Podcasts about Physarum

durée : 00:55:40 - Les Savanturiers - par : Fabienne Chauvière - Autrement appelé Blob, le Physarum polycephalum est un organisme unicellulaire, ni animal, ni végétal, que l'on trouve dans les milieux frais et humides (en forêt) et qui passionne les chercheurs. Rencontre avec la spécialiste française du BLOB, Audrey Dussutour. - invités : Audrey DUSSUTOUR - Audrey Dussutour : Directrice de recherche au CNRS, au Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA) à l'Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier.

Summary: Looking for an easy care but unusual pet? Slime mold might be just what you're looking for! Join Kiersten as she talks about slime molds as pets.   For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean   Show Notes:  “Slime Molds: No Brains, No Feet, No Problem,” Science Thursday. PBS. https://www.pbs.org The Slime Mould Collective, https://slimoco.ning.com Carolina Biological Supply Company, https://www.carolina.com Slime Moulds: The University of Warwick, Life Sciences, https://warwick.ac.uk Music written and performed by Katherine Camp     Transcript  (Piano music plays) Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife. (Piano music stops) Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I'm Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we'll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating.  This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won't regret it. We've reached the penultimate episode of slime mold and it's kind of an odd one, although, most of these series has been odd. The ninth thing I like about…well I'm on the fence about whether I truly like this, so let's say the ninth thing I'm going to talk about slime mold is people keeping it as a pet. This is may be the most unusual creature to keep as a pet, but I guess you could get attached to this little rule breaker. It seems they might be easy to feed, a few oats can go along way, they don't need a large space to roam around, and they don't need a lot of light. Keeping the proper temperature and humidity levels might be the most difficult task, but let's see what some slime mold pet owners have to say. The University of Warwick in Coventry, England has instructions on the L  Ife Sciences page for how to keep slime mold alive. It's fairly straight forward. The slime mold they talk about is our old friend Physarum polycephalum, aka The Blob. This is the species most commonly used in laboratory experiments and was the focus of most of the intelligence studies we talked about in the last episode.  According to the Warwick guide to looking after your slime mold, it really is fairly simple. You can keep your slime mold in any waterproof container. They use petri dishes at the university, but any plastic tub is sufficient. It will need a source of moisture, so a damp piece of kitchen towel works just fine. Having a supply of oats on hand is a must, but you don't need much more than that to feed your slime mold. You can feed it every few days, but be sure that you do, or it might make like Harry Houdini and escape imprisonment.  If the slime mold gets hungry it will figure out a way to slip out of it's tub and look for the nutrients it needs. It also doesn't like to hang out on old food, I'm really who does, so when you feed it you want to put it to one side so it moves around it's enclosure. Exercise does keep you healthy.  If you're looking for a pet that doesn't need a lot of clean up, your in luck with slime mold. You'll need to clean up the piece of substrate it's living on at least once a week. You can lure it to one side for food and remove the paper it's laying on with a new piece. This actually does sound kind of fun. When you've had enough of slime mold parenthood, you can just let if dry out in the dark and it goes into a sort of torpor. The dried up slime mold in called a sclerotia. It can stay on this state for almost tow years. Then it can be woken up by re-dampening the paper and feeding it oats again. Sounds pretty fool proof to me! But, just like any living creature, there are problems that can arise. I find it interesting that Warwick University offers a troubleshooting guide to slime mold. Makes it sound like a computer program not a living organism. None the less, it sounds like good advice. As mentioned before, you may have an escape happen. If you do, they say you can just lure it back into its enclosure with some yummy oats.  If you're slime mold becomes smelly or moldy, more so that usual I guess, then it may have become contaminated with something. You can coax a bit of it onto a new piece of paper and move it into a new container. The rest of the slime mold and the old container will need to be bleached. If your slime mold turns brown or gray, remember healthy blobs are typical a yellow color, or becomes runny. I have bad news. It's dead. You'll have to start over with a new colony, after an appropriate mourning period, of course. If your slime mold develops black spots and stops moving. Mazel tov, you're a parent! Your slime mold was probably exposed to too much light and has moved onto the next stage of its life, making spores. That's it for this colony of slime mold. You'll have to start over again. I take back what I said before, this does seem like a pretty easy pet to have, although on long vacations you'll need to have a pet sitter. Do they have a slime mold option on Rover?   While doing research for this episode I found a website called The Slime Mould Collective. Mold spelled mould, the European spelling. There were people asking questions about slime mold from all over the world. Could be a good way to bond with someone from across the planet. Slime mold, bringing us together. Stranger things have happened. If you have other pets, such as fogs to cats, keep in mind that while slime mold is not toxic to them ingestion of the slime mold could cause some tummy troubles. The earthy smell that slime mold produces when it's healthy might attract your four-legged furry friends, so for everyones sake, especially your carpet, keep your slime mold in a secure space away from your other pets. There are two ways to obtain your slime mold. You can collect some from your garden or you can order some from online providers. The Carolina Biological Supply Company will ship you a slime mold started kit for about $53 US dollars. This is aimed at the science class so it comes with sclerotia for five slime mold starters, 10 Petri dishes lined with agar solution, and one Physarum plasmodium plate.  Collecting some from your garden will be a lot less expensive, but I'm hesitant to do that. After everything I've learned about slime mold intelligence how could I take it out of its natural habitat. For all we know, it could know that it's no longer living in the wild but stuck in a plastic butter tub in someone's kitchen. You may be shaking you head right now or laughing out loud, but just think back to the last episode where we talked about all the things slime mold can do without a brain. The next thing we discover about slime could that it has consciousness. I wouldn't put anything past this amazing little organism. Thanks for sticking with me to the ninth episode of slime mold, listeners, I may have to revise what I said at the beginning of this episode and say my ninth favorite thing about slime mold is that you can keep it as a pet. I may just go order some right now! If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change.    Join me next week for another fascinating episode about slime mold.       (Piano Music plays)  This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.

Summary: Are you telling me a brainless protists has senses? You bet! Join Kiersten as she discusses slime mols senses.   For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean   Show Notes: “Slime Mould Senses” Warwick Life Sciences. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci “Phototaxis and Photomorphogenesis in Physarum polycephalum Plasmodia”, by Th. Schereckenbach. Blue Light Effects in Biological Systems pp 463-475. Proceedings in Life Sciences, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69767-8_51 “The Intelligence of Slime Mold,” by Hannah Gillespie, The Appalachian Voice. October 11, 2019. https://appvoices.org “Can Slime Molds Think?” By Nancy Walecki. Harvard Magazine, November-December 2021. https://www.harvardmagazine.com   Transcript  (Piano music plays) Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife. (Piano music stops) Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I'm Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we'll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating.  This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won't regret it. This is episode six of slime mold and today we're talking senses. I know it sounds a little odd to talk about senses in a life form that doesn't even have a brain but the fact that slime mold has senses is the sixth thing I like about it. To be honest, slime mold doesn't have all the traditional senses that we think about creatures having, such as sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, but the senses they have are pretty mind-blowing for such a simple organism. Let's look at sight first. He-he, see what I did there? On boy! I'm stuck in a pun-cycle! Seriously, slime mold can't actually see, there is no evidence of an optical nerve or any kind of optical receptors in slime mold. They do have the ability to sense light. Most of the time, slime mold will avoid light. Blue light and UV light can damage DNA and the slime mold consistently moved away from these wavelengths. On the other end of the spectrum, red light influenced the movements of slime mold but to a lesser degree than blue and UV.  Light affects slime mold in various ways. In laboratory experiments, visible light has been shown to inhibit growth, induce a light avoidance response in mobile slime mold, control the change of plasmodial slime mold into resting structures, and trigger a formation of fruiting bodies. Movement influenced by light is called phototaxis. It looks like slime mold may not be able to see light in the traditional sense, but it defiantly has quite the impact on this organism. In the diet episode we already sniffed out slime molds sense of smell, but let's revisit it quickly here. Slime mold doesn't possess an olfactory system in the traditional sense. In mammalians we have a centralized olfactory system that concentrates the cells that collect scent. It's our nose! Slime mold does not have a nose, but it does have olfactory cells all over its form. So, it's kind of like one big nose. It is able to determine, by smell, which direction it wants to go to find high-quality food. It can, somehow make decisions based on the scents in the environment. Chemotaxis is movement influenced by chemical scents in the environment. Slime mold has this ability. In laboratory experiments, slime mold moved toward oats and paprika, both a good source of acceptable food, and moved away from black pepper and turmeric. Sense of smell often goes hand in hand with a sense of taste. Slime mold definitely behaves like it has a sense of taste as well as smell, because it avoids engulfing certain types of food.  Items high in salt, caffeine, and items with a high pH level are all commonly avoided by slime mold. Oats, sugar, and high protein foods all attract slime mold. Now, of course, these items all give off a chemical scent that we know the slime mold can sense, but it's reasonable to believe that it may also have a sense of taste. We'll have to wait for future research to see if it's true. Moving on to the sense of touch. There is really no way for use to truly understand what slime mold feels, but there is research that shows slime mold has preferences for certain surfaces. Like Goldilocks, slime mold wants a surface that is just right. They want something hard but not too hard. They will pick wood over a rock or over a loose patch of moss.  There is no evidence, yet, that slime mold is capable of hearing, but give it some time. I don't think we should rule anything out when it come to slime mold. We do know that slime mold employs mechanosensation to judge objects in the distance without coming into physical contact with them. Researchers at Harvard's Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University presented challenges to the slime mold in a laboratory setting to see what it was capable of. They placed the slime mold in the center of a petrie dish and placed glass discs on opposite sides of the dish. One side held one disc and the other side held three discs. They turned off the lights and left the slime mold for approximately 12 hours. When they checked on the slime mold, it consistently traveled toward the side contains three discs. Now, they filmed the progression of the slime mold to make sure it hadn't  reached all the way out to each side touching the discs and then determined which way to go. The slime mold never touched any of the discs before it favored the side with the three discs.  To make this even crazier, the slime mold showed a preference for discs that took up more horizontal space than discs that were closer together or stacked on top of one another. They are still not sure how the slime mold is processing this information, but the presence of protein channels called TRP have been found in slime mold. The human brain uses these TRP channels to process mechanosensation input. Notice I said the human brain, and as we know by now, slime mold does not have a brain. So , how is slime mold processing the information that helps it determine the mass of objects on the horizon? I don't know about you, but each episode of this slime mold series amazes me. Slime mold senses is mu sixth favorite thing bout this under appreciated organism.   If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change.    Join me next week for another episode about slime mold.       (Piano Music plays)  This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.

Summary: Slime mold eats some pretty interesting stuff, but how it finds it's food is they really fascinating part. Join Kiersten as she talks about who slime mold eats.   For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean   Show Notes:  “Slime Molds” by Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://portal.ct.gov “Slime Mould,” by Thomas J. Volk, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2001. https://www.sciencedirect.com “Slime Mold Nutrition” Brad Renner, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. bioweb.uwlax.edu “Eight smart things slime molds can do without a brain,” by Alissa Greenberg, Nova, Monday, September 21, 2020. https://www.pbs.org   Slime Mold: Diet Transcript  (Piano music plays) Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife. (Piano music stops) Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I'm Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we'll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating.  This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won't regret it. On to number four, listeners, and we're talking diet. I'm learning so much researching this series and the fourth thing I like about slime mold is what it eats! Slime mold was thought to be a fungus for quite some time, so people were amazed to find out that it ingests it food, then digests. That doesn't sound so odd to me, since that's what I did with my breakfast this morning, but that's not how fungus does it. Fungus digests its food externally before absorbing it. So, this is what researchers expected when they looked at how slime mold eats. To say the least, they were surprised. Let's take a closer look at how slime mold eats. We're going to investigate how Myxomycota, the true slime molds, eat their food.  As a quick reminder, Myxomycota are the plasmodial slime molds. They exist as a plasmodium. A plasmodium is a blob of protoplasm without cell walls and only a cell membrane to keep everything together. (I see why this inspired a 1950s horror movie.) They are essentially an amoeba and amoebas eat their food well, like the Blob. They engulf their food and then digest it. By engulf I mean completely surround it with their amoeba body. This process is called pseudopodia. The definition of pseudopodia is a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding. This is what slime mold does when it is preparing to eat. The next step is phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is the act of eating or damaging foreign components in cells. According to Science Direct phagocytosis is a universal cell function, which starts with the recognition and binding of a particle, generally in a receptor-dependent manner, and leads to its internalization and degradation. Sounds pretty complicated to me but, I guess it's essentially digestion. Some organisms may use it for other things besides digestion such as defending against invading pathogens, it is also important during development and in adulthood for normal turnover, remodeling, and disposal of tissues, but that's a whole other podcast. The important part of this definition is that this is the process that helps slime mold digest its food. Alright! We know how slime mold eats, let's look at what slime mold eats. Bacteria is a big favorite of slime mold, but they can also eat decaying leaves, decaying logs, yeasts, other protists, and poo.  Hey, somebody's gotta do it, right?! So far the diet and eating habits of slime molds don't seem too unusual compared to other creatures, expect for maybe the poo, but we're just getting to the really mind blowing part. First of all, slime mold can smell its food. I know what you're thinking, how can a blob of cells with no detectable olfactory system smell food? The answer is that they have olfactory receptors all over the cells connected into the amoeba. These receptors are similar to the receptors that mammals, including humans, have lining their nasal passages. I'll pause a moment while you let this information sink in… Hold on to your hat though, it's about to get even more amazing! Some mold actually shows preferences for food. That's right! If given the choice between two potential food sources they will chose the one that has the best nutritional value.  Ecologist and entomologist Tanya Latty has studied slime molds extensively and in her research she's discovered that slime molds make smart decisions about their nutritional needs. To be successful slime molds need sugars and proteins. In a laboratory setting, Latty and colleagues offered Physarum polycephalum, also know as the many-headed slime, 35 different recipes made of different ratios of the nutrients slime mold needs to survive. The slime mold chose to engulf the foods that offered the best balance of elements and avoided the recipes that would harm them or weren't worth the effort to ingest. You heard me correctly, they chose the food themselves. If nothing else blows your mind about slime mold, I just said a living entity that has no brain or any detectable ganglia is making a decision! Need another example? Latty also tested whether slime mold could make trade-offs between quality of food and risk. (I can't even believe I'm reporting this, it's so amazing!) The researchers set up an experiment where they put the preferred food under a bright light and less desirable food in the dark. Slime mold doesn't like bright light, so you'd expect it to stay in the dark and eat what it can get, right? But from what we've just learned you may be thinking it took the chance and ate the food in the light because it was worth the risk. The results were not this simple. What actually happened I that the slime mold only took the risk to enter the bright light to engulf the food if the food was fives times more nutritious than what was in the dark. That is crazy amazing! This entity that is a blob of simple cells kept together by a common wall is processing information from olfactory receptors and choosing to make a calculated trade-offs to ensure it's survival. Holy Cow!! Quoting from an article from PBS Nova Latty says, “If you're a basic system, you'd expect you always choose one. You have a simple rule that always works. If you're sophisticated, you get some information about quality of food and intensity of light and do some calculations to figure out if it's worth it.” End quote. Looks like slime mold is in the second category. Latty continues, “That implies some molds are able to process information between two different attributes of a food source, which seems pretty sophisticated thing for, well, mucus.” End quote. I have no words for this…it's truly amazing. Stick with me listeners because it only gets cooler from here. The diet and feeding behavior of slime mold is my fourth favorite thing about this mind-blowing creature. If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change.    Join me next week for another episode about slime mold.       (Piano Music plays)  This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.

Un génie sans cerveau, qui avance sans pattes, un être unicellulaire qui apprend, mémorise, rajeunit en s'endormant, manipulé dans l'espace par Thomas Pesquet, un modèle pour optimiser les réseaux de transport, un chouchou pour les écoles, bref une belle Baleine sous le gravillon de la Vie ... Son petit nom vient d'un film d'horreur bien baveux de 1958, le premier rôle de Steve McQueen au cinéma (le remake de 1988 est mieux). Son vrai nom est Physarum polycephalum. Il ressemble à un petit morceau d'omelette, et vit en forêt sur du bois mort. C'est pas un champignon, contrairement à l'effrayant cordyceps de la série The last of us. Composé d'une seule cellule, le blob est un myxomycète. Son nom vient de “myxo” qui signifie gélatineux ou gluant, et” de mykès” champignon. “Champignon a au passage une jolie étymologie : campinolius signifie “petit produit campagnard” en latin. Les Myxomycètes sont aussi appelés “champignons amiboïdes” ou “champignons-animaux”, car ils se déplacent. “Slime molds” (“moisissures morveuses”) en anglais. Et c'est la première grande leçon sous le gravillon ! Il existe d'autres règnes que celui des plantes, des animaux et des champignons ! Ils sont rikikis et inconnus du grand public, mais ils n'en constituent pas moins la majorité de la biomasse de notre planète ! Ces autres règnes pèsent 2 fois le poids de tous les animaux. Avec les bactéries, c'est 32 fois plus ! “L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux” right ? L'essentiel vit sous les gravillons. Sans système nerveux, sans cerveau, le blob apprend, mémorise et communique. Sans pattes, il se déplace d'une manière unique au monde : avec un système de "3 pas en avant, deux pas en arrière". Sauf que ce sont pas des pas, mais des flux et reflux de ses fluides veineux. Devenu une superstar, il fait partie des rares êtres à avoir été manipulé dans l'espace, par notre Thomas Pesquet national. Il peut se découper en morceaux. Chacun engendre un nouveau blob. S'il est stressé, il s'endort et devient tout sec … pour mieux se régénérer, ce bel au bois dormant ! Contrairement à nous, il ne compte pas 2 mais 720 types sexuels. Le blob intéresse la recherche et l'industrie, par exemple en vue d'optimiser les réseaux internet ou de transports. L'Allemagne l'étudie beaucoup pour la recherche contre le cancer. Dans le milieu naturel, le blob est essentiel, c'est un parfait recycleur et dépollueur. _______ Invitée : Audrey Dussutour, directrice de recherche au Centre de recherches sur la cognition animale CNRS. Audrey a surnommé le Blob et l'a rendu célèbre. En 2017, elle publie “Tout ce que vous avez toujours voulu savoir sur le Physarum polycephalum sans jamais oser le demander ”. Le mot blob est même entré dans le dictionnaire peu après. En 2023, Audrey publie un nouveau livre "Moi le blob", chez Humensciences, mi roman mi BD, illustré par Simon Bailly. Je suis allé à une conférence d'Audrey sur le Blob le 13 décembre 2022 à Paris, et nous avons eu le bonheur de papoter juste après. _______ On aime ce qui nous a émerveillé … et on protège ce qu'on aime. Sous notre Gravillon vous trouverez... 4 podcasts, 1 site, 1 compte Instagram, 1 page + 1 groupe Facebook et 1 asso.   Tous nos podcasts sont faits bénévolement. Ils sont gratuits, sans pub et accessibles à tous. Vous pouvez faire un don sur Helloasso (ou sur Tipeee),  adhérer à l'asso BSG, ou installer gratuitement le moteur de recherche Lilo et nous reverser vos gouttes. Pour nous aider, vous pouvez aussi partager nos liens, et surtout nous laisser un avis sur Apple Podcast ET Spotify. Nous serons ainsi plus visibles et mieux recommandés. Merci :) Nous vous accompagnons pour créer votre podcast.   Nous proposons des conférences et animons des tables rondes. Nous cherchons des partenaires : contact@baleinesousgravillon.com

Un génie sans cerveau, qui avance sans pattes, un être unicellulaire qui apprend, mémorise, rajeunit en s'endormant, manipulé dans l'espace par Thomas Pesquet, un modèle pour optimiser les réseaux de transport, un chouchou pour les écoles, bref une belle Baleine sous le gravillon de la Vie ... Son petit nom vient d'un film d'horreur bien baveux de 1958, le premier rôle de Steve McQueen au cinéma (le remake de 1988 est mieux). Son vrai nom est Physarum polycephalum. Il ressemble à un petit morceau d'omelette, et vit en forêt sur du bois mort. C'est pas un champignon, contrairement à l'effrayant cordyceps de la série The last of us. Composé d'une seule cellule, le blob est un myxomycète. Son nom vient de “myxo” qui signifie gélatineux ou gluant, et” de mykès” champignon. “Champignon a au passage une jolie étymologie : campinolius signifie “petit produit campagnard” en latin. Les Myxomycètes sont aussi appelés “champignons amiboïdes” ou “champignons-animaux”, car ils se déplacent. “Slime molds” (“moisissures morveuses”) en anglais. Et c'est la première grande leçon sous le gravillon ! Il existe d'autres règnes que celui des plantes, des animaux et des champignons ! Ils sont rikikis et inconnus du grand public, mais ils n'en constituent pas moins la majorité de la biomasse de notre planète ! Ces autres règnes pèsent 2 fois le poids de tous les animaux. Avec les bactéries, c'est 32 fois plus ! “L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux” right ? L'essentiel vit sous les gravillons. Sans système nerveux, sans cerveau, le blob apprend, mémorise et communique. Sans pattes, il se déplace d'une manière unique au monde : avec un système de "3 pas en avant, deux pas en arrière". Sauf que ce sont pas des pas, mais des flux et reflux de ses fluides veineux. Devenu une superstar, il fait partie des rares êtres à avoir été manipulé dans l'espace, par notre Thomas Pesquet national. Il peut se découper en morceaux. Chacun engendre un nouveau blob. S'il est stressé, il s'endort et devient tout sec … pour mieux se régénérer, ce bel au bois dormant ! Contrairement à nous, il ne compte pas 2 mais 720 types sexuels. Le blob intéresse la recherche et l'industrie, par exemple en vue d'optimiser les réseaux internet ou de transports. L'Allemagne l'étudie beaucoup pour la recherche contre le cancer. Dans le milieu naturel, le blob est essentiel, c'est un parfait recycleur et dépollueur. _______ Invitée : Audrey Dussutour, directrice de recherche au Centre de recherches sur la cognition animale CNRS. Audrey a surnommé le Blob et l'a rendu célèbre. En 2017, elle publie “Tout ce que vous avez toujours voulu savoir sur le Physarum polycephalum sans jamais oser le demander ”. Le mot blob est même entré dans le dictionnaire peu après. En 2023, Audrey publie un nouveau livre "Moi le blob", chez Humensciences, mi roman mi BD, illustré par Simon Bailly. Je suis allé à une conférence d'Audrey sur le Blob le 13 décembre 2022 à Paris, et nous avons eu le bonheur de papoter juste après. _______ On aime ce qui nous a émerveillé … et on protège ce qu'on aime. Sous notre Gravillon vous trouverez... 4 podcasts, 1 site, 1 compte Instagram, 1 page + 1 groupe Facebook et 1 asso.   Tous nos podcasts sont faits bénévolement. Ils sont gratuits, sans pub et accessibles à tous. Vous pouvez faire un don sur Helloasso (ou sur Tipeee),  adhérer à l'asso BSG, ou installer gratuitement le moteur de recherche Lilo et nous reverser vos gouttes. Pour nous aider, vous pouvez aussi partager nos liens, et surtout nous laisser un avis sur Apple Podcast ET Spotify. Nous serons ainsi plus visibles et mieux recommandés. Merci :) Nous vous accompagnons pour créer votre podcast.   Nous proposons des Fresques de la biodiversité, des conférences et animons des tables rondes.  Nous cherchons des partenaires : contact@baleinesousgravillon.com

BSG offre tous ces épisodes gratuitement et sans pub depuis 3, sans aucune aide, sur toutes les applis d'écoutes. Nous avons besoin de votre soutien, les liens du crowdfunding et les modalités sont détaillées plus bas.  Nous cherchons des sponsors. Grand merci d'entendre cet appel à l'aide, vital pour continuer. _______ Un génie sans cerveau, qui avance sans pattes, un être unicellulaire qui apprend, mémorise, rajeunit en s'endormant, manipulé dans l'espace par Thomas Pesquet, un modèle pour optimiser les réseaux de transport, un chouchou pour les écoles, bref une belle Baleine sous le gravillon de la Vie ... Son petit nom vient d'un film d'horreur bien baveux de 1958, le premier rôle de Steve McQueen au cinéma (le remake de 1988 est mieux). Son vrai nom est Physarum polycephalum. Il ressemble à un petit morceau d'omelette, et vit en forêt sur du bois mort. C'est pas un champignon, contrairement à l'effrayant cordyceps de la série The last of us. Composé d'une seule cellule, le blob est un myxomycète. Son nom vient de “myxo” qui signifie gélatineux ou gluant, et” de mykès” champignon. “Champignon a au passage une jolie étymologie : campinolius signifie “petit produit campagnard” en latin. Les Myxomycètes sont aussi appelés “champignons amiboïdes” ou “champignons-animaux”, car ils se déplacent. “Slime molds” (“moisissures morveuses”) en anglais. Et c'est la première grande leçon sous le gravillon ! Il existe d'autres règnes que celui des plantes, des animaux et des champignons ! Ils sont rikikis et inconnus du grand public, mais ils n'en constituent pas moins la majorité de la biomasse de notre planète ! Ces autres règnes pèsent 2 fois le poids de tous les animaux. Avec les bactéries, c'est 32 fois plus ! “L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux” right ? L'essentiel vit sous les gravillons. Sans système nerveux, sans cerveau, le blob apprend, mémorise et communique. Sans pattes, il se déplace d'une manière unique au monde : avec un système de "3 pas en avant, deux pas en arrière". Sauf que ce sont pas des pas, mais des flux et reflux de ses fluides veineux. Devenu une superstar, il fait partie des rares êtres à avoir été manipulé dans l'espace, par notre Thomas Pesquet national. Il peut se découper en morceaux. Chacun engendre un nouveau blob. S'il est stressé, il s'endort et devient tout sec … pour mieux se régénérer, ce bel au bois dormant ! Contrairement à nous, il ne compte pas 2 mais 720 types sexuels. Le blob intéresse la recherche et l'industrie, par exemple en vue d'optimiser les réseaux internet ou de transports. L'Allemagne l'étudie beaucoup pour la recherche contre le cancer. Dans le milieu naturel, le blob est essentiel, c'est un parfait recycleur et dépollueur. _______ Invitée : Audrey Dussutour, directrice de recherche au Centre de recherches sur la cognition animale CNRS. Audrey a surnommé le Blob et l'a rendu célèbre. En 2017, elle publie “Tout ce que vous avez toujours voulu savoir sur le Physarum polycephalum sans jamais oser le demander ”. Le mot blob est même entré dans le dictionnaire peu après. En 2023, Audrey publie un nouveau livre "Moi le blob", chez Humensciences, mi roman mi BD, illustré par Simon Bailly. Je suis allé à une conférence d'Audrey sur le Blob le 13 décembre 2022 à Paris, et nous avons eu le bonheur de papoter juste après. _______ Tous nos podcasts sont faits bénévolement. Ils sont gratuits, sans pub et accessibles à tous. Vous pouvez faire un don sur Helloasso (ou surTipeee),  adhérer à l'asso BSG, ou installer gratuitement le moteur de recherche Lilo et nous reverser vos gouttes. Pour nous aider, vous pouvez aussi partager nos liens, et surtout nous laisser un avis sur Apple Podcast ET Spotify. Nous serons ainsi plus visibles et mieux recommandés. Merci :) Nous vous accompagnons pour créer votre podcast.   Nous proposons des conférences et animons des tables rondes. Nous cherchons des partenaires : contact@baleinesousgravillon.com

Un génie sans cerveau, qui avance sans pattes, un être unicellulaire qui apprend, mémorise, rajeunit en s'endormant, manipulé dans l'espace par Thomas Pesquet, un modèle pour optimiser les réseaux de transport, un chouchou pour les écoles, bref une belle Baleine sous le gravillon de la Vie ... Son petit nom vient d'un film d'horreur bien baveux de 1958, le premier rôle de Steve McQueen au cinéma (le remake de 1988 est mieux). Son vrai nom est Physarum polycephalum. Il ressemble à un petit morceau d'omelette, et vit en forêt sur du bois mort. C'est pas un champignon, contrairement à l'effrayant cordyceps de la série The last of us. Composé d'une seule cellule, le blob est un myxomycète. Son nom vient de “myxo” qui signifie gélatineux ou gluant, et” de mykès” champignon. “Champignon a au passage une jolie étymologie : campinolius signifie “petit produit campagnard” en latin. Les Myxomycètes sont aussi appelés “champignons amiboïdes” ou “champignons-animaux”, car ils se déplacent. “Slime molds” (“moisissures morveuses”) en anglais. Et c'est la première grande leçon sous le gravillon ! Il existe d'autres règnes que celui des plantes, des animaux et des champignons ! Ils sont rikikis et inconnus du grand public, mais ils n'en constituent pas moins la majorité de la biomasse de notre planète ! Ces autres règnes pèsent 2 fois le poids de tous les animaux. Avec les bactéries, c'est 32 fois plus ! “L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux” right ? L'essentiel vit sous les gravillons. Sans système nerveux, sans cerveau, le blob apprend, mémorise et communique. Sans pattes, il se déplace d'une manière unique au monde : avec un système de "3 pas en avant, deux pas en arrière". Sauf que ce sont pas des pas, mais des flux et reflux de ses fluides veineux. Devenu une superstar, il fait partie des rares êtres à avoir été manipulé dans l'espace, par notre Thomas Pesquet national. Il peut se découper en morceaux. Chacun engendre un nouveau blob. S'il est stressé, il s'endort et devient tout sec … pour mieux se régénérer, ce bel au bois dormant ! Contrairement à nous, il ne compte pas 2 mais 720 types sexuels. Le blob intéresse la recherche et l'industrie, par exemple en vue d'optimiser les réseaux internet ou de transports. L'Allemagne l'étudie beaucoup pour la recherche contre le cancer. Dans le milieu naturel, le blob est essentiel, c'est un parfait recycleur et dépollueur. _______ Invitée : Audrey Dussutour, directrice de recherche au Centre de recherches sur la cognition animale CNRS. Audrey a surnommé le Blob et l'a rendu célèbre. En 2017, elle publie “Tout ce que vous avez toujours voulu savoir sur le Physarum polycephalum sans jamais oser le demander ”. Le mot blob est même entré dans le dictionnaire peu après. En 2023, Audrey publie un nouveau livre "Moi le blob", chez Humensciences, mi roman mi BD, illustré par Simon Bailly. Je suis allé à une conférence d'Audrey sur le Blob le 13 décembre 2022 à Paris, et nous avons eu le bonheur de papoter juste après. _______   On aime ce qui nous a émerveillé … et on protège ce qu'on aime. Sous notre Gravillon vous trouverez... 4 podcasts, 1 site, 1 compte Instagram, 1 page + 1 groupe Facebook et 1 asso.   Tous nos podcasts sont faits bénévolement. Ils sont gratuits, sans pub et accessibles à tous. Vous pouvez faire un don sur Helloasso (ou sur Tipeee),  adhérer à l'asso BSG, ou installer gratuitement le moteur de recherche Lilo et nous reverser vos gouttes. Pour nous aider, vous pouvez aussi partager nos liens, et surtout nous laisser un avis sur Apple Podcast ET Spotify. Nous serons ainsi plus visibles et mieux recommandés. Merci :) Nous vous accompagnons pour créer votre podcast.   Nous proposons des conférences et animons des tables rondes. Nous cherchons des partenaires : contact@baleinesousgravillon.com

What do some amoebozoans and the urban planners of Tokyo have in common? And who is smarter? What even is intelligence? Find out by learning about Physarum polycephalum, a slime mold (aka "slimy guy") you could find on a walk in the woods. Scientist Kyle David talks about the lifestyle and weird features of P. polycephalum and how, even when it's meters long and wrapping itself around trees, it's really still only one single cell. We also talk about human vs. non-human intelligence, how this amoeba defies the human-created and often nebulous paradigms of "biological sex", and what we can learn from the formidable microbes around us.Dr. Kyle T. David, PhD is a postdoctoral fellow in the Rokas Lab at Vanderbilt University, who has studied the evolution of many organisms, from yeasts to frogs! To follow his work, check out his Google Scholar page or follow him on Twitter: @KyleTheDavid, where he regularly goes viral for posting weird science stuff.Here are some links to studies referenced in this episode if you're interested in further reading:1. https://www.nature.com/articles/350351592. https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.09121981073. https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.12150371094. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.0446#d4543081e15. https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.018101For more info on microbes and to follow updates of this podcast, find @couch_microscopy on Instagram, @CouchMicroscopy on Twitter, or visit www.couchmicroscopy.com/store for merch!Music is "Introducing Cosmic Space" by Elf Power and "Vorticella Dreams" by L. Felipe Benites.While some of the content on this podcast may be relevant to human or veterinary medicine, this information is not medical advice. The views and opinions expressed on this program are those of the host and guests and do not reflect the views of any institution.

Alasdair Stuart (@AlasdairStuart) talks about a slime mold. Brock Wilbur (@brockwilbur) shares a tale of the universe ha-ha-ha-ha-staying alive staying alive. Keep your teeth sharp and many, and your hearts dark and true. Edited by Will Biby.Buy our book CURTAINS right here: https://www.amazon.com/Curtains-Concert-Visions-Benefit-SaveOurStages/dp/B08VRHQG4Z

What's it like to think like a slime mold? Join Lisa and American writer, scholar, and film critic Steven Shaviro for a wildly erudite and imaginative look at the nature of consciousness in Physarum polycephalum, otherwise known as "The Blob," a brainless amoeba that thinks, learns, and inspires so much more than science fiction. Want to follow up on our sources or watch any of the videos we mention? Go to ThisAnimalLife.com and click on Show Notes.   Barnett, Heather, “What humans can learn from semi-intelligent slime,” Jul 17, 2014.  A TED talk about slime mold. The Blob: A Genius Without a Brain (TV Movie). Directed by Jacques Mitsch, 2019. Can Slime Mould Solve Mazes?, BBC Earth Lab, Dec 5, 2018. Reproduction of the Tokyo Metro study. The Creeping Garden Documentary.Directed by Tim Grabham and Jasper Sharp, 2014. Click here for the trailer. Dussutour, Audrey, “Le Blob,” Tout ce que vous avez toujours voulu savoir sur le blob sans jamais oser le demander, Des Equateurs, April 27th 2017.  Dussutour, Audrey, “Decision-making in Slime Molds,” ACM Collective Intelligence 2020, June 2020.  Eaglemann, David, Livewired: The Inside Story of the Ever-Changing Brain, Pantheon Books, 2020. Hollowman, Luke M.S., “Anesthesia Works on Plants Too, and We Don't Know Why,” Medium, July 2020. “Mould Time-lapse – The Great British Year: Episode 4,” Preview – BBC One. Oct 18, 2013. Nagel, Thomas. “What is it like to be a bat?” The Philosophical Review. 83 (4), 1974. [Link to Wikipedia page]. Pollan, Michael, The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World. Random House, 2001. Shaviro, Steven, Discognition Repeater, 2016. “Slime Molds: No Brains No Feet No Problem” PBS News Hour, April 2012. The Slime Mould Collective “The Slime Mould Collective is a portal for interesting, progressive and ground breaking research and creative practice working with the simple yet intelligent organisms. If you are involved with or interested in slime moulds as a scientist, artist, designer, teacher, philosopher… (etc), please join and share what you do.” Can put you in touch with sources of slime mold. Tchaikovsky, Adrian, Children of Time,  PanMacmillan, 2015. The mind-blowing spider novel. Tchaikovsky, Adrian, Children of Ruin, Macmillan Digital Audio, 2019. The super-cool octopus novel that includes an all-consuming slime-like creature.

Voilà une bien curieuse créature que le blob. Ni animal, ni plante, ni champignon, on le compare souvent à de la moisissure ou à du vomi de chien. Mais s'en tenir aux apparences serait le sous-estimer, car même sans cerveau, le blob sait faire preuve d'une intelligence qui inspire même nos ingénieurs.Qui est donc cet étrange organisme tout droit sorti d'un film de science-fiction ? Pour le savoir, il vous faudra écouter ce nouvel épisode de Bêtes de Science.

Für einige Probleme gibt's keine Lösung. Zumindest kennen wir keine. Wer eine größere Anzahl von Städten anfahren will und nach der kürzesten Route sucht steht vor einem solchen Problem. Mit jeder zusätzlichen Stadt wächst die Anzahl der möglichen Strecken mehr und mehr ins Unermessliche - so lange, bis selbst die schnellsten Computer der Welt nicht mehr mit dem Berechnen der optimalen Strecke hinterherkommen. Für die Lösung derartiger mathematischen Probleme sind zum Teil Preisgelder in Millionenhöhe ausgesetzt, die bisher nicht gewonnen wurden - und dennoch gibt es Organismen, die solche Probleme scheinbar mit Leichtigkeit lösen, ohne es zu wissen. biophon Folge 09 widmet sich einem solchen Problem und zeigt, wie unverstanden die Natur für uns ist, wie spannend es sein kann, Hummeln kleine Radartracker auf den Rücken zu kleben und wie ein Schleimpilz die Zukunft der Computertechnik mitbestimmen könnte.Quellen:M. Liu et al. (2020), A Slime Mold-Ant Colony Fusion Algorithm for Solving Traveling Salesman Problem. IEEE Access, http://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3035584Lihoreau M. et al. (2012) Radar Tracking and Motion-Sensitive Cameras on Flowers Reveal the Development of Pollinator Multi-Destination Routes over Large Spatial Scales. PLOS Biology. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001392M. Becker, "Design of fault tolerant networks with agent-based simulation of Physarum polycephalum," 2011 IEEE Congress of Evolutionary Computation (CEC), New Orleans, LA, USA, 2011, pp. 285-291, https://doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2011.5949630Watanabe, S. et. al (2011) Traffic optimization in railroad networks using an algorithm mimicking an amoeba-like organism, Physarum plasmodium. Biosystems.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.05.001Bildquellen:Coverbild: Bjorn S…, Slime mold, CC BY-SA 2.0, via flickr.com

Organisme unicellulaire, le "blob", de son nom scientifique Physarum polycephalum, intrigue depuis longtemps les scientifiques. Cette moisissure dépourvue de cerveau serait en effet capable de mémoriser certains souvenirs. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

L'autrice et étudiante en sexologie Myriam Daguzan Bernier explique pourquoi il existe encore de nombreux tabous autour des menstruations; la météorologue Ève Christian répond à de nombreuses questions de l'auditoire concernant les précipitations; Rémy Charest, chroniqueur spécialisé en vin, nous dit si le raisin goûte la terre dans laquelle sa vigne a poussé; et Suzanne Béland, mycologue amateur au Cercle des mycologues de Montréal et spécialiste des myxomycètes, s'intéresse au champignon Physarum polycephalum, surnommé « le blob », en sol québécois.

Sur Mars, dans l’intimité des virus, à la découverte de la matière cachée de l’Univers, sur les traces des blobs... : rencontres inattendues et décalées avec des chercheuses d’exception. Partageons les recherches les plus inattendues et les plus inouïes menées par de sacrées femmes de science, de Nairobi à Paris en passant par Niamey et Washington et jusque sur Mars et Titan...  Rencontres avec des chercheuses d’exception sur les traces de la matière cachée de l’Univers, dans l’intimité des virus et des blobs, en quête de vie extraterrestre et  d’équité sur Terre... Car s’il y a un point commun entre toutes ces chercheuses remarquables (et qu’on commence heureusement à remarquer) c’est bien la liberté de ton et d’action sur tous les sujets même ceux qui fâchent... Avec Tania Louis, docteure en Biologie et youtubeuse, elle a écrit la Folle histoire des virus, paru chez Humensciences (par téléphone) Caroline Freissinet, astrochimiste, elle participe aux résultats du Rover martien Curiosity et à la finalisation de la mission ExoMars2020. Elle prend également part à la réalisation de la mission Dragonfly sélectionnée pour explorer Titan en 2034, ainsi qu’à la conception d’instruments pour le futur atterrisseur à la surface d’Europa (Europa Lander) Audrey Dussutour, chercheuse spécialiste des organismes unicellulaires (tel que le Physarum polycephalum, communément appelé «blob». Yvonne Mburu, biologiste et  fondatrice de Nexakili, un réseau à mi-chemin entre Facebook et LinkedIn, à destination des médecins et scientifiques africains. Elle est experte sectorielle «Sciences» pour la Saison Africa 2020. Fadji Zaouna Maina, première scientifique nigérienne à avoir intégré la NASA (au micro de Charlie Dupiot) Nabila Aghanim, astrophysicienne et cosmologiste qui a découvert la matière cachée de l'Univers Aïssa Diarra, anthropologue de la santé (au micro de Charlie Dupiot). RFI consacre, lundi 8 mars 2021, une journée spéciale à la Journée internationale des droits des femmes en mettant à l'honneur les femmes scientifiques.     

Physarum polycephalum is pretty smart for a slime mold. It can find its way back to the places where food had previously been even though it doesn't have a nervous system. Researchers in Germany have just figured out how this organism does it. Plus: American Beatlemania may have begun in February 1964, but George Harrison made a nice, quiet trip to southern Illinois the previous fall. A memory without a brain (Science Daily) The Charming Story of George Harrison's Vacation In Small Town America (Smithsonian) We know you're smart, so join our smart backers on Patreon to keep this show strong! --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/coolweirdawesome/message

Quelles nouvelles du Blob ? De cet Ovni peu ragoûtant et si fascinant, ni animal ni végétal, ce génie sans cerveau, révélé et étudié par Audrey Dussutour, qui nous fera partager les derniers exploits de ses blobs… et cela vaut le détour ! Intéressons-nous à un ovni, un organisme vivant non identifié, ni plante, ni animal, ni champignon composé d’une seule et unique cellule :  le blob !  Physarum polycephalum pour les initiés, n’a ni bouche, ni estomac, ni yeux, ni pattes, et pourtant il mange (beaucoup), se déplace (très vite), perçoit la lumière et change de forme quand ça lui chante... Dépourvu de cerveau et de système nerveux, il est pourtant capable d’élaborer d’incroyables stratégies pour assurer sa survie. Les blobs sont devenus des stars dans les laboratoires au Japon comme aux États-Unis et en Italie. En France, le blob a aussi fait son entrée au Zoo de Vincennes et jusque dans le dictionnaire Larousse. Avec Audrey Dussutour, chercheuse au CNRS, à Toulouse. Elle est spécialiste des fourmis et des organismes unicellulaires, dont le célèbre blob. Le film Le blob, un génie sans cerveau, réalisé par Jacques Mitsch, est disponible en VOD sur le site Arte.tv.

Jenna Sutela works with words, sounds, and other living media, such as Bacillus subtilis nattō bacteria and the “many-headed” slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Her audiovisual pieces, sculptures, and performances seek to identify and react to precarious social and material moments, often in relation to technology. Sutela's work has been presented at museums and art contexts internationally, including Guggenheim Bilbao, Moderna Museet, and Serpentine Galleries. She is a Visiting Artist at The MIT Center for Art, Science & Technology (CAST) in 2019-20.Jenna's show 'I Magma' is currently on show at Oslo Kunstforening. https://en.oslokunstforening.no/jenna-sutela

Dans le bon vieux temps on prenait le temps de prendre du bon temps, mais ces derniers temps on courre après le temps, on l'entend : le temps file, le temps glisse, le temps s'accélère ! On vit des temps étranges... Alors détendez-vous, prenez votre temps à deux mains et installez-vous confortablement, nous sommes en direct sur KaLee Vision et vous êtes juste à temps. ___ FAIRE UN DON EN DIRECT: https://www.tipeeestream.com/kalee-vision/donation FAIRE UN DON SUR TIPEEE : Tipeee - https://fr.tipeee.com/kaleevision/ FAIRE UN DON SUR PAYPAL : https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/kaleevision ___ Emission en live tous les lundi à 21h sur Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/c/kaleevision ___ DISCORD : http://discord.me/kaleevision PODCAST (toutes les émissions en audio) : https://anchor.fm/kaleevision ODYSEE (toutes les émissions en vidéo) : https://odysee.com/@kaleevision TWITCH : https://www.twitch.tv/kaleevision TWITTER : https://twitter.com/KaleeVision SOUNDCLOUD (musiques par KaLee Vision) : https://soundcloud.com/kaleevision ___ MUSIQUE Numa [7534] - "Life Out of The Box" - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C64-7cPYtcg Écoutez l'album de Numa - Mothership Down - https://fanlink.to/Mothership-Down JNTHN STEIN - Time - https://soundcloud.com/jnthnstein/time VIDÉOS Peut-on réellement définir le temps ? | Interview d'Étienne Klein | Futura - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGyh7BmIzrM Maths Town - Sapphires - Mandelbrot Fractal Zoom (8k 60fps) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cgp2WNNKmQ SOURCES Définition Larousse du Temps - https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/temps/77238 Saint Augustin - "Qu'est-ce que le Temps ?" http://www.ac-grenoble.fr/PhiloSophie/old2/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=86 Bergson - "Existence & Temps" http://www.ac-grenoble.fr/PhiloSophie/old2/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=197 247 zeptosecondes, la fraction de temps la plus courte jamais mesurée - https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/actualites/atome-247-zeptosecondes-fraction-temps-plus-courte-jamais-mesuree-83722/ WIKI https://www.wikiwand.com/fr/Temps#/D%C3%A9finition https://www.wikiwand.com/fr/Seconde_(temps) https://www.wikiwand.com/fr/Calendrier https://www.wikiwand.com/fr/Calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain#/Exemple_de_calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain https://www.wikiwand.com/fr/Physarum_polycephalum https://www.wikiwand.com/fr/Cosmologie_cyclique_conforme https://www.wikiwand.com/fr/Fractale ALLER PLUS LOIN ScienceÉtonnante - Les inégalités de BELL & les expériences d'Alain ASPECT - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28UN70790Do Roland Lehoucq - [Conférence] Notions de base sur la relativité générale et la relativité restreinte https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XQuNnVWHgU Passe-Science - La superposition d'états existe-t-elle vraiment? - Passe-science #35 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-Q7bLa4flE ScienceClic - Plus vite que la Lumière ? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kELX0GEQ0H0

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.06.285080v1?rss=1 Authors: Fleig, P., Kramar, M., Wilczek, M., Alim, K. Abstract: What is the origin of behavior? Although typically associated with a nervous system, simple life forms also show complex behavior - thus serving as a model to study how behaviors emerge. Among them, the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, growing as a single giant cell, is renowned for its sophisticated behavior. Here, we show how locomotion and morphological adaptation behavior emerge from self-organized patterns of rhythmic contractions of the actomyosin lining of the tubes making up the network-shaped organism. We quantify the spatio-temporal contraction dynamics by decomposing experimentally recorded contraction patterns into spatial contraction modes. Surprisingly, we find a continuous spectrum of modes, as opposed to few dominant modes. Over time, activation of modes along this continuous spectrum is highly dynamic, resulting in contraction patterns of varying regularity. We show that regular patterns are associated with stereotyped behavior by triggering a behavioral response with a food stimulus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the continuous spectrum of modes and the existence of irregular contraction patterns persist in specimens with a morphology as simple as a single tube. Our data suggests that the continuous spectrum of modes allows for dynamic transitions between a plethora of specific behaviors with transitions marked by highly irregular contraction states. By mapping specific behaviors to states of active contractions, we provide the basis to understand behavior's complexity as a function of biomechanical dynamics. This perspective will likely stimulate bio-inspired design of soft robots with a similarly rich behavioral repertoire as P. polycephalum. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

T2E55 - Moho mucilaginoso que mapea, carne de gallina y pelos erizados y conexiones genéticas entre pueblos polinesios y americanos En este episodio, nos asombramos de las capacidades de resolución de problemas de un moho mucilaginoso que se ha vuelto muy famoso, nos enteramos de una explicación adicional para la carne de gallina (o piloerección) y, en entrevista con Andrés Moreno, nos fascinamos por el trabajo que ha develado conexiones genéticas entre pueblos polinesios y americanos. Menú 00:20 - Saludos y presentaciones 03:46 - Physarum y un mapa de la materia oscura 28:19 - Otra razón biológica para la carne de gallina 51:59 - Entrevista con Andrés Moreno, sobre el estudio que encuentra conexiones genéticas entre poblaciones humanas de Polinesia y América 01:19:03 - Despedidas y agradecimientos 01:27:15 - ¡BONUS! Nuestro entrevistado de cerca Entrevistado : Andrés Moreno Voces y contenido: Sofía Flores, Rodrigo Pacheco y Víctor Hernández Producción: Sofía Flores, Rodrigo Pacheco y Víctor Hernández Edición: Víctor Hernández Voz en la rúbrica: Valeria Sánchez Este podcast es producido desde un lugar de la Ciudad de México donde a veces se acumula moho, pero nunca tanto como para preocuparnos de que vaya a solucionar nuestros problemas sin que se lo pidamos. Fuentes y lecturas recomendadas Nota sobre el artículo del mapa cósmico y Physarum: https://astronomy.com/news/2020/03/slime-mold-helps-astronomers-map-the-universes-dark-matter Y un video divulgativo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=60&v=cAGNTjorz58&feature=emb_logo El los proyectos con Physarum del artista Sage Jenson: https://www.sagejenson.com/physarum El artículo original de los pelos erizados: https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(20)30808-4.pdf?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867420308084%3Fshowall%3Dtrue Cobertura en inglés: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/07/the-hair-raising-reason-for-goosebumps-is-revealed/ Y cobertura en español: https://www.ticbeat.com/innovacion/cientificos-de-harvvard-descubren-secreto-biologico-piel-de-gallina/ El artículo original de Andrés Moreno y sus colegas: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2487-2 Cobertura periodística en español: https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-07-08/los-nativos-americanos-y-los-polinesios-entraron-en-contacto-siglos-antes-de-que-llegaran-los-europeos.html Música y audios Intro y salida: Little Lily Swing, de Tri-Tachyon, bajo una licencia Creative Commons 3.0 de Atribución: freemusicarchive.org/music/Tri-Tachyon/ Sección personal: The Zeppelin de Blue Dot Sessions bajo licencia tipo Attribution-NonCommercial License. Rúbrica: Now son, de Podington Bear, freemusicarchive.org/music/Podington_Bear/ Bajo una licencia Creative Commons Internacional de Atribución No Comercial 3.0 The Blob, para la película homónima de 1958 (pongan atención a la letra): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK5jyVCdXwc Fragmento del inicio de la serie "Escalofríos": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BarSC9HTjms "E'ruru era", música tradicional rapa nui: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-QPzfjb6v4

durée : 00:55:35 - Les Savanturiers - par : Fabienne Chauvière - Autrement appelé Blob, le Physarum polycephalum est un organisme unicellulaire, ni animal, ni végétal, que l’on trouve dans les milieux frais et humides (en forêt) et qui passionne les chercheurs. Rencontre avec la spécialiste française du BLOB, Audrey Dussutour. - invités : Audrey DUSSUTOUR - Audrey DUSSUTOUR

Quelles nouvelles du Blob ? De cet Ovni peu ragoûtant et si fascinant, ni animal ni végétal, ce génie sans cerveau, révélé et étudié par Audrey Dussutour, qui nous fera partager les derniers exploits de ses blobs… et cela vaut le détour ! Intéressons-nous à un ovni, un organisme vivant non identifié, ni plante, ni animal, ni champignon composé d’une seule et unique cellule :  le blob !  Physarum polycephalum pour les initiés, n’a ni bouche, ni estomac, ni yeux, ni pattes, et pourtant il mange (beaucoup), se déplace (très vite), perçoit la lumière et change de forme quand ça lui chante... Dépourvu de cerveau et de système nerveux, il est pourtant capable d’élaborer d’incroyables stratégies pour assurer sa survie. Les blobs sont devenus des stars dans les laboratoires au Japon comme aux États-Unis et en Italie. En France, le blob a aussi fait son entrée au Zoo de Vincennes et jusque dans le dictionnaire Larousse. AvecAudrey Dussutour, chercheuse au CNRS, à Toulouse. Elle est spécialiste des fourmis et des organismes unicellulaires, dont le célèbre blob. Le film Le blob, un génie sans cerveau, réalisé par Jacques Mitsch, est en ligne sur Arte.tv jusqu'au 18 juillet 2020.

Meant to be a live stream to Instagram (@nanopodstudio) there was a technical melt-down of sorts (phone related) so, we had to cancel. Meanwhile, we were recording (thank the fungi!) and here it is. Pleurotus ostreatus that has grown into/around sawdust w/coffee grounds had electrodes placed on to it about a week or so back.. time being a crazy thing during our self-isolating COVID-19 curve flattening regime! Mycelium has grown over and around the electrodes and has started pinning! We get asked a lot about the mycelium 'generating' music so, I decided to conduct a bit of a walk-thru on one of our set-ups. Mycelium 'playing' our Eurorack. MIDI: our Bio-Sonification modules (we sell them & offer kits) takes MIDI out into (??) a synthesizer, and digital synth app, or other devices that can accept MIDI. The module itself does not make sound, it read micro-fluctuations in conductivity and sends out MIDI notes and/or controls. This data can be used as CV(control voltage) which can then be sent out into our Eurorack modules via Patch Cables- woo hoo!! Here's where the fun begins! While we are definitely not the first to 'listen' to plants, we are the first to record fungi in this manner and run with it. Unless there is someone else out there we have yet to meet!? In the field we tend to record raw bio-data and later turn this data into 'music'. It is simply an easier way to store large files when trekking around. Back in our studio we can work with synths and sequencers, surreal guitar pedals and other random noise making devices that accept MIDI or CV in. A step x step for this particular sound: The Oyster mushroom mycelium was plugged into a BASTL 1983. The 1983 (https://bastl-instruments.com/eurorack/modules/1983)is a polyphonic MIDI to CV interface with creative voice allocation and automatic tuning capabilities. There are four channels of CV and GATE outputs that can be configured in various Layouts, such as hybrid splits between monophonic and polyphonic voices or velocity, Control Change, aftertouch, triggers, clock or reset. This means we could take the MIDI notes (which general trigger 1 note at a time, not polyphonic) and send the info out into different Oscillators and Wave Shapers. Which we totally did. CV/Gate was taken out from the 1983 into a Moog Mother32, an Erica Synths Black Wavetable VCO, Mutable Instruments Braids, and the Doepher A111-5. At around 1:58 in we switched mushrooms from Pleurotus to Ganoderma and later, back to the Pleurotus- which severely changed pitch once the container holding the Ganoderma was opened. We wondered what the Peurotus sensed, why did the sound change so noticeably? Was it due to the Pleurotus mycelium being unable to locate the Ganoderma mycelium? They can both be found populating in the same forests, or even neighbouring trees so, what is going on here? The Ganoderma did not audibly seem to care about the Pleurotus. The only time I've encountered similar was when Ganoderma came into contact with Physarum polycephalum. There was a distinctive battle cry from the Ganoderma - or what we like to infer to the sound change. How are we collaborating with the mycelium? In this instance the Eurorack set-up is the collaboration. By sending the MIDI notes/controls out into the other modules. Other than that- the sounds are the mushrooms. Feel free to DM us with any questions concerning our set-up, modules, kits, mycelium or collaboration! Enjoy :)

In this week's podcast episode of Astronomy News with The Cosmic Companion, we look at new findings concerning the physics of stars, and we look in on a newly-discovered exoplanet where it rains iron. Next, we will examine a new method of learning about massive ribbons of galaxies by examining humble slime molds. Finally, a group of researchers believe they may have found a method by which the intense heat of Mercury could help form ice on the innermost planet in the Solar System.We also interview Dr. Emily Levesque of the University of Washington. She is one of the lead researchers on the study examining the possibility that a massive cloud of dust surrounding Betelgeuse may be responsible for dimming seen around that star at the end of 2019. Phenomenon seen on the surface of stars may be explained by new findings about the behavior of plasma beneath their luminous shells. Image credit: NASA/GSFCThe behavior of plasma in stars, including the Sun, is still largely a mystery, despite hundreds of years of study. One question perplexing astronomers is how much the movement of plasma in stars is affected by currents rising up from beneath, compared to the effects of rotation of the star. A new study of a diverse group of more than 200 stars shows convection, like the bubbles of boiling water, plays a far greater role than rotation in shaping stellar activity.Astronomers recently discovered a distant exoplanet called WASP-76B, continually scorched by its local star on one hemisphere, while the other half of the world is pelted with iron rain. Metals are vaporized on the hot side of the planet, and these vapors are transported to the other side of the planet, where it condenses before falling as a metallic rain. This world, 390 light-years from Earth, was discovered with the ESPRESSO instrument connected to the European Space Observatory's Very Large Telescope.Researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz have recently modeled massive ribbons between galaxies using a common slime mold. Networks created between the unicellular members of Physarum polycephalum are similar to massive ribbons of gas which tie strings of galaxies together over hundreds of millions of light years. In an earlier experiment, researchers placed food in positions reminiscent of cities around Tokyo, and the slime mold grew into a pattern similar to the Japanese railway system.|Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, and temperatures on that world can run hotter than an oven. But, a new study from Georgia Tech suggests this intense heat could help form ice. As protons stream out of the Sun, some are drawn to the surface of Mercury by the weak magnetic field of that world. These particles may hit hydroxyls, molecules of one atom each of hydrogen and oxygen, forming water. Intense heating from the Sun can then drive these molecules off the surface, and some of these land in craters that never see light, creating deposits of water ice which persevere despite scorching temperatures.Watch the video version of this episode (full interview in podcast only --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/the-cosmic-companion/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/the-cosmic-companion/support

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physarum_polycephalum https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10265-009-0298-5 - o tych 720 wariantach rozmnażania się, może lepiej zrozumiecie https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus http://social.mbl.edu/how-can-a-slime-mold-solve-a-maze-the-physiology-course-is-finding-out - eksperyment z labiryntem. Muzyka: Track: What You Used To Be — Mauro Somm [Audio Library Release] Music provided by Audio Library Plus Watch: https://youtu.be/gZc12QgEJLQ Free Download / Stream: https://alplus.io/what-you-used-be –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– License: Royalty-free music for YouTube, Facebook and Instagram videos giving the appropriate credit. ———

This episode: Slime molds can learn to get used to salt and hold on to that memory even after a period of dormancy! Download Episode (8.9 MB, 9.7 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Nocardia transvalensis News item Takeaways Slime mold Physarum polycephalum has many surprisingly intelligent abilities, despite being only a single cell. Studying how these abilities work in the cell can teach us new ways that life can do things. The ability of interest here is habituation, or learning not to avoid a chemical that seems unpleasant to the cell but is not necessarily harmful, especially with a food reward. The slime mold can become habituated to salt, in this case, learning to tolerate it enough to pass through a gradient of increasing concentration to get to some food as quickly as it crosses the same distance with no salt present. The scientists here learned that the cell takes up sodium into itself as it habituates, and holds onto both sodium and its memory through a period of hibernation. Journal Paper: Boussard A., Delescluse J., Pérez-Escudero A., Dussutour A. 2019. Memory inception and preservation in slime moulds: the quest for a common mechanism. Phil Trans R Soc B 374:20180368. Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, RSS, Google Play. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook

'My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!' A central theme of the "Ozymandias" poems (excerpt here by Shelley) is the inevitable decline of rulers with their pretensions to greatness. Physarum polycephalum does not see Humans as ruler, nor their pretensions.

For this session I sent the Midi into a MeeBlip Anode and Triode. The Mycelium recorded here has been growing since February. Now it appears Physarum polycephalum is starting to grow on the Mycelium… I think one of the electrodes from my last session must have had slime on it. Oops! Hopefully they aren’t in a battle here, but the sounds tonight are a bit different. Tonight I hooked up two different sets of electrodes to the Mycelium, running through two different circuit boards, that translate the Mycelium impulses to Midi. A friend was visiting and during recording this friend fell asleep on the studio floor. So, I hooked up one set of electrodes to my friend! Haha. They snored away, without even noticing. At this point the Mycelium send out different impulses! More harmonic, if you will. Were the Mycelium aware of my friend? Who knows!? Next week’s episode will be live recorded during the University of Toronto’s, Science Rendezvous! If you happen to be in Toronto make sure to visit 100 Saint George Street, Nanotopia and the Mycelium Network will be in Sidney Smith Hall, Room 1070. Thanks for tuning in!

Cultivating Physarum polycephalum aka the 'many-headed' slime towards musical/sound expression. Uncertain what, if any pulses the Slime would send out once the electrodes were attached. For this episode we sent the electrical impulses straight into a øCoast (Make Noise) routed (patched) through several Moog Mother32's recording live into Abelton. That is our only influence here. Curiously the Slime seemed to have a very consistent tone center. After a bit we introduced Slime to Mycelium (which keeps growing btw) and this sort of pentatonic scale happened. Dialogue between the Mycelium & Slime. Heads-up, this episode is bright- if you are wearing headphones be mindful. Not so lullaby.

Không phải thực vật, không phải động vật, và cũng không phải là nấm, mà là một sinh vật có cả ba đặc tính này. Đó là một sinh vật nguyên sinh có cấu tạo từ một tế bào duy nhất, có khả năng di chuyển, không có não nhưng có trí nhớ và có khả năng học hỏi đáng ngạc nhiên. Và các nhà khoa học Pháp đặt tên cho chúng là « Blob ». Giả định rằng năm khẳng định sau đây là kiến thức cơ bản của sinh học. Tế bào, đơn vị cơ bản của sự sống có kích thước bé nhỏ. Để di chuyển, một sinh vật phải có những cơ quan vận động đặc thù. Mỗi một loài sở hữu một lượng nhiễm sắc thể nhất định. Những sinh vật sống sinh sản theo giới tính được chia làm hai giống : đực và cái. Trung tâm của trí nhớ và học hỏi nằm ở não bộ. Thế nhưng, Blob là loài sinh vật đặc biệt có tên khoa học đầy đủ là Physarum polycephalum – một sự kết hợp giữa tiếng Latinh và Hy Lạp, có nghĩa là « sinh vật nhầy có nhiều đầu ». Tên này do nhà khoa học Mỹ Lewis David von Schweinitz, chuyên nghiên cứu về loài nấm, đặt cho vào năm 1882. Một tế bào - một mảng cơ thể khổng lồ Loại « nấm nhầy » này đã thu hút sự chú ý của các nhà khoa học từ nửa cuối thế kỷ trước, do những đặc tính sinh học khá kỳ lạ của chúng. Chỉ có một tế bào duy nhất, nhưng « nấm nhầy » không thuộc hệ thực vật, không hẳn là động vật, mà cũng không hoàn toàn là « nấm ». P. polycephalum có cả ba tính chất đó. Chính vì thế mà cô Audrey Dussutour, nhà nghiên cứu sinh học thuộc Trung Tâm Nghiên Cứu Khoa Học Quốc Gia CNRS ở Toulouse, sau 8 năm ròng rã tìm hiểu loại nấm nhầy lại thích gọi chúng là « Blob », lấy cảm hứng từ tên của một loại sinh vật trong một bộ phim kinh dị của Mỹ cùng tên The Blob, sản xuất năm 1958. Trong phim, đó là một sinh vật nhầy, từ trên trời rơi xuống, ăn tươi nuốt sống người và có khả năng chống cự lại được mọi ý định trừ khử nó. Nhưng Blob của cô Dussutour không hung dữ, không ăn thịt người. Vậy người ta có thể tìm Blob ở đâu ? Cô Audrey Dussutour trong một buổi thuyết trình có giải thích : « Chắc chắn là quý vị đã thấy Blob rồi, nhưng không biết đấy là Blob. Chúng thường sống ở những vùng rừng thấp. Đó chính là những mảng lớn mầu vàng bám trên các thân cây. Blob có đủ các mầu sắc : hồng, đỏ, xanh dương, nhưng thường có mầu vàng, đôi khi trắng. » Tuy chỉ có một tế bào duy nhất, nhưng Blob có thể tăng gấp đôi kích thước trong vòng 24 giờ, và có thể đạt đến kích cỡ hàng chục mét vuông, thậm chí hơn một km2. « Blob (theo quan sát của nhà nghiên cứu) có thể đạt đến một kích thước tối đa 10m². Hiện tại chúng tôi chưa tài nào làm cho nó lớn hơn được nữa, nhưng điều này rất có thể làm được. Quý vị tưởng tượng xem, giả dụ như tôi đây có diện tích 2m². Trong người tôi, có khoảng 100 tỷ tế bào, tức cứ mỗi 10 µm có một tế bào. Nhưng một Blob ở đây chỉ có một tế bào duy nhất. Quý vị nghĩ xem chỉ một tế bào duy nhất thôi mà đã chiếm đến 10m². Quả thật, nếu tôi so sánh những tế bào nhỏ xíu của tôi với tế bào của Blob, chẳng khác nào giống như so nắm đấm tay của tôi với cả địa cầu này. » Làm thế nào một sinh vật đơn bào lại có kích cỡ to đến như thế ? Bởi một lẽ rất đơn giản, tuy chỉ có một tế bào, nhưng Blob có đến hàng chục ngàn nhân tế bào, vốn dĩ được nhân lên theo cấp lũy thừa sau mỗi tám tiếng đồng hồ. Điều này giải thích vì sao người ta có thế tìm thấy ở dãy núi Appalaches, Hoa Kỳ có những mảng Blob to đến 1,3 km². Biết di chuyển, có 221 giới tính và gần như « bất tử » Vì là sinh vật đơn bào, nên Blob cũng có đầy đủ các chức năng : tai, mắt, mũi, bao tử, phổi… Đáng sợ hơn nữa là Blob có thể di chuyển, với tốc độ khoảng 1cm/giờ, nhưng khi đói chúng có thể đạt tới vận tốc 4cm/giờ. Vậy chúng di chuyển được bằng cách nào ? Cứ mỗi hai phút, dòng lưu thông mạch chất nguyên sinh (máu của Blob) đổi chiều. Ông Marc Durand, nhà vật lý ở đại học Paris – Diderot giải thích rằng : « Bằng cách co giãn các mạch máu thật mạnh theo chiều này hay chiều kia mà Blob có thể chọn hướng di chuyển cho mình ». Tức là, Blob di chuyển bằng cách tiến hai bước, lùi một bước. Quá trình sinh sản của Blob cũng khác lạ, không như những gì chúng ta đã học qua trong các bài giảng về giáo dục giới tính. Vào giai đoạn này, sinh vật xốp nhầy của chúng ta rời môi trường âm u ưa thích, vươn ra ánh sáng và biến thành hàng ngàn túi bào tử hình cầu đủ mầu sắc, và sẵn sàng giải phóng một đám bào tử. Hai bào tử khác giới tính gặp nhau sản sinh ra một Blob mới. Nhưng cô Dessurtour lưu ý : « Ở các loài cây, động vật, hay loài nấm, bao giờ cũng cần đến hai giới tính đối lập : đực và cái. Nhưng ở Blob, người ta đếm được 221 giới tính khác nhau. Nghĩa là không như chúng ta, khi các bạn bước vào một căn phòng gặp ai, bạn chỉ có 50% cơ may gặp người khác giới, nhưng Blob thì có đến 99,5% cơ hội gặp được một Blob có giới tính khác ». Vậy khi nào thì Blob chết ? Đây là điểm mà hoàng đế Tần Thủy Hoàng khi còn sống rất muốn có mà không bao giờ đạt được : Blob là sinh vật bất tử. « Có hai thứ Blob không thích : ánh sáng và bị bỏ đói. Khi Blob rơi vào tình trạng nguy hiểm này, nó sẽ làm gì ? Nó héo đi. Nó trở nên xơ cứng lại. Miếng xơ này có thể giữ nguyên như thế trong vòng nhiều năm liền. Cho nên một ngày nào đó, bạn chán nuôi blob ở phòng thí nghiệm rồi, bạn muốn đi du lịch, bạn chỉ cần phơi khô nó, rồi cất vào tủ. Hai tuần sau trở về, bạn chỉ cần nhỏ vài giọt nước là nó sống lại. » Không những bất tử mà dường như Blob còn có phép phân thân như Tôn Ngộ Không. Bạn thử cắt Blob làm đôi xem, hai phút sau, các vết cắt liền sẹo, và bạn sẽ có 2 Blob giống nhau như đúc, y như là sinh sản vô tính. Khi để hai Blob gần nhau, nếu thấy « hợp tính » thì chúng nhập lại thành một. Nhưng khi đặt hai loài Blob khác biệt cạnh nhau, sẽ có một Blob bị tiêu diệt. Không não, nhưng thông minh Blob đặc biệt gây ngạc nhiên cho các nhà khoa học ở điểm, tuy là sinh vật đơn bào nguyên sinh, nhưng Blob cũng có trí thông minh, dù rằng không hề có não. Blob có khả năng phát triển các chiến thuật cá nhân hay tập thể tùy theo mức độ khó khăn của các nhiệm vụ đặt ra cho Blob. « Chúng tôi đặt nhiều mẫu Blob con trong một mê cung. Nhiệm vụ của chúng là phải thoát ra khỏi mê cung này. Những hình ảnh ở đây cho thấy những con Blob nhỏ đã nhập lại với nhau, rồi phủ toàn bộ mê cung, một cách nhanh chóng chúng đã tìm thấy đường thoát khỏi mê cung. » Tương tự trong dinh dưỡng, Blob có khả năng chọn lựa một cách hiệu quả những nguồn thực phẩm nào có chế độ dinh dưỡng cân bằng nhất, và có lợi cho sức khỏe nhất. « Ở đây các bạn thấy những viên thực phẩm, có chứa đựng một hàm lượng đường và đạm nào đó. Và chỉ có một viên là tốt cho sức khỏe và sự sống còn của Blob. Khi chúng tôi để một Blob ở giữa những viên thực phẩm này, chúng tôi thấy là trong 100% các trường hợp, Blob đều chọn chế độ dinh dưỡng thích hợp. Nó không bao giờ bị nhầm cả. » Nếu nói đến trí thông minh, thì phải nghĩ đến trí nhớ và khả năng học hỏi. Blob của chúng ta có cả hai. Câu hỏi đặt ra làm thế nào Blob ghi nhớ khi mà không có não ? « Blob đã tìm cho mình một giải pháp : Đó là có bộ nhớ không phải bên trong mà là bên ngoài. Mỗi khi Blob dịch chuyển, nó để lại phía sau nó vệt nước nhầy. Giống như là bóng ma của Blob một giờ trước đó. Blob từng ở điểm này, nó không tìm thấy được gì cả, thể là nó thu hồi toàn bộ ‘đồ nghề’, và rồi nó đến khám phá phía khác của chiếc hộp. Chất nhầy mà Blob để lại phía sau nó giống như là một bộ nhớ. Lúc ấy, Blob hiểu rằng nó đã từng đi qua nơi này và ở đó chẳng có gì hết. Nó sẽ không bước qua vết nhầy đó nữa. » Thí nghiệm của các nhà khoa học Pháp cho thấy Blob cũng có khả năng giao tiếp, truyền đạt thông tin. Ví dụ khi tìm được nguồn thức ăn, Blob thông báo cho đồng bọn bằng cách để lại vết canxi. Là những sinh vật rất có « cá tính » Vì trên thế giới có hơn 1.000 loài Blob khác nhau nên chúng cũng có « cá tính » riêng. Blob ở Mỹ háu ăn và khám phá vùng lãnh thổ của mình bằng cách dùng những chân giả, giống như là những ngón tay dài mò mẫm trong hộp tối. Nhanh nhẹn nhất là Blob Nhật Bản, phồng to lên rồi phát triển những chân giả rộng hơn. Ngược lại, Blob Úc thì khoan thai, từ từ ngoạn cảnh trước khi phồng mình một cách hài hòa với thế giới xung quanh. Nhưng có lẽ thú vị nhất là thí nghiệm khảo sát hành vi của hai Blob khác nhau trong cùng một môi trường. Ví dụ như chuyện gì sẽ xảy ra khi để chung Blob Mỹ và Úc với nhau, hay Mỹ - Nhật chung với nhau. « Trước hết, chúng tôi để hai Blob Mỹ, hay hai Blob Nhật hoặc Úc chung với nhau. Sau đó, chúng tôi cung cấp một nguồn thức ăn. Như vậy, Blob có hai chọn lựa. Hoặc nó đi đến gặp bạn. Hoặc đi thẳng đến nguồn thức ăn. Qua quan sát, chúng tôi thấy Blob Mỹ đi thẳng một mạch đến nguồn thức ăn và hoàn toàn không quan tâm đến bạn. Blob Úc có tính cách rất đáng yêu : Mình đến gặp bạn trước đã, rồi sẽ cùng nhau đi tìm thức ăn. Hành động đầu tiên hai Blob Úc làm là nhập lại, tạo thành một Blob duy nhất. Ngược lại, Blob Nhật thì trước tiên đi đến nguồn thức ăn, nhưng sau đó cùng chia sẻ. Bây giờ chúng ta xem thử xem Blob Úc có còn dễ thương hay không khi ở chung với Blob Nhật hay Mỹ. Blob Úc cố chạy theo những con khác tìm cách để nhập thành một. Nhưng những Blob khác tránh né. Nhưng nếu bạn để một Blob Mỹ chung với một Blob Nhật, con Mỹ giết con Nhật Bản. Trên thực tế, Blob Mỹ nhập vào Blob Nhật, giết chết con Nhật, và lấy hết những gì có trong tế bào Nhật, kể cả các chất dinh dưỡng, để lại một xác Blob hoàn toàn mềm nhũn. Cứ như là nó chưa bao giờ bất tử. Cuối cùng, vì biết là Blob rất thích ăn các hạt dẹp yến mạch. Tôi thử mua loại yến mạch « sạch » (bio). Blob Úc và Nhật ăn thỏa thích, nhưng Blob Mỹ không ăn thực phẩm sạch, chỉ thích ăn những hạt dẹp yến mạch thường mua ở siêu thị lớn. » Như vậy là các bạn đã biết khá nhiều về Blob rồi đó. Có người hỏi rằng liệu Blob có nguy hiểm cho chúng ta hay không ? Liệu chúng ta có nên sợ một ngày nào đó Blob sẽ tràn ngập khắp thế giới ? Cô Audrey Dussutour trả lời là « Không ». Bởi vì, Blob đã xâm chiếm trái đất từ 500 triệu năm nay. Trên thực tế, chúng ta rất cần đến Blob, vì chúng giữ vai trò tái tạo nguồn dinh dưỡng trong thiên nhiên. Blob ăn nấm và vi khuẩn, để rồi sau đó thải ra môi trường các chất vi sinh có lợi cho cây cỏ. Một chi tiết thú vị khác được cô Dessutour tiết lộ là Blob rất thích lòng đỏ của trứng. Vậy chúng ta có thể « nuôi » Blob được không ? Xin thưa là được. Nhưng cô Dussutour lưu ý đây là một loài sinh vật bò sát. Chính vì đặc tính này, mà cô Dussutour còn ví Blob như là ORNI (Objet Rampant Non Identifié – Vật thể bò sát không xác định), lấy cảm hứng từ OVNI (Objet Volant Non Identifié - Vật thể bay không xác định).

Wed, 15 Jan 2003 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/762/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/762/1/Eisenbarth_Sophie.pdf Eisenbarth, Sophie

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese der aus dem Myxomyceten Physarum polycephalum isolierten Physarorubinsäuren A (2) und B (3). Untersuchungen zur Biosynthese von Polycephalin C (4), einem weiteren Plasmodienfarbstoff aus Physarum polycephalum, lassen vermuten, dass 4 in einer intermolekularen Diels-Alder-Reaktion aus je einem Molekül 2 und 3 gebildet wird. Zur Bestätigung dieser Hypothese sollen Verfütterungsexperimente an Physarum polycephalum durchgeführt werden, für die 13 C-markierte Physarorubinsäuren benötigt werden. Daher soll in dieser Arbeit eine Synthese für die Physarorubinsäuren A (2) und B (3) entwickelt werden. Zur Darstellung der Tetramsäureeinheit in 2 und 3 werden zwei verschiedene Synthesewege zu 3-Acyl-Tetramsäuren untersucht, die beide vom Aminosäurederivat 49 ausgehen. So führt die Thermolyse von 49 mit einem modifizierten Diketen-Aceton-Addukt 161, sowie die anschließende Entschützung und Cyclisierung des -Ketoamids 174 zur Trienoyl-Tetram-säure 175. Bei der zweiten Möglichkeit werden Aminosäurederivate wie 49 durch Umsetzung mit Bromacetylacetylbromid 40 und anschließende Behandlung mit Kaliumdiethylphosphit in entsprechende Phosphono-Tetramsäuren wie 178 überführt. Die anschließende Horner-OHWadsworth-Emmons-Reaktion von 178 mit einem Polyenaldehyd führt dann zur Trienoyl-Tetramsäure 180. Die Synthese der Polyenaldehyde, die für die Synthese des modifizierten Diketen-Aceton-Addukts 161 und für die Reaktionen mit der Phosphono-Tetramsäure 178 nötig sind, lässt sich jedoch nicht auf effektive Art auf höhere Polyenkettenlängen erweitern. Das vollständige Polyengerüst der Physarorubinsäuren kann schließlich über eine Stille-Kupplung aufgebaut werden. Die dazu nötige Stannankomponente 183 wird bei der Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons-Reaktion der Phosphono-Tetramsäure 178 mit Stannylpropenal 59 erhalten. Die benötigten Dienyl- und Trienyliodide sind über Iod-Zinn-Austausch aus den entsprechenden Stannanen zugänglich, die ausgehend von 59 in Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons-Reaktionen mit Triethylphosphonoacetat hergestellt werden können. Die Stille-Reaktionen dieser Iodide mit Stannan 183 (m = 2) liefern die Physarorubinsäuren A (2) und B (3). Als Schutzgruppen werden der TBDMS-Rest für die OH-Gruppe der Aminosäure und der tert-Butyl-Rest für die Säurefunktion verwendet. Beide Schutzgruppen können mit TFA/H2O 9:1 in einem Schritt abgespalten werden. Die Anzahl der Doppelbindungen ist in beiden Kupplungspartnern variierbar (m = 1; 2 bzw. n = 0; 1; 2). So kann mit der Physarorubinsäure C (210) auch ein kürzeres Homologes von 2 und 3 synthetisiert werden. Die Verwendung von 13 C-markiertem Triethylphosphonoacetat bei der Synthese der Kupplungspartner ermöglicht den gezielten Einbau von 13 C-Markierungen in 2 und 3.