by the magic of growing his own food at a young age, and now inspires millions more to be enthralled by the same fascinating process via his popular social media channels.Joe is an advocate for planting fruit, veg and flowers that you may not ordinarily encounter in the supermarket, and on this episode of ‘grow, cook, eat, arrange' he shares his favourite varieties for every taste, space, and type of garden.In this episode, discover:Joe's favourite varieties to grow for a simple, rewarding cropHardy veg perfect for growing without a greenhouseA number of tasty varieties of lesser-known fruit and veg rarely found in the shops Order Joe's book ‘Garden To Save The World':https://www.amazon.co.uk/Garden-Save-World-Feel-Good-Yourself/dp/1035032317/Follow Sarah: https://www.instagram.com/sarahravenperchhill/Products mentioned:Tomato 'Costoluto Fiorentino'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/tomato-costoluto-fiorentinoDill (Anethum graveolens)https://www.sarahraven.com/products/anethum-graveolens-dillPea ‘Blauwschokker'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/pea-blauwschokkerPea ‘Nairobi'https://www.sarahraven.com/products/pea-nairobiKohlrabi 'Kolibri' F1 (Gongylodes Group)https://www.sarahraven.com/products/kohlrabi-kolibri-f1Get in touch: info@sarahraven.comShop on the Sarah Raven Website: http://bit.ly/3jvbaeuFollow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sarahravensgarden/Order Sarah's latest books: https://www.sarahraven.com/gifts/gardening-books?sort=newest

In this week's product spotlight, Tracy sits down with Colette Prefontaine of FP Genetics to discuss the latest in barley seed varieties and how they're designed to benefit Canadian farmers. They dive into the specifics of these crops, the expertise FP Genetics provides, and how farmers can access the resources they need to make the best choices for their operations.    In this conversation, we cover:   - What makes FP Genetics' barley varieties unique and why farmers should consider these seeds for their operations.   - The resources and support -  FP Genetics offers to help farmers make informed seed decisions, with a special focus on agronomy and field expertise.   - How farmers can learn more about these varieties and purchase seeds, ensuring they have access to the best options for their farms.   Don't miss this great segment and if you're interested in learning more about FP Genetics and its innovative seed varieties you can watch additional interviews with their team here:   1) Gain a Genetic Advantage: FP Genetics Unveils Innovative Seed Genetics for Canadian Farmers (With CEO Chris Churko)

In this episode of Sow and Grow, Margaret talks about old-fashioned varieties of roses and how to prune and feed them. L'articolo E262 | Sow and Grow – Margaret Griffin – pruning old-fashioned varieties of roses proviene da Radio Maria.

The Muslim holy month of Ramadan starts on Friday. During this time, Muslims observe a strict fast from dawn until sunset. That means the breaking of the fast at sunset, known as iftar, is a special event. The fast is usually broken with dates and a drink, depending on the culture. Since August, Muslim deli Holy Land in northeast Minneapolis has been prepping for an influx of customers. The deli has imported more than 26 kinds of dates from at least eight different countries. Majdi Wadi is the CEO of Holy Land. He joined MPR News host Nina Moini in studio to talk about Ramadan and preparations for the holiday.

The Muslim holy month of Ramadan starts on Friday. During this time, Muslims observe a strict fast from dawn until sunset. That means the breaking of the fast at sunset, known as iftar, is a special event. The fast is usually broken with dates and a drink, depending on the culture. Since August, Muslim deli Holy Land in northeast Minneapolis has been prepping for an influx of customers. The deli has imported more than 26 kinds of dates from at least eight different countries. Majdi Wadi is the CEO of Holy Land. He joined MPR News host Nina Moini in studio to talk about Ramadan and preparations for the holiday.

Product Spotlight: Selecting Oat & Pulse Varieties Designed for Canadian Farming Operations w/ Colin Tanner FP Genetics In this insightful interview, Tracy sits down with Colin Tanner of FP Genetics to discuss the latest in oat and pulse seed varieties and how they're designed to benefit Canadian farmers. They dive into the specifics of these crops, the expertise FP Genetics provides, and how farmers can access the resources they need to make the best choices for their operations.  In this conversation, we cover: - What makes FP Genetics' oat and pulse varieties unique and why farmers should consider these seeds for their operations.   - The resources and support -  FP Genetics offers to help farmers make informed seed decisions, with a special focus on agronomy and field expertise.   - How farmers can learn more about these varieties and purchase seeds, ensuring they have access to the best options for their farms. Don't miss this great segment and if you're interested in learning more about FP Genetics and its innovative seed varieties you can watch additional interviews with their team here: 1) Gain a Genetic Advantage: FP Genetics Unveils Innovative Seed Genetics for Canadian Farmers (With CEO Chris Churko)

Who's ready to tune in as John and Jack dive into a discussion about Poa annua greens and their passion project, Lehigh Country Club? In forty years, John has come full circle. In 1990, he fumigated the greens and seeded a pure stand of bentgrass. Both Lehigh and John have continued to evolve over the years. If you're passionate about classic golf courses—especially if you manage Poa annua—this episode is for you. Don't miss our discussion on the newly available Poa annua seed!Visit EarthWorks at:  https://www.earthworksturf.com Podcasts: https://www.earthworksturf.com/earthworks-podcasts/ 2 Minute Turf Talks: https://www.earthworksturf.com/2-minute-turf-talks/

Jutt Howard from NG Turf answers questions about sodding dormant grasses, importance of soil prep, and how well Bluegrass performs!

In this episode I cover an overview of the different types of chestnuts. And why do customers prefer hybrids over Chinese chestnuts? I share what named varieties that I am growing this year. And I give you tips to start your chestnut orchard, including soil pH and how/when to fertilize your chestnut trees.I forage buckets of chestnuts from local chestnut trees every Fall and store them in buckets of sand to sprout over the Winter. But in Spring 2024 my stored chestnuts were moldy and rotten - they had failed over the winter.I learned a lot more as I have diversified my chestnut offerings in response to this loss, as well as expanded my knowledge through my in real life contacts. In this article I will share what I have learned so it will help you as well.Varieties of chestnuts:American, Chinese, Japanese, European.Why are customers turned off by Chinese chestnuts? Why do they sell for less than hybrids?Dunstan chestnuts and other hybrids.Named varieties of chestnuts:A named variety, or a known-parent, is a tree or seedling that is chosen for it's heavy production and larger nut sizes. That known (named) parent mother tree is open pollinated by the surrounding trees. It's nuts are saved and grown into seedlings. This is a common way to grow and sell chestnuts, much more than grafting.Some sites call these named varieties of Chinese chestnuts Half sibs.Qing, Gideon, Amy, Peach, and Resilient are examples of named varieties (known parent/Half sibs) of Chinese Chestnuts.I am growing Qing, Resilient named varieties, and some Japanese hybrids this year.I am sprouting from seed:Eaton, which is a Chinese, American, and Japanese hybrid.Gideon seed. This will produce large to extra-large nuts that are high in quality and flavor.Hope is a Chinese, American hybrid that is a sibling of "King Arthur", a cultivar from the Connecticut Ag Experiment Station's chestnut breeding program.Revival: a HUGE hybrid with chestnuts as big as my palm.Tips to grow chestnuts:Chestnuts need moderately acidic soil, somewhere between 4.5 and 6.5 pH.Chestnuts need trace minerals like Boron, I have seen suggested that 1 tsp of borax, dissolved in water, poured on an 8x4 garden bed can help with this. I will experiment with adding boron this year.Do not put fertilizer in the hole when planting chestnut trees. You want the chestnut to grow out into the soil seeking nutrients. If you do fertilize, add some 10-10-10 fertilizer lightly to the top of the soil. Do not use long time released fertilizer.Foliar feed in the summer. This makes root growth and enhances the soil.Show notes for this episode: Ep. 154 - Tips to Start Your Chestnut OrchardGrow Nut Trees is now taking orders for Spring shipping or local pickup.Grow Nut Trees.comNEW for this year are more types of chestnuts, including Qing Chinese hybrid chestnut seedlings. The Qing tree is a heavy producer with sweet flavored extra large nuts. These seedlings were grown locally and are adapted to the Midwest.Grow Fodder Trees! New this year are cuttings for fodder trees - mulberry and hybrid willow. These are fast growing and the leaves are edible as forage for animals (my horses love them - maybe a little too much). Plus the mulberries can feed chickens if planted near a chicken run. And they are good for chop and drop. Get your mulberry and willow cuttings from Grow Nut Trees.

Guests: Colin Tanner and Chad Yanchycki In this week's insightful interview, Tracy sits down with Colin Tanner and Chad Yanchycki of FP Genetics to discuss the latest in wheat and durum seed varieties and how they're designed to benefit Canadian farmers. They dive into the specifics of these crops, the expertise FP Genetics provides, and how farmers can access the resources they need to make the best choices for their operations.   In this conversation, we cover: What makes FP Genetics' wheat and durum varieties unique and why farmers should consider these seeds for their operations. The resources and support that FP Genetics offers to help farmers make informed seed decisions, with a special focus on agronomy and field expertise. How farmers can learn more about these varieties and purchase seeds, ensuring they have access to the best options for their farms.  

Send Me A Message!! The podcast explores essential potato varieties to grow in home gardens, detailing the best options for salad, early, second early, main crop, and blight-resistant potatoes. It invites listeners to reflect on personal gardening experiences while considering regional preferences and challenges.• Importance of selecting the right potato varieties for individual gardens • Overview of the top salad potatoes, choosing Charlotte variety as the best salad variety. • Discussion on early varieties, including the versatile Sharpes Express • Celebrated British Queen as the ideal second early potato • Best main crop potato recommendations, including records • Growing insights on blight-resistant varieties like Sarpo Axona and Vitabella • Encouragement for listeners to explore various potato types and gardening identitiesSupport the showIf there is any topic you would like covered in future episodes, please let me know. Email: info@mastermygarden.com Master My Garden Courses: https://mastermygarden.com/courses/Check out Master My Garden on the following channels Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mastermygarden/ Instagram @Mastermygarden https://www.instagram.com/mastermygarden/ Until next week Happy gardening John

In a world that has developed a collective fear of the dark, how can we navigate the not-so-positive feelings that we experience? In episode 121 of Overthink, Ellie and David chat with philosopher Mariana Alessandri about her book, Dark Moods. They talk about how the obsession with light fuels toxic positivity, the ways shame amplifies dark moods, and the harmful effects of associating light with good and darkness with bad. Why does society disregard negative emotions? Does the medical field pathologize grief for good reason? And should we strive to make people feel better when they're experiencing a dark mood? Plus, in the Patreon bonus, they consider the difficulties of experiencing emotions that lie in a gray area, different types of anger, and whether we need to move away from metaphors of light and darkness entirely.Check out the episode's extended cut here!Works Discussed:Mariana Alessandri, Night Vision, Seeing Ourselves Through Dark MoodsGloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New MestizaWilliam James, The Varieties of Religious ExperiencePlato, The RepublicMiguel de Unamuno, The Tragic Sense of LifeSupport the showPatreon | patreon.com/overthinkpodcast Website | overthinkpodcast.comInstagram & Twitter | @overthink_podEmail | dearoverthink@gmail.comYouTube | Overthink podcast

We've arrived in 2025, and assuming President-Elect Trump is inaugurated, this means he will be the first president to take office convicted of felony crimes.  And since we know that an organization's tone is often set by its leadership, we can't help wondering: how will we see Trump's leadership impact the culture of the United States, and how will this play out in our collective futures?   Let's be real about where we are in this moment in history, courtesy of the Atlantic: “According to a report last year by the Varieties of Democracy Institute at the University of Gothenburg, in Sweden, when it comes to global freedom, we have returned to a level last seen in 1986. About 5.7 billion people—72 percent of the world's population—now live under authoritarian rule. Even the United States, vaunted beacon of democracy, is about to inaugurate a president who openly boasts of wanting to be a “dictator on day one,” who regularly threatens to jail his opponents and sic the military on the “enemy within,” and who jokes about his election being the country's last…..Many Americans understand today what political exhaustion and complacency look and feel like. But the dissident is the one who hopes against hope.”    We can't imagine it'll be particularly easy, but we do believe we have reason to hope. Hope is the consequence of action, and is often self-fulfilling (we act, we hope, we act some more). This is why today, we're asking you this: How are YOU Trump-proofing your life?   What to listen for:  Putting self care first - like, REAL self care - and the story about Sara's thunderclap headaches How to stay informed while keeping your sanity   Necessary mindsets, including trusting yourself, grieving, choosing your lane / letting go of the rest, getting real about power - and asking ourselves what we're willing to sacrifice (comfort, convenience, or more) to stand up for what's right Simple example: Do you believe fact-checking and real people are important parts of social media platforms? If so, will you get yourself off Meta's platforms?  A reminder not to reinvent the wheel, but find and support organizations doing the work with your time, money, and energy.  Here's a list to start with - let us know what organizations you support and we'll add them to our list! Connect with Us! A reminder not to reinvent the wheel, but to find and support organizations doing the work with your time, money, and energy.  Here's a list to start with - let us know what organizations you support and we'll add them to our list! To give us input on what you want from our newsletter, and/or share your Asian immigration stories, reach us via email at hello@dearwhitewomen.com. Follow Dear White Women so you don't miss these conversations! Like what you hear?  Don't miss another episode and subscribe! Catch up on more commentary between episodes by following us on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter – and even more opinions and resources if you join our email list.  

Appreciation of the radio, early Genesis & Keep Going Radio kick this episode off but our main topic is on the importance of racing various race distances for all runners. We cover how training for & racing different race distances is incredibly beneficial for all runners. We hope you enjoy this one...Godspeed, friends, godspeed. 

How this cold weather is impacting our lawns and gardens. How to protect your plants from frost. Pruning apple trees. Why does Minnesota produce great apples? The best breeds of apples for eating and cooking. Getting rid of spider mites. Gophers causing issues in the garden. Caring for lavender plants. Planning a trip to the arboretum. Learn more from horticulturalist Julie Weisenhorn extension.umn.edu

Join our Mailing List - https://www.mapitforward.coffee/mailinglist Jan 2025 Mastermind Groups have opened up for registration: https://mapitforward.coffee/groupcoaching Introduction to Regenerative Coffee Farming is now Available On-Demand at https://ondemand.mapitforward.coffee for as little as $10. Why not grab a gift card for your team, suppliers or favorite coffee human******************************This is the 4th episode of a five-part series on The Daily Coffee Pro by Map It Forward Podcast, hosted by Map It Forward founder, Lee Safar.Our guest on the podcast this week is Murilo Bettarello, a Brazilian Agricultural Engineer, consultant, and coffee producer.In this five-part series, Murilo will be sharing his expertise in regenerative farming practices for coffee production.In this episode of The Daily Coffee Pro by Map It Forward, Lee and Murilo discuss the importance of regenerative farming practices for coffee production.Learn how selecting the right coffee varietals and soil management can help coffee producers combat climate challenges and improve yield.Discover how to work with nature to create sustainable coffee farms and the role of technology in future agricultural practices.00:00 Introduction to Varieties and Organic Coffee00:26 Sponsored Message: Become a Coffee Consultant01:05 Welcome to The Daily Coffee Pro01:37 Challenges in Coffee Production02:16 Working with Nature in Coffee Farming04:33 Soil Management and Varietal Selection06:10 Planning and Cash Flow in Regenerative Farming10:12 Historical Context of Coffee Farming in Brazil12:52 Future of Regenerative Agriculture and Population Trends16:50 Conclusion and Upcoming EpisodeConnect with Murilo at:https://www.linkedin.com/in/murilo-bettarello/https://www.instagram.com/murilobettarello/https://www.izagro.com.br••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

In this episode I continue my exploration of William James' The Varieties of Religious Experience, with a focus on the conversion process and the subconscious mind.

In today's deep dive, we'll learn how collard enthusiasts and scientists use science and preservation to lift rare varieties of the leafy green.

We're answering questions from members of our Chase Club this week.We're exploring the nuances of incorporating children into gym culture and the role of various deadlift techniques in enhancing performance.  We're also talking about fostering a supportive community in your CrossFit gym and how to redefine your purpose and identity after becoming a parent.===❤️‍

There are four orders in the āśrama: there's brahmachari, grihastha, vanaprastha, and sannyasa. Each one of these is very specifically to give facility at different eras, periods in one's life so that one can give one's full attention to Kṛṣṇa and Kṛṣṇa's service. As Kṛṣṇa says in the Bhagavad-gītā (BG 2.41): "vyavasāyātmikā buddhir ekeha kuru-nandana bahu-śākhā hy anantāś ca buddhayo 'vyavasāyinām." The idea Kṛṣṇa gives here is that unless you're fully dedicated to Kṛṣṇa consciousness and keep your mind fixed in one place on Kṛṣṇa and his service, then many branch. Varieties, apparently although sort of false varieties, everything's recycled in the material world. So this brahmachari āśrama is a special facility to give you full attention on your service and also to inspire others who see you and note that this is your only interest in life. You have no other business going on; you only have Kṛṣṇa's business in your life. (excerpt from the address) ------------------------------------------------------------ To connect with His Grace Vaiśeṣika Dāsa, please visit https://www.fanthespark.com/next-steps/ask-vaisesika-dasa/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Add to your wisdom literature collection: https://www.bbtacademic.com/books/ (USA only) https://thefourquestionsbook.com/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Join us live on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FanTheSpark/ Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/sound-bhakti/id1132423868 For the latest videos, subscribe https://www.youtube.com/@FanTheSpark For the latest in SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/fan-the-spark ------------------------------------------------------------ #vaisesikaprabhu #vaisesikadasa #vaisesikaprabhulectures #spirituality #bhaktiyoga #krishna #spiritualpurposeoflife #krishnaspirituality #spiritualusachannel #whybhaktiisimportant #whyspiritualityisimportant #vaisesika #spiritualconnection #thepowerofspiritualstudy #selfrealization #spirituallectures #spiritualstudy #spiritualexperience #spiritualpurposeoflife #spiritualquestions #spiritualquestionsanswered #trendingspiritualtopics #fanthespark #spiritualpowerofmeditation #spiritualgrowthlessons #secretsofspirituality #spiritualteachersonyoutube #spiritualhabits #spiritualclarity #bhagavadgita #srimadbhagavatam #spiritualbeings #kttvg #keepthetranscendentalvibrationgoing #spiritualpurpose

In this episode of The Sales Gravy Podcast, Jeb Blount, Jr. welcomes Kirk Richardson, author of Craft Beer Country, to dive into the world of craft beer, exploring trends, challenges, and the rise of IPAs. Discover how the craft beer industry has blended innovation and tradition to become a cultural phenomenon. Key Takeaways: – Resilience in Craft Beer Market: Despite challenges in the beer industry, craft beer gained a 13% increase in market share in 2023, weathering the storm better than large-scale breweries. – Significance of Hops: Hops, a core ingredient in beer, play a vital role in flavor, aroma, and shelf life. Varieties include aroma, bittering, and dual-purpose hops, each contributing to unique brewing profiles. – Historical Roots of Sours: Sour beers trace their origins to Belgium, where open fermentation with wild yeast created distinctive flavors, making them one of the oldest beer styles still enjoyed today. – Seasonal Beer Preferences: Beer choices often align with the seasons, with lighter options like sours and lagers favored by many in warmer months and darker stouts and porters during colder seasons. – Challenging Stereotypes: While there is often some misconception around craft beer enthusiasts, the craft beer experience is accessible and welcoming, offering something for everyone regardless of expertise. – Cultural Significance of Brewing: Brewing dates back thousands of years, with craft beer continuing traditions like those of ancient Egypt, where beer was used as both sustenance and currency. – Breweries as Social Hubs: Breweries cater to diverse personalities, providing spaces for extroverts to socialize and introverts to enjoy solitude, fostering connections and memorable experiences. – Storytelling in Craft Beer: The industry thrives on the stories of its people, from the challenges of sourcing ingredients to the inspirations behind unique brews, enriching the craft beer community. – Navigating Supply Challenges: Craft brewers often face supply chain hurdles, particularly in sourcing specific hops, yet their creativity and adaptability in dealing with these issues are often what drive the industry forward. – Craft Beer's Universal Appeal: With its wide range of styles and flavors, craft beer continues to bring people together, celebrating diversity in taste and creating lasting bonds through shared experiences. https://youtu.be/r_7XsernY7Y?feature=shared The Role of Craft Beer in Modern Culture Craft beer holds a unique place in today's beverage market, offering a blend of tradition, innovation, and community. With its roots deeply embedded in history and its appeal growing across diverse audiences, craft beer has become more of a cultural experience than just a drink. Craft Beer's Market Growth and Resilience The beer industry has faced significant challenges in recent years, from shifts in consumer preferences to economic pressures. Despite this, craft beer has demonstrated resilience, gaining a 13% increase in market share in 2023. While larger breweries have struggled, craft beer's ability to innovate and connect with its audience has allowed it to thrive. The Essential Role of Hops Hops, one of beer's four primary ingredients, are integral to the brewing process. They contribute to the beer's flavor, aroma, and longevity. Brewers use different types of hops (ex. aroma, bittering, and dual-purpose) to craft a wide range of styles. However, the supply chain for hops can be unpredictable, with shortages and oversupply cycles creating challenges for brewers. A Historical Perspective on Sour Beers Sour beers, one of the oldest styles of beer, have a storied history dating back to Belgium. These beers were traditionally made through open fermentation, allowing wild yeast to develop their signature tart flavor. Today, sours remain popular for their unique taste and connection to brewing's historical roots,

..but we have to have some aesthetic beauty. And the Bhāgavatam describes (SB 1.5.11): tad-vāg-visargo janatāgha-viplavo yasmin prati-ślokam abaddhavaty api nāmāny anantasya yaśo 'ṅkitāni yat śṛṇvanti gāyanti gṛṇanti sādhavaḥ It's a presentation that comes from the spiritual world and talks about the unlimited varieties of names, qualities, and forms of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Ultimately, that's the only kind of variety that satisfies us. What we're looking at in the Bhāgavatam now is the Lord's external creation. If you look at it just as the external creation and you try to enjoy it—for instance, when I was a kid, one of my dreams was to go to every beach in the world and surf. Not that I was a surfer, but I just admired the idea. And in fact, there was a movie that I saw that inspired me. It was called The Endless Summer, and it was this group of surfers, and they just went around the Earth. They'd go wherever it was summertime, and they'd be there with their surfboards, surfing. And I thought, now that's a good idea—to go to every beach. But ultimately, it's just an interaction with the elements. When the surfers are doing that, there's a way in which, we just read this morning, Kṛṣṇa said, "ye hi saṁsparśa-jā bhogā duḥkha-yonaya eva te ādy-antavantaḥ kaunteya na teṣu ramate budhaḥ" This sparśa, I jump in the water, I feel good, and then I surf, and I feel some exhilaration going down the wave. And people look at me and say, "Wow, you're a surfer." And then I feel some sense of false ego. In this way, I'm sort of touching the material energy but with my own idea, my own agenda on My Endless Summer. Ultimately, like everything else, it has a beginning and an end, and therefore it's not pleasurable. But, if we take the same principle in devotional service, as Śukadeva Gosvāmī was going into here and saying, you look at the world in a different way—you see it as the body of the Lord. Everything on it is an aspect of His magnificence, His design sense, and artistry, and you see how it all fits together and how it's all part of Him. Then there's a permanent sense of happiness, then it becomes devotional service. The universal form is an imaginary form, yes, it's the external energy of the Lord, but we connect it by seeing it as the body of the Lord, as Śukadeva Gosvāmī is pointing out. It's like an external feature, but even that is amazing. And that can be seen in relation to The Supreme Personality of Godhead, then it becomes unlimitedly satisfying to the heart when we connect it. (excerpt from the talk) ------------------------------------------------------------ To connect with His Grace Vaiśeṣika Dāsa, please visit https://www.fanthespark.com/next-steps/ask-vaisesika-dasa/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Add to your wisdom literature collection: https://www.bbtacademic.com/books/ (USA only) https://thefourquestionsbook.com/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Join us live on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FanTheSpark/ Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/sound-bhakti/id1132423868 For the latest videos, subscribe https://www.youtube.com/@FanTheSpark For the latest in SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/fan-the-spark

jjThoughts, planning and beginning of the final mission (for this season) hj

Join Adam Barralet, Kyle Perez and Nicholas Pearson in Episode #7 of the Crystal Confab Podcast as they unpack all-things Moonstone, including: Moonstone meaning & uses Working with Moonstone during the Full Moon in Cancer Which varieties of Moonstone to use for each lunar phase What's the difference between Genuine Moonstone and Rainbow Moonstone?     Tune in now for a deeper look at Moonstone meaning!   P.S. - Moonstone comes in many varieties and colors, which can make it difficult to spot Moonstone fakes! However, once you know what to look for, it's typically fairly easy to recognize the real deal. Make sure to check out my video all about How to Spot Moonstone Fakes and never be fooled by imposter Moonstone again! Are you interested in becoming a Certified Crystal Healer? Find out more about the CCH and Advanced Crystal Practitioner Program HERE!

In this week's show, we sit down with filmmaker Steven HAuse and philosopher Eric Reitan to discuss the varieties of Universalism within the Christian faith.If you want to call in to the Bonus Show, leave a voicemail at (530) 332-8020. We would love to get to your calls!Pick up Sometimes Matt's new book, Heretic, Too!Today's Sponsor: Religionless Studios is a Progressive Christian video Bible commentary on YouTube. Every single Sunday the channel will move comprehensively and compassionately interpret the Bible through the lens of liberation theology.  In addition to the YouTube channel, Religionless also has devotionals, study guides, and a Discord community that are all accessible via Patreon.LINKSQuoirCast on PatreonQuoirCast on PatheosPANELEric ReitanSteven HAuse

Back in 2018, when this episode first aired, there was a feeling that democracy was on the ropes.  In the United States and abroad, citizens of democracies are feeling increasingly alienated, disaffected, and powerless.  Some are even asking themselves a question that feels almost too dangerous to say out loud: is democracy fundamentally broken?  Today on Radiolab, we ask a different question: how do we fix it?  We scrutinize one proposed tweak to the way we vote that could make politics in this country more representative, more moderate, and most shocking of all, more civil.  Could this one surprisingly do-able mathematical fix really turn political campaigning from a rude bloodsport to a campfire singalong? And even if we could do that, would we want to?Special thanks to Rob Richie (and everyone else at Fairvote), Don Saari, Diana Leygerman, Caroline Tolbert, Bobby Agee, Edward Still, Jim Blacksher, Allen Caton, Nikolas Bowie, John Hale, and Anna Luhrmann and the rest of the team at the Varieties of Democracy Institute in Sweden.And a very special thanks to Rick Pickren, for allowing us to use his rendition of State of Maine, Maine's state anthem. Check that out, and all his other state anthems on Spotify or Youtube.EPISODE CREDITS: Reported by - Latif Nasser, Simon Adler, Sarah Qari, Suzie Lechtenberg and Tracie HunteProduced by - Simon Adler, Matt Kielty, Sarah Qari, and Suzie LechtenbergOriginal music and sound design contributed by - Simon AdlerOur newsletter comes out every Wednesday. It includes short essays, recommendations, and details about other ways to interact with the show. Sign up (https://radiolab.org/newsletter)!Radiolab is supported by listeners like you. Support Radiolab by becoming a member of The Lab (https://members.radiolab.org/) today.Follow our show on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook @radiolab, and share your thoughts with us by emailing radiolab@wnyc.org.Leadership support for Radiolab's science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation Initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

In the second episode of our "Shook by a Book" series, Kelly connects with Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter and bestselling author Charles Duhigg about a century-old book assigned to him in college which influenced his thinking and life choices.  Charles is the author of Supercommunicators, and The Power of Habit.  (He and Kelly actually share the same editor at Random House.)  This book Charlie picked, William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience, gets at the psychological need for religion, the power of choice and how context influences our behavior.  It also serves as a springboard for Kelly and Charlie to go deep on their careers, families and life decisions.Special thanks to The Teagle Foundation for their generous support of this series. This episode was recorded at the Aspen Ideas Festival.