Podcasts about Summation

Nirav Tolia is the co-founder and CEO of Nextdoor (NYSE: NXDR), the neighborhood social network with over 105 million users across 350,000 communities worldwide. After stepping down as CEO in 2018, he returned to lead the company in 2024.In this episode of Summation, Nirav and Auren discuss:Why success kills innovationThe death of physical communityWhy Nextdoor had to change their stock tickerInsider vs Outsider entrepreneursYou can find Auren Hoffman on X at @auren and Nirav Tolia on X at @niravtolia.

Lieutenant General Mike Fenzel recently retired as a three-star Army General. He most recently served as the United States Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, navigating one of the world's most complex geopolitical landscapes. His career is defined by high-stakes leadership, ranging from the immediate aftermath of the September 11th attacks, where he was stationed in the bunker alongside Vice President Dick Cheney, to multiple deployments to Afghanistan, to commanding an airborne brigade of 5,500 paratroopers. Beyond the battlefield, Fenzel is a scholar of strategic decision-making. His book, No Miracles, analyzes the internal Soviet failures during their occupation of Afghanistan.In this episode of Summation, Mike and Auren discuss:Why the Soviets took four years to exit AfghanistanLessons from leading security cooperation in JerusalemIsrael's dominance in security techWhy US foreign policy experts keep failingYou can find Auren Hoffman on X at @auren and Mike Fenzel on LinkedIn.

Welcome to Generation! ⛪︎

Martin Shkreli is the co-founder of DL Software, the parent company of Godel Terminal, a Bloomberg competitor for financial data. He previously founded the biotech companies Retrophin and Turing Pharmaceuticals and the hedge fund MSMB Capital Management. In this episode of Summation, Martin and Auren discuss:The structural reasons fintech is less competitive than other industriesHow drug discovery actually works (and doing it from prison)Why AI labs are now out-recruiting hedge fundsWhat Martin learned from being "the most hated man in America"You can find Auren Hoffman on X at @auren and Martin Shkreli on X at @MartinShkreli

World of DaaS is now Summation with Auren Hoffman. While we're proud of our roots in the data world, our conversations have evolved. Summation better reflects our obsession with finding the non-obvious ideas that shape our world.What's changing? Just the name. You'll still get the same insights from the world's most influential founders, investors, and thinkers. If you're already a subscriber, you're all set. If you're new here, welcome. Hit subscribe and join us! Our first episode as Summation drops this Wednesday.Thanks for the support, and welcome to the next chapter. Auren is CEO of NQB8, GP at Flex Capital, Chairman of Dialog; former CEO of SafeGraph and LiveRamp (NYSE: RAMP).

A Summation of the Book of Titus Pastor Eric Mounts

In this episode of Future Finance, hosts Glenn Hopper and Paul Barnhurst are joined by Ian Wong, co-founder and CEO of Summation, a cutting-edge AI platform designed to help enterprise leaders navigate complex data and make smarter business decisions. Ian shares his journey from CTO at Opendoor to founding Summation, inspired by his frustration with the inefficiencies of traditional reporting and analysis systems.Ian Wong is the co-founder and CEO of Summation, an AI-powered decision platform built to help enterprise leaders better understand how their businesses are performing. Before Summation, Ian co-founded Opendoor and served as CTO through its journey to going public. He was also Square's first data scientist, where he built early fraud and risk systems. Ian holds degrees in electrical engineering and statistics from Stanford University and brings a rare blend of deep technical expertise and business leadership experience.Expect to Learn:The Monday Morning Problem and its impact on business operationsHow AI can eliminate tedious data analysis processesThe difference between traditional BI tools and the AI-powered platform SummationThe importance of real-time, decision-grade data for enterprise leadersJoin hosts Glenn and Paul as they unravel the complexities of AI in finance:Follow Ian:LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ian-wong/Company: https://www.linkedin.com/company/summation-hq/Follow Paul: LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/thefpandaguyFollow QFlow.AI:Website - https://bit.ly/4i1EkjgFuture Finance is sponsored by QFlow.ai, the strategic finance platform solving the toughest part of planning and analysis: B2B revenue. Align sales, marketing, and finance, speed up decision-making, and lock in accountability with QFlow.ai. Stay tuned for a deeper understanding of how AI is shaping the future of finance and what it means for businesses and individuals alike.In Today's Episode:[01:01] - The Monday Morning Problem and Decision-Making[03:46] - The time and effort spent on manual data analysis[08:48] - Ian's Motivation Behind Summation[10:40] - What Makes Summation Different[12:48] - The Importance of Accurate Data in Finance[13:53] - Wrapping Up and Farewell

In this episode of Future Finance, hosts Paul Barnhurst and Glenn Hopper sit down with Ian Wong, co-founder and CEO of Summation, to talk about one of the most frustrating challenges in finance and analytics: getting timely, trustworthy answers to basic business questions. Ian shares the story behind what he calls the “Monday Morning Problem” and explains why finance teams often spend weeks chasing insights that arrive too late to matter. The conversation explores the limits of dashboards, the risks of AI hallucinations in finance, and what decision-grade analytics really means.Ian Wong is the co-founder and CEO of Summation, an AI-powered decision platform built to help enterprise leaders better understand how their businesses are performing. Before Summation, Ian co-founded Opendoor and served as CTO through its journey to going public. He was also Square's first data scientist, where he built early fraud and risk systems. Ian holds degrees in electrical engineering and statistics from Stanford University and brings a rare blend of deep technical expertise and business leadership experience.In this episode, you will discover:What the “Monday Morning Problem” is and why it slows down decision-makingWhy dashboards and ad hoc reports often fail finance leadersThe risks of relying on generic AI tools for financial analysisHow decision-grade analytics differ from conversational AIWhat the coming “query flood” could mean for data infrastructure and costsIan explains how Summation helps finance and operations teams move from manual data stitching to faster, more reliable insights. The discussion also covers AI hype versus reality, why trust matters so much in finance analytics, and how leaders can think more clearly about where AI fits into real business workflows.Join hosts Glenn and Paul as they unravel the complexities of AI in finance.Follow Ian:LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ian-wong/Company: https://www.linkedin.com/company/summation-hq/Follow Glenn:LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gbhopperiiiFollow Paul:LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/thefpandaguyFollow QFlow.AI:Website - https://bit.ly/4i1EkjgFuture Finance is sponsored by QFlow.ai, the strategic finance platform solving the toughest part of planning and analysis: B2B revenue. Align sales, marketing, and finance, speed up decision-making, and lock in accountability with QFlow.ai. Stay tuned for a deeper understanding of how AI is shaping the future of finance and what it means for businesses and individuals alike.In Today's Episode:[01:58] – Meet Ian Wong[05:25] – The “Monday Morning Problem”[09:23] – What Empathetic Leadership Really Means[13:15] – How Enterprise Research Really Works[16:34] – The Monday Morning Numbers Meeting[21:25] – A Balance Sheet That Still Doesn't Balance[25:53] – Where AI actually helps finance teams[28:27] – The AI Hype Question of 2025[33:07] – Moving into Personal Questions

​ @TheVerge  Bring back the iBook, you cowards | The Vergecast https://youtu.be/Br00gLOtB-c?si=RSIusn8Cl_7u5_Nf   @leavesinthewind7441  Tara Isabella Burton https://youtu.be/9nBMntBcfFg?si=AunbnqFCi26f-iUu   @EducatingForLiberty  The Case for Techno-Optimism? | Project Cosmos EP:03 https://youtu.be/WlO6S6oesac?si=CwK370bPJkHTGyuB  https://x.com/PaulVanderKlay/status/1990796411252977916  VanderKlips and PVK Backcatalog Radio Livestream Live Stream  https://www.youtube.com/live/PXjfrG9nrnc?si=vuQXVig4ZKeItPds   @Neal_Daedalus  Neal / Nick / Zepp - 1 https://youtu.be/62vRGH1-n8w?si=Q8hqUiLB_QbFalU4  https://www.livingstonescrc.com/give Register for the Estuary/Cleanup Weekend https://lscrc.elvanto.net/form/94f5e542-facc-4764-9883-442f982df447 Paul Vander Klay clips channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX0jIcadtoxELSwehCh5QTg https://www.meetup.com/sacramento-estuary/ My Substack https://paulvanderklay.substack.com/ Bridges of meaning https://discord.gg/mQGdwNca Estuary Hub Link https://www.estuaryhub.com/ There is a video version of this podcast on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/paulvanderklay To listen to this on ITunes https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/paul-vanderklays-podcast/id1394314333  If you need the RSS feed for your podcast player https://paulvanderklay.podbean.com/feed/  All Amazon links here are part of the Amazon Affiliate Program. Amazon pays me a small commission at no additional cost to you if you buy through one of the product links here. This is is one (free to you) way to support my videos.  https://paypal.me/paulvanderklay Blockchain backup on Lbry https://odysee.com/@paulvanderklay https://www.patreon.com/paulvanderklay Paul's Church Content at Living Stones Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCh7bdktIALZ9Nq41oVCvW-A To support Paul's work by supporting his church give here. https://tithe.ly/give?c=2160640 https://www.livingstonescrc.com/give  

Pastor Michael Torres - Ephesians 2:8-10. Sunday, Nov 16, 2025Click To View Slideshttps://docs.google.com/presentation/d/17zAOP1XxZpA5oMsbe9oxNpQlTHWu5eP6/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=109643752056010674706&rtpof=true&sd=trueOur Location : https://goo.gl/maps/2tAhVnZGbEavLP2C9Website: https://calvaryitl.orgGive: https://calvaryitl.org/giveYou can also donate via your phone directly by texting “itlGive" to 888-364-4483Follow on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1U1Y6LJUioUoayFRwmzgfyFollow on Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/calvary-chapel-into-the-light-podcast/id1374484093 Follow on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CalvaryITLFollow on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/CalvaryITLFollow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/calvarychapel_itl/ 

Pastor Michael Torres - Ephesians 2:8-10. Sunday, Nov 16, 2025Click To View Slideshttps://docs.google.com/presentation/d/17zAOP1XxZpA5oMsbe9oxNpQlTHWu5eP6/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=109643752056010674706&rtpof=true&sd=trueOur Location : https://goo.gl/maps/2tAhVnZGbEavLP2C9Website: https://calvaryitl.orgGive: https://calvaryitl.org/giveYou can also donate via your phone directly by texting “itlGive" to 888-364-4483Follow on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1U1Y6LJUioUoayFRwmzgfyFollow on Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/calvary-chapel-into-the-light-podcast/id1374484093 Follow on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CalvaryITLFollow on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/CalvaryITLFollow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/calvarychapel_itl/ 

The universe hums a low, steady note...or so we were told. Dr. Patrick Vanraes, a plasma physicist from the University of Antwerp, joins us in that quiet static, where light and truth blur at the edges. We talk of cosmic beginnings, instrument design, of warmth beneath the skies, of radio echoes mistaken for the birth of everything. In that hum, between curiosity and doubt, the cosmos seems to ask who's really paying attention.CORRECTION NOTE: Dr. Robitaille wishes it to be known that when he says "titanium" on our phone call he should have said "titanium dioxide."PATREON https://www.patreon.com/c/demystifysciPARADIGM DRIFThttps://demystifysci.com/paradigm-drift-showHOMEBREW MUSIC - Check out our new album!Hard Copies (Vinyl): FREE SHIPPING https://demystifysci-shop.fourthwall.com/products/vinyl-lp-secretary-of-nature-everything-is-so-good-hereStreaming:https://secretaryofnature.bandcamp.com/album/everything-is-so-good-here00:00 Go!00:03:51 What is the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation00:10:44 Historical Development of the Big Bang Theory00:16:09 Conflicting Theories: Big Bang vs. Steady State Model00:17:33 The Redshift-Distance Relationship and Its Explanations00:21:12 Current Challenges in Understanding Light Behavior00:25:45 Reevaluating the Big Bang Theory Pillars00:27:50 The Discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation00:31:56 Temperature and Black Body Radiation00:37:46 Implications for Gaseous Bodies and the Standard Model00:46:16 Big Bang Theory and Plasma Dynamics00:50:46 Cosmic Microwave Background Discovery00:54:15 Pierre Marie Robitaille's Theories00:58:40 Intersection of MRI and Astrophysics01:06:02 The Nature of Black Body Radiation01:09:45 Discussion on Emissivity and Lattice Structures01:16:44 Exploring CMB Radiation01:28:07 Water's Role in Radiation Theories01:31:36 Discussion on Water Sources for Cosmic Measurements01:32:57 Historical Context of Cosmic Background Measurements01:35:53 Focus on Anisotropy Maps01:37:39 Philosophical Confusion in Cosmology01:39:31 Intentions and Measurement Biases01:45:18 Measuring Temperature Differences in Space01:51:14 Evolution of Cosmic Measurement Techniques01:52:51 Cyanogen Measurements and Cosmic Microwave Background01:58:03 Exploring the COBE Satellite's Measurements02:02:36 Critique of Measurement Protocols in Cosmology02:06:45 Summation of Arguments#astrophysics, #bigbang, #planck #cosmicbackgroundradiation , #astronomer , #fusion #quantumphysics #universefacts , #spaceexploration , #astronomy , #cosmos , #demystifysci #physicspodcast #philosophypodcast MERCH: Rock some DemystifySci gear : https://demystifysci-shop.fourthwall.com/AMAZON: Do your shopping through this link: https://amzn.to/3YyoT98DONATE: https://bit.ly/3wkPqaDSUBSTACK: https://substack.com/@UCqV4_7i9h1_V7hY48eZZSLw@demystifysci RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/2be66934/podcast/rssMAILING LIST: https://bit.ly/3v3kz2S SOCIAL: - Discord: https://discord.gg/MJzKT8CQub- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/DemystifySci- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/DemystifySci/- Twitter: https://twitter.com/DemystifySciMUSIC: -Shilo Delay: https://g.co/kgs/oty671

Author : Jessi Ann York Narrator : Marie Lestrange Host : Alasdair Stuart Audio Producer : Chelsea Davis “Dimorphism” first appeared in SEASONS OF SEVERANCE, an anthology-collection hybrid published by Cemetery Gates Media in 2023. “Dimorphism” was later mentioned as a standout in the Summation section of The Best Horror of the Year Vol. 16. […]

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In this episode, Bill welcomes Roger Vincent, founder of Summation Capital, to explore the evolving private equity landscape. Roger shares insights from his 30-year career, including his pivotal role at Cornell's Endowment and his motivation for creating Summation to deliver institutional-quality private equity access to high-net-worth investors. They address private equity's shift from an exclusive asset class to a complex industry, the challenges of democratization, the critical role of manager selection, and the importance of fee structures. Roger also discusses the future impact of AI in investment strategies and portfolio construction.

Lawyers, like other professionals, tend to use a lot of industry terms which don't make sense to the average person.  Sometimes, those terms pop up in artcles and media describing a case, without explanation (often because the journalists themselves do not fully understand what they mean).Today, we discuss the term collateral estoppel, and what it means in a legal context.  Enjoy.

Ron Hughes

Welcome back.  In this brief episode, Paul digs into the difference between the terms decriminalization and legalization.  They are frequently used interchangeably by people who do not fully appreciate the difference.At the end of this In Summation Explains episode, you will come away with a deeper understanding of just what it means when the government decriminalizes, or legalizes, certain behaviors.Enjoy.

Gospel of John / A Summation of the Lords Teaching / John 12:44-50

In the second installment of In Summation Explains, Paul explains what happens when someone undoes the wrong they caused before they get caught, and whether that is a defense to any potential liability after the fact.If you like this new format, write in and make your voice heard.  Paul hopes you enjoy it and write in with more questions to answer.

What does habeus corpus mean? how does it work? what does it actually do?  In this new segment of In Summation, Paul explains specific legal terms and areas of law which confuse people.  This is going be based mostly on listener feedback, so if you are curious about a legal latin phrase, or legal theory, write in and Paul may explain it for you.Please leave feedback if you like this particular type of episode.  Paul is trying to expand content and answer some listener questions and this seemed like the best way to accomplish both of those things.  If you enjoy it, let us know.

As 2024 comes to a close, this episode of The PVDcast will be full of reflection and great conversations. First, I will share the many successes The PVDcast has had over the past 12 months. Then, Sydney Kit and Joshua Whitlow join me to talk about the local indie comics scene. These two will also share details of their many projects too. Celebrate the holidays  with this outstanding year's end edition. Don't forget to rate, review and subscribe to the show & new episodes of The PVDcast drop every Thursday!

Jeffrey Lichtman dives into the art of trial summation, sharing how a line from a 1977 Robbie Benson film unexpectedly found its way into the John Gotti, Jr. summation. Bottom line: the more that's in your brain, the more that can come out — and help you —  at unexpected times.Next, Jeff unpacks the bail denial of Sean "Diddy" Combs, highlighting the challenges of defending a high-profile client when the media circus and public perception play a heavier role than the facts of the case. From alleged jailhouse rule-breaking to a judge unwilling to take the risk, Jeff explains why this outcome isn't surprising — and how defense lawyers need to be careful not to help the judge hurt their client.Finally, a blistering critique of Joe Biden: the President was spotted with a book by an anti-Israel provocateur while Americans remain hostages in Gaza. Jeff connects Biden's public nod to Palestinian propaganda with the surge of anti-Semitism in North America and abroad, calling out the administration's complicity in enabling global Jew-hate.

Imagine freeing up hours in your day while boosting your team's productivity and engagement. With the right AI tools, that's possible. In this Sales Talk for CEOs episode, Alice Heiman speaks with Gillian Utesch, CEO of Broken Glass Ceiling Marketing, about how AI-driven tools can help your team to streamline marketing, personalize engagement, and tackle sales in a whole new way. Here's what you need to know about AI to enhance your go-to-market strategy without stretching your team to the limit.From Pharmacist to Marketing Innovator: Gillian's JourneyGillian's story starts in a surprising place—a pharmacy. Transitioning from a pharmacist to a marketer, makes sense right? LOL, I think she has a whole book in that story. She started a firm to do traditional marketing and she quickly realized there were a lot of things she didn't want to do. That set her on a path to automate those tasks so she could get them off her plate. She was so successful that she realized that her clients might like to do the same. They wanted to automate the repetitive tasks that often bogged down teams. So she built out the tools so that everyone can use them. Now, her company helps clients minimize time on routine activities, allowing CEOs and their teams to focus on growth. As Gillian puts it, “I didn't build a business around what I loved doing—I built it around what I didn't want to do, so others wouldn't have to either.”Key Insights for CEOs Embracing AI in Marketing and SalesReaching Clients in Multiple Time ZonesAfter COVID, work styles and locations became more dispersed, with clients now spread across global time zones. Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach to communication, AI can help you identify ideal times for outreach, increasing the likelihood of engagement without adding work to your team's plate.Cutting Through the Noise with Personalized CommunicationEmail inboxes are overflowing, making it harder than ever to connect meaningfully with customers. AI can analyze your audience's preferences, enabling your team to deliver highly relevant content that resonates. Rather than sending blanket emails, think about messages that address your clients' specific industries and needs.Engagement Over Posts: Building Authentic Connections on LinkedInPosting on LinkedIn isn't enough. True engagement happens through interaction, which is often time-consuming. AI tools can handle initial connections and automate responses in line with your brand voice, freeing you to jump into conversations when they matter most.Action Steps for CEOs to Implement AI EfficientlyAssess and Integrate AI Tools with PurposeDetermine which tasks are ripe for automation—think of repetitive, high-volume activities like initial outreach or follow-ups. Tools like xiQ allow for deep research and message personalization, helping your team engage meaningfully without sacrificing time.Build Authenticity into AutomationAI tools should support authentic connection. Personalization doesn't just mean using a contact's first name; it's about showing real knowledge of their challenges. Setting up guidelines for your team can ensure AI outputs reflect your brand and bring value to every interaction.Scale Strategically Without Losing Personal TouchAs your reach expands, so does the need for genuine, tailored responses. AI can assist in automating responses that sound natural and caring, allowing your team to handle larger volumes without compromising quality.Leveraging AI to Free Up Time and Maximize ImpactThe real value of AI for CEOs isn't just about saving time; it's about allowing you and your team to focus on what matters most—building relationships, strategizing for growth, and driving impactful outcomes. As Alice Heiman notes, “AI is here to stay, and those who embrace it will outpace those who don't.”For more on how to apply AI to your business and improve your sales and marketing strategy, tune into the full episode of Sales Talk for CEOs with Alice Heiman.Episode DetailsChapters00:00 Introduction01:27 Guest Introduction02:33 From Pharmacy to Marketing03:17 Business Challenges and Innovations04:25 Application of Pharmacist Skills in Marketing06:10 Changing Workspaces and Marketing Strategies07:59 Adapting to Global Clientele10:02 Evolution of Communication and Marketing Tools11:50 Customization and Personalization in Marketing13:57 Leveraging AI for Efficient Marketing17:01 The Impact of AI-Driven Tools on Business Growth19:45 Automating Interactions and Engagement23:13 The Crucial Role of CEO in Marketing26:24 Efficacy of AI in Crafting Genuine Engagement32:09 Summation and Special Advice for CEOs39:27 ConclusionAbout GuestI come from the ‘lost and found' marketer bin. At the fourth-grade career fair I didn't choose Marketing as my field, life chose it for me. Twenty years later (at 29 years-old!) I still love chasing new ideas and reinventing better, smarter, cooler ways to do old things. I live in Raleigh, NC with my little family and 2 silly dogs. I wanted to connect with you about your podcast because as an entrepreneur I was stressed and overwhelmed leading my own company. So in a moment of desperation, I pulled pieces from my creative and technocrat background to create an envelope-pushing proposition: harness artificial intelligence to revolutionize how businesses go-to-market in a human way. I truly had to figure it out, or my business wasn't going to survive. I needed to design a way to blend the analytical power of AI with the resonant touch of human storytelling. Storytelling is the secret sauce of marketing success. People want to be seen, heard and connected with in a genuine way, but how do you scale that? That single question drove me to design, iterate, break and rebuild until I had created a brand, agency and platform that wasn't just a business but a manifesto: a marketing renaissance where technology amplifies creativity, and every strategy remains a personalized narrative. I'm trying to dispel any fears folks may have about using AI in their lives + business. AI is just the instrument; the human heart remains the composer.About Guest CompanyIn a digital age craving innovation, our visionary Founder and SheEO pulled pieces from her creative and technocrat background to create an envelope-pushing proposition: **harness artificial intelligence to revolutionize how businesses go-to-market in a human way**. Broken Glass Ceiling Marketing was born from this dichotomy, and was welcomed into the world with skepticism as we drove to blend the analytical power of AI with the resonant touch of **human storytelling.** Storytelling is the secret sauce of marketing success. People want to be seen, heard and connected with in a genuine way, but how do you scale that? That **single question** drove us to design, iterated, break and rebuild until we had created a brand, agency and platform that wasn't just a business but a manifesto: **a marketing renaissance where technology amplifies creativity, and every strategy remains a personalized narrative.**Social Links Gillian's Website: brokenglassceilingmarketing.comFollow Gillian's Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/brokenglassceilingmarketingConnect with Gillian on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gumoney/Connect with Gillian's company page on LI https://www.linkedin.com/company/broken-glass-ceiling-marketing/Alice's Website:https://aliceheiman.com/Connect with Alice on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/aliceheiman/

Donald J. Trump, the former president and presumptive 2024 Republican nominee, was found guilty on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records. Veteran prosecutors Andrew Weissmann and Mary McCord reflect on the gravity of the verdict and offer insights into what comes next in terms of sentencing and the appeals process. 

Ahead of Tuesday's closing arguments in the first ever criminal trial of a former president, MSNBC legal analysts Andrew Weissmann and Mary McCord detail Tuesday's crushing cross examination of Robert Costello by Susan Hoffinger, and what it means for the defense's attempt to undermine Michael Cohen's credibility. Then, what listeners should infer from the charging conference- as this determines what the jury can deliberate on. And big picture: what each side needs to accomplish in their respective closing arguments.