Podcasts about disaccharides

FODMAP es un acrónimo en inglés de Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols (oligosacáridos fermentables, disacáridos, monosacáridos y polioles).

As fitness and nutrition professionals, it's understandable to be skeptical about "named" diets but I wanted to clear up some confusion on one in particular. The Low-FODMAP diet (or Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols in case you were curious) is a nutritional strategy that isn't meant to be long term or a lifestyle. I'll explain when we would primarily use it, pro's and con's, and more. ---------- ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Join Our Gut Health 101: Demystifying Digestive Health on ⁠⁠April 16th, 2025⁠⁠⁠⁠----------Topics include:- Low FODMAP Diet- Overview of What We'll Cover- What Are FODMAP's?- My Recent Top 5 Series- Prebiotic Fibers- What FODMAP Stands For- How A Low FODMAP Diet Can Benefit Someone- Excess Gas Production- When Should We Use a Low FODMAP Diet?- Previous Episodes on Gut Health- Con's of Low FODMAP Diet---------- ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠My Live Program for Coaches: The Functional Nutrition and Metabolism Specialization ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠www.metabolismschool.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠---------- [Free] Metabolism School 101: The Video Series⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://www.metabolismschool.com/metabolism-101⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠----------Subscribe to My Youtube Channel: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://youtube.com/@sammillerscience?si=s1jcR6Im4GDHbw_1⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠----------⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Grab a Copy of My New Book - Metabolism Made Simple⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠---------- Stay Connected: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram: @sammillerscience⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Youtube: SamMillerScience⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook: The Nutrition Coaching Collaborative Community⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠TikTok: @sammillerscience⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠  ----------“This Podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing or other professional health care services, including the giving of medical advice, and no doctor/patient relationship is formed. The use of information on this podcast and the show notes or the reliance on the information provided is to be done at the user's own risk. The content of this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and is for educational purposes only. Always consult your physician before beginning any exercise program and users should not disregard, or delay in obtaining, medical advice for any medical condition they may have and should seek the assistance of their health care professionals for any such conditions. By accessing this Podcast, the listener acknowledges that the entire contents and design of this Podcast, are the property of Oracle Athletic Science LLC, or used by Oracle Athletic Science LLC with permission, and are protected under U.S. and international copyright and trademark laws. Except as otherwise provided herein, users of this Podcast may save and use information contained in the Podcast only for personal or other non-commercial, educational purposes. No other use, including, without limitation, reproduction, retransmission or editing, of this Podcast may be made without the prior written permission of Oracle Athletic Science LLC, which may be requested by contacting the Oracle Athletic Science LLC by email at ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠operations⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@sammillerscience.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. By accessing this Podcast, the listener acknowledges that Oracle Athletic Science LLC makes no warranty, guarantee, or representation as to the accuracy or sufficiency of the information featured in this Podcast."

In this insightful episode, we delve into the world of digestive disorders, specifically Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). We explore the key differences between IBS and IBD, shedding light on their distinct symptoms and diagnostic methods. Moreover, we uncover the role of FODMAPs - Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols - in managing digestive symptoms. Renowned for their effectiveness in alleviating IBS symptoms, FODMAPs are hailed as the gold standard in dietary interventions for individuals suffering from gut-related issues. Tune in as I sit down with Jessie Wong, IBS Dietitian and founder of Joy Nutrition Consulting, as we unravel the mysteries surrounding these prevalent digestive disorders, offering valuable insights and practical tips for improving gut health and overall well-being. Visit Poopedia Follow Jessie Download the Monash FODMAP Diet app Follow OnPoint Nutrition: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠TikTok⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Schedule a FREE ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠consultation⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ to learn more about nutrition coaching from OnPoint! ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Custom Meal Planning Guides⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Braeden: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Shop ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Buoy⁠⁠ Shop Theralogix Shop Flavanaturals

New research shows that a long-term low FODMAP diet can be used effectively for IBS. This is huge as there have been many theoretical concerns about using a low FODMAP diet long-term, such as negative impacts to the gut microbiota, nutrition levels, and quality of life.  However, we'll cover each common criticism and answer them with science.  And if you have any additional questions about low FODMAP that you would like answered in the future, let me know in the comments!   Watch/Read Next… How to Heal Your Gut with the Low FODMAP Diet: https://drruscio.com/low-fodmap/  A Step-By-Step Guide to the Low FODMAP Diet: https://drruscio.com/low-fodmap-diet/  Low FODMAP Downloadable Guide: https://drruscio.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/5bStandard-Low-FODMAP-Diet-2020-5.pdf  Monash App: https://www.monash.edu/monash-innovation/news/success-stories/fodmap  How to Build an Elimination Diet Plan for Healing: https://drruscio.com/elimination-diet-meal-plan/  How to Heal Your Gut Without Lab Tests: https://drruscio.com/heal-your-gut-without-labs/    Timestamps 00:00 Intro  00:59 What are FODMAPs?  02:24 New study  04:22 “Low FODMAP hasn't been studied long-term” 05:26 “Low FODMAP is bad for the gut” 06:36 “Low FODMAP leads to nutrient deficiencies”  09:30 “Low FODMAP is too difficult to do”  11:08 “Low FODMAP leads to food fear”  12:45 The study's conclusion  13:48 Recommendations   Featured Studies  The Long-Term Effects of a Low-Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Management: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37807975/  Is a low FODMAP diet beneficial for patients with inflammatory bowel disease? A meta-analysis and systematic review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28587774/  An anti-inflammatory and low fermentable oligo, di, and monosaccharides and polyols diet improved patient reported outcomes in fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36091254/  Psychological and Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Undergoing a Low-FODMAP Diet: The Role of the Intestinal Barrier: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371976/  The Relationship between Low Serum Vitamin D Levels and Altered Intestinal Barrier Function in Patients with IBS Diarrhoea Undergoing a Long-Term Low-FODMAP Diet: Novel Observations from a Clinical Trial: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33801020/  Influence of low FODMAP-gluten free diet on gut microbiota alterations and symptom severity in Iranian patients with irritable bowel syndrome: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261437/  Impact of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 on Bacterial Overgrowth and Composition of Intestinal Microbiota in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: Results of a Randomized Pilot Study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36630947/  Effect of diet and individual dietary guidance on gastrointestinal endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (Review): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28849091/  Long-term personalized low FODMAP diet improves symptoms and maintains luminal Bifidobacteria abundance in irritable bowel syndrome: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34431172/  Long-Term Effects of a Web-Based Low-FODMAP Diet Versus Probiotic Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Including Shotgun Analyses of Microbiota: Randomized, Double-Crossover Clinical Trial: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904950/  Long-term impact of the low-FODMAP diet on gastrointestinal symptoms, dietary intake, patient acceptability, and healthcare utilization in irritable bowel syndrome: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28707437/  Long-term irritable bowel syndrome symptom control with reintroduction of selected FODMAPs: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28740352/     Get the Latest Updates Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/DrRusciodc Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/drrusciodc/ Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/drmichaelrusciodc    DISCLAIMER: The information on this site is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider before starting any new treatment or discontinuing an existing treatment. Music featured in this video: "Modern Technology" by Andrew G, https://audiojungle.net/user/andrew_g  *Full transcript available on YouTube by clicking the “Show transcript” button on the bottom right of the video.

Dans l'épisode d'aujourd'hui, nous parlerons des nouvelles tendances alimentaires en 2023-24 et du fait que l'alimentation est un puissant outil thérapeutique.  Inscrivez-vous au Congrès de la santé intégrative à St-Hyacinthe les 26 et 27 janvier 2024. Réservez votre place à www.humain360.com et utilisez le code ESSENY50 pour un rabais de 50$. Les avantages et les inconvénients sont énumérés seulement dans la version audio, par manque de place ici.  L'alimentation végétalienne Grands principes : exclusion de la consommation de tous les produits d'origine animale Objectifs : améliorer la santé, respecter les animaux Pour qui : personnes qui ont cette préférence         2. Le carnivore Grands principes : exclusion de la consommation des produits d'origine végétale Objectifs : améliorer la santé, diète d'élimination ultime Pour qui : personnes qui ont de multiples intolérances, dépendance au sucre    3. FODMAP Grands principes : éviter ou limiter la consommation d'aliments riches en glucides fermentiscibles FODMAPs (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols). Objectifs : réduire la fermentation intestinale et les symptômes associés. Élimination puis réintroduction lente, un à un. Pour qui : syndrome du côlon irritable, troubles GI 4.   Réduction thérapeutique des glucides et cétogène Grand principes : restriction des glucides de 100 g de glucides nets à 0 par jour.  Cétogène : 0 à 20 g de glucides nets/jour  Objectifs : réduire la glycémie et l'insulinémie, renverser la résistance à l'insuline  Pour qui : pratiquement tout le monde, surtout si dysfonction métabolique    5. Anti-inflammatoire et hypotoxique Grands principes : réduction de la consommation d'aliments potentiellement toxiques pour le corps, en particulier ceux qui pourraient contribuer à l'inflammation et aux maladies auto-immunes, et cuisson à basse température.  Objectifs : réduire la douleur et les symptômes des maladies auto-immunes Pour qui : personnes ayant de la douleur chronique, de l'inflammation et/ou une maladie auto-immune 6. Paléo-AIP-Wahls Grands principes : Élimination des aliments inflammatoires, consommation d'aliments anti-inflammatoires riches en nutriments.  Objectifs : réduire l'inflammation et les symptômes associés aux maladies auto-immunes.  Pour qui : maladies inflammatoires, auto-immunes, avec échec des autres approches, préférences pour AIP ou sévérité extrême des symptômes et invalidité    7. Méditerranéen (et la nouveauté pour 2024 : l'alimentation méd-métabolique) Grand principes : aliments frais, locaux, peu transformés, autour de 150 g de glucides par jour, avec huile d'olive (polyphénols) et vin, surtout rouge (resveratrol) Viande, légumineuses, fruits de mer et poisson, produits laitiers, grains entiers  PAS végétarienne (déformation historique) Aliments très sucrés pour les jours de fête et manger dans la convivialité Objectifs : probablement l'alimentation la plus étudiée, surtout pour ses vertus pour la santé cardiovasculaire. Pour qui : tout le monde, mais attention à la quantité de glucides chez les personnes ayant une résistance à l'insuline. Méditerranéenne métabolique : la nouvelle alimentation qui débarque en 2024! C'est la rencontre entre l'alimentation réduite en glucides qui est bien connue pour aider à améliorer la santé métabolique, à renverser le diabète et à faire perdre du poids, et l'alimentation méditerrannéenne qui est bien connue pour ses effets bénéfiques sur le coeur et tout le système cardiovasculaire. C'est le meilleur des deux mondes! Notre nouveau livre sur le sujet sera lancé en janvier 2024. Donc c'est à suivre! L'astuce du jour : Cette semaine prenez un temps de réflexion pour identifier 2 types d'alimentation parmis celles nommées qui pourraient vous aider à atteindre vos objectifs de santé et un poids santé et faites vos propres recherches pour déterminer celle que vous voulez “essayer” ou “conserver”.   

As fitness and nutrition professionals, it's understandable to be skeptical about "named" diets but I wanted to clear up some confusion on one in particular. The Low-FODMAP diet (or Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols in case you were curious) is a nutritional strategy that isn't meant to be long term or a lifestyle. I'll explain when we would primarily use it, pro's and con's, and more. Topics include:   - Low FODMAP Diet - Overview of What We'll Cover - What Are FODMAP's? - My Recent Top 5 Series - Prebiotic Fibers - What FODMAP Stands For - How A Low FODMAP Diet Can Benefit Someone - Excess Gas Production - When Should We Use a Low FODMAP Diet? - Previous Episodes on Gut Health - Con's of Low FODMAP Diet - The FNMS Program ----------  Purchase My New Book - Metabolism Made Simple ----------  My Live Program for Coaches: The Functional Nutrition and Metabolism Specialization  www.metabolismschool.com ----------  Stay Connected Instagram: @sammillerscience Facebook: The Nutrition Coaching Collaborative Community  https://www.facebook.com/groups/nutritioncoachingcollaborative TikTok: @sammillerscience - https://vm.tiktok.com/ZTdPVQtMH/ ---------- “This Podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing or other professional health care services, including the giving of medical advice, and no doctor/patient relationship is formed. The use of information on this podcast and the show notes or the reliance on the information provided is to be done at the user's own risk. The content of this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and is for educational purposes only. Always consult your physician before beginning any exercise program and users should not disregard, or delay in obtaining, medical advice for any medical condition they may have and should seek the assistance of their health care professionals for any such conditions. By accessing this Podcast, the listener acknowledges that the entire contents and design of this Podcast, are the property of Oracle Athletic Science LLC, or used by Oracle Athletic Science LLC with permission, and are protected under U.S. and international copyright and trademark laws. Except as otherwise provided herein, users of this Podcast may save and use information contained in the Podcast only for personal or other non-commercial, educational purposes. No other use, including, without limitation, reproduction, retransmission or editing, of this Podcast may be made without the prior written permission of Oracle Athletic Science LLC, which may be requested by contacting the Oracle Athletic Science LLC by email at team@sammillerscience.com. By accessing this Podcast, the listener acknowledges that Oracle Athletic Science LLC makes no warranty, guarantee, or representation as to the accuracy or sufficiency of the information featured in this Podcast."

Norah joins Ben this week to talk about the bodily fluid responsible for oxygen transport to and from the heart.  They each have research to present on the components that make up blood, blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood types.  After those “lectures,” Ben talks about blood type bias in Japan and why blood types appear in old arcade game character bios.  He then moves on to describing the game Code Vein which turns in to a very bold statement about why Elden Ring should not win GOTY 2022. 00:00:53 - “Not much to do in Tucson…” and “blood, let's get into it!” 00:03:00 - Some common phrases involving the word blood 00:04:01 - “Blood from a stone” vs. “Blood from a turnip” 00:05:40 - Ben's tepid take on puns, and other “bad humor” 00:07:21 - Caviar, another pun, and Norah and Ben haven't heard of “blood and thunder”  00:09:49 - “Blood brother” rituals aren't sanitary, and facts about fainting at the sight of blood 00:12:39 - Donating blood to the American Red Cross (listed as Vampires in Ben's phone) 00:15:00 - Bone marrow; Norah explains blood pressure (measured in millimeters of mercury) 00:20:26 - Salt vs. sugar, and the components of blood  00:21:31 - Plasma is a heterogeneous mixture; a colloid is a homogeneous noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules of one substance dispersed through another. 00:23:20 - The negative logarithm of the molar concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution 00:24:32 - Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes… “oh my!” 00:27:29 - Norah announces her lipid panel, and then moves on to explaining blood sugar  00:31:33 - An aside about frozen deserts  00:34:15 - A simple sugar may be a mono- or disaccharide.  Monosaccharides are the simplest carbs; the body cannot break them down further.  Disaccharides consist of two sugar molecules (two monosaccharides) bonded together.  The body must break the bond apart (in to  two monosaccharides) before they can be absorbed. 00:42:32 - Ben explains the ABO and the Rh blood group systems 00:46:25 - Ben talks a little about Type O Negative and the origin of their band name 00:49:05 - Why is blood type included in the character bios of old arcade games? 00:52:58 - Using the website Tofugu for learning Japanese language and culture.  00:55:49 - What are Norah and Ben's personalities based solely on their blood type?  00:59:07 - The blood type “descriptive words” are too vague for Two Vague 01:01:21 - Kitty White's blood type, and Hello Kitty blood type identification straps 01:03:48 - Vampires, and Ben explains the story of the game Code Vein 01:07:30 - Ben tries to explain From Software's “souls-like” games to Norah 01:10:54 - Code Vein has been described as “souls-like,” but Ben doesn't find it too difficult 01:13:45 - Ben's Elden Ring 2022 GOTY hot take 01:16:21 - Ben thinks Eric won't sick him, and Norah thinks it was a “bloody good” show

IBS, FODMAPS and Running IBS symptoms affect many runners, and symptoms can be very unpleasant and disruptive to training and race schedules and to overall running performance. In the general population, it's estimated that 20% of the population experience IBS like symptoms. Women are twice as likely as men to report having symptoms of IBS. With regards to the runners, looking at a variety of studies with different groups of runners, it appears that 30% or more in some instances, reported symptoms of exercise induced IBS symptoms. It's a common issue discussed amongst the running community and a topic we have covered in Episodes 3, 23, 31 and 78, so if it's an area of interest to you please check out the information we share in these episodes. Today we'll going to … 1.    Discuss how the medical profession diagnose IBS and what may lead to exercise induced IBS 2.    Review research on nutritional approaches for managing IBS in runners 3.    Share our approach to investigating the root causes of IBS symptoms with some food tip suggestions SHOW NOTES (06:42) An overview of IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome), what criteria the medical profession will use to make a diagnosis and what are the typical symptoms experienced.  (11:01) Do the symptoms of exercise induced IBS differ from those experienced by other IBS sufferers?  (12:30) What is going on physiologically to create exercise induced IBS like symptoms?  (14:48) Are there any female factors to consider regarding IBS?  (16:58) Reviewing the FODMAPS Diet as a way of managing exercise induced IBS symptoms and a 2021 study – https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.637160/full (High Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAP) Consumption Among Endurance Athletes and Relationship to Gastrointestinal Symptoms)  (20:11) Examples of FODMAP foods.  (22:57) A brief review of the conclusions of the study https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.637160/full (High Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAP) Consumption Among Endurance Athletes and Relationship to Gastrointestinal Symptoms) (30:07) Our approach to investigating the root causes of IBS.  (33:52) Adapting and personalising the FODMAP content of your food plan to help alleviate IBS symptoms including an introduction to Monash FODMAPS APP  (39:40) TIPS on FODMAPS to help runners implement changes with food plans.  (43:03) Key Take Aways 1.    Irritable Bowel Symptom is described by the medical profession as being abdominal pain or discomfort, in association with altered bowel habit, for at least 6 months, in the absence of alarm symptoms or signs. 2.    Typical Symptoms are intestinal/stomach cramps/pain, bloating, flatulence, diarrhoea, constipation, alongside irregular bowel movements. The severity and frequency of symptoms varies from person to person. 3.    It's estimated that over 30% of endurance runners experience EXERCISE INDUCED IBS Symptoms. 4.    For runners these symptoms can be very unpleasant and disruptive to training and race schedules and to overall running performance. 5.    It's important to consult with a medical practitioner to have symptoms investigated. 6.    FODMAP Foods may be a trigger for IBS symptoms in some people. 7.    The FODMAP diet plan involves; o  Eliminating FODMAP foods to reduce symptoms 2-6 weeks o  Rechallenge phase 6-8 weeks - reintroduce fodmap foods one by one to identify which FODMAPS you tolerate and which trigger symptoms. Sometimes it is the quantity of the specific food which causes the symptoms.  o  Adapted Diet - you may personalise the FODMAP diet to suit...

The Whole View, Episode 457: The Problem with a Low-FODMAP Diet Welcome back to episode 457! (0:28) Sarah and Stacy last covered FODMAPs in detail in TPV Podcast Episode 238, What's a FODMAP and Why Do Some People Avoid Them? The science on them has definitely evolved, so it's time to revisit what FODMAPs are and why there can be a problem with a low-FODMAP diet! This show is sponsored by Stacy and Sarah's favorite probiotic company, Just Thrive! Formulated by microbiologists, Just Thrive Probiotic includes four science-backed, clinically proven, super-beneficial Bacillus species. It is free of wheat, gluten, Dairy, nuts, soy, salt, sugar, artificial colors or flavors, binders, fillers, allergens, and GMO's. Stacy and Sarah only invite brands they love to be a part of this show and never endorse something they don't use themselves. Just Thrive is offering 15% off with code THEWHOLEVIEW at checkout, or follow this link! Quick Review of FODMAPs The term FODMAP is an acronym for Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polyols. (4:10) FODMAPs are sugar alcohols and short-chain carbohydrates rich in fructose molecules.  These molecules are inefficiently absorbed in the small intestine but are highly fermentable by our gut bacteria in the large intestine.   Many dietary carbohydrates that have prebiotic actions are members of the FODMAP group of carbohydrates: Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), polyols, and fructose.  These FODMAPs selectively stimulate the growth of super beneficial specific types of bacteria. They include Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia municiphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, Eubacterium rectale, and Anaerostipes caccae. When FODMAPs enter the large intestine full of those wonderful beneficial bacteria, they increase the metabolic activity of our gut bacteria. This increases the production of SCFAs and gasses.  Because of the increase in production, we might notice even if we eat a ton of FODMAPs all at once is an increase in flatus frequency. Sarah adds that this is perfectly normal.   FODMAP Intolerance Where it flips into FODMAP intolerance is when it becomes uncomfortable. (10:34) Typical symptoms of FODMAPs include bloating, gas, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion, and sometimes excessive belching.  This is why a typical diagnosis is Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Some researchers even believe that 100% of IBS is caused by FODMAP intolerance. So, what causes FODMAP intolerance? There's three potentially overlapping, causes Gluten and/or Dairy sensitivity Fructose malabsorption Gut dysbiosis Gluten Sensitivity The biggest source of FODMAPs in the Standard American Diet is wheat.  This is because wheat is consumed in large quantities, not because it is a concentrated source of FODMAPs. Additionally, up to 55% of the population (in North America) has gluten sensitivity genes!  Symptoms of non-celiac gluten sensitivity include IBS bloating, gas, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion, and belching. PLUS extra-intestinal symptoms, such as brain fog, fatigue, lethargy, skin rash (including eczema), headaches, fibromyalgia-like symptoms (joint and/or muscle pain), carpal tunnel and peripheral neuropathy-like symptoms, depression, anxiety, and anemia 2012 double-blind elimination and challenge study showed 30% of IBS was wheat sensitivity. Stacy and Sarah discussed these genes in detail in TPV Podcast, Episode 293: Do I Have to Be Gluten-Free Forever? Dairy Sensitivity And lactose is a FODMAP! Lactose intolerance is caused a deficiency in the enzyme lactase. Rates of intolerance vary widely based on ethnicity, ranging from 5% among Northern Europeans to over 90% of the population in some Asian and African countries.  In fact, in the US alone, somewhere between 30 and 50 million people are lactose intolerant! Also, epidemiological reports of cow's milk allergy (IgE antibody reactions to cow's milk proteins) range from between 1 and 17.5% in preschoolers, 1 and 13.5% in children ages 5 to 16 years, and 1 to 4% in adults.  The prevalence of cow's milk sensitivities (IgA and IgG antibody reactions to cow's milk proteins) in the general population is unknown. But one study in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome showed that a whopping 84% of participants tested positive for IgG antibodies against milk proteins.  Other Food Sensitivities Soy is also a high-FODMAP food. The rate of soy IgG intolerance in IBS is about 23%. IBS is strongly linked to food sensitivity. And up to 65% of people have symptoms resolved if they do IgG testing and eliminate all the positives.  Some people eliminate FODMAPs, and their symptoms go away. So they think it's FODMAP intolerance, but it's really gluten, Dairy, soy, or other sensitivity. So, they're eliminating a ton of healthy fruits and veggies needlessly! Sarah and Stacy will get into why that's important.   Fructose Malabsorption After digestion, monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream by being transported through the cells that line the small intestine, the enterocytes. (20:54) Enterocytes have specialized transporters, or carriers, embedded into the membrane that faces the inside of the gut.   FODMAP intolerance may be due to insufficient carbohydrate carriers, specifically GLUT5, which is the specific carbohydrate carrier for fructose. This can happen, for example, in celiac disease, where you have intestinal villous atrophy. Fructose uptake rate by GLUT5 is also significantly affected by diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and inflammation. This uptake rate is also influenced by diet! The simultaneous presence of glucose can inhibit uptake, which is why whole fruit might be tolerated where something like agave might not. Additionally, the simultaneous presence of sorbitol can inhibit this. It's important to note that while fructose malabsorption causes symptoms extremely similar to IBS, it's considered a separate diagnosis. However, due to the similarity in symptoms, patients with fructose malabsorption often fit the profile of those with irritable bowel syndrome. Stacy adds that she and Sarah are not medical professionals. If you are struggling with symptoms like those listed, it's best to arm yourself with this knowledge and seek trained professionals to help narrow down your diagnosis.   Gut Dysbiosis The most likely cause of symptoms is actually Gut Dysbiosis.  If there's an imbalanced gut microbiome, such as the right species for cross-feeding (or a high consumption of FODMAPs all at once), this causes a variety of digestive symptoms,  For example, it has been shown that consuming fructans increases the production of butyrate. But the two main types of bacteria that ferment fructans (Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli) are lactic acid-producing bacteria. Many other bacteria (including Eubacterium, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium) account for this bump in butyrate production. Acetate serves as an essential co-factor and metabolite for key bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which requires acetate to grow.  The Most Likely Culprit Studies confirmed that gut dysbiosis is the most likely culprit in IBS. This study compared participants with IBS to healthy controls.  Another study detected dysbiosis in 73% of IBS patients vs. 16% of healthy individuals.  This basically captures all the people with IBS symptoms that don't have food sensitivities (with some overlap) And studies confirm more gas production from FODMAP consumption in people with IBS. This study aimed to compare the patterns of breath hydrogen and methane and symptoms produced in response to diets that differed only in FODMAP content. They concluded dietary FODMAPs induce prolonged hydrogen production in the intestine that is greater in IBS. Sarah has taken part in several different breath tests in her lifetime and always finds them interesting.   The problem with a low-FODMAP Diet A huge number of studies show that when people with IBS follow a low-FODMAP diet see about 75% of symptom alleviation. (32:15) But can it make the problem worse by increasing dysbiosis? Important gut health superfoods are high-FODMAP: Vegetables include: Asparagus, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, chicory leaves, globe and Jerusalem artichokes, garlic, onions, leeks, mushrooms, and snow peas Fruits include: Apples, apricots, cherries, figs, mangoes, nectarines, peaches, pears, plums, and watermelon Legumes and pulses include: Baked beans, black-eyed peas, broad beans, butter beans, chickpeas, kidney beans, lentils, and split peas All these foods are great for the gut microbiome! See Sarah's Gut Health Guidebook and Gut Health Cookbook for a deep dive on all of these. Because many FODMAPs have prebiotic actions, there is concern that their dietary restriction leads to dysbiosis with health consequences!. Studies do show that low-FODMAP diets both in healthy individuals and in IBS cause dysbiosis! This study randomly allocated twenty-seven IBS and six healthy subjects into one of two 21-day provided diets, differing only in FODMAP content. And then crossed them over to the other diet with ≥21-day washout period. Fecal indices were similar in IBS and healthy subjects during habitual diets.  It concluded that diets differing in FODMAP content have marked effects on gut microbiota composition. And the low FODMAP diet should not be recommended for asymptomatic populations. This study associated a low-FODMAP diet with changes in the microbiota and reduction in breath hydrogen but not colonic volume in healthy subjects—the low FODMAP diet associated the reduction in Bifidobacterium and breath hydrogen in healthy volunteers. Another study in IBD shows a low FODMAP diet helped symptoms but had a significantly lower abundance of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium longum, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.    High FODMAP & Prebiotic Supplementation Diets Interestingly, there have been studies looking at high-FODMAPs and prebiotic supplementation diets for IBS. (35:50) Studies consistently demonstrate the clinical effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet in patients with IBS. However, the impact on the microbiotaone is an unintentional consequence of this dietary intervention.  This leads to an interesting paradox! Increasing luminal Bifidobacteria through probiotic supplementation is associated with a reduction in IBS symptoms. However, the low FODMAP diet has clinical efficacy but markedly reduces luminal Bifidobacteria concentration. Similarly, another study found no differences in severity of abdominal pain, bloating and flatulence, and QoL scores between prebiotics and placebo.  Conclusions Food intolerance can cause IBS. In this case, identifying exact triggers through elimination and challenge is important. That way, you aren't cutting out important foods. Dysbiosis causes the vast majority of the rest. Low-FODMAP may help alleviate symptoms, but it also perpetuates gut dysbiosis. This means every time you eat a FODMAP, you'll get symptoms. They may even worsen over time. Stacy adds that we tend to focus more on what we can take away than add. We need to focus on both sides to ensure our solution to symptom relief isn't furthering the problem causing those symptoms. What to Do: The Problem of a Low-FODMAP Diet Support gut health and go slow! (42:30) Be sure to keep FODMAP consumption low enough that symptoms are tolerable while supporting gut health.  Consume lots of veggies, fruits and mushrooms (Episodes 281, 286, 304, 307, 335, 346, 373, 392, 424, & 435).  Eat nuts and seeds in moderation (Episodes 413 & 452). Use EVOO as your go-to fat (Episodes 326 and 414). Be sure you're consuming lots of fish, shellfish, or a fish oil supplement (Episodes 366, 415, & 451) Avoid prebiotic-enhanced foods, inulin, and overdoing one type of fiber. It's best to get fiber from whole-food sources. Be sure you're getting enough sleep, activity and are effectively managing stress. A good Bacillus-based probiotic like Just Thrive can help immensely! Plus fermented foods (not the same probiotic species, so both are important). Bacillus species (like what are in Just Thrive) are keystone species known to create a gut environment conducive to the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. It's also important to gradually increase high-FODMAP foods but go slow.   Final Thoughts Stacy really appreciates their ability to revisit these topics and the science as it changes. (50:45) This show is all about facts, not opinions, and sometimes those facts can change. Stacy loves the idea of dieting in terms of what we can add to it to better ourselves, rather than focus solely on what we could take away.  Sarah highly recommends her books, The Gut Health Guidebook and The Gut Health Cookbook, for even more information about the gut microbiome and combating the problem with a low-FODMAP diet. This show was sponsored by Just Thrive, which Stacy and Sarah both use and love! Remember, use code THEWHOLEVIEW at checkout for 15% off.  Be sure to head over to Patreon for even more from Stacy and Sarah! It's a great way to connect with them and get first in line for answers to whatever questions you might have!

Coup de projecteur aujourd'hui sur le syndrome de l'intestin irritable. Il est aussi appelé syndrome du côlon irritable ou colopathie fonctionnelle. Il s'agit d'un trouble du fonctionnement de l'intestin, bénin. Pour autant il est responsable d'une gêne importante. Le SII toucherait environ 5% de la population française. Les femmes sont d'ailleurs deux fois plus touchées que les hommes par ce syndrome. Le syndrome de l'intestin irritable se caractérise par un ensemble de symptômes. Par exemple les ballonnements, les douleurs abdominales ou encore les troubles du transit intestinal. C'est lié principalement à la consommation de certains aliments aux pouvoirs de fermentation très importants. A l'origine de ce trouble se trouve une distension des intestins déclenchée par des aliments riches en certaines molécules fermentantes. Elles s'appellent les FODEMAPs (Fermentable by colonic bacteria Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides And Polyols) A souligner aussi une forte composante d'hyperperméabilité intestinale et d'inflammation intestinale. Parfois cela peut être couplé à une dysbiose. Certains facteurs favorisent également le SII comme la génétique, les infections voire le stress et l'anxiété. Quelle prise en charge ? L'objectif est de réduire l'inflammation grâce aux oméga-3 et aux polyphénols, notamment. Autre étape : corriger la dysbiose en misant sur des probiotiques spécifiques. Une diète sans FODEMAPs est souvent préconisée. A condition qu'elle reste temporaire puisque les FODEMAPs sont évidemment bons pour la santé ! Il faudra ensuite les réintroduire progressivement dans l'alimentation. C'est pourquoi si vous souffrez de SII le diagnostic et la prise en charge par des spécialistes sont indispensables ! Toutes les infos avec Véronique Liesse  Quelques aliments pratiquement dépourvus de FODMAPs : Le concombre, la carotte, la laitue, la courgette ou encore la courge. Les agrumes, la banane, le kiwi ainsi que le raisin et les mûres. Les produits laitiers comme les fromages à pâte dure. Les légumineuses et féculents. Par exemple les lentilles corail, le quinoa, la polenta. Il existe 4 familles de FODMAPs Les oligosaccharides : présents dans certains légumes comme l'ail, le topinambour, l'artichaut, les asperges, les poids chiches et céréales. Les disaccharides contenu en plus ou moins grande quantité dans les produits laitiers Les monosaccharides dans certains fruits : mangue, pêche, poire, prune, abricots secs. Les polyols très présents dans les confiseries sans sucre de type bonbons, chewing-gum, ainsi que dans les plats industriels La playlist 100% nutrition 

This chapter has been described from the book "ORGANIC CHEMISTRY", written by Morrison and Boyd

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 1 Episode #42Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Adrienne and I am your host for episode #42 called Unit 1 The Chemistry of Life: Carbohydrate Structure, Function, & Examples. Today we will be discussing the functional groups found in carbohydrates, the different types and functions as well as examples of carbohydrates. Segment 1: Introduction to Carbohydrate Structure, Function, & ExamplesTo start off, let me explain what a carbohydrate is. A carbohydrate is one of the four major classes of macromolecules along with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1 to 2 to 1 ratio and you might have seen variations of its chemical formula like C6H12O6. Carbohydrates have two major functional groups that are clusters of atoms with certain properties and functions. The first functional group are hydroxyls or alcohols that contain an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Through dehydration synthesis, they form an ether bond which is when an oxygen atom is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups so in this case, two carbon chains. The other group are carbonyls which contain aldehydes and ketones. The main difference between the two is the positioning of the carbonyl group where aldehydes have a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a hydrocarbon group while ketones are bonded to two hydrocarbon groups.  Carbohydrates also have four different types which are monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the smallest type of carbohydrate and contain 1 sugar molecule as the prefix suggests. Disaccharides contain 2 sugar molecules while oligosaccharides are polymers that contain 3-9 sugars and lastly, polysaccharides have 10 or more sugars. Regardless of the type of carbohydrate, they contain chains of hydrocarbons that form a hexagon shaped structure.  Moving onto the functions of carbohydrates, one of them is that they are sugars which act as a source for energy. Since most cells prefer glucose as their source of energy, carbohydrates are vital to carry out basic functions. Carbohydrates also act as energy storage when the body already has enough energy to support its functions. Later once the body uses up its immediate source of energy, carbohydrates like glycogen are broken down. Furthermore, glucose is converted to ribose and deoxyribose, which are components of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. They also tie into amino acids because they are substrates that interact with enzymes during chemical reactions. Segment 2: Example of Carbohydrate Structure & FunctionTo illustrate carbohydrates in real life, examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Although they have the same chemical formula, they differ in the structural orientation of the carbon atoms. As for disaccharides, three examples include sucrose, which is table sugar, lactose, which is the sugar found in milk, and maltose, which is created in seeds and other parts of plants. Again, they share the same formula but differ in the types of monosaccharides that they contain. However, it's important to note that glucose is the commonality between all carbohydrate polymers because it's a part of every disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. For oligosaccharides, examples include raffinose and stachyose while examples for polysaccharides include glycogen, cellulose, starch. These 3 polysaccharides tie into the functions of carbohydrates that I discussed earlier where glycogen is the main energy storage in animals and is stored in the liver and muscles, cellulose creates the rigid, structure of plant cell walls, and starch is the main energy storage in plants. As for energy sources, an example is the human brain which only uses glucose to produce energy and function. This is why we feel light headed if we haven't had food or sugar for an extended amount of time....

We know that gut health is trending, it's pretty hot right now, right?! Well, tune in to today's episode as Mase explores SIBO with a bonafide SIBO doctor. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, it's a deep dive today, exploring what the heck is this actually?! Mason and Dr Nirala cover the nuanced approach required to treating SIBO, exploring why it may be overdiagnosed and other gut symptoms (constipation, food sensitivities and more).   If you've ever traveled to a third world country, got some sort of bug, 'fixed it' and then realised you never truly recovered, then today's episode is for you! (Also, if gut health and immunity are important to you, you are going to love today's episode.) Dive in, here are some of the stuff discussed in today's episode: The nuanced nature of SIBO when compared to irritable bowel syndrome To heal from SIBO, a strategic approach is required, not just a one-size-fits-all What role chronic stress plays in suffering from SIBO How hypothyroidism, mould exposure and other autoimmune diseases are connected to SIBO The misunderstanding around 'reseeding' the gut How the 'breath' test works in diagnosing SIBO Which foods to avoid during SIBO Dr Nirala's dietary treatment plan Dr Nirala covers the three possible treatment plans (herbs, antibiotics, diet) A brief touch on the Blood Type diets   Who is Nirala Jacobi? Dr. Nirala Jacobi, BHSc, ND (USA) graduated from Bastyr University in 1998 with a doctorate in naturopathic medicine. Dr Nirala practiced as a primary care physician in Montana for 7 years before arriving in Australia and is considered one of Australia’s leading experts in the treatment of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), a common cause of IBS. Dr Nirala is the medical director for SIBOtest, an online testing service for practitioners. Dr Nirala is so passionate about educating practitioners that she founded “The SIBO Doctor”, an online professional education platform. Dr Nirala lectures nationally and internationally about the assessment and treatment of SIBO and is the host of the popular podcast The SIBO Doctor podcast for practitioners. Dr Nirala is the medical director and senior naturopathic physician at The Biome Clinic, center for functional digestive disorders in Mullumbimby, New South Wales. Dr Nirala is the co-founder of the Australian Naturopathic Summit. When she is not actively researching, seeing patients or lecturing, Dr Nirala can be found enjoying the beauty of nature   Resources: Dr Nirala's Instagram The Human Microbiome Project Dr Nirala's  FREE SIBO Questionnaire The SIBO Success Plan 8 Hour Course SIBO Mastery Program (for practitioners) Visceral Manipulation Barral Institute Feeding Your Microbiome (Dr Nirala Podcast with Dr B) The Blue Zones book Healthy to 100 book Blood Type Diet   Q: How Can I Support The SuperFeast Podcast?   A: Tell all your friends and family and share online! We’d also love it if you could subscribe and review this podcast on iTunes. Or  check us out on Stitcher, CastBox, iHeart RADIO:)! Plus  we're on Spotify!   Check Out The Transcript Here:   Mason: (00:00) Hi, Nirala.   Nirala Jacobi: (00:02) Hi, Mason.   Mason: (00:03) Did I pronounce your name correctly?   Nirala Jacobi: (00:04) You did.   Mason: (00:06) Okay. Nirala Jacobi?   Nirala Jacobi: (00:07) Very good.   Mason: (00:08) Yeah, yay.   Nirala Jacobi: (00:12) Yes.   Mason: (00:13) Okay. Guys, got to do it in person today, which is-   Nirala Jacobi: (00:17) What were the chances of that?   Mason: (00:19) Considering you live in Wilson's Creek, I think they're pretty good. But in terms of the chances of doing it, two people, that's a party but I think that's a legal party at these times, isn't it?   Nirala Jacobi: (00:29) These days, it is.   Mason: (00:31) Oh, pretty legal. Goji is sitting in the room if you hear Goj wrestling around, but dogs don't count. Guys, we're talking about SIBO. We got the SIBO Doctor here. I'm following you on Instagram for, I think, like three years.   Nirala Jacobi: (00:51) Wow. Okay.   Mason: (00:51) Yeah. I've been aware of your work. SIBO has been one of those things I used to say, facetiously, that it got trendy about three years ago in terms of I don't know where you see the mass awareness come about in the naturopathic and medical circles or whether it's even really accepted in the medical circles but, obviously, you would have watched the trend occur and then the mass misdiagnosis and then realisation that we're actually able to test and find out that it is this SIBO, which we'll find out from you what it is. Why did it, all of a sudden, hit mass consciousness? What I see a few years ago anyway.   Nirala Jacobi: (01:42) I'm going to go back nine years. I've been a naturopathic doctor for about 22 years now. I have practised in Montana and saw everything from heart disease to urinary tract infections to actual IBS or irritable bowel syndrome. We had really good result rates, but there was always a subset of patients that just did not improve. Then fast forward nine years ago, I sat in a lecture at one of our conferences and heard about SIBO. It was like a light bulb went on because it explained those cases that just didn't improve with conventional naturopathic approaches even to irritable bowel syndrome.   Nirala Jacobi: (02:27) Then, I started to become an expert in SIBO. I moved here about 15 years ago, Australia, but I became an expert and started lecturing for other supplement companies and to practitioners and started a breath testing company because there was just nothing here at all about SIBO. I think one of the reasons why it has really exponentially grown the interest is if you think that about 11% of the world's industrialised nation has IBS. IBS, according to conventional medical texts and the conventional medical approach, has no real cure.   Nirala Jacobi: (03:18) To find something that actually is the cause of IBS that is so profoundly responsive to treatment, I think, really gave hope to a lot of people. Now, of course, with that comes the fact that SIBO is often, as you mentioned, I do think there is an element of overdiagnosis. Everybody just basically treats according to the symptoms, which is not what I recommend at all. Because in that case, you can use antimicrobials and things like that for far too long.   Nirala Jacobi: (03:53) I think it has to do with the fact that there really wasn't other options for people. They really improved when they began to treat SIBO, or I saw a dramatic improvement in my patients when we finally treated the cause rather than just giving probiotics and giving fibre and giving all of the stuff that we know how to do, and people were actually getting worse, not better with those approaches. That was really my journey into this.   Mason: (04:22) That was probably about a time when I think naturopathic medicine got a little bit more integrated even. There were all these different pockets. All of a sudden, naturopaths, even though they were specialising in particular areas, became aware of just all these different specialisations, became I did say trendy for that reason, because it was about the end of that era where people were really trusting health coaches who would read up about the symptoms of SIBO and, therefore, put their clients onto an antimicrobial or whatever it was and just flying blind. You've got the breath test of your business where I see it's like if you're in Chinese medicine, you are doing pulse and tongue and the questions diagnosis. If you're in naturopathic medicine, you need that testing most of the time, I'd imagine.   Nirala Jacobi: (05:25) Yeah. I'm a gastrointestinal specialist. I don't just do SIBO. I specialise in functional gastrointestinal disorders, so I do a number of tests. This, I think, is a big shortcoming of practitioners where they consider the finances of ordering a test for a patient. I always tell practitioners that I teach, "You're not their accountant. You don't know if they want to test or not want to test, but it's your job to give them the best options and the diagnosis," because if you're just reading, you're not going to get better because SIBO is a really distinct condition that requires a really strategic approach. There's different kinds of SIBO.   Mason: (06:10) That's always what happens. Yeah. It's the same with PCOS or whatever it is. There's different arms. Obviously, there's different sources. There's mainly four major causes, is that right?   Nirala Jacobi: (06:25) There's four major groups of causes.   Mason: (06:27) Okay, okay.   Nirala Jacobi: (06:29) But maybe what we should do is backtrack and really define what SIBO is, right?   Mason: (06:33) Yeah, good idea. Well leading, you can tell you have a podcast.   Nirala Jacobi: (06:35) Yeah. All right. Let's talk about ... so that people can really understand that it's not just bacterial overgrowth, and as soon as you kill the bacteria, boom, that's it, you're cured. In some instances, that's the case, but it's actually the exception rather than the norm. But SIBO stands for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. It's a condition where bacteria that are typically usually found in the large intestine are, for some reason, found in the small intestine.   Nirala Jacobi: (07:03) Now, the surface area of your small intestine is about the surface area of a double tennis court. Imagine having a massive bacterial overgrowth right where you absorb your nutrients, where you release your enzymes, where you do all of these different important digestive functions and, all of a sudden, that surface area is just chock-a-block with bacteria. These bacteria ferment the food that you're eating into hydrogen gas. There's a group of bacteria or a phylum called proteobacteria. The main gram-negative bacteria in that group are Klebsiella, Proteus, E. coli, those types of bacteria that are the biggest culprit for causing SIBO.   Nirala Jacobi: (07:47) Why is this happening? This is how we get into the underlying causes. I think one of the main driving cause of SIBO is, imagine you've gone to Bali, you had a case of food poisoning, or if your listener is in America, you've gone somewhere else and you had food poisoning. You came home, it resolved, but then you still have ongoing digestive symptoms. Actually, over time, they become worse, you go to the doctor, they diagnose you with IBS. That is the classic scenario.   Nirala Jacobi: (08:19) What happens there is the bacteria that caused the food poisoning are not the bacteria that are causing SIBO, but they're the bacteria that are damaging to the enteric nervous system, which is really the motility, the brain of your gut. You are meant to have this innate ability to clear bacteria from the upper gut, because the body doesn't want them there. You're supposed to sweep them all towards the small intestine. When you've had a case of food poisoning that results in this damage, you actually cannot effectively clear these bacteria from your upper gut.   Mason: (08:55) What is it that's affected in the small intestine and it stops you from having the motility to move it out?   Nirala Jacobi: (09:03) This part of the nervous system is called the migrating motor complex. It's a part of the enteric nervous system. Enteric just means digestive or your gut. It's basically the brain in the gut. This particular section of the small intestine is meant to clear these bacteria out every 90 minutes on an empty stomach. Imagine that you've had this food poisoning and it damaged that section or that particular part of what clears the gut out in the upper gut.   Nirala Jacobi: (09:32) That actually can be tested with a blood test. We're trying to get it to Australia. Because of COVID, we've had some issues. But we do want to offer this test for people to test for these antibodies, because if you know that's the cause, the proper treatment for SIBO for you would be to have antimicrobials, whether that's the conventional antibiotics that are indicated for this or herbs. Then you must follow it up with something called a prokinetic, which is a medicine that aims to reset this migrating motor complex. That's probably the biggest group of people that have this as an underlying cause.   Nirala Jacobi: (10:10) But then you also have people that just were totally stressed out for a long time. Chronic stress, as you probably have discussed this before, causes you to be in this chronic fight or flight. If you're in chronic fight or flight, you're not in rest and digest, it turns off your digestion. These natural antibiotic fluids, like hydrochloric acid, bile, digestive enzymes that are meant to kill bacteria are very poorly produced and, therefore, you suffer not just from maldigestion, but then also bacterial overgrowth. That's a different kind of cause of SIBO that then wouldn't necessarily require the prokinetics.   Mason: (10:50) Like a stealthy, slow-grown...   Nirala Jacobi: (10:54) Yeah, yeah.   Mason: (10:54) I like that you're just actually bringing up those antibacterial fluids. I was going to ask you, and you did it straight away.   Nirala Jacobi: (11:04) Yeah. Then the other one, there's more, the fourth group ... The first one would be a matter of a problem with motility. That is not just this, what we call, post-infectious IBS. It can also be hypothyroidism, other autoimmune diseases, mould exposure. All kinds of things can cause this problem with motility. Then you have these digestive factors, and not a big one because a lot of people don't think about this, but previous abdominal surgery that causes scar tissue known as adhesions that actually attach to the small intestine in the abdominal cavity and cause like a kink in the garden hose. That prevents bacteria from leaving the small intestine. Also for that, you would need prokinetics. You can see how it's so much more intricate than just, "Here are some antibiotics," or "Here's berberine and here's Allimax."   Nirala Jacobi: (11:59) One last thing I'll say about SIBO before the next question is that there are two groups. I've mentioned the proteobacteria that produce hydrogen. There's another group of ancient organisms. They probably live on Mars, too. Honestly, they're like extremophiles. They live on the bottom of the ocean. There are these ancient archaea. They're not even bacteria. They produce methane. Methane, we know, causes constipation. If you're somebody that's been diagnosed with SIBO methane or SIBO-C or SIBO constipation, it's likely that your methane is high. That's a different kind of treatment. That's starting to be thought of as actually a separate condition. That's advanced SIBO discussion.   Mason: (12:46) I like that. We always got this travelling of these bacteria up through the ... Is it the ileocecal valve?   Nirala Jacobi: (12:55) Ileocecal valve.   Mason: (12:57) Ileocecal valve. Is that a constant occurrence of reality?   Nirala Jacobi: (13:00) No.   Mason: (13:00) No?   Nirala Jacobi: (13:01) No, that is not how it happens. These bacteria, they are normal in very, very small amounts. Nothing in your body is really sterile. Nothing really, even though we think it is, but it's not really.   Mason: (13:17) But we've been told it is.   Nirala Jacobi: (13:17) Yes, exactly.   Mason: (13:17) Programmed.   Nirala Jacobi: (13:18) Yeah. It's like modern medicine at the time thought that's what it was, but it turns out that one of the most famous bacteria that survives the stomach is H. pylori. We know it can survive very well there. But you have maybe 1,000 bacteria or colony-forming unit per mil in the upper gut, just below the stomach, the duodenum. Then as you progress towards the large intestine, actually, the diversity and the sheer number of bacteria increases. That's normal.   Nirala Jacobi: (14:00) These bacteria, even though gram-negatives that cause SIBO, are actually not pathogens. They're called pathobionts. Pathobionts are organisms that you normally find in low amounts. But when they get overgrown, they become pathogenic. I often tell people, my patients, I say, "Your gut is like a white supremacists neighbourhood. It's just one kind of bacteria, and you need diversity and you need low numbers of those organisms." That's what we're aiming for.   Mason: (14:36) There's, I guess, an as above, so below, we've sterilised everything in our environment, in our house, and we have low bacterial biodiversity there, we're going to see low bacterial biodiversity internally. Is there a particular macro or even micronutrient cycles that that gram-negative bacteria ... What did you say? What was the group?   Nirala Jacobi: (15:02) The group is called proteobacteria.   Mason: (15:03) Proteobacteria. Is there anything that would feed them excessively?   Nirala Jacobi: (15:08) No, it's basically food. Those bacteria are usually found in higher amounts in the large intestine. They're normal there. A pathobiont becomes problematic when it outgrows its environment or the other bacteria in that location. They've actually just did a microbiome assessment study on the small intestine. I think the other reason, just to briefly sidetrack to get back to your first question, why is this such a big deal now, is because we know so much more.   Nirala Jacobi: (15:44) The Human Microbiome Project that's undergoing, it's like discovering the universe, because what happened before we were able to actually understand what was happening in the small intestine, we couldn't culture out these organisms because they would die. They were anaerobes. They couldn't be cultured out. Now that we have this different technology that uses RNA and DNA, we can understand far more. Now we actually understand the normal microbiome of the small intestine a lot more. It's totally fascinating to be in this field of microbiome research.   Mason: (16:26) Of the large intestine bacterial testing and analysis of the biome, testing has got a little bit more efficacy with that, is that right?   Nirala Jacobi: (16:33) Oh, way more.   Mason: (16:34) Way more?   Nirala Jacobi: (16:36) Way more, because it used to be culture-based, it turns out it's like fairy dust of what actually is in the large intestine as a representation of the ... We know about Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. That is literally just 2% to 5% of your entire microbiome. There are so many more species that do fascinating things.   Mason: (16:59) We've had the chat on the podcast a couple of times of why just throwing a probiotic in the gut is ... Quite often, you can get a little bit more sophisticated.   Nirala Jacobi: (17:09) I think we're at that place now where ... I'm somebody who used to just do a probiotic. "Yeah, just a couple of Bifido, couple of Lacto, you're good." But now, I'm way more strain-specific. I would use Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 if you're constipated. I'm not going to necessarily give a whole combination of products, or I give you Lactobacillus rhamnosus if you have leaky gut and eczema, for example. It's a lot more fun now than it used to be.   Mason: (17:46) Yeah, I can imagine. It's like rather than just having your shotgun, you got the Men in Black chamber. You walk and there's all different types of guns and grenades all over the wall, but in a more life-giving kind of ... Like a seed gun.   Nirala Jacobi: (18:01) I like that. Actually, this brings up a really important point, is that even when I went to naturopathic medical school, it was taught to us that we could reseed the gut. Remember that?   Mason: (18:15) Mm-hmm (affirmative).   Nirala Jacobi: (18:15) We cannot do that. These Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, they are response modifiers. They actually do something that is not involving reseeding. If you've lost a lot of your native species because you were on chronic antibiotics for acne, or Lyme disease, or whatever that may be, if you've lost a lot of your species or have really reduced them, probiotics will not reseed what you've lost. You can't do that. It's a really important point because some practitioners still preach this method, but I had to really switch my thinking. I tell my patients, "I'm going to give you this probiotic for this symptom. I'm not going to give it to you because you're reseeding." You can't do that. Not if it's 5% or 2% of the gut.   Mason: (19:01) In terms of it being for the symptoms specifically, is that because the probiotic is able to do it like having a short-term effect within the gut and then it's on its way?   Nirala Jacobi: (19:11) Yes, exactly. Exactly. That's what probiotic research is really good at, is seeing what symptoms a particular strain can alleviate.   Mason: (19:24) Obviously, we've touched that medication and antibiotics can be another reason why we could lead to SIBO and IBS.   Nirala Jacobi: (19:33) Medications like proton pump inhibitors that stop stomach acid, there's some debate whether or not, but I have seen people definitely have a problem with SIBO after using chronically proton pump inhibitors, and others that are more slowing the gut down. Medications like opiates and things like that, morphine will really slow it down. But then that's pretty temporary, you're not going to see chronic SIBO with that.   Mason: (20:05) Yeah. The stress factor, you're looking at a combination, mould exposure, stress, and antibiotic here and there, it's kind of a cocktail of reasons, I imagine.   Nirala Jacobi: (20:18) This is always the overwhelming part for people. It's like, "Oh, my God, where do I even begin?" But this is where a really skilled practitioner can ... I actually have a questionnaire that you can get on thesibodoctor.com. That is a questionnaire about finding the cause for SIBO. You can download it, it's free, as is the diet that I've devised for SIBO. You can take that to your practitioner and it can whittle it down to what the possible causes are. It goes through these four groups of causes.   Mason: (20:52) That's cool. Something that I really like about your approach is I'm hearing just on your website right here, you've got the patient course, practitioner course. Obviously, you're a practitioner and you've got a focus on the patient being able to understand it and get to the source themselves, getting, for lack of a better word, empowered around it, getting informed, and then bridging the way that they can then take that questionnaire and they can create a dialogue between them and their practitioner.   Mason: (21:25) It's something we always ... You go there automatically. It's why I like your work. It's something we always try to do and talk about on the podcast when we're chatting with practitioners as well, because it diffuses it. You've even got great resources there of like once you've treated yourself, how are you going to stay out of that practitioner office, which it's overlooked quite heavily. I don't know what your thoughts are on that.   Nirala Jacobi: (21:49) The SIBO Success Plan, which is the patient course, it's an eight-hour course that goes through everything from leaky gut to all these different things, it really was born out of a necessity. In a perfect world, everybody would have a practitioner that is SIBO savvy that can nail this thing for you. But I got calls from people or emails from people in Finland and from all over the world that just said, "There's no one here. No one can help me." This is the course that really had to be made for people like that. They don't have a practitioner.   Mason: (22:26) You go straight to sibodoctor.com/sibo-success-plan/. So good. Eight hours?   Nirala Jacobi: (22:35) It's eight hours because it's eight modules. One of the reasons I shouldn't say I love SIBO, because SIBO is a medical condition, but if a practitioner is listening to this, if you can master SIBO, you got the gut down. You understand practically most of the things that can go wrong with the gut, bearing in mind that there are other issues that are more anatomical problems and stuff.   Nirala Jacobi: (23:06) But everything from, like I mentioned, leaky gut, the effects of stress on the gut, what to do when you're constipated, how to help yourself with different home treatments, I have an online dispensary guide that guides you through all the major products that are out there that are for SIBO, and pros and cons and stuff like that, and food sensitivities, histamine intolerance, salicylates, oxalates, SIFO. SIFO is small intestine fungal overgrowth, which often accompanies SIBO. There's a lot there that I had to cover to really make it comprehensive for people.   Mason: (23:46) Do you do a leaky gut analysis on a patient as well? Is there always going to be a presence of SIBO and therefore-   Nirala Jacobi: (23:55) Not always. No.   Mason: (23:57) No?   Nirala Jacobi: (23:57) The thing is SIBO can cause leaky gut.   Mason: (24:00) Can cause... Right.   Nirala Jacobi: (24:00) But just because you have leaky gut doesn't mean you have SIBO. But it is a major cause of it. They've even done research on, all right, well, one month after clearing SIBO, the intestinal permeability was also resolved. If you have the wherewithal and the fortitude to get rid of SIBO, then you can also get rid of leaky gut.   Mason: (24:24) I think it's important that you said you do love SIBO because it's, as I mentioned before in the podcast, we're at that point where my mum, she's nine years post-aneurysm, 24-hour care, in a wheelchair all the time. We've done well to keep her off medications and keep her going well, but it's just this bloating that's been there and it finally got to the point where we're like, "Right, we got to test for SIBO," and so we've got there. We're doing the breath test thing. Is it five days?   Nirala Jacobi: (24:52) No, it depends on if you're constipated.   Mason: (24:55) All right.   Nirala Jacobi: (24:55) If you're constipated, it's a 48-hour prep for this test because what we want to do is have bacterial fermentation really down, really reduced before you then start the test, which is a three-hour test where, first, you get up in the morning, you drink this very sugary drink. That's a prebiotic substance that promotes the growth of those bacteria that you've starved over the past two days, one or two days. Then you're measuring your breath every 20 minutes. If we see a rise of hydrogen or methane before 90 minutes, that's the window of SIBO.   Mason: (25:36) Yeah. If you get the methane, then we're going into that real nerdy, new sector of SIBO. Is that right?   Nirala Jacobi: (25:46) Yeah. [Laughing].   Mason: (25:47) For that instance, my stepdad, he's managing that and he's just looking at like, "All right, test, okay, we can handle it," and trying to get a bunch of carers to all unite and align on that and then looking at having the management of the diet. I think the SIBO diet is the thing. That's why I say I appreciate you saying that you love SIBO because ... But I am curious when you're approaching, how do you keep the excitement up with your patients when you're-   Nirala Jacobi: (26:21) That's a really good question. I think that even just this morning, I spoke with somebody who has been ill for so long, and I'm not saying that just curing her SIBO is going to be the be-all, end-all. People are complicated. There's no one approach to it. You can have somebody who has childhood trauma. We know from studies that even childhood trauma can cause what they call adverse childhood events. It can cause a major shift in the microbiome, for example.   Nirala Jacobi: (26:53) You can have somebody like that that you work with in finding a good practitioner around trauma and regulating their own nervous system. Then you have somebody who just discovered that their house was full of mould, or you have somebody who has an autoimmune disorder or chronic viral infection. It always is different presentations. It forced me to really become really good at all these different conditions, and that's why I think if you can really not just look at SIBO, but the underlying causes for me is where it's really at where I continue to learn also.   Mason: (27:32) Yeah. I guess that's the exciting part, is knowing that you're not just going to have another random go at figuring out what's wrong with you, but you're actually ticking things off to be like, "Look, if it's not this, great. We know it's not this. We know it's not this. We know it's not moulds. That means you're getting closer." I think just the trouble is finding a good practitioner.   Nirala Jacobi: (27:56) We have an answer for that. On thesibodoctor.com, we have also the SIBO Mastery Program for practitioners. After they've completed all three levels, they're eligible to be listed free as a SIBO doctor approved practitioner, so all the people that are listed in there. We had to purge a whole bunch. We had to start fresh from scratch this January. As we go along, this list will get bigger and bigger, but they all have taken these very extensive training courses that covers all of these topics. I think you're pretty safe. A lot of them do Zoom calls. I will say that. Nowadays, we're forced to do more and more virtually.   Mason: (28:37) Which is amazing.   Nirala Jacobi: (28:39) It's amazing. It has its drawbacks. I do, as a practitioner, a hands-on practitioner that does physical assessment and certain manoeuvres, I miss that part but-   Mason: (28:50) Can you explain what the physical assessment and manoeuvres are?   Nirala Jacobi: (28:54) In America, we're trained like physicians. We're actually like naturopathic GPs, if you will. We're trained in physical exams. I always enjoyed that part of my practise, too. Some people have things like the ileocecal valve problem, which is the valve between the small and the large intestine and it can be stuck open, and then you have this backflow problem with bacteria. You can easily manipulate that with using different manoeuvres, or the hiatal hernia manoeuvre, which is part of the stomach moving into the thorax. It's those kinds of things, as well as physical exam and stuff like that. You get a lot of information from looking at somebody's body, for sure.   Mason: (29:39) Yeah, 100%. I can get the drawback, if we can get back to getting in-person as much as possible, great. Otherwise, if you're in Finland and you don't have a practitioner, "Oh, well, that's wonderful."   Nirala Jacobi: (29:49) Honestly, well, 90% of my practise is virtual, and then sometimes I'm like, "Okay, stand up, lift your shirt, press there." That will have the work.   Mason: (29:58) Yeah, you do what you have to do.   Nirala Jacobi: (29:59) Yeah.   Mason: (29:59) Do you ever recommend for people to be physically manipulating their own gut with massage as treatment?   Nirala Jacobi: (30:07) That's a great question because let's hypothetically say ... Well, let me rephrase it. Yes, if it's for just the ileocecal valve. I do have a little video on my Facebook page, The SIBO Doctor, where I go through how to do it, how to actually release the ileocecal valve yourself. It's not going to be as great as when a trained practitioner does it, but it's good. The massaging of the gut, let's hypothetically say that you're a patient that's listening to this and you're like, "Oh yeah, I may have SIBO."   Nirala Jacobi: (30:45) You may have had abdominal surgery for things like you may have had caesarian or you may have had your appendix out or you may have your gallbladder out or the myriad of other things that would be considered routine surgeries, and you have adhesions. That is not a good thing to massage your own belly because it can trigger more scar tissue formation, but light touch, we're just talking light touch. For that scenario, I usually refer to a visceral manipulation practitioner.   Mason: (31:17) What's that?   Nirala Jacobi: (31:19) Visceral manipulation, so the viscera are the organ up in the abdomen. It's extremely light touch but they are trained to actually feel the rhythms of these organs. Don't ask me what that is.   Mason: (31:31) Actually, Tahnee, my fiancée, she's a Chi Nei Tsang practitioner. Do you know that? It's Daoist abdominal massage.   Nirala Jacobi: (31:37) Oh, okay. Yeah.   Mason: (31:38) We've talked a little bit about it. I was wondering whether that's what you were talking about.   Nirala Jacobi: (31:41) Right. No. Visceral manipulation, as far as I know, there's a group from The Barral Institute and they have a very specific technique to very gently break down scar tissue or break up scar tissue.   Mason: (31:58) Okay. That's good to get that resource because there's people listening to the podcast, like Tahnee's not practising and she gets asked a lot about doing abdominal massage, so to be able to tune in with another group of practitioners that are doing this I think will help a lot of people. All right. Well, that's going to be in the show notes, gang. When we do get to treatment and, obviously, the dietary charts, there's different phases of healing of SIBO?   Nirala Jacobi: (32:27) No, so what happened is, okay, so in a nutshell, the food that promotes or that feeds the bacteria are foods that are high in fibre. That makes sense. Those are healthy foods that feed our own microbiome. That's why we want to eat them. In a case of SIBO, the bacteria are like miles further up so they're fermenting in the wrong place, and so you want to minimise those foods. Those foods are known as from FODMAPs, so Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols. Did I miss it all? Did we miss one? Anyways, so these are fermentable fibres.   Mason: (33:06) Forgot the A?   Nirala Jacobi: (33:09) And.   Mason: (33:09) Oh, okay.   Nirala Jacobi: (33:13) I know, right? Those are the foods that typically are to be avoided when you suffer from SIBO. What I did is I took that diet from Monash. Fantastic work that they did over there to really pinpoint this. Before then, we didn't really know. I took that and put my own spin on it because I found even with that, people were reacting. I made it more restrictive, also added in SCD stuff and that type of thing, because I'm a very structured person and I don't like wishy-washy, vague treatment plans, and so I needed to structure it for myself.   Nirala Jacobi: (33:49) What I found is that I got very good results by having a diet that was in two phases. Then I called it the bi-phasic diet. Phase one was the most restrictive part where you have almost no grains and no fruit and really the high-fermenting foods, and you are basically getting tested for SIBO and you're waiting for your test result. I was already seeing dramatic improvement by the time they came back and yes, indeed, the test says it's SIBO, so then we initiated antimicrobials. That then prevented a massive die-off reaction of just throwing in antimicrobials in a system that was still really activated.   Mason: (34:33) Okay. You've got them going for, what, a couple of weeks now?   Nirala Jacobi: (34:35) A couple weeks, yeah. Yeah. I really did it for practitioners so that they could also tailor it. It still has different food ... Some people are very sensitive to histamines when they have SIBO, and that means no fermented foods, so no sauerkraut, those kinds of-   Mason: (34:55) That was very confusing for people, I think, about 10 years ago when capers and sauerkraut and body ecology diet and all that were going off real big time, and then some people will just get these intense levels of bloating every time they'd eat sauerkraut and kimchis and they wouldn't get it. They're like, "What's going on? This is a healthy food."   Nirala Jacobi: (35:14) "Persist. Persist. Keep it up. It's just your body detoxing." No, it's your body reacting.   Mason: (35:18) Yeah. Herxing became the ultimate. Just, "Oh, it's just a Herx."   Nirala Jacobi: (35:20) Yeah, yeah. Exactly.   Mason: (35:24) Is that normally enough to reduce the die-off from being too hard for someone just recently getting on the diet for a couple of weeks?   Nirala Jacobi: (35:32) It depends. The other thing is if somebody's really constipated, I don't start antimicrobials until at least even with the aid of magnesium oxide or something, I get their bowels moving, because if you add in antimicrobials in a really constipated system, you really are begging for a Herxheimer reaction because the river is not flowing, there's algae growing, it's muddy, it's not moving, it cannot clear out these toxins. I get the system ready before I add in antimicrobials.   Mason: (36:06) That's the most important part, is getting the river flowing.   Nirala Jacobi: (36:11) If you're constipated.   Mason: (36:11) If you're constipated.   Nirala Jacobi: (36:12) Yeah, I would say that that's often when people feel really horrible, when they start something like that and it's just not working. It's ironic because with these archaea or these methanogens as we call them, these organisms that produce methane, once it's actually reduced by the help of antimicrobials, you can expect that the bowel returns to normal, but you can't expect it if you're using some form of garlic extract to combat your methanogens. It will take you a couple of months, or if not longer, to really reduce that level to such an extent that you can have spontaneous bowel movements.   Mason: (36:53) What antimicrobials are you normally using?   Nirala Jacobi: (36:57) When we talk about treatment, there's three kinds. You have your herbs. You have your conventional antibiotics, and these are very specific antibiotics that are not for ear infections or sinusitis. Then you have a third treatment called the elemental diet. Herbs are usually berberine-containing plants, some essential oils like oregano, clove, those kinds of things. There's a bunch of herbs that I use and an extract or a low-fructans kind of garlic. Garlic typically is a FODMAP food, but if we use it with a high-allicine content, we can use quite a lot of it without a problem for these archaea, and we know that they're really effective for that. Then when you look at antibiotics, you're looking at rifaximin, which is a type of antibiotic that stays in the small intestine, doesn't get absorbed, and it's bile-soluble so it works in that perfect environment.   Mason: (37:57) Like the way doxycycline works, I think.   Nirala Jacobi: (38:00) No, doxy is way more broader and you will absorb some of that. Rifaximin is not absorbed. It stays in the upper gut. Then you have neomycin for the methanogens. Some people use metronidazole or Flagyl, and I shy away from that because I think as practitioners, we're the custodians of our patient's microbiome and we have to really respect that. Some people, I have seen some shocking microbiomes, let me tell you, by just looking at stool tests and things like that. Stool tests will not give you any information about the small intestine but, very often, it's not like it's only in the small intestine. Problems continue on with the large intestine.   Mason: (38:44) You're going to have an overgrowth most likely in the large intestine?   Nirala Jacobi: (38:45) Yeah. I've seen microbiomes that are completely denuded, like a clear-cut rainforest, and you're trying to regrow it and no wonder they're so reactive. You had actually mentioned my last podcast guest on my show was the guy who wrote Fibre Fueled, Dr. B., Dr. Will B.   Mason: (39:10) Dr. Will B. Yeah, that's what I call him instead of [mumbling].   Nirala Jacobi: (39:11) Bulsiewicz. I think it's Bulsiewicz.   Mason: (39:15) Yeah, I can never... We were in Arizona.   Nirala Jacobi: (39:19) Oh, right.   Mason: (39:20) I met him at the mindbodygreen weekend. We had a we called it dads gone wild night...   Nirala Jacobi: (39:28) Oh, do tell. Do tell.   Mason: (39:29) Yeah, it wasn't that exciting. It was just me, the DJ, and Dr. B just having chats about the gut and veganism and getting on the gluten-free beers.   Nirala Jacobi: (39:44) All right. That sounds like a hell of a party.   Mason: (39:49) Yeah, it actually was. I think tequila made its way at some point, which is wonderful.   Nirala Jacobi: (39:54) You were in Arizona after all.   Mason: (39:55) Exactly.   Nirala Jacobi: (39:56) Anyway, I really appreciated having him on the show because here he was, a gastroenterologist, epidemiologist, highly, highly trained specialist, and he had a sort of "Come to Jesus" moment when he really started to study the microbiome and started to work on it for himself. Now, he's like a complete convert about protecting the microbiome and regrowing it. I just think he's done a really good job with that book.   Mason: (40:25) Is that where his book is coming from? From that angle or-   Nirala Jacobi: (40:28) Fibre Fueled, yeah. I'm not his publicist, but I have the book and I read it and it's pretty good. Half the book is recipes, so vegan recipes, and how to regrow it. One word of caution, don't start with SIBO with that. We had this conversation. You can listen in on The SIBO Doctor podcast if you want to listen to the Feeding Your Microbiome. That shift is slowly happening. There's a lot more respect for the microbiome. I know of a lot of physicians who look back on medicine, on what it's done with antibiotics with real regret of like this was the wrong thing to do to just prescribe amoxicillin for every child's ear infection, or to prescribe for sinusitis, for these types of things. Still, to this day, it's happening day in, day out not just here but across the world where it's just way over prescribed, and it will catch up with you.   Mason: (41:33) It's an important part of any practitioner's arsenal to be able to reflect on what they're doing and not be too concrete and make sure you don't have too much morality and judgement of yourself if you did just follow the doctrine at the time, but make sure you've got the capacity to... motility to actually move on to what's important, because I know I wasn't really up on the conversation on testing the microbiome and I think we were chatting about that.   Mason: (42:01) Since then, I've got a naturopathic friend who he's basically moved a huge amount of his practise over to testing the microbiome and talking about how it takes out a lot of the guesswork, not only is it the antibiotics and seeing exactly the effect that they're having, which is great as well because you know what you've wiped out, but just dietarily as well, if it's vegan, high-carb, if it's carnivore or just high ... Whatever it is.   Nirala Jacobi: (42:32) Yeah, carnivore, I would never promote. Never because it is so hard on the microbiome. It just is. That's basically just meat, and unless you live in countries where, for centuries, that's what you did and I just ... Anyways, that's digressing but they are, and we agreed on that. We totally agreed that most diets, really if it already has a diet, then it's a fad mostly. What we know is where people live the longest and, to me, that's evidence and that's the Blue Zones.   Nirala Jacobi: (43:14) That's Dan Buettner's work. He wrote a book called the Blue Zones where people lived to be the oldest in the world, fully functional, still doing their daily work, very cognitively attentive, and very happy. There were seven hotspots in the world. They all had different things, but what they all had in common was 80% plant-based diet. For me, I'd go by that. I'd go by that. If people do well on veganism, then do that because the more plants you can eat, the more diverse your bacterial blueprint will be.   Mason: (43:56) That's always with the Blue Zones. Yeah, I first heard about it ... The book I got was Healthy Till 100, I believe it was. That book included a couple of other places. I'll put it in the show notes, guys, the scientifically proven secrets of, I think, the world's longest living people. Vilcabamba was in there in Ecuador, which I think isn't in there with Dan's work but, otherwise, it's like Okinawa, Sardinia.   Nirala Jacobi: (44:26) Yeah, and Loma Linda which is like eating processed vegetarian food.   Mason: (44:33) I think that their faith gets involved.   Nirala Jacobi: (44:33) Yeah, I don't know, but they got there in there, Sardinia.   Mason: (44:37) Maybe they're just right.   Nirala Jacobi: (44:38) Maybe. Well, who knows?   Mason: (44:40) Maybe their prayers are just better than health.   Nirala Jacobi: (44:41) Yeah, respect Loma Linda, California.   Mason: (44:44) Oh, that's right, John Robbins was the author of that book I was talking about. I like him. He balances out, because I think the thing with Dan's work which always I'm like, "So good," then he's like ... because I'm only talking about his behalf and it's like because it's 80% to 90% plant food and then 100% is the obvious conclusion, which I don't find to be the obvious conclusion.   Nirala Jacobi: (45:09) No, because I think and I will say if you look at the standard bi-phasic diet just to keep it in the SIBO spectrum, the standard bi-phasic diet is very animal protein heavy. Then I created a vegetarian bi-phasic diet, which is very amenable to vegans, and it's not just about taking the meat. That was a lot of work that I co-authored that with our clinical nutritionist, Anne Criner, here at our clinic. Then we have a third one which is the histamine bi-phasic. But there is something.   Nirala Jacobi: (45:41) A lot of people have tried veganism and it's just like, constitutionally, they just couldn't do it. I don't know what the answer is for those people because there are some people that just they get weak. Dr. B would probably argue that he thinks that everybody can live like ... I think, I shouldn't speak for him, but I don't know. I find that everybody is a bit different.   Mason: (46:09) Yeah, I'm with you as well. I find if you take one part of the body and solely focus on it, same if you're only focusing on the large intestine and the microbiome and not cellular, in particular cellular markers, then I can see how it would be really easy to justify a vegan diet. I was vegan and raw foodist for quite a while and then moved away from that direction and just was really questioning my need to eat a certain amount of domesticated vegetable and fruit matter.   Mason: (46:46) Then once I got back into the microbiome, I've really come to peace and to terms with the fact that, "No, you know what, that's ..." I was really rocking. I was rocking with that majority of my well-being, and even moving back into lentils and legumes and beans, which had a huge chip on my shoulder about. But then just staying open to ensuring there's potentially ... Like in the Blue Zones, meats are normally a side dish, and I like that.   Nirala Jacobi: (47:15) Yeah. I do, too. I know myself, I haven't eaten red meat in 40 years probably but I eat chicken occasionally. That's my one and only animal that I eat because also the carbon footprint. It's whole 'nother conversation, Mason. Nothing to do with SIBO. But in a nutshell, the diet is a therapeutic diet. It's not a stay-on-it forever diet.   Mason: (47:40) Greaaaaat distinction. I'm going to have to get excited about the diet. I'm going to have to get my mum, because I'll let you all know how. Maybe if I can have a chat again, get you back on here after, I'm going to use all your resources, all the listeners are going to ... I'll keep you in the loop of where mum's at, especially.   Nirala Jacobi: (48:02) Sure.   Mason: (48:03) Yeah, I'll let you know on an intro at some point where she comes back with in the test. If it's positive, then we'll go on that journey together. With meat and impact. Have you tried a wild, invasive deer or anything from around here. It's like-   Nirala Jacobi: (48:21) No, but I'm not opposed to it. I trust my body and I just have no affinity towards those things. Red meat, just no.   Mason: (48:35) Yeah, that's fair enough.   Nirala Jacobi: (48:38) We're really covering a lot of ground, but there's something about the whole blood type thing that I can tell you as a practitioner, that's been nearly a quarter of a century in practise that there's something about that. Blood type As tend to have a little bit harder time with digesting animal protein.   Mason: (48:58) Is that just going back to the classic book, The Blood Type Diet?   Nirala Jacobi: (49:02) Dr. D'Adamo.   Mason: (49:03) Yeah, D'Adamo. That's right.   Nirala Jacobi: (49:06) Yeah. Look, it's still got work to do, but I think there's elements that I certainly have seen be proved in practise. For me, I don't just need theories, I actually need evidence. For me, evidentially, I have seen that in practise, that people that are blood type O, they fade sometimes on a vegan diet because I don't know. I never got so fully into it that I can rattle off the science right now, but it has to do with rhesus factor and different ... Well, the theory was really that when we originated ... See, an evolution story.   Nirala Jacobi: (49:47) When we originated in Africa, everybody was blood type O because you needed to be able to eat dead animals and stuff. You had a very forgiving type of blood type that was not very reactive. Then as we moved north and into Europe, it wasn't really economical to eat your animals, and so you became more farmers and started to grow things, and that was blood type A. Then as you move further north, you had natural refrigeration, and that was the AB type or the B type, which can handle dairy really well. That's the theory anyways. I can tell you that much.   Mason: (50:22) It's a good theory.   Nirala Jacobi: (50:23) It's a good theory.   Mason: (50:23) That was always the thing with The Blood Type Diet.   Nirala Jacobi: (50:26) It checks out.   Mason: (50:27) It checks out. I remember The Blood Type Diet was a funny one because every practitioner I've talked to has said there is something to this-   Nirala Jacobi: (50:35) Yeah, there's something to it.   Mason: (50:36) But the science was never rock solid so it was open for criticism, yet anecdotally, it was on point. I love it. It's good to know. It's good to go into that world because as soon as you get into, as you said, you made that decision, it's why it's hard sometimes to listen to a practitioner talk about diet long-term because you know that the mindset is based on healing. Then as you said, this is a healing-   Nirala Jacobi: (51:03) Therapeutic.   Mason: (51:03) Therapeutic diet. Huge distinction because, otherwise, you stay in a "I'm sick" mentality long-term.   Nirala Jacobi: (51:11) Right. Look, I always tell my patients when you travel ... Well, it's a different world now, but if you were going to see Paris, I don't want you on this diet. I want you to eat baguette and dip it in the cafe au lait. I want you to eat things that you enjoy. Most of the time, when people travelling and they suffer from food sensitivity, it actually miraculously goes away. Of course, celiac disease is a different story, but there is this element of you just having just more endorphins and your secretory IgA goes up and all of that, and people can tolerate a lot of foods that they would not normally tolerate in a happy setting and a happy live-your-life, I want you to drink wine if you're in Italy. Why restrict ourselves to this myopic thinking, it has to look this way?   Mason: (52:03) It's refreshing. I like the way that you're bridging over there. It's something that I've always liked about your accessible approach because it's like bridge into what's actually going on and then I'm going to see your bridge out over there to live your life because, obviously, people do get addicted to being sick and something being wrong and then the fear of if I do something outside of the therapeutic-   Nirala Jacobi: (52:23) There's a lot of fear. There's a lot of food fear and there's this whole new term of orthorexia.   Mason: (52:29) Yeah, exactly.   Nirala Jacobi: (52:30) That's a real thing. A lot of people are so concerned about having made some small error on the bi-phasic diet. I'm like, "You've made no error. It's fine." Not just the bi-phasic diet but also anything, really. They get very, very hooked on that they did something wrong, and there's a lot of food fear and that. Imagine, you're sitting down to eat your meal and you're already worried about the food. Sometimes, I tell people sit for two minutes and just appreciate the food, just take a moment and get into a rest and digest before you eat.   Mason: (53:13) That's where the prayer comes in, the grace.   Nirala Jacobi: (53:16) It used to be prayer, it used to be grace, all of that. That's all. It's a thing.   Mason: (53:21) I feel like we go down this rabbit hole, that's probably another podcast talking about the orthorexia. I know it very well. I've had to go. I was so down the rabbit hole of raw foodism. I had to go and start eating things that I swore I would never eat again to start cracking myself out of just like that scrubbing myself clean with my diet. It's hardcore, and it isn't orthorexia, and it isn't eating disorder in varying degrees. But thanks for bringing it up, because especially when you're promoting a therapeutic diet, I always think the duty of care comes with making sure that people and patients are aware not to get stuck in it. Thank you for that.   Nirala Jacobi: (54:00) My pleasure.   Mason: (54:02) I had really a lot of fun chatting with you.   Nirala Jacobi: (54:03) I did, too. We've covered a lot of ground.   Mason: (54:06) We've covered a lot of ground. We run really fast on this podcast. Look, let's just repeat it again. The SIBO Doctor podcast, and it was episode 64 and 65 that we just talked about with Dr Will B. Worth probably checking out.   Nirala Jacobi: (54:26) It's on iTunes. It's on everywhere. You can go to The SIBO Doctor and just look around. There's resources. All the guides are free downloads, the handout on bringing that to your practitioner in terms of what caused you SIBO. It's a free download. There's a lot of videos, lots of stuff. I'm on Instagram, Dr. Nirala Jacobi, the SIBO Doctor.   Mason: (54:46) Perfecto. Thank you so much.   Nirala Jacobi: (54:48) Boom.   Mason: (54:49) Boom.   Nirala Jacobi: (54:50) Mic drop.   Mason: (54:52) All right. All right. That didn't work. That was a terrible mic drop.   Nirala Jacobi: (54:55) No, that's a very sensitive, very fancy road microphone.

If you dabble into the nutrition world, you have probably heard the term FODMAP. If not, well, we're here to talk about our friends the Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides And Polyols, and the short-term benefits that decreasing the amount of them we eat can have in our gut. So, let's talk about this therapeutic diet, and why the func it's so difficult to follow it (yes, even for nutrition professionals).Mentioned in this episode:Monash University Low FODMAP Diet app: https://www.monashfodmap.com/ibs-central/i-have-ibs/get-the-app/Epicured: https://www.epicured.com/Can’t get enough FUNC YOU UP? Follow @michellemiller_msacn, @do.nutrition, and @physiologicnyc for more functional nutrition and health.In the meantime, leave us a review on iTunes, follow us on Spotify and share!FUNC YOU UP! is a Physio Logic wellness podcast and covers the best in wellness, nutrition, and functional medicine in eight minutes or less with hosts, Michelle Miller, Functional Nutritionist, and Diana Orchant, Functional Medicine Registered Dietitian.https://physiologicnyc.com/func-you-up-podcast#IntegrativeNutrition#FunctionalMedicine#LowFODMAP

Talk to a Dr. Berg Keto Consultant today and get the help you need on your journey (free consultation). Call 1-540-299-1557 with your questions about Keto, Intermittent Fasting or the use of Dr. Berg products. Consultants are available Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 9 pm EST. Saturday & Sunday 9 am to 5 pm EST. USA Only. Take Dr. Berg's Free Keto Mini-Course! In this podcast, we're going to talk about carbohydrates and sugars. I want to clear up some of the confusion around carbohydrates and sugars. What are carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are made up of sugars, starches, and fiber. The biochemical name for a carbohydrate is a saccharide. Carbohydrates are a compound of saccharides, and carbohydrates are classified by the number of saccharides. The Greek word for saccharides is “sugar.” Monosaccharides—Mono means “single” or “one.” So a monosaccharide would be one saccharide. Monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, or galactose. This would be considered a simple sugar. Disaccharides—Means two monosaccharides. An example would be table sugar or sucrose. Sucrose is composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides make up complex carbohydrates. Oligosaccharides—These are 3-9 monosaccharides. Polysaccharides—Poly means “many.” This would be about ten or more monosaccharides. A few examples of polysaccharides would be starches like potatoes, rice, wheat, and corn. Fiber is also an example of a polysaccharide. Fiber helps decrease the absorption of sugar. Fiber also decreases the sugar response or sugar spike. Dr. Eric Berg DC Bio: Dr. Berg, 51 years of age is a chiropractor who specializes in weight loss through nutritional & natural methods. His private practice is located in Alexandria, Virginia. His clients include senior officials in the U.S. government & the Justice Department, ambassadors, medical doctors, high-level executives of prominent corporations, scientists, engineers, professors, and other clients from all walks of life. He is the author of The 7 Principles of Fat Burning. FACEBOOK: fb.me/DrEricBerg?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor TWITTER: http://twitter.com/DrBergDC?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Post&utm_campaign=Daily%20Post YOUTUBE: http://www.youtube.com/user/drericberg123?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor DR. BERG'S SHOP: https://shop.drberg.com/?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor MESSENGER: https://www.messenger.com/t/drericberg?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor DR. BERG'S VIDEO BLOG: https://www.drberg.com/blog?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor

Causes and triggersBrain-gut axis - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/pdf/AnnGastroenterol-28-203.pdfGut microbiome - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.12728Environmental factors Post infection - (e.g. gastroenteritis infection or campylobacter pylori) Beatty JK, Bhargava A, Buret AG. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: mechanistic insights into chronic disturbances following enteric infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(14):3976-3985.Enck P, Aziz Q, Barbara G, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16014.Thabane M, Marshall JK. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(29):3591-3596.Thompson JR. Is irritable bowel syndrome an infectious disease? World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(4):1331-1334.Investigations and Diagnosis: Blood tests, stool samples, family history, colonoscopy, gastroscopy Hydrogen Breath Testshttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jgh.13689http://shepherdworks.com.au/fodmaps-breath-testing-are-you-blowing-your-money/Rome Criteriahttps://irritablebowelsyndrome.net/clinical/new-rome-iv-diagnostic-criteria/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5704116/#!po=31.2500 Dietary interventionsLow FODMAP diet (Fermentable, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides,Monosaccharides and Polyols)Management: 6-8 week elimination diet and slow reintroduction (under close guidance from a DT)FibreSoluble vs Insoluble - depends on your symptoms.Soluble fibre (e.g., psyllium husk) may assist in the management of IBS and can improve symptoms of patients.Supps may cause bloating - important to introduce this gradually. Probiotics/PrebioticsSome evidence for use of probiotics in the context of GIT infections and diarrhoea. About 7–30% of patients with infectious diarrhoea can develop IBS. Probiotics may help to improve the barrier that lines our gut.There is no specific probiotic that is recommended. If you choose a probiotic, take the same strain and dose for 4-weeks. If you feel better, continue with the same probiotic. If you do not feel better after 4-weeks, try a different dose or strain. We can guide you where to start depending on your Sx. Summary: Diets for the treatment of IBS symptoms are complex and multifactorial. Due to huge amounts of patient variation in severity of symptoms and intolerances, it can challenge to point point an exact method. Many different diets have been studies in the treatment of IBS, however there have been huge limitations in many of those published. At present the diet with the best level of evidence is the elimination diet (low fodmap and reintroduction) under the guidance of an APD.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02267.xMedical management references:American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the Pharmacological Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome- https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(14)01090-7/fulltexthttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5291563/American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Pharmacological Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome - https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(14)01089-0/fulltext   Dr Carly YmerDr Carly Ymer is a clinical psychologist who practices holistic psychotherapy, using her passion for mental and emotional wellbeing to help clients be their best. She believes and practices within an integrative and holistic framework of the synergy between thinking, emotions, and behaviour. Carly is passionate about working with children, teenagers and young adults, with a range of emotional, social and behavioural difficulties. https://beingwellclinic.com/

In this episode, we'll be looking at monosaccharides, disaccharides and why your favourite foods are packed full of them (it's because they're the best foods).For more in-depth online learning, head on over to www.snaprevise.co.uk and see how our intelligent platform can transform your revision and help you score better grades with less stress. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Hosts: Marisa Moon, Primal Health Coach and Jessica Dogert, Registered Dietitian Nutritionist. Visit Marisa's sites: MarisaMoon.com and MyLongevityKitchen.comVisit Jessica's site: JessicaDogert.comWhether you think you have gut problems or not, listen up because more and more research on the gut tells us that most of the issues we all suffer from are relieved or reversed once we fix our gut health. You may not even know it, but your gut is probably troubled if you have any complaints about your health…and this includes your weight. The Paleo & Primal Diets focus on mimicking how our ancestors ate as closely as possible, using foods available now. Followers say it will help minimize your risk of chronic disease and lead to weight loss. What you Eat: Meat from animals raised the way nature intended (grass-fed beef, pasture-raised chicken) wild-caught fish, fresh vegetables & fruits, eggs, nuts, seeds, healthy oils like olive and avocado, and small amounts of raw honey and maple syrup. What You Don't Eat: Processed foods. Grains, Legumes, vegetable seed oils and refined sugar. The true Paleo diet also outlaws dairy, although many followers disagree and do eat foods like grass-fed butter and Greek yogurt. Primal was created by Mark Sission in the Primal Blueprint, and it allows some more exceptions like dairy or legumes if they are tolerated.Low-FODMAPIBS affects 1 in 5 Americans. Often the cause lies in short-chain carbohydrates, also called high FODMAP foods. FODMAP stands for Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols. The tricky thing about identifying high FODMAP foods is that they are found in a lot of different food groups...even fruits and vegetables. We highly suggest you work with a health coach or dietitian to follow this diet appropriately.Need more info? Message us on the Facebook page for Foundation of Wellness PodcastLinks mentioned: Coaching: https://www.jessicadogert.com/collaborations/Free Download: https://www.marisamoon.com/whyIntro/Exit Music - "Ukulele Whistle" by Scott Holmes 

Welcome to The Nutritional Pearls Podcast! Focusing on topics that include digestion, adrenal fatigue, leaky gut, supplementation, electrolytes, stomach acid, and so much more, “The Nutritional Pearls Podcast” features Christine Moore, NTP and is hosted by Jimmy Moore, host of the longest running nutritional podcast on the Internet.  Sharing nuggets of wisdom from Christine's training as a Nutritional Therapy Practitioner and Jimmy's years of podcasting and authoring international bestselling health and nutrition books, they will feature a new topic of interest and fascination in the world of nutritional health each Monday. Listen in today as Christine and Jimmy talk all about carbohydrates in Episode 9.   Here's what Christine and Jimmy talked about in Episode 9: 1. Review of Nutrient Classes: A. Water B. Macronutrients 1. Proteins=18% of the body 2. Fats=15% of the body 3. Carbohydrates=2% of the body C. Micronutrients 1. Minerals=4% of the body 2. Vitamins=1% of the body 2. Facts about carbohydrates A. All green plants produce carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are starch and sugar. Carbohydrates are made of three elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. B. There are 2 classifications of carbohydrates: complex (starches) and simple (sugars) C. The sugars that make up carbohydrates come in many different forms: 1. Monosaccharides: most basic form of sugar; They cannot be broken down into more simple parts; They are soluble in water. 2. Disaccharides: sugars that contain 2 monosaccharide residues. It is also called a double sugar. These are also soluble in water. 3. Oligosaccharides: contain 2 to 6, rarely 10 monosaccharides. They can have many functions like cell recognition and cell binding. They can play an important role in the immune response. These are soluble in water and they are sweet to the taste. 4. Polysaccharides: like starch are composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages. These are complex carbohydrate that get broken down in the mouth and the small intestine into simple sugars. The solubility of these varies. Some are not soluble in water. (cellulose). Some are only soluble in hot water (starch). Some are readily soluble in cold water (pullulan). Some can be sweet to the taste like sweet potatoes, but a lot them are not sweet to the taste like regular potatoes, rice, legumes, and lentils. How Carbohydrates Are Broken Down Sugars Larger Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Fructose (fruit sugar) Sucrose Inulin Starch Glucose Lactose Dextrin Galactose Maltose Cellulose Pectin Glycogen D. You do not need to consume sugars in order to make them. Gluconeogeneisis. E. When carbohydrates go through the refining process, they are stripped of their nutrients. F. Eating excess refined carbohydrates and sugar can lead to nutrient deficiencies because excess consumption of these can pull nutrients out of the bones and the rest of the body. G. Carbohydrates, in the right forms like berries (in small amount with some type of fat added to it), leafy greens and non-starchy vegetables (those we eat on a ketogenic diet), do have beneficial uses in the body. 1. Carbohydrates provide a quick fuel source for the brain and proved a quick energy source for muscles. 2. Carbohydrates help regulate the fat and protein you eat. 3. A lot of carbohydrates, especially leafy greens, provide a source of fiber which helps keep our bowels moving regularly. 4. Carbohydrates help by lubricating joints. 3. Sources of Carbohydrates A. The first kind of carbohydrate you should be eating is from leafy greens and non-starchy vegetables. Try to eat as many colors as possible and in season. Our bodies weren't made to have every vegetable or fruit all year round. Try to incorporate raw vegetables. B. Next, eat whole fruits. Don't do fruit juices as they are higher in sugar and you lose the fiber from the fruit when you just drink the juice. Stick to the low sugar fruits like berries and eat them in season. C. On a ketogenic diet, you can have squash, but make sure it's the less starchy ones like zucchini and yellow squash. You can even have spaghetti squash, but maybe not as often. Butternut squash and acorn squash tend to be a little higher in starch. For those who are not eating a ketogenic diet, you can add sweet potatoes in on occasion as well as yams, plantains, parsnips, pumpkin, and others. Nutritional Pearl for Episode 9: Carbohydrates have many beneficial functions in the body but we do not necessarily need to eat them because our bodies can make them from protein. GET A $39 BOTTLE OF OLIVE OIL FOR JUST A BUCK GET YOUR $39 BOTTLE FOR JUST $1 NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE: Paid sponsorship YOUR NEW KETO DIET ALLY NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE: Paid sponsorship BECOME A NUTRITIONAL THERAPY PRACTITIONER Sign up for the 9-month program NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE: Paid sponsorship     LINKS MENTIONED IN EPISODE 9 – SUPPORT OUR SPONSOR: Complete nutriton for nutritional ketosis (COUPON CODE LLVLC FOR 10% OFF YOUR FIRST ORDER) – SUPPORT OUR SPONSOR: Become A Nutritional Therapy Practitioner – SUPPORT OUR SPONSOR: The world's freshest and most flavorful artisanal olive oils. Get your $39 bottle for just $1 – JIMMY'S KETO LIVING SUPPLEMENT LINE: Try the KetoEssentials Multivitamin and Berberine Plus ketogenic-enhancing supplements

This week we bring back regular guest, Dr. Jerome Craig, to teach us all about living a gluten free lifestyle. As you may know, Dr. Craig is the voice, vision and wisdom behind many of our Fitlandia webinars. Today we’re talking about being gluten free and asking if it is just another diet fad or truly beneficial for our health. If you’ve listened to previous Fitlandia podcasts you know we’re passionate about bringing credible, science-backed information to our listeners - no more fads, no more diets, no more quick fixes. So, this gluten free thing is a hot topic right now, and was initially thought to be healthy. But now there’s a backlash about the research, or lack thereof about the health benefits of eating gluten free. So, we posed this question to Dr. Craig, “Do you believe being gluten free is a diet fad?” He tells us that it’s become a very popular way of eating. The statistics show that 20 million Americans are eating gluten free and a third of those people are trying to avoid gluten. It’s very much front and center in today’s culture. So, is it a fad? Yes, no and maybe. It is a necessity for everyone? Yes, no and maybe. Dr. Craig states, it’s important to look at the science. It’s hard to say, one way or another, exactly what being gluten free or not will do for your body but a diet concentrated mostly on any grain isn’t going to be the most nutritious. The best thing about grains is how much fiber they provide. Fiber is good for us, helping to maintain blood glucose levels but also creates digestive distress for many people and that’s when the gluten argument gets a little foggy. So, what is gluten? Typically, we know of gluten as the protein found in wheat, barley and rye. Gluten is made up of two molecules that are added together; a larger, polymeric glutenin and a smaller protein, gliadin. When combined, they create a lot of stickiness. As wheat is ground and kneaded into dough, it becomes very elastic which is popular in bread making. The air molecules within the dough are trapped, making the bread strong and fluffy. This is where the science and the argument come in - the gluten free market place is a huge industry now. Dr. Craig tells us, “The gluten free market has more than doubled in sales between 2011 and 2016 and today is a $15 billion market.” Although thriving, these products are not necessarily better for you, just because they are gluten free. Most of these baked goods are corn or rice based and don’t provide us more nutrition. Gluten Free Society posts a variety of glutens. Their argument is with 400 glutens occurring in nature; only 40 of those exist in the human food supply. Most seeds are made with components that are meant to be protected and not digested. These seeds are grown so animals eat and spread them to reassure regrowth of the plants. For optimal health and digestion, it is recommended to not only watch wheat glutens, but all grains because every grain has gluten in it. That’s right; gluten is not just in wheat, rye and barley but also rice, corn and millet which are used in gluten free foods. These all have a group of plant storage proteins, called prolamins, which for most of us are not easily digestible. If we look back at traditional ways of making breads, they used to ferment it. These grains required time to absorb water and the fermentation process gave the bread the gluten-like texture we know and love. They Don't Make 'Em Like they Used To Today, however, commercial bakeries use a gluten concentrate in creating doughs. This modern way of milling flour strips the nutrients, leaving the starch and then the concentrate is added to make the bread fluffy again. This is why eating “gluten” causes intestinal distress for so many people because our immune systems and guts are reacting to it. Additives such as coloring, sweeteners, shortening and bleaching agents are added to commercial bread products and are not usually labeled because they’re not technically food ingredients. No wonder our bodies are inflamed! One of our big issues with gluten today is with studies of Celiac; a serious genetic autoimmune disorder. Celiac provokes problems with the immune system if gluten is consumed. Most celiacs have to follow a strict gluten free diet. Even non-celiac people may have sensitivity to wheat/ gluten because many ingredients in wheat can be problematic. The best way to feel better is to avoid eating these types of foods for a period of time, and there are certain probiotics that may help people digest gluten. Dr. Craig points out, “If you eliminate all grains from your diet, you’re going to change your body’s microbiology. This colony changes when you change what you eat, and when a certain food is eliminated and then brought back into the diet later – there is likely to be difficulties with digestion.” Studies do show people who suffer with gut inflammation, leaky gut or IBS greatly benefit from a grain free diet. Eliminating grains not only helps us cut out wheat glutens but we naturally incorporate more fruits and vegetables into our diet instead of processed foods. This gives us greater health benefits by increasing our nutrients and helping to manage blood sugar levels. It’s not about replacing the gluten with other non-gluten baked goods but transitioning into more of a “paleo style” way of eating by removing all flours and adding in more root vegetables and nutrient dense foods. We need to listen to our bodies. When we slow down and pay attention to how our body feels, we can use that as a guide for dietary choices. The easiest way to see what might be causing you inflammation is to take a break from it, see how great your body feels, and introduce it back slowly later if you choose. Tips on Reintroducing Foods Back Into Your Diet Grains for example: • Look up fermentable ways to make your own bread so you know exactly what you’re adding in to it • Start with consuming small amounts and see if you feel any gastrointestinal distress • Probiotics which help with digestion – some in the bacillus or lactobacillus family or any lactate fermenting will help break down these foods. With so many people suffering from gut inflammation and borderline immune dysfunction, its no wonder that being gluten free has become so popular and is seen as a trending fad. People who experience food disorders or GI distress tend to benefit from a low FODMAP diet. A low FODMAP diet, or FODMAP elimination diet, refers to a temporary eating pattern that has a very low amount of food compounds called FODMAPs. The acronym, as described by co-creator Sue Shepard, stands for: • Fermentable – meaning they are broken down (fermented) by bacteria in the large bowel • Oligosaccharides – “oligo” means “few” and “saccharide” means sugar. These molecules are made up of individual sugars joined together in a chain • Disaccharides – “di” means two. This is a double sugar molecule • Monosaccharides – “mono” means single. This is a single sugar molecule • And Polyols – these are sugar alcohols (however, they don’t lead to intoxication!) This way of eating is primarily beneficial for people with GI problems because any fructans, the fructose molecule found in wheat are removed as well as plant fibers which lead to bacterial overgrowth in the gut. Leaky gut can also be caused by a gluten dense diet resulting in a buildup of antibodies to the hormone, Zonulin. This hormone, which acts like a border control in the gut, opens up gap junctions allowing large particles to pass through. However, gluten stimulates the release of Zonulin which can promote leaky gut. How do glutens affect autoimmune disease? Protein molecules that define a grain may be mistaken by our immune system to look like the digestive tract called molecular mimicry. Hyperpermeability, or the increase of permeability (leaky gut), is at the heart of immune dysfunction. Protein leaks out of the digestive tract directly into the blood stream which creates a negative response in our bodies. This can be caused by food particles or toxins that make it across the bacteria that lines the gut. Our bodies become hyper-vigilant and when the immune system dials in with an unrecognizable substance in the system, our bodies can start attacking its own cells. To help with this, we want to broaden the spectrum of probiotic foods in our diet, since we tend to miss out on nutrients if we eliminate food groups for long periods of time. For people who are trying to reintroduce foods back to their diets, Dr. Craig suggests starting with fermented foods which are easier to digest. A small amount of toxins help to keep our immune system alert and makes it easier to adjust after detoxification. As you start reintroducing foods look for: • Family history (especially celiac) to try and avoid gluten and grains • Gut inflammation (heart burn, IBS) correlations with food allergies • Intestinal permeability (many food sensitives) you will start to react to more foods • Skin issues (eczema, psoriasis, discoloring, bruising) • Digestion (gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, heartburn) • Brain function (brain fog, hard time concentrating, fatigue after meals which are all associated with immune function and a difficulty regulating blood sugar and insulin levels. • Anxiety / Depression – inflammatory process which grains tend to feed into this response For more on how grains affect our neurological health, check out Grain Brain by David Perlmutter. If you’ve experienced any of the symptoms we’ve talked about or are curious about eating grain or gluten free, it’s worthwhile to try it for your body. Our food controls every function of our bodies; our mood, energy and our digestion. When you look out for your gut, your gut will look out for you! Here are some helpful tips: • Focus on understanding how your body feels – food journaling is beneficial • Use framework of how you’re doing with eliminating or reintroducing foods (Christa uses a scale 1-5) • Look at avoiding pesticides and glyphosates in commercial foods which damage the gut microbiome • Be confident in your journey in finding what best works for your body Do you love Dr. Craig as much as we do? You can join his online Nutritional Ketosis program that launches April 23rd. A FREE, 1-yr memberhsip to Fitlandia is included ($228 value). Our listeners get 20% off. See below for details. REGISTER TODAY!  (save 20% and enter LOVEKETO at checkout - good through 4/14) Want More? Subscribe to the Fitlandia Podcast today and have a healthy commute everyday!    

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In this podcast I'll be exploring Carbohydrates: I'll talk about the many different types of carbs I'll explain which carbs are essential for health and which carbs can contribute to disease I’ll talk about how to find your sugar and starch tolerance level Finally I'll share the best ways to get more healthy natural whole real carbs into your diet CLICK HERE TO LEARN WHAT ARE THE BEST FOODS TO GET YOU LEAN Carbohydrates are one of the three main macronutrients besides fat and protein. The most popular carb of them all is sugar. This pure white highly processed refined powder has been the cause and reason for many people failing to reach their body composition and health goals. Sugar’s sweetness and ability to affect your hormones, your immune system, and your neurology should not be underestimated, and I’ll talk more about this later on. But there’s more to carbs than just this simple sugar. Carbs in the modern age need to be differentiated into two groups: cellular carbs and acellular carbs. Cellular carbs are minimally processed whole vegetables, fruits, stems, leaves, and seeds of plants. Cellular carbs are made up of living cells with more nutrients, structural fibre, and a lower density and percentage of actual sugar content per cell. These carbs get digested by your body and your gut microbiota without issue (remember your gut microbiome is the ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms living in your colon). Acellular carbs are highly processed and refined sugars, flours, and includes the starch stored in whole grains. Acellular carbs are made up of dead cells with hardly any nutrients, non-functional fibre, and a much higher density and percentage of actual sugar concentration per cell. The digestion of acellular carbs creates an immediate excess level of sugar in your blood as well as an imbalance of your gut microbiome due to the fact that these naked sugars without the nutrition and without the fibre are rapidly digested and encourage the overgrowth of Candida and other pathogens. All carbs are made up of single or groups of molecules called saccharides or sugars. Monosaccharides consist of just one sugar molecule such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are made up of two sugar molecules. Examples include sucrose (your regular table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (which is two molecules of glucose). Carbs that are made up of 2-10 saccharide molecules are called oligosaccharides and any carb over 10 sugar molecules long is called a polysaccharide. Now mono- and disaccharides can be considered simple sugars and oligo- and polysaccharides could be called complex sugars. Starch is a storage form of carbs. Starch is a polysaccharide made up of hundreds to thousands of saccharide molecules, specifically chains of glucose. Dietary fibre is also a carb. Fibre from foods are non-glucose oligo- and polysaccharides meaning that while your digestive system will breakdown and assimilate sugars and starch into glucose it will not breakdown and assimilate fibre. Fibres can either be insoluble meaning it doesn’t dissolve in water or soluble where it does dissolve in water. Insoluble fibre passes right through your entire digestive system from mouth hole to south hole and is not digested by your body and is also not digested or eaten as food by your gut flora. Certain soluble fibres are digested and eaten by your gut flora. These fibres that feed your gut flora are known as prebiotics and they feed both the good bugs (probiotics) and the bad bugs (pathogens). Another type of carb that acts as a prebiotic is called resistant starch. It is a polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules, but unlike regular starch which is digested by your body resistant starch acts like a prebiotic fibre where it is resistant to human digestion and so becomes food for your gut m...

The purpose of the study was to determin the major stress factors during large-scale freezing of pharmaceutical protein solutions. The stability of four protein bulk solutions during several freeze-thaw cycles was studied, in order to characterise two different large scale freezing systems and identify the specific stress factors. In the third part of the study, a stable formulation for a bulk protein solution during large scale freezing could be developed. The stability of a monoclonal antibody (Daclizumab) could be obtained by the addition of disaccharides or the replacement of the existing buffer media. Results and Conclusions The KVS-System is a completely new system for freezing and thawing of therapeutic protein solution in industrial scale. The Systems provides the possibility to freeze and thaw bulk solutions very quickly. The results showed, that freezing processes in the KVS-System may be associated with an increased risk of protein loss. With an increasing volume of bulk solution cumulative stress factors were observed: A volume of 15 to 20 % of the bulk solution is freezing at a significantly higher concentration of protein, because of the cryoconcentration phenomena. Additionally, considerable interactions of the solution with the headspace takes place, leading in some cases to interface induced aggregation. Protein loss (precipitation) can be eliminated by optimization of the bulk formulation. The results suggest, that precipitation is a pH-dependent phenomenon. After optimization of the bulk formulation, a high stability of the protein could be demonstrated for all tested bulk substances. The stability of four proteins during freezing in the Integrated Biosystems® CryoWedge was studied. The amount of precipitated protein during freezing in the CryoWedge was significantly lower than in the KVS-System. The dimension of cryoconentration during freezing processes in the CryoWedge was reduced in comparison to the KVS-System. But within a small worste case area (0.5 %), considerable cryoconcentration could be detected as well. The results from the preformulation study of a monoclonal antibody point out, that detremental effects of the buffer media, e. g. pH-shift, cannot be settled by the use of the CryoWedge. Studies on the stability of the monoclonal antibody Daclizumab showed a significant increase of aggregates after freeze-thaw-cycles in a PBS-buffer media. It could be demonstrated that the reason for the instability was the pH-shift of the freezing buffer. Replacing sodium phosphate with potassium phosphate stabilized the protein. The same effect could be detected by adding sucrose (120 mM) or trehalose (40 mM) to the PBS-buffered antibody solution. The formation of insoluble protein particles could be reduced significantly by the addition of polysorbate 80 (0.01% m/V), whereas the amount of soluble aggregates detected by SE-HPLC could not be affected. The results demonstrate, that a prerequisite for high protein stability is an optimized bulk formulation. Modern freezing systems can not stabilize the protein against unfavorable conditions caused by the formulation. Buffer media showing pH-shift can lead to dimerization and precepitation. Disaccharides such as trehalose and sucrose can prevent dimerization in spite of the detected pH-shift, whereas polysorbate reduced the amount of precipitated protein significantly.