Podcasts about language evolution

It's episode 212 and time for us to talk about excellently complicate the non-fiction genre of Linguistics & Language! We discuss

https://raisingheights.com/ In this episode, Zach and Tori dive deep into their first impressions and memories of the very first episode of 'Little People, Big World.' They discuss the challenges of filming in public, the mindset instilled by Zach's parents, and how the family navigates life with dwarfism. They also touch on the evolution of language around dwarfism and recount personal stories related to the show's early days of their reality TV journey. 00:00 Introduction and Personal Reflections 00:32 Welcome to Raising Heights 01:16 Merchandise Talk 02:46 Peaks and Pits of the Week 02:57 Concert Experience 05:30 Baby Shower and Family Moments 06:50 Baseball Adventures with Jackson 09:51 Tax Season Woes 10:33 Exciting New Series Announcement 11:24 Rewatching Little People, Big World 24:04 Understanding the Adolescent Perspective 26:03 Reflections on Family and Dwarfism 29:11 Language Evolution and Representation 39:42 Challenges and Triumphs in Sports 45:45 Concluding Thoughts and Future Plans MERCH: https://raisingheights.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Broadcast from KSQD, Santa Cruz on 3-06-2025: Dr. Dawn addresses an email about coronary artery blockage, explaining that a 70% calcified plaque in the LAD vessel might be better managed with medication than stenting, and recommending statin therapy to prevent further plaque formation. A live caller with a history of staph aureus infection describes unusual fingernail changes and fungal infection following prolonged antibiotic treatment, with Dr. Dawn suggesting an in-person examination for proper diagnosis. The show highlights the remarkable story of James Harrison, an Australian blood donor whose special anti-D antibodies saved 2.4 million babies from hemolytic disease, donating blood 1,173 times over his lifetime. Dr. Dawn provides practical advice for reducing microplastic consumption, recommending glass containers over plastic, avoiding bottled water, and warning about unexpected sources like Himalayan salt, scented wax melts, and plastic tea bags. She evaluates cold water plunge therapy for weight loss, citing research showing only temporary benefits for inflammation reduction and stress relief, but potential dangers for people with heart conditions. The show addresses concerning developments with bird flu (H5N1), highlighting the discovery of the virus in rats and questioning why rapid testing kits aren't being developed and distributed proactively. Dr. Dawn criticizes FDA food safety regulation, particularly the "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) pathway that allows manufacturers to self-determine ingredient safety without proper vetting. She discusses fascinating research on the NOVA1 gene, which changed dramatically 250,000-500,000 years ago and appears linked to complex vocalizations and potentially human language development. The show recommends "solo freedom dancing" as an effective exercise option, while warning that noise-canceling headphones may impair the brain's ability to process complex sounds, leading to auditory processing disorders. Dr. Dawn explores a breakthrough in synthetic microbiome therapy that shows promise in combating C. difficile infections by identifying specific bacterial strains that suppress the harmful bacteria. She shares news about a promising oral norovirus vaccine tablet that's shown effectiveness in clinical trials for both younger and older adults, potentially addressing a disease that causes 70,000 hospitalizations annually. The show concludes with clarification about vitamin A and measles, noting that while it can help prevent complications in malnourished children, it doesn't prevent infection and can be dangerous at high doses, especially for pregnant women.

Programming Language Evolution: Data-Driven Analysis of Future TrendsEpisode OverviewAnalysis of programming language rankings through the lens of modern requirements, adjusting popularity metrics with quantitative factors including safety features, energy efficiency, and temporal relevance.Key Segments1. Traditional Rankings Limitations (00:00-01:53)TIOBE Index raw rankings examinedPython dominance (23.88% market share) analyzedDiscussion of interpretted language limitationsHistorical context of legacy languagesC++ performance characteristics vs safety trade-offs2. Current Market Leaders Analysis (01:53-04:21)Detailed breakdown of top languages:Python (23.88%): Interpretted, dynamic typingC++ (11.37%): Performance focusedJava (10.66%): JVM-basedC (9.84%): Systems levelC# (4.12%): Microsoft ecosystemJavaScript (3.78%): Web-focusedSQL (2.87%): Domain-specificGo (2.26%): Modern compiledDelphi (2.18%): Object PascalVisual Basic (2.04%): Legacy managed3. Modern Requirements Deep Dive (04:21-06:32)Energy efficiency considerationsMemory safety paradigmsConcurrency support analysisPackage management evolutionModern compilation techniques4. Future-Oriented Rankings (06:32-08:38)RustMemory safety without GCOwnership/borrowing systemAdvanced concurrency primitivesCargo package managementGoCloud infrastructure optimizationGoroutine-based concurrencySimplified systems programmingEnergy efficient garbage collectionZigManual memory managementCompile-time featuresSystems/embedded focusModern C alternativeSwiftARC memory managementStrong type systemModern language featuresPerformance optimizationCarbon/MojoExperimental successorsModern safety featuresPerformance characteristicsNext-generation compilation5. Future Predictions (08:38-10:51)Shift away from legacy languagesFocus on energy efficiencySafety-first design principlesCompilation vs interpretationAI/ML impact on language designKey InsightsLanguage Evolution MetricsSafety featuresEnergy efficiencyModern compilation techniquesPackage managementConcurrency supportLegacy Language ChallengesTechnical debtPerformance limitationsSafety compromisesEnergy inefficiencyPackage management complexityFuture-Focused FeaturesMemory safety guaranteesConcurrent computationEnergy optimizationModern tooling integrationAI/ML compatibilityProduction NotesTarget AudienceProfessional developersTechnical architectsSystem designersSoftware engineering studentsKey Timestamps00:54 - TIOBE Index introduction04:21 - Modern language requirements06:32 - Future-oriented rankings08:38 - Predictions and analysis10:34 - Concluding insightsFollow-up Episode TopicsDeep dive into Rust vs Go trade-offsEnergy efficiency benchmarkingMemory safety paradigms comparisonModern compilation techniquesAI/ML impact on language design

Dr. Gašper Beguš is a UC Berkeley professor of linguistics who studies the interface between human, machine, and animal language. We head into the conversation with a question - is there something fundamentally different about the way that humans learn and the way that machines like LLMs learn? Vector embeddings of the relatedness of language and the map that we carry in our heads of abstract concepts don't seem that different at the end of the day. This leads us into a discussion of the ways in which humans acquire language, how language evolves, evidence for abstract thought in animals, where the bright line of consciousness can be drawn, and if taking a different approach to training computers to think can generate a machine that can match us in drive and curiosity.  Don't miss the historic cosmology summit in Portugal this summer!!! DEMYSTICON 2025 ANNUAL MEETING June 12-16: https://demystifysci.com/demysticon-2025 PATREON: get episodes early + join our weekly Patron Chat https://bit.ly/3lcAasB MERCH: Rock some DemystifySci gear : https://demystifysci.myspreadshop.com/all AMAZON: Do your shopping through this link: https://amzn.to/3YyoT98 SUBSTACK: https://substack.com/@UCqV4_7i9h1_V7hY48eZZSLw@demystifysci (00:00) Go! (00:07:55) Language, Thought, and AI Models (00:13:25) Animal Communication and Intelligence (00:25:02) Recursion and Human Language (00:37:51) AI, Consciousness, and Human Cognition (00:49:02) The Role of Human Curiosity in the Future of AI (00:58:13) Bridging Human-Like Learning in AI Models (01:08:07) Exploring Human-Like Structures in AI Models (01:17:19) Evolution and Brain Capacity (01:26:31) Language Structure and Differences (01:37:11) Evolution of Language and Its Universality (01:46:17) Social Identity and Linguistic Diversity (01:59:08) Thought and Language: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (02:09:18) Language Evolution and Human History (02:16:02) Cognitive Development and Language (02:24:39) Ancient Human Cooperation (02:35:04) Cultural and Cognitive Evolution (02:42:27) AI's Role in Scientific Discovery #Linguistics, #AI, #AnimalCommunication, #ArtificialIntelligence, #Language, #Cognition, #AnimalIntelligence, #Recursion, #ThoughtAndLanguage, #AnimalBehavior, #AnimalLearning, #AIModels, #CognitiveScience, #AnimalCognition, #EvolutionOfLanguage, #LanguageStructure, #LanguageEvolution, #philosophypodcast, #sciencepodcast, #longformpodcast Check our short-films channel, @DemystifySci: https://www.youtube.com/c/DemystifyingScience AND our material science investigations of atomics, @MaterialAtomics https://www.youtube.com/@MaterialAtomics Join our mailing list https://bit.ly/3v3kz2S PODCAST INFO: Anastasia completed her PhD studying bioelectricity at Columbia University. When not talking to brilliant people or making movies, she spends her time painting, reading, and guiding backcountry excursions. Shilo also did his PhD at Columbia studying the elastic properties of molecular water. When he's not in the film studio, he's exploring sound in music. They are both freelance professors at various universities. - Blog: http://DemystifySci.com/blog - RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/2be66934/podcast/rss - Donate: https://bit.ly/3wkPqaD - Swag: https://bit.ly/2PXdC2y SOCIAL: - Discord: https://discord.gg/MJzKT8CQub - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/DemystifySci - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/DemystifySci/ - Twitter: https://twitter.com/DemystifySci MUSIC: -Shilo Delay: https://g.co/kgs/oty671

In our latest episode, we welcome Karen Catlin, author and advocate for inclusive workspaces, back to the pod for the first time since 2020. Our discussion covers celebrating ten years of learning through Better Allies, shifts in DEI dynamics post-2020, and the increased backlash against DEI initiatives in current times. We discuss the continued importance and evolution of allyship, with practical strategies for individual and organizational support. Karen also shares personal anecdotes, mistakes, and lessons learned in her journey, while providing resources for those looking to delve deeper into allyship. Please note that we're taking a hiatus, but please subscribe to our feed so you can be the first to know when we're back. We've got some fun stuff in the works!Links:BetterAllies.comThe Savvy Ally by Jeannie GainsburgThe Anti Ableist Manifesto by Tiffany YuGood Guys by David Smith and Brad Johnson The Wake Up, Michelle MiJung KimChapters:00:00 Introduction and Guest Announcement00:50 Reflecting on the Election and Its Impact02:35 Evolution of DEI Work03:55 Challenges and Shifts in Workplace Inclusion07:18 The Importance of Allyship11:21 Connecting Through Shared Stories14:19 Welcoming Karen Catlin15:41 Karen's Journey and Insights on Allyship29:42 Newsletter Insights and Language Awareness30:32 Best Practices for Scheduling Events32:03 Challenges with Event Scheduling36:11 DEI Backlash and Media Misrepresentation41:18 The Future of Allyship47:46 Recommended Resources for Allyship52:33 Looking Forward: AI and Personal Growth55:15 Final Thoughts and TakeawaysWant more like this? Here are a few episodes we think you'll love!Being a Better Ally with Karen CatlinBeing an HR Unicorn with Christofer PetersonDigital Accessibility with Perkins AccessDiversity, Equity, and Inclusion with Chris HaighFull Interview with Amaia Arruabarrena, Director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at ezCaterFull Interview with Dr. Erika Powell, DEI Certified Professional Diversity CoachFuture of Work Insights from Revelio Chief Economist Lisa SimonGeeking Out about DEI Strategy with Allyson Livingstone from athenahealthManaging Teams Empathetically with Dexter ArverReimagining Inclusion with Mita Mallick Visit us at InclusionGeeks.com to stay up to date on all the ways you can make the workplace work for everyone! Check out Inclusion Geeks Academy and InclusionGeeks.com/podcast for the code to get a free mini course.

Scientific Sense ® by Gill Eapen: Prof. Salikoko Mufwene is professor of linguistics at the University of Chicago. His research interests include Evolutionary Linguistics (including the emergence of Creoles, the Indigenization of European Colonial Languages, Language Vitality), Bantu Linguistics, Language Contact in Africa and the Caribbean Please subscribe to this channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/ScientificSense?sub_confirmation=1 --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/scientificsense/support

Words. (Huh? Yeah!) What are they good for? Absolutely everything.At least this was the view of some philosophers early in the 20th century, that the world was bounded by language. ("The limits of my language mean the limits of my world" to use Wittgenstein's formulation over the Edwin Starr adaptation)My guest this week is Nikhil Krishnan a philosopher at University of Cambridge and frequent contributor to the The New Yorker His book A Terribly Serious Adventure, traces the path of Ordinary Language Philosophy through the 20th century.We discuss the logical positivists (the word/world limiters) and their high optimism that the intractable problems of philosophy could be dissolved by analysis. Their contention that the great questions of metaphysics were nonsense since they had no empirical or logical content.That program failed, but its spirit of using data and aiming for progress lived on in the ordinary language philosophers who put practices with words under the microscope. Hoping to find in this data clues to the nuances of the world.This enterprise left us with beautiful examples of the subtleties of language. But more importantly, it is a practice that continues today, of paying close attention to our everyday behaviors and holding our grand systems of philosophy accountable to these.Listen to discover things you know, but didn't know you knew — like the difference between doing something by accident vs by mistake.Do check out Nikhil's own podcast, Minor Books, on iTunes or Acast (00:00) Intro(02:49) Start of conversation: Philosophical background and history(04:47) The Evolution of Philosophy: From Ancient Texts to Modern Debates(16:46) The Impact of Logical Positivism and the Quest for Scientific Philosophy(38:35) J.L. Austin's Revolutionary Approach to Philosophy and Language(48:43) The Power of Everyday Language vs the Abstractions of Philosophy(49:11) Why is ordinary language so effective — Language Evolution?(52:30) Philosophical Perspectives on Language's Utility(53:28) The Intricacies of Language and Perception(54:48) Scientific and Philosophical Language: A Comparative Analysis(57:14) Legal Language and Its Precision(01:07:33) LLMS: The Future of Language in Technology and AI(01:10:33) Intentionality and the Philosophy of Actions(01:18:27) Bridging Analytic and Continental Philosophy(01:33:46) Final Thoughts on Philosophy and Its Practice)

Erich Keane joins Timur and Phil. Erich chats about the recent WG21 meeting in Tokyo, his roles as chair and co-chair of the Language Evolution and Language Evolution Incubator working groups, respectively, as well as heterogeneous computing and his work at NVidia. Show Notes News CppCon - Call for Speakers ACCU 2024 Online Bjarne Stroustrup responds to White House warning against C++ David Sankel's post on Boost split Links Tokyo ISO C++ Committee Trip Reports: In-depth status report Herb Sutter's report Think-Cell's trip report (Jonathan Müller) Papers discussed: P2900R6 - "Contracts for C++" P2996R2 - "Reflection for C++26" P2688R1 - "Pattern Matching: match Expression" P2830R1 - "Standardized Type Ordering"

Dominant, supportive. Immediate value, gradual value. Explicit, implicit. Scarcity, abundance. Consultant, Facilitator.It might be tempting to view the roles of a consultant, and that of a facilitator, through these opposing dichotomies, but nothing is ever really that black and white. And as Benjamin Taylor and I speak about this week, there's a great deal to be learnt from the intersection of the two!This episode takes a look at facilitation through the meta-lens; from afar, we inspect it as a movement and dig up some uncomfortable clichéd truths, and up-close, we unravel the intricacies of manipulation, shallow vs deep facilitation, and the most daring tool of all in our toolkit.Find out about:Where facilitation shows up in consulting and the interplay between the two disciplinesWhat Benjamin has learnt from decades spent as a consultant in the public sectorThe distinction between shallow and deep facilitation and why it is critical for an effective outcomeWhy the key to impactful facilitation lies in fostering an environment of connection, collaboration and empowering each participant's strengthsWhy consultants must resist the urge to prove instant value; instead taking a more measured, facilitative approach to collaborationDon't miss the next episode: subscribe to the show with your favourite podcast player.And download the free 1-page summary, so you can always have the key points of this episode to hand.Put the episode's best takeaways into practice with Skillding. Visit skillding.com/workshop to begin your journey from learning to doing. Track your progress as you hone your new skills. Start now!Links:Watch the video recording of this episode on YouTube.Connect to Benjamin Taylor:LinkedInRedQuadrantSupport the show:Make a one-off donation and contribute to the ongoing costs of running the podcast.Support the showCheck out the podcast map to see the overview of all podcast episodes: https://workshops.work/podcast-map

For the final episode of Elixir Wizards' Season 11 “Branching Out from Elixir,” we're featuring a recent discussion from the Software Unscripted podcast. In this conversation, José Valim, creator of Elixir, interviews Richard Feldman, creator of Roc. They compare notes on the process and considerations for creating a language. This episode covers the origins of creating a language, its influences, and how goals shape the tradeoffs in programming language design. José and Richard share anecdotes from their experiences guiding the evolution of Elixir and Roc. The discussion provides an insightful look at the experimentation and learning involved in crafting new languages. Topics discussed in this episode What inspires the creation of a new programming language Goals and use cases for a programming language Influences from Elm, Rust, Haskell, Go, OCaml, and more Tradeoffs involved in expressiveness of type systems Opportunistic mutation for performance gains in a functional language Minimum version selection for dependency resolution Build time considerations with type checking and monomorphization Design experiments and rolling back features that don't work out History from the first simple interpreter to today's real programming language Design considerations around package management and versioning Participation in Advent of Code to gain new users and feedback Providing performance optimization tools to users in the future Tradeoffs involved in picking integer types and arithmetic Comparing floats and equality checks on dictionaries Using abilities to customize equality for custom types Ensuring availability of multiple package versions for incremental upgrades Treating major version bumps as separate artifacts Roc's focus on single-threaded performance Links mentioned in this episode Software Unscripted Podcast https://feeds.resonaterecordings.com/software-unscripted Roc Programming Language https://www.roc-lang.org/ Roc Lang on Github https://github.com/roc-lang/roc Elm Programming Language https://elm-lang.org/ Elm in Action by Richard Feldman https://www.manning.com/books/elm-in-action Richard Feldman on Github https://github.com/rtfeldman Lua Programming Language https://www.lua.org/ Vimscript Guide https://google.github.io/styleguide/vimscriptfull.xml OCaml Programming Language https://ocaml.org/ Advent of Code https://adventofcode.com/ Roc Language on Twitter https://twitter.com/roclang Richard Feldman on Twitter https://twitter.com/rtfeldman Roc Zulip Chat https://roc.zulipchat.com Clojure Programming Language https://clojure.org/ Talk: Persistent Data Structures and Managed References by Rich Hickey https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toD45DtVCFM Koka Programming Language https://koka-lang.github.io/koka/doc/index.html Flix Programming Language https://flix.dev/ Clojure Transients https://clojure.org/reference/transients Haskell Software Transactional Memory https://wiki.haskell.org/Softwaretransactional_memory Rust Traits https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html CoffeeScript https://coffeescript.org/ Cargo Package Management https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-03-hello-cargo.html Versioning in Golang https://research.swtch.com/vgo-principles Special Guests: José Valim and Richard Feldman.

Language is the ultimate Lego. With it, we can take simple elements and construct them into an edifice of meaning. Its power is not only in mapping signs to concepts but in that individual words can be composed into larger structures. How did this systematicity arise in language?Simon Kirby is the head of Linguistics and English Language at The University of Edinburgh and one of the founders of the Centre for Langauge Evolution and Change. Over several decades he and his collaborators have run many elegant experiments that show that this property of language emerges inexorably as a system of communication is passed from generation to generation. Experiments with computer simulations, humans, and even baboons demonstrate that as a language is learned mistakes are made - much like the mutations in genes. Crucially, the mistakes that better match the language to the structure of the world (as conceived by the learner) are the ones that are most likely to be passed on.Links Simon's website with art, music, and talks on language evolution Simon's academic homepage Simon on X Multiverses Podcast homeOutline(00:00) Introduction(2:45) What makes language special?(5:30) Language extends our biological bounds(7:55) Language makes culture, culture makes language(9:30) John Searle: world to word and word to world(13:30) Compositionality: the expressivity of language is based on its Lego-like combinations(16:30) Could unique genes explain the fact of language compositionality?(17:20) … Not fully, though they might make our brains able to support compositional language(18:20) Using simulations to model language learning and search for the emergence of structure(19:35) Compositionality emerges from the transmission of representations across generations(20:18) The learners need to make mistakes, but not random mistakes(21:35) Just like biological evolution, we need variation(27:00) When, by chance, linguistic features echo the structure of the world these are more memorable(33:45) Language experiments with humans (Hannah Cornish)(36:32) Sign language experiments in the lab (Yasamin Motamedi)(38:45) Spontaneous emergence of sign language in populations(41:18) Communication is key to making language efficient, while transmission gives structure(47:10) Without intentional design these processes produce optimized systems(50:39) We need to perceive similarity in states of the world for linguistic structure to emerge(57:05) Why isn't language ubiquitous in nature …(58:00) … why do only humans have cultural transmissions(59:56) Over-imitation: Victoria Horner & Andrew Whiten, humans love to copy each other(1:06:00) Is language a spandrel?(1:07:10) How much of language is about information transfer? Partner-swapping conversations (Gareth Roberts)(1:08:49) Language learning = play?(1:12:25) Iterated learning experiments with baboons (& Tetris!)(1:17:50) Endogenous rewards for copying(1:20:30) Art as another angle on the same problems

Guest: Valerie Fridland, Linguist and author of Like, Literally, DudeOn LinkedIn | https://www.linkedin.com/in/valerie-fridland-0b29b5209/The Mentor Project: https://mentorproject.org_____________________________Hosts:Dr. Susan Birne-Stone Ph.D., Host of The Mentor Project Podcast | Host of Perspectives | Systems Psychotherapist, International Coach, Talk Show Host & Producer, Professor | Mentor at the Mentor ProjectOn ITSPmagazine | https://www.itspmagazine.com/itspmagazine-podcast-radio-hosts/dr-susan-birne-stoneMarco Ciappelli, Co-Founder at ITSPmagazine, Host of Redefining Society Podcast, and other shows on ITSPmagazineOn ITSPmagazine | https://www.itspmagazine.com/itspmagazine-podcast-radio-hosts/marco-ciappelli_____________________________This Episode's SponsorsAre you interested in sponsoring an ITSPmagazine Channel?

Noam Chomsky has been described as "the father of modern linguistics". He is one of the leading public intellectuals of the world, having authored over 100 books. Chomsky has made seminal contributions to multiple fields, including Linguistics, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science. At the moment, he is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Conversation Outline: 00:00 Intro 00:37 How did you manage to be so productive? 01:07 What got you introduced to Linguistics and Philosophy? 02:47 What were courses like Syntax back in the day before you revolutionised the field? 04:42 What makes human languages different than other animal communication systems? 08:12 The difference between your view on the evolution of language and Steven Pinker's view15:50 The human language faculty20:18 Truth-Conditional Semantics30:49 Semantic Internalism versus Externalism36:08 Truth, Public Languages, and I-Languages38:55 What is truth? 40:18 Paradoxes of truth and vagueness41:44 Zeno's Paradox45:31 Vagueness and The Sorites Paradox50:47 The cognitive relationships between mathematical and linguistic abilitiesEnjoy! Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tedynenu/Twitter: https://twitter.com/tedynenuApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/philosophical-trials/id1513707135Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/show/3Sz88leU8tmeKe3MAZ9i10Google Podcasts: https://podcasts.google.com/search/philosophical%20trials

Pragmatics poses a headache to developers of artificial systems. But how did language evolve to efficiently relay so much pragmatic trickery? Eva Wittenberg presents a new paper that builds on the idea that grammar evolved gradually, and with it, pragmatics. We argue that the simpler a grammar is, the stronger the reliance on pragmatic inferences for many aspects of meaning, including even basic questions such as who did what to whom. As grammars gradually evolve towards more complex systems, these coarse pragmatic inferences give way to pragmatic processes that are different in character: Syntax, semantics, and the lexicon evolve to contain reliable and systematic triggers for highly structured pragmatic phenomena. Our account thus links a gradualist scenario of the evolution of syntax that triggers distinct qualitative processes in pragmatic reasoning. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38685]

Pragmatics poses a headache to developers of artificial systems. But how did language evolve to efficiently relay so much pragmatic trickery? Eva Wittenberg presents a new paper that builds on the idea that grammar evolved gradually, and with it, pragmatics. We argue that the simpler a grammar is, the stronger the reliance on pragmatic inferences for many aspects of meaning, including even basic questions such as who did what to whom. As grammars gradually evolve towards more complex systems, these coarse pragmatic inferences give way to pragmatic processes that are different in character: Syntax, semantics, and the lexicon evolve to contain reliable and systematic triggers for highly structured pragmatic phenomena. Our account thus links a gradualist scenario of the evolution of syntax that triggers distinct qualitative processes in pragmatic reasoning. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38685]

Pragmatics poses a headache to developers of artificial systems. But how did language evolve to efficiently relay so much pragmatic trickery? Eva Wittenberg presents a new paper that builds on the idea that grammar evolved gradually, and with it, pragmatics. We argue that the simpler a grammar is, the stronger the reliance on pragmatic inferences for many aspects of meaning, including even basic questions such as who did what to whom. As grammars gradually evolve towards more complex systems, these coarse pragmatic inferences give way to pragmatic processes that are different in character: Syntax, semantics, and the lexicon evolve to contain reliable and systematic triggers for highly structured pragmatic phenomena. Our account thus links a gradualist scenario of the evolution of syntax that triggers distinct qualitative processes in pragmatic reasoning. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38685]

Pragmatics poses a headache to developers of artificial systems. But how did language evolve to efficiently relay so much pragmatic trickery? Eva Wittenberg presents a new paper that builds on the idea that grammar evolved gradually, and with it, pragmatics. We argue that the simpler a grammar is, the stronger the reliance on pragmatic inferences for many aspects of meaning, including even basic questions such as who did what to whom. As grammars gradually evolve towards more complex systems, these coarse pragmatic inferences give way to pragmatic processes that are different in character: Syntax, semantics, and the lexicon evolve to contain reliable and systematic triggers for highly structured pragmatic phenomena. Our account thus links a gradualist scenario of the evolution of syntax that triggers distinct qualitative processes in pragmatic reasoning. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38685]

Pragmatics poses a headache to developers of artificial systems. But how did language evolve to efficiently relay so much pragmatic trickery? Eva Wittenberg presents a new paper that builds on the idea that grammar evolved gradually, and with it, pragmatics. We argue that the simpler a grammar is, the stronger the reliance on pragmatic inferences for many aspects of meaning, including even basic questions such as who did what to whom. As grammars gradually evolve towards more complex systems, these coarse pragmatic inferences give way to pragmatic processes that are different in character: Syntax, semantics, and the lexicon evolve to contain reliable and systematic triggers for highly structured pragmatic phenomena. Our account thus links a gradualist scenario of the evolution of syntax that triggers distinct qualitative processes in pragmatic reasoning. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38685]

Pragmatics poses a headache to developers of artificial systems. But how did language evolve to efficiently relay so much pragmatic trickery? Eva Wittenberg presents a new paper that builds on the idea that grammar evolved gradually, and with it, pragmatics. We argue that the simpler a grammar is, the stronger the reliance on pragmatic inferences for many aspects of meaning, including even basic questions such as who did what to whom. As grammars gradually evolve towards more complex systems, these coarse pragmatic inferences give way to pragmatic processes that are different in character: Syntax, semantics, and the lexicon evolve to contain reliable and systematic triggers for highly structured pragmatic phenomena. Our account thus links a gradualist scenario of the evolution of syntax that triggers distinct qualitative processes in pragmatic reasoning. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38685]

Pragmatics poses a headache to developers of artificial systems. But how did language evolve to efficiently relay so much pragmatic trickery? Eva Wittenberg presents a new paper that builds on the idea that grammar evolved gradually, and with it, pragmatics. We argue that the simpler a grammar is, the stronger the reliance on pragmatic inferences for many aspects of meaning, including even basic questions such as who did what to whom. As grammars gradually evolve towards more complex systems, these coarse pragmatic inferences give way to pragmatic processes that are different in character: Syntax, semantics, and the lexicon evolve to contain reliable and systematic triggers for highly structured pragmatic phenomena. Our account thus links a gradualist scenario of the evolution of syntax that triggers distinct qualitative processes in pragmatic reasoning. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38685]

Join us this Good Friday as we explore the world of oxymorons – the perfect way to celebrate the contradictions of the season.

00:01 Interview with Belinda: Exploring Intercultural Business Communication and Life Abroad02:10 Conversation on Coexistence and Multiculturalism06:39 Exploring Transcreation08:19 Challenges of Translating Between German and English10:17 Challenges of Translating German to English and the Evolution of Language19:48 Language Evolution and Multilingualism21:18 Learning Two Languages Simultaneously22:32 Learning Languages and Professional Services Provided by a Translator25:41 Exploring the Benefits of LinkedIn for Freelance Translators 26:54 "Developing Language Skills28:34 How to work with BelindaVocabulary List and Comprehension Questions:Translation and Intercultural CommunicationThe Canadian Wants to Know is sponsored by YoodliDownload for FREE hereLinks:Belinda on LinkedInBelinda's websiteStorytelling courseCharacter mastery courseSupport the podcast with a tipSchedule a FREE 15 minute callFollow Me:My WebsiteSubscribe on Apple PodcastsLinkedInYouTubeFacebook

Language Evolution In Episode 27, Victor and Deanna dive into how language has evolved in their work and in parenthood. TRIGGER WARNING: Discussion of CSA, CSAM, and CSEM. To create your animated survivors story visit www.AnimatedSurvivorStory.com.To learn more about the Be Seen and Heard curriculum visit www.ChildhoodVictories.com.To learn more about Victor's books, visit www.212VictoryLane.com. Follow us on:FACEBOOK INSTAGRAM

Today's ID the Future spotlights AlphaFold, an artificial intelligence program in the news for its impressive breakthroughs at predicting a protein's 3D structure from its amino acid sequence. Philosopher of Biology Paul Nelson walks listeners through the importance of this “amazing breakthrough,” as he describes it in a recent Evolution News article; but don't uncork the champagne bottles just yet. The reason, according to Nelson, is that while proteins, protein sequences, and protein folding promise to reveal much that is still mysterious in molecular biology, we now know that biological information involves far more than just an organism's proteome—that is, far more than the full suite of proteins expressed by an organism. Nelson uses analogies to manmade machines and cognates Read More › Source

If you’ve ever read the work of William Shakespeare, you should be fairly familiar with the phenomenon of language change. Now, a recent study published in Cognition shows that artificial intelligence (AI) can help us better understand — and even predict — changes to a given language.

In episode 16 Wendy and Neve have a conversation about how language evolution has helped them grow. They share different words they have replaced with more expansive choices. One example is shifting from “but” to “and” or replacing “spend” with “invest”.They discuss how mindset shifts and new perspectives are supported by the way we think about things and the words we choose to use. While listening, you are invited to reflect on what words you use that could be transformed into more aligned word choices that better reflect your heart-felt intentions and your awareness. 

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter PayPal Subscription 1 Dollar: https://tinyurl.com/yb3acuuy PayPal Subscription 3 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ybn6bg9l PayPal Subscription 5 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ycmr9gpz PayPal Subscription 10 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y9r3fc9m PayPal Subscription 20 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y95uvkao This show is sponsored by Enlites, Learning & Development done differently. Check the website here: http://enlites.com/ Dr. Russell Gray is the director to the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. Dr. Gray's research spans the areas of cultural evolution, linguistics, animal cognition, and the philosophy of biology. In this episode, we talk about linguistics, cultural evolution, and animal cognition. We start with linguistics, and discuss if language is innate or acquired and Universal Grammar; approaches to the study of the evolution of languages, like Bayesian phylolinguistics; constraints in linguistic variation; the evolution of languages in the Pacific and the timing of peopling there; and what we know about the Indo-European language(s). We then talk about religion: how notions of god vary with ecology; the relationship between Big Gods and social complexity; and ritual human sacrifice and the evolution of stratified societies. We discuss D-PLACE, and the difficulties in building comparative cultural databases. Finally, we discuss animal cognition, with a focus on the cognition of New Caledonian crows and their tool use. We talk about tool use in animals, the relationship between brain size and cognitive ability, and the problems with talking about a generally “smart” species and “one cognition”. -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS/SUPPORTERS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, PER HELGE LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, JERRY MULLER, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BERNARDO SEIXAS, HERBERT GINTIS, RUTGER VOS, RICARDO VLADIMIRO, CRAIG HEALY, OLAF ALEX, PHILIP KURIAN, JONATHAN VISSER, JAKOB KLINKBY, ADAM KESSEL, MATTHEW WHITINGBIRD, ARNAUD WOLFF, TIM HOLLOSY, HENRIK AHLENIUS, JOHN CONNORS, PAULINA BARREN, FILIP FORS CONNOLLY, DAN DEMETRIOU, ROBERT WINDHAGER, RUI INACIO, ARTHUR KOH, ZOOP, MARCO NEVES, COLIN HOLBROOK, SUSAN PINKER, PABLO SANTURBANO, SIMON COLUMBUS, PHIL KAVANAGH, JORGE ESPINHA, ROBERTO INGUANZO, MIKKEL STORMYR, ERIC NEURMANN, SAMUEL ANDREEFF, FRANCIS FORDE, TIAGO NUNES, BERNARD HUGUENEY, ALEXANDER DANNBAUER, FERGAL CUSSEN, YEVHEN BODRENKO, HAL HERZOG, NUNO MACHADO, DON ROSS, JONATHAN LEIBRANT, JOÃO LINHARES, OZLEM BULUT, NATHAN NGUYEN, STANTON T, SAMUEL CORREA, ERIK HAINES, MARK SMITH, J.W., JOÃO EIRA, TOM HUMMEL, SARDUS FRANCE, DAVID SLOAN WILSON, YACILA DEZA-ARAUJO, IDAN SOLON, ROMAIN ROCH, DMITRY GRIGORYEV, TOM ROTH, DIEGO LONDOÑO CORREA, YANICK PUNTER, ADANER USMANI, CHARLOTTE BLEASE, NICOLE BARBARO, ADAM HUNT, PAWEL OSTASZEWSKI, AL ORTIZ, NELLEKE BAK, KATHRINE AND PATRICK TOBIN, GUY MADISON, GARY G HELLMANN, SAIMA AFZAL, ADRIAN JAEGGI, NICK GOLDEN, PAULO TOLENTINO, JOÃO BARBOSA, JULIAN PRICE, EDWARD HALL, HEDIN BRØNNER, DOUGLAS P. FRY, FRANCA BORTOLOTTI, GABRIEL PONS CORTÈS, URSULA LITZCKE, DENISE COOK, SCOTT, AND ZACHARY FISH! A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY PRODUCERS, YZAR WEHBE, JIM FRANK, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK, IAN GILLIGAN, LUIS CAYETANO, TOM VANEGDOM, CURTIS DIXON, BENEDIKT MUELLER, VEGA GIDEY, THOMAS TRUMBLE, AND NUNO ELDER! AND TO MY EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS, MICHAL RUSIECKI, ROSEY, JAMES PRATT, MATTHEW LAVENDER, SERGIU CODREANU, AND BOGDAN KANIVETS!

Host Chris Wright will be exploring the origins of human language regarding onomatopoeia and word echoic bases. Could it be that all words originate from the sound that the object makes in nature? Point Counterpoint links: https://linktr.ee/PointCounterpoint References: Coker, L. (2016). Tolkien's linguistics: The artificial languages of quenya and sindarin., 1242-1249. http://libjournals.unca.edu/ncur/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/1881-Coker-Laura-FINAL.pdf​ Elijah Omwansa Mariera. (2020). Onomatopoeic infinitives and nouns in EkeGusii: Evidence for imagic and relative iconicity. Macrolinguistics, 8(12), 36-54. https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2020.8.12.3​ Forschner, M. (1981). Die stoische Ethik: Über den Zusammenhang von Natur-, Sprach- und Moralphilosophie im altstoischen System, Darmstadt 19952, 1st ed. pp. 67–84. https://www.academia.edu/37327154/Language_and_ontology_in_Stoic_philosophy​ Green, H. (CrashCourse), (2016). Language & meaning: Crash course philosophy #26. [Video/DVD] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmwgmt7wcv8&ab_channel=CrashCourse​ Kneis, A . (2011). “10 Common Words You Had No Idea Were Onomatopoeias.” Cracked. https://ajax.cracked.com/article_19568_10-common-words-you-had-no-idea-were-onomatopoeias.html. ​ LAING, C. (2019). A role for onomatopoeia in early language: Evidence from phonological development. Language and Cognition, 11(2), 173-187. doi:10.1017/langcog.2018.23​ Lemasson, A., Ouattara, K., Bouchet, H. et al. Speed of call delivery is related to context and caller identity in Campbell's monkey males. Naturwissenschaften 97, 1023–1027 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-010-0715-6 Mariera, E. O. (2020). Onomatopoeic infinitives and nouns in EkeGusii: Evidence for imagic and relative iconicity. Macrolinguistics, 8(12), 36-54. https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2020.8.12.3​ Online etymology dictionary. (2021). https://www.etymonline.com/​ Osaka, N. (1990). Multidimensional analysis of onomatopoeia : A note to make sensory scale from words. 音声科学研究 = Studia Phonologica, 24, 25-33. https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=jairo_______::0c333caf8e40423ec4cf2533b3b52e92​ Plato, Cratylus (c. 360 BCE). Trans. Jowett, B., https://freeclassicebooks.com/Plato/Cratylus.pdf​ Quinlan, K. C. (2021). Campbell's mona monkey. https://www.neprimateconservancy.org/campbells-mona-monkey.html​ Ramelow, A. (2008). Language without Reduction: Aquinas and the Linguistic Turn. Angelicum. https://www.academia.edu/37997108/Language_without_Reduction_Aquinas_and_the_Linguistic_Turn​ Smith, A.R. (2017). [Review of the book A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages, by J.R.R. Tolkien]. Tolkien Studies 14, 169-184. doi:10.1353/tks.2017.0013.​ Tolkien, J. R. R. (2016). A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages. United Kingdom: HarperCollins Publishers. http://libjournals.unca.edu/ncur/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/1881-Coker-Laura-FINAL.pdf Additional Resources: Borges, J. L. (1944). Pierre Menard, Autor del Quixote. Ficciones. Buenos Aires:​ Dingemanse, M. (2012). Advances in the cross-linguistic study of ideophones. Linguistics and Language Compass, 6, 654–672.​ Dingemanse, M. 2018. Redrawing the Margins of Language: Lessons from research on ideophones [J]. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 3(1):4​ Frege, G. (1892). "On Sense and Reference" ["Über Sinn und Bedeutung"], Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, vol. 100, pp. 25–50​ Tolkien, J. R. R. (2012). The Hobbit. HarperCollins. Wittgenstein, L. (1921). Tractatus logico-philosophicus. W. Ostwald's Annalen der Naturphilosophie. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/pointcounterpoint/support

James Scott, Department of Psychology, presents his poster on ‘Proto-Language as a Structurer and Enhancer of Perception’. You can view the poster on Cambridge Open Engage at https://www.cambridge.org/engage/coe/article-details/6197b6f047f47d8e22a896f1

Language, and our perception of it, has gone through some big changes over the last decade, especially as we communicate more over text. As you may have noticed, the smallest punctuation marks can now make the difference between sounding friendly or angry. We're talking about this evolution with the “Grammar Girl” herself, Mignon Fogarty. She's celebrating 15 years of her award-winning podcast. She has also written seven books about grammar and she's even shared her grammar expertise with Oprah Winfrey. Mignon explains the common mistakes we all make and whether it's ever ok to correct someone else's grammar. This episode is brought to you by HelloFresh.com/NEWSWORTHY14 and Noom.com/newsworthy  Get ad-free episodes by becoming an insider: www.theNewsWorthy.com/insider 

How did we evolve to be the way we are? I'm joined by international award winning philosopher on evolutionary science Dr Kim Sterelny and international acclaimed comedian Tom Ballard to find out. Guest comedian:  Tom Ballard is one of Australia's most decorated comedians who has been selling out shows and winning awards around the world for over a decade. His accolades include (but aren't limited to) Best Newcomer Winner at Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Best Show Winner at Sydney Comedy Festival and Best Show Nominee at Edinburgh Comedy Festival. When he's not on stage Tom is a regular on TV and Radio and also hosts the brilliant 'Like I'm a Six-Year-Old' podcast.Tom has upcoming tours scheduled in Brisbane and Sydney and is filming his show across two nights in Melbourne. You can learn more on his website. Or check out his Facebook, Instagram or TwitterGuest expert: Professor Kim Sterelny is arguably one of the most influential thinkers and academics of our generation. He is the winner of multiple international awards in science and philosophy, including the Jean-Nicod Prize and Lakatos Award. Kim is currently a Chief Investigator and leader of the Language Evolution program at the ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language. He is also an ARC Laureate Professor at the ANU School of Philosophy. His latest book The Pleistocene Social Contract: Culture and Cooperation in Human Evolution has just been published by Oxford University Press.His research interests have always been in the border areas between philosophy and the sciences; most of his research and graduate supervision has been in philosophy of biology and the philosophy of the cognitive sciences. In the last decade and a half, he has been particularly interested in human evolution and in understanding the the evolution of the distinctive features of human social life, and of the cognitive capacities that make that life possible.He is the author of The Representational Theory of Mind; the co-author of Language and Reality (with Michael Devitt); Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology (with Paul Griffiths); Thought in a Hostile World (which won the 2003 Lakatos Prize); What is Biodiversity (with James MacLaurin); Dawkins vs Gould; and The Evolved Apprentice (the book of the 2009 Nicod Prize Lectures). He is Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, and the Royal Society of New Zealand. In addition to philosophy, Kim spends his time eating curries,drinking red wine, bushwalking, snorkelling and bird watching.

In this episode, I talked about the evolution of the Dart programming language.The Dart language improves greatly from release to release. Since 2.0, Dart has a sound type system. Since then, many valuable features were added to the language, for example int-to-double conversion, set literals, as well as operators to improve code that performs list manipulation: the spread operator, collection if and for operators. Extension methods were a great addition to the language and they enable you to add any functionality to any type, even types you don't own, thus making your code very expressive. Since Dart 2.12, the language supports sound null safety. When you opt into null safety, types in your code are non-nullable by default, meaning that variables can't contain null unless you say they can. With null safety, your runtime null-dereference errors turn into edit-time analysis errors.This podcast episode builds heavily on the official Dart documentation and version announcements.ResourcesDart language evolutionNull Safety with Randal Schwartz - Flutter 101 PodcastWikipedia on DartMy poll about Dart from the Flutter Munich meetupsGreat packages with extension methodstimedartxkt.dartDart announcementsDart 2.13 - New type aliases language feature, improved Dart FFIDart 2.12 - Sound null safety and Dart FFI ship to the stable channel.Dart 2.7 - A safer, more expressive DartDart 2.3  - Optimized for building user interfacesDart 2.0 - Optimized for client-side developmentOptional semicolons issue on GitHubHost: Vince VargaTwitter @vincevargadevGitHub @vincevargadevLinkedIn @vincevargadev

Nick talks to biological anthropologist and cognitive scientist, Terrence Deacon. The conversation focuses on ideas from Terrence's book, "The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain." They spend nearly three hours talking about the origins of language. Topics include: what is language and how does it differ from animal communication? How do children acquire language so easily at a young age? What is symbolic cognition, how is it different from other forms of cognition, and how did this unlock our ability to evolve language?USEFUL LINKS:Download the podcast & follow Nick at his website[www.nickjikomes.com]Support the show on Patreon & get early access to episodes[https://www.patreon.com/nickjikomes]Sign up for the weekly Mind & Matter newsletter[http://eepurl.com/hFlc7H]Try MUD/WTR, a mushroom-based coffee alternative[https://www.mudwtr.com/mindmatter]Discount Code ($5 off) = MINDMATTEROrganize your digital highlights & notes w/ Readwise (2 months free w/ subscription)[https://readwise.io/nickjikomes/]Start your own podcast (get $20 Amazon gift card after signup)[https://www.buzzsprout.com/?referrer_id=1507198]Buy Mind & Matter T-Shirts[https://www.etsy.com/shop/OURMIND?ref=simple-shop-header-name&listing_id=1036758072§ion_id=34648633]Connect with Nick Jikomes on Twitter[https://twitter.com/trikomes]​​​Learn more about our podcast sponsor, Dosist[https://dosist.com/]ABOUT Nick Jikomes:Nick is a neuroscientist and podcast host. He is currently Director of Science & Innovation at Leafly, a technology startup in the legal cannabis industry. He received a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from Harvard University and a B.S. in Genetics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/nickjikomes)

Grady McMurtry talks about the tower of Babel, and how many languages would have existed after god confused them.

In 1986, Nicaraguan officials invited American linguist Judy Shepard-Kegl to observe a group of Deaf children. The kids were using an unrecognizable signing system. Over the following years, Shepard-Kegl and other linguists found themselves uniquely placed to observe what they came to realize was the emergence of a new language. Today, Nicaraguan Sign Language has its own complex grammar and a broad vocabulary. What can it tell us about how languages evolve? Photo of Deaf youth with Deaf outreach workers in rural Nicaragua courtesy of Nicaraguan Sign Language Projects, Inc. Music by Blue Dot Sessions, Podington Bear and Martin Klem. Read a transcript of this episode here.

In 1986, Nicaraguan officials invited American linguist Judy Shepard-Kegl to observe a group of Deaf children. The kids were using an unrecognizable signing system. Over the following years, Shepard-Kegl and other linguists found themselves uniquely placed to observe what they came to realize was the emergence of a new language. Today, Nicaraguan Sign Language has […]

Speaker introduction

In this episode, guests Andrew Wilson and Jennifer Culbertson talk about linguistics, widening participation, dog borrowing and more.Andrew is the President of Edinburgh University Students’ Association for 2019/20. Pausing his studies in English Language and Linguistics this academic year, Andrew’s instead been focused on widening participation to higher education and making the cost of student living more affordable. Jennifer is a Reader in the Centre for Language Evolution at the University of Edinburgh. Her research focuses on understanding how languages are shaped by learning and use. In 2019 she won the Chancellor’s Award for Rising Star, recognising outstanding contribution towards enhancing the research reputation of the University.She received her PhD in Cognitive Science from Johns Hopkins University in her hometown of Baltimore, Maryland.Each episode of Sharing things is a conversation between two members of our university community. It could be a student, a member of staff or a graduate, the only thing they have in common at the beginning is Edinburgh. We start with an object. A special, treasured or significant item that we have asked each guest to bring to the conversation. What happens next is sometimes funny, sometimes moving and always unexpected. Find out more at www.ed.ac.uk/sharing-things-podcastAll episodes of season two of Sharing things were recorded before the 23 March 2020 (COVID-19 lockdown in the UK).

The economics of language may not yet be a mainstream subfield of economics. In this interview, Andrew John discusses the following questions: how do economic analysis and economic reasoning provide insight into linguistic phenomena? How does economics and economic models shed light on language change?

PHP Internals News: Episode 45: Language Evolution Overview Proposal London, UK Thursday, March 19th 2020, 09:08 GMT In this episode of "PHP Internals News" I chat with Nikita Popov (Twitter, GitHub, Website) about the Language Evolution Overview Proposal RFC. The RSS feed for this podcast is https://derickrethans.nl/feed-phpinternalsnews.xml, you can download this episode's MP3 file, and it's available on Spotify and iTunes. There is a dedicated website: https://phpinternals.news Transcript Derick Rethans 0:16 Hi, I'm Derick. And this is PHP internals news, a weekly podcast dedicated to demystifying the development of the PHP language. This is Episode 45. Today I'm talking with Nikita Popov yet again about a non technical RFC that he's produced titled language evolution overview. Somewhere last year, there was a big discussion about P++, an alternative ID of how to deal with improving PHP as a language but also still think about how some other people already use PHP and I don't really want to change how they currently use PHP. Like then I didn't really have an episode about that because I'd like to keep politics out of this podcast, or definitely PHP's internals politics. I do think that we realised at that moment that something did have to happen, because there's not really policy about when we can add things, when we can remove things, and so on. So I was quite pleased to see that you have come up with a quite wordy RFC, not talking about anything technical, but more looking forward of were will see PHP in the near or medium future, I would say. What are your thoughts about making this RFC to start with? Nikita Popov 1:29 As you mentioned we had some pretty, let's say heated discussions last year, concerning especially backwards incompatible changes. So there were a number of very, very contentious RFCs. One of them was the short opentags removal, and another one was the classification of undefined variable warnings. So whether those should throw or not throw, and well basic contention is this that PHP is a by now pretty old language, 25 years old. And we can all admit that it's not the language with the best design. So it has evolved relatively organically with quite a few words, and the famous inconsistencies. And now we have this problem where we would like to resolve some of these long standing issues. Many of them are genuine problems that are introducing bugs in code, that reduce developer productivity. But at the same time, we have a huge amount of legacy code. So there are probably many hundreds of millions of lines of PHP code. And every time we do a backwards compatibility break, that code has to be updated, or more realistically, that code does not get updated and keeps hitting on old PHP version that, at some point also drops out of security support. And now the question is how can we fix the problems that PHP has, while still allowing this legacy code to update their PHP version. The general idea of how to fix this is to make certain backwards compatibility breaks opt in. By default, you just get the old behaviour, but you can specify in some way, exactly how it's done doesn't really matter at this point, that you want to opt into some kind of change or improvement. Derick Rethans 3:34 As one example being the strict types that have been introduced in PHP that you need to turn on with a switch with a declare switch. Nikita Popov 3:42 Strict types is really a great example because it has the important characteristic that has done per file. So you can turn on the strict types in one file and not affect any other code, at least in theory. So there are some edge cases, but I think like mostly you can just enable strict types in your library and you don't affect any other library that the project uses. We would like to extend this concept. It should be possible that libraries can update to your language, well, it's called language dialect without forcing other libraries or without forcing the using codes to update as well. Because this is what we have to do right now, though, before you can update your project to PHP eight, let's say, you first have to wait that all the libraries you're using update to PHP eight. And maybe there are libraries that are going to update but also say that: Okay, now actually PHP eight is required. And then you kind of get these complex dependencies with libraries supporting these versions and not supporting those versions, and doing updates becomes pretty hard. As I said, the idea is to make the these backwards incompatible changes opt in some way, and there are multiple general models. So as you mentioned, P++ is the most radical approach. It's more or less a separate language but sharing the same implementation. And as the name suggests that this is inspired by C and C++. So those are usually implemented in the same compiler. And they can be interoperable in a limited way, mostly in that you can use C code inside C++ easily. Using C++ code inside C code tends to be much harder. Yeah, P++ is, I think the option we are pretty unlikely to take for a couple of reasons, because it's this kind of one time huge break which first means that we only have one chance to get it right, and given all the track record, we should maybe not rely on that. Also means that the upgrade becomes especially hard because you have to do everything at once. It's not spread out over a longer time. Derick Rethans 5:54 You say that we need to get it right in one go, but that is hard to say because you don't know, in the future what else we want to add? Like the RFC mentions a few few other cases, like, for example, things like forbidding dynamic Object Properties, we'd have to do right away now as well, if he'd go with the two languages one implementation phase, right? I mean, if we hadn't thought about it, nobody would have thought about it after the split as we made, we'd still not be able to do it. Nikita Popov 6:20 That's true. So P++ is, one time, one time solution. It doesn't really scale over time. I mean, there are also other concerns. And I think like in the end, one of the big ones is just that we don't have the resources for it anyway. So we have only maybe three full time developers on PHP. And I don't think we want to start focusing on this huge separate language more or less. Now we're just going to take a couple of years. Next to having this entirely separate language, there are two other ways to approach the problem. One is editions, which is a concept used by the rust programming language. The idea there is that next to the version, which is more or less than implementation version, you also have this edition, which is a completely orthogonal concept. Basically, we will say: okay right now we are for example at edition zero. And then in addition one you opt into some kind of set of backwards incompatible changes. Then in addition two, there are more backwards incompatible changes, and so on. Each edition is essentially a superset of the previous one. Derick Rethans 7:32 Would it also mean you couldn't get new features in a new edition or is it purely about making backwards incompatible changes? Nikita Popov 7:40 So, this is purely about backwards compatibility. So, if a new feature can be added without breakage then should always be available. The editions switch would only control the backwards incompatible parts. This is to contrast with the second approach, which is to have fine grained declare statements. As you already mentioned, we have the existing strict types directive and we could continue down the same path. So, we could add new declare for no dynamic Object Properties equals one, and then for a strict operators equals one, and for whatever else equals one. And then you would have this long list of possible declares, with which you could enable or disable some particular bit of language behaviour. Derick Rethans 8:26 Then I can imagine that in another five years, that list might be 20 options long. Nikita Popov 8:31 Right. So, the concern there is of course, one part is maintenance, because we have to support basically an exponential combination of different options. And the other is from the programmer perspective, that the like mental model becomes more complicated because you have to keep in mind like which exact set of declares am I using right now? I should say, though, that this model is actually used by Python. Because Python has this import or use from future feature. So there is basically this magic module __future from which you can import language features that will become the default in newer Python versions. For example, you can import the new integer division behaviour inside an older version. This is more or less the same as doing the declares, the fine grained declares, just with a different syntax and with the I think, stronger focus that the behaviour is going to become the default in the future version. Derick Rethans 9:38 So basically, you're opting into experimental functions really? Nikita Popov 9:41 Could be either experimental functions, or it could be really functions from newer versions. In particular Python, also for a while had parallel development of Python 2 and Python 3, in which context this probably makes more sense. Derick Rethans 9:56 There's pretty much three options that the RFC mentions: a new language common implementation or the PHP / P++ option, the editions, and the fine grained declares. These are all still going to be based per file? Nikita Popov 10:12 So that's the second large question, what is the general model? And the second one is where we declare it. The approach I was initially pursuing was to have this declare it at the package level. So for a whole library or for for a whole project. Derick Rethans 10:32 How would you define what a package is? Nikita Popov 10:33 We have namespaces. And there is a somewhat loose coupling between namespaces and packages. So I have an old RFC for a namespace scope declares, where you could, for example, specify strict types for whole namespace, which is, I think, maybe the most natural way to treat packages right now, because this is the closest thing to a package we have. Fortunately, it does have a few issues. One of them is that this namespace package mapping is not always there. So there are packages that have some somewhat odd nesting of name spaces. And I've also heard that some people, for example, define their models inside the Doctrine name space, because they're, you know, extend their classes. So they also put them the namespace. Of course, you shouldn't do that. But it's things that could happen, because we don't really have this enforcement that the namespace really is a package. And then there are also technical concerns, because right now, namespaces are really just a compile time thing to handle name resolution, and now they kind of turn into a feature that also has some kind of runtime impact. And you have to consider things like what happens if you have multiple namespaces in the same file, and also other considerations, like what happens if the names namespace is first used, and you issue some namespace scope declares afterwards. All that can be resolved, but it makes the model somewhat more complicated. Derick Rethans 11:53 And I guess you end up having to declare these namespace scope declares maybe in a separate file or something like that? Nikita Popov 12:14 At least what I have in mind that is that you would declare them in composer.json, and Composer would then take care of registering them with PHP itself. Of course, you could also do that manually, which are not using Composer but that at least was the 95% use case. Derick Rethans 12:31 In applications that make use of Composer, it is very likely that Composer knows about all the libraries that a specific application uses, and hence will be able to construct an array, where it can tell PHP by calling a function declaring all the different options or editions of whatever that end's up being. Nikita Popov 12:49 So that's one of the approaches. There are also some alternatives. One is to instead introduce an actual package concept. One of the possibilities is to basically: add an extra line to each file, which says package and the package name. So that really removes any and all ambiguities. But you do have to add that extra line, which serves some very limited purpose. And basically only for these package scope declares, could maybe also be used for some extra features, like, package private symbols. Derick Rethans 13:23 But it would also instantly make that code base non-parsable with older PHP versions. Nikita Popov 13:28 That's also true, right. But that's a general problem that most approaches I think, would have. So namespace scope declares is one that doesn't have it, but even the per file approach would have this problem because if you write for example, declare edition, then you would right now on PHP seven get the warning that the edition declare is not known. Yeah, last variant that I'm discussing here is to make packages based on the file system, which is something many other languages do. So you have some kind of magic file somewhere that says okay, this directory and all the sub directories are part of the package. In PHP, this kind of file system based approach is somewhat problematic, because our include mechanism is not really based on the file system but on fairly general stream abstraction. You can include from the file system, you can include, if you're really crazy from HTTP, but you can also include from Phar files, from an input stream, or from some kind of custom defined stream. These file system based packages require some additional operations to be well defined. So they have to have a notion of path canonicalization so you can determine whether a file is inside the directory, even if there are things like symlinks or the file system is case insensitive. Which does exist for the file system. So we have the real path syscall, but doesn't exist for streams right now. And a similar problem is that we need to be able to walk up from a path to the directories. And that's also something that doesn't exist for streams. And like more generally, not all streams really have a well defined concept of a directory. For example, if you are reading a file from stdin, so the stdin or the input stream, then there is no directory and like, which package is that going to be in? Derick Rethans 15:31 I think it would be hard to end up debugging at some point. So why some things don't actually end up being in a package where you expect them to be, for example. And then on top of that, you also need to define: Well, how do I call this file and things like that, right? I mean, a PHP script wouldn't be just a single file, for example, would be a single file and this extra definition file. And that's the concept of course that we don't have in PHP at all. Everything is on profile pretty much. Nikita Popov 15:56 Which is why at least to right now. I think, like the immediate way forward, is to use per file declares. So if we don't use the fine grained declare approach, and instead have a single edition, then it's not really a problem to put the declare edition inside every file, because this is already what we do for strict types. It's like not super ergonomic. But I think it's also not a huge problem. And it does have the one very big advantage that files are and remain self contained. So you don't have to consult an external definition that may be hard to locate to figure out how to process. Derick Rethans 16:36 And every IDE or tool would have to implement that same logic and make sure that it's all consistent with each other as well. Nikita Popov 16:43 I wouldn't say it's really hard, but it might be somewhat fragile, especially when it comes to convention. I said if we put things in composer.json, there's probably something tooling can easily deal with. But if you then encounter a project that doesn't use Composer and uses as some other way to register the package declares, then you might run into problems. Derick Rethans 17:09 Lots of things to talk about and discuss at some point. As you submitted this RFC to the mailing list some time ago now, what is sort of the feedback that you're getting on this? Nikita Popov 17:19 So I think the general direction, at least this pretty clear. Most of the discussion is focused on the addition concept, not the finger in declaratives, or the P++. I think for now, we would also go with the per file approach. Now, the main two points that remain contentious is: first, how does the support timeline look like? So basically, the concept of editions just enables different libraries to upgrade independently. That's the core premise. But at least in Rust additionally editions of are also guaranteed to be supported forever. So you can leave your old code running on the old edition, and you do not have to ever update it. Derick Rethans 18:10 How often do they make new editions? Every three years? Nikita Popov 18:13 Yeah, it's not quite clear yet, but probably it's going to be every three years. And now for us, the question is, well, do we want to support old editions forever? Or do we want to give them a finite lifetime? Say we introduced a new edition in PHP eight, and then we supported until PHP nine. That means code can take its time to do the necessary updates, but it does have to do the updates at some point. Derick Rethans 18:37 But you'd have five years? Nikita Popov 18:39 It's more of the general question of if it's forever or if it's limited. So I think based on the discussion, there is a pretty strong preference to not support them forever. Derick Rethans 18:51 But for how long then? I mean, it must be longer than what we support a normal PHP version for, right? Nikita Popov 18:56 Yeah, would expect it to be something like a major version cycle. The second question is related to the strict types, as you said, strict types is like an existing example of a mechanism that works like this. And now we're introducing a second mechanism with the same basic characteristics. Are we going to merge them or not? Would we say that, in the new edition that strict types is enabled by default, or even always enabled? If we do that, and we say that additions have limited support life, that means that strict types is going to become the only option in the future at some point, at least. You can imagine that this is somewhat contentious because there are quite a lot of people who consider weak types to still be the superior option. Derick Rethans 19:49 Whenever I go speak at conferences or user groups, that's not the case. One question is, which keeps recurring always is: Why isn't this the default in PHP eight? I think there's an expectation that strict title at some point is going to be turned on by default. Nikita Popov 20:04 Yeah, and the thing, this is where people disagree whether this expectation is this or not. So there are plenty of people in the discussion thread, well, by plenty I mean, at least two, who strongly think that strict types should remain an option. I mean, PHP of deals with often deals with input coming from HTTP or from a database which is usually coming in as a string. And they think that the typecast you have to do to make that work with strict types actually kind of weaken the type safety guarantees, because if you perform an explicit cast, then that cast is performed basically without any checks. So you can like take a completely non numeric string cast it to integer and you will get zero without any warning or whatever. While even in weak typing mode, that would still result in an error. Derick Rethans 20:58 It's a curious thing actually when you mention databases because, of course databases, you've defined very strict types for your data in them. It's just that it's interesting that PHP's interface to most of these old SQL databases, just decided to always turn into a string. Nikita Popov 21:14 It's it does actually support returning things in they're like native type. Derick Rethans 21:20 With PDO, yes. Nikita Popov 21:21 But under options, and I think it's also like dependent on whether you do emulation or not, and stuff like that. And you have all these different drivers that have differing support for that. But yeah, to get back to strict types, but one of the options is to really keep editions and strict types separate, and also evolve the strict and the non strict mode independently. So you could say that in the new edition, the strict typing mode becomes stricter, for example, by also extending to operators, arithmetic operators, not just to function arguments, but that of course doesn't mean that: Yeah, we saying strict types of states exist forever as a separate track of language. Derick Rethans 22:06 Yeah, that's an interesting one. I'm not sure how to get to a conclusion there actually. Because there's always going to be people on each side side. Nikita Popov 22:13 Yeah. Derick Rethans 22:13 Would you think that this language evolution overview proposal would have been decided on which way to go by the time feature freeze for PHP eight comes around? Nikita Popov 22:23 I think it would be pretty good to have this for PHP eight, because well, it's new major version and the time to introduce this kind of concept. I should say, though, that we already have quite a few backwards incompatible changes in PHP eight, and at least some of them are, like, we are definitely not going to retrofit them into the editions concept. So there are already certainly going to be breaking changes there. Derick Rethans 22:52 Why wouldn't you retrofit them? I mean, if we end up deciding a PHP eight will have these editions, would they not be part of that or would they always end up breaking anyway? Because it seems like a sort of an ideal place to then do it. Nikita Popov 23:05 And yeah, problem is just that the there are some quite extensive changes, especially when it comes to warnings versus exceptions, and will just be like a lot of efforts to get this under an edition flag and to support both behaviours there. Maybe some of the existing changes could be moved into there, with not a huge amount of effort. But I think there are definitely going to be some like hard edition independent breaking changes. Derick Rethans 23:37 New major PHP versions still might have some backward breaking changes independently from when we do the editions or not, or more declares or not? Nikita Popov 23:46 Yeah, that's like one more question, what exactly is the scope of editions? What goes into the edition, what doesn't go into there? I mean, there is always a cost to ending something with this mechanism. One is just maintenance for us. And of course that like user has to consider more different versions of the language. And I think one particularly large aspect that would likely never fall under edition concept is changes to the standard library. So additions work well for language changes, but I don't think they really make sense for a standard library changes. So everything that involves depreciations, or functions with eventual removal would not be covered for that. Derick Rethans 24:31 Do you have an example of such a change in the standard library that PHP eight might have? Nikita Popov 24:36 What I just said might as the general that, usually in every PHP version, we deprecate a bunch of functions and are going to remove them at some point. And these deprecations are like going to apply independently of what edition you set. Actual changes in terms of like real behaviour changes of the standard library I think that's something we quite rarely do. Actual changes to the standard library where the behaviour of a function is changed. That's something we generally try to avoid. Specifically because this causes relatively subtle backwards compatibility breaks. So usually we will either do changes by introducing a new flag or a new function, or by deprecating the functionality entirely. Even when it comes to language changes, there is like I know one example. And the discussion was, well, if we had the edition concept, and we wanted to introduce something like traits, the trait functionality in general is not backwards compatibility breaking. But the trait feature does introduce two new reserved keywords, which is trait and insteadof. So there is technically a backwards compatibility break even though it's finer. And now you have the trade off. Do you introduce traits in the new edition and only reserve the keywords there, thus removing any backwards compatibility break. Or do you you introduce it always, which means that everyone can benefit from it, even if they haven't updated the code to the new edition yet. But it does introduce the small backwards compatibility break. And then you get this trade off and the discussion what you should be doing about that. Derick Rethans 26:17 I think making that kind of decisions will have to be done based on evidence. And I think in the past you've used the top thousand projects on GitHub and see whether things break or not to make a decision. For example, having the nested, or the triple, quadruple nested ternary. Anytime people use it, it's pretty much a bug in the code. Nikita Popov 26:36 Yeah, so to give one example, in PHP 7.4, we introduced the short closure syntax with the fn keyword, and they're the source code analysis showed that basically, fn is not used outside of tests, apart from one library, which is my own. Which does have quite a few dependencies. And that library was indeed broken essentially completely by that change. So in that case, I think there might have been an argument that this feature should be introduced under an edition, because there is like evidence of actual breakage in the wild. Derick Rethans 27:14 This is one of us trying to get it right. We now have evidence for it. Nikita Popov 27:18 And probably like the insteadof keyword for traits, that there's much less problematic. Derick Rethans 27:24 Again, as I say, it's the data that speaks that there right? That was quite a bit to go through. I'm curious to see where those discussions ends up going. Hopefully, we get to a conclusion somewhere in the next few months and ready for PHP 8.0. Who knows? Maybe we have another podcast episode where we introduce a new editions concept. Nikita Popov 27:43 So this is probably my most vague RFC, with a somewhat unclear goal and the somewhat unclear discussion outcome. Derick Rethans 27:53 Do you have anything else to add to this discussion that we've missed? Nikita Popov 27:55 I think there is just one thing maybe worth mentioning, which Rust uses pretty extensively, which has automatic upgrades. So they have some tooling to do that, which is mostly reliable. And I think it would be pretty nice if in PHP, we had something similar. In PHP, we can't really make this reliable because language is just way too dynamic. And we actually do have some tooling in the form of the rector library. But we might want to think about providing something under the PHP project umbrella that is more geared towards like doing updates that are as safe as possible. So you can run them without thinking but still reduce your loads some what. Derick Rethans 28:40 And that is something that is definitely for the future. Thanks for talking to me about the language evolution overview proposal. Nikita Popov 28:46 Thanks for having me, Derick. Derick Rethans 28:53 Thanks for listening to this instalment of PHP internals news, the weekly podcast dedicated to demystifying the development of the PHP line. I maintain a Patreon account for supporters of this podcast, as well as the Xdebug debugging tool. You can sign up for Patreon at https://drck.me/patreon. If you have comments or suggestions, feel free to email them to derick@phpinternals.news. Thank you for listening, and I'll see you next week. Show Notes RFC: Language Evolution Overview Proposal Rector PHP Library Credits Music: Chipper Doodle v2 — Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) — Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0

Link to the full conversation

Keynote lecture by Prof. Kenny Smith, Centre for Language Evolution, University of Edinburgh

This movie Not well reviewed. Will Smith’s “painful failure.” The real twist is the lack of explanation for things. Jaden Smith wisdom. Accent and language The future “language” in the film. The difference between accent and dialect. how languages change over time, by example. Trying to understand original spoken Shakespeare and generally succeeding. Trying to understand original spoken Beowulf and completely failing. The mutual intelligibility of Old Norse and Old English. Creatures Surprise! There are aliens and they want to kill us. Engineered animal-weapons (the “Ursa”). Improving the Ursa design: giving guns to blind animals for fun and profit. Komodo dragon-mode leeches. Evolving from parasite to hunter. The combat techniques of butt-spiking murderbirds (shrikes). Pheromones “Smelly handshakes.” Mammary pheromone response in human infants. Getting used to stinky things. Tales of accidental moth pheromone pranks. Quarantine earth Surprising evolutionary directions in the absence of humanity. Even a thousand years later, baboons still don’t appreciate getting hit with rocks. Atmosphere The dangers of low atmospheric oxygen. Using the top of Everest as marker for O2 danger. Climbing Everest in shorts. Lion scent-marking with non-scientific audio: YouTube Eddie Izzard "Babies on spikes" bit without any context: YouTube "Butchering Bird" (the shrike): YouTube In Our Time - Pheromones: BBC Support the show!

Panel: Charles Max Wood Dave Kimura Eric Berry Catherine Meyers David Richards Special Guests: Victor Shepelev In this episode of Ruby Rogues, the panelists talk to Victor Shepelev about functional programming in Ruby. Victor is a Ukrainian programmer and poet who has been programming since he was a child. He has been programming with Ruby for the past 12 years and has contributed a lot to the open source community, as well as mentors and participates in discussions about Ruby’s progress. They talk about how to approach functional programming in Ruby, changes Victor hopes to see in Ruby, and more! In particular, we dive pretty deep on: Victor intro What is functional programming in terms of Ruby? Used to be a computer journalist and historian of programming languages Higher-order functions Functional style of programming was possible from the beginning in Ruby Haskell Functional style in any language Making the functional style more natural in the future His current interests Is pattern matching something you would like to see changed? What are some changes in Ruby that you would like to see? What is pattern-matching? Seeing code in a more idiomatic way Still a lot of discussions happening Immutable objects Speeding up Ruby The more functional Ruby is becoming, the more room for optimization there is Writing at a higher level Elixir Gentle extension to what is already there The “old self” And much, much more! Links: Ruby Haskell Elixir Victor’s GitHub @zverok zverok.github.io Sponsors FreshBooks Linode Loot Crate Picks: Charles Crucial Accountability by Kerry Patterson Dave Gila Tint for Garage Door Windows David Flow by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Eric Ellington gem Catherine Ruby versus the Titans of FP by Cassandra Cruz – RubyConf 2016 Talk Radical Candor by Kim Scott Victor Victor’s GitHub Reality

Panel: Charles Max Wood Dave Kimura Eric Berry Catherine Meyers David Richards Special Guests: Victor Shepelev In this episode of Ruby Rogues, the panelists talk to Victor Shepelev about functional programming in Ruby. Victor is a Ukrainian programmer and poet who has been programming since he was a child. He has been programming with Ruby for the past 12 years and has contributed a lot to the open source community, as well as mentors and participates in discussions about Ruby’s progress. They talk about how to approach functional programming in Ruby, changes Victor hopes to see in Ruby, and more! In particular, we dive pretty deep on: Victor intro What is functional programming in terms of Ruby? Used to be a computer journalist and historian of programming languages Higher-order functions Functional style of programming was possible from the beginning in Ruby Haskell Functional style in any language Making the functional style more natural in the future His current interests Is pattern matching something you would like to see changed? What are some changes in Ruby that you would like to see? What is pattern-matching? Seeing code in a more idiomatic way Still a lot of discussions happening Immutable objects Speeding up Ruby The more functional Ruby is becoming, the more room for optimization there is Writing at a higher level Elixir Gentle extension to what is already there The “old self” And much, much more! Links: Ruby Haskell Elixir Victor’s GitHub @zverok zverok.github.io Sponsors FreshBooks Linode Loot Crate Picks: Charles Crucial Accountability by Kerry Patterson Dave Gila Tint for Garage Door Windows David Flow by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Eric Ellington gem Catherine Ruby versus the Titans of FP by Cassandra Cruz – RubyConf 2016 Talk Radical Candor by Kim Scott Victor Victor’s GitHub Reality

Panel: Charles Max Wood Dave Kimura Eric Berry Catherine Meyers David Richards Special Guests: Victor Shepelev In this episode of Ruby Rogues, the panelists talk to Victor Shepelev about functional programming in Ruby. Victor is a Ukrainian programmer and poet who has been programming since he was a child. He has been programming with Ruby for the past 12 years and has contributed a lot to the open source community, as well as mentors and participates in discussions about Ruby’s progress. They talk about how to approach functional programming in Ruby, changes Victor hopes to see in Ruby, and more! In particular, we dive pretty deep on: Victor intro What is functional programming in terms of Ruby? Used to be a computer journalist and historian of programming languages Higher-order functions Functional style of programming was possible from the beginning in Ruby Haskell Functional style in any language Making the functional style more natural in the future His current interests Is pattern matching something you would like to see changed? What are some changes in Ruby that you would like to see? What is pattern-matching? Seeing code in a more idiomatic way Still a lot of discussions happening Immutable objects Speeding up Ruby The more functional Ruby is becoming, the more room for optimization there is Writing at a higher level Elixir Gentle extension to what is already there The “old self” And much, much more! Links: Ruby Haskell Elixir Victor’s GitHub @zverok zverok.github.io Sponsors FreshBooks Linode Loot Crate Picks: Charles Crucial Accountability by Kerry Patterson Dave Gila Tint for Garage Door Windows David Flow by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Eric Ellington gem Catherine Ruby versus the Titans of FP by Cassandra Cruz – RubyConf 2016 Talk Radical Candor by Kim Scott Victor Victor’s GitHub Reality

Modern Languages and Literatures professor Yasaman Rafat is developing the Canadian Multilingual Speech Database, a site that collects and documents speech samples of multilingual immigrants who speak both in their native languages and English. Learn more about Yasaman Rafat's research: https://news.westernu.ca/2018/02/database-lends-ear-language-evolution-multilingual-immigrants/

Keeping up with different operating systems is hard enough, but how do you keep up with all of the new awesome features in C#, Swift, and all of the other amazing languages out there? We discuss how we do it and what is new in C# 7.1, 7.2, and take a glimpse into 8! Follow Us Frank: Twitter, Blog, GitHub James: Twitter, Blog, GitHub Music : Amethyst Seer - Citrine by Adventureface Proudly recorded on Zencastr

Keeping up with different operating systems is hard enough, but how do you keep up with all of the new awesome features in C#, Swift, and all of the other amazing languages out there? We discuss how we do it and what is new in C# 7.1, 7.2, and take a glimpse into 8! Follow Us Frank: Twitter, Blog, GitHub James: Twitter, Blog, GitHub Music : Amethyst Seer - Citrine by Adventureface Proudly recorded on Zencastr

02:00 - Gilad Bracha Introduction Twitter GitHub Blog Dart JavaScript Jabber Episode #008: V8 and Dart with Lars Bak and Kasper Lund Dartium 09:17 - Programming Language Evolution and Design Elm Ruby Rogues Episode #212: Elm with Richard Feldman and Evan Czaplicki 10:47 - Capabilities and Language Features Newspeak “Functional” 12:46 - Actors 16:41 - Live Programming Bret Victor on Live-Coding 19:07 - Smalltalk REPL (Read–eval–print loop) Monkey patching 29:01 - Designing a Language “Programming is an experience.” 38:59 - Complexity 42:41 - Newspeak (Con’t) 45:58 - Smalltalk or Newspeak? Squeak Pharo Dolphin Smalltalk VisualWorks 48:13 - How are programming languages like shrubberies Picks Stroopwafels (Chuck) Staked: The Iron Druid Chronicles by Kevin Hearne (Chuck) Calamity (The Reckoners) by Brandon Sanderson (Chuck) Katrina Owen: Here be Dragons (Jessica) The Slow Party Parrot Emoji (Jessica) Umberto Eco (Gilad)

02:00 - Gilad Bracha Introduction Twitter GitHub Blog Dart JavaScript Jabber Episode #008: V8 and Dart with Lars Bak and Kasper Lund Dartium 09:17 - Programming Language Evolution and Design Elm Ruby Rogues Episode #212: Elm with Richard Feldman and Evan Czaplicki 10:47 - Capabilities and Language Features Newspeak “Functional” 12:46 - Actors 16:41 - Live Programming Bret Victor on Live-Coding 19:07 - Smalltalk REPL (Read–eval–print loop) Monkey patching 29:01 - Designing a Language “Programming is an experience.” 38:59 - Complexity 42:41 - Newspeak (Con’t) 45:58 - Smalltalk or Newspeak? Squeak Pharo Dolphin Smalltalk VisualWorks 48:13 - How are programming languages like shrubberies Picks Stroopwafels (Chuck) Staked: The Iron Druid Chronicles by Kevin Hearne (Chuck) Calamity (The Reckoners) by Brandon Sanderson (Chuck) Katrina Owen: Here be Dragons (Jessica) The Slow Party Parrot Emoji (Jessica) Umberto Eco (Gilad)

02:00 - Gilad Bracha Introduction Twitter GitHub Blog Dart JavaScript Jabber Episode #008: V8 and Dart with Lars Bak and Kasper Lund Dartium 09:17 - Programming Language Evolution and Design Elm Ruby Rogues Episode #212: Elm with Richard Feldman and Evan Czaplicki 10:47 - Capabilities and Language Features Newspeak “Functional” 12:46 - Actors 16:41 - Live Programming Bret Victor on Live-Coding 19:07 - Smalltalk REPL (Read–eval–print loop) Monkey patching 29:01 - Designing a Language “Programming is an experience.” 38:59 - Complexity 42:41 - Newspeak (Con’t) 45:58 - Smalltalk or Newspeak? Squeak Pharo Dolphin Smalltalk VisualWorks 48:13 - How are programming languages like shrubberies Picks Stroopwafels (Chuck) Staked: The Iron Druid Chronicles by Kevin Hearne (Chuck) Calamity (The Reckoners) by Brandon Sanderson (Chuck) Katrina Owen: Here be Dragons (Jessica) The Slow Party Parrot Emoji (Jessica) Umberto Eco (Gilad)

How come humans learn to speak and use language in extraordinarily sophisticated ways, without any conscious effort, while other animals do not? Recent research suggests that the answer lies, in part, in our genes. And three generations of a British family held the key to discovering which gene. Neuroscientist Dr Frederique Liegeois joins Michael Rosen and Dr Laura Wright to discuss the genetic basis of language. Producer...Mary Ward-Lowery.

This CARTA symposium addresses the question of how human language came to have the kind of structure it has today, focusing on three sources of evidence. One source, which is discussed in these three talks, has to do with the ways languages get new structure not present in the language of the previous generation(s) of speakers or signers. Simon Kirby (Univ of Edinburgh) begins with an examination of Language Evolution in the Lab: The Emergence of Design Features, followed by Carmel O’Shannessy (Univ of Michigan) on Contact Languages and Light Warlpiri, and Ann Senghas (Barnard College) on Rethinking Recapitulation: Sources of Structure in Nicaraguan Sign Language. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 29393]

This CARTA symposium addresses the question of how human language came to have the kind of structure it has today, focusing on three sources of evidence. One source, which is discussed in these three talks, has to do with the ways languages get new structure not present in the language of the previous generation(s) of speakers or signers. Simon Kirby (Univ of Edinburgh) begins with an examination of Language Evolution in the Lab: The Emergence of Design Features, followed by Carmel O’Shannessy (Univ of Michigan) on Contact Languages and Light Warlpiri, and Ann Senghas (Barnard College) on Rethinking Recapitulation: Sources of Structure in Nicaraguan Sign Language. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 29393]

By realizing that cultural as well as biological evolution has a central role to play in the origins of language, Simon Kirby and his team have unlocked a method that allows them to observe the evolutionary emergence of language structure in miniature cultures that they have created in the lab. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 29397]

By realizing that cultural as well as biological evolution has a central role to play in the origins of language, Simon Kirby and his team have unlocked a method that allows them to observe the evolutionary emergence of language structure in miniature cultures that they have created in the lab. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 29397]

The ease with which certain sounds are produced in different climes plays a role in the development of spoken languages. Christopher Intagliata reports

The ease with which certain sounds are produced in different climes plays a role in the development of spoken languages. Christopher Intagliata reports

English is not a static language. New words, phrases and grammar rules are added all the time. In this episode we talk about why  we  must, evolve along with the beautiful, messy English to create effective marketing    More on this topic can be found here: http://www.roundpeg.biz/2013/09/grammar-rules-change-deal/

Language is a hallmark of modern humans: only humans have language. Yet, while no human society lacks a language, individual languages exhibit wide variety. In this, language differs greatly from bipedalism, the other hallmark of humans. Mark Aronoff, Stony Brook University, and Carol Padden, UC San Diego, explore the question of whether there is a relation between the variety among languages and genetic variation, concentrating on the emergence of sign languages in societies with a high incidence of deafness due to genetic traits. They show that the emergence of sign languages in such societies is also tied to a number of preexisting cultural factors. This type of interaction, where genetics and culture, both separately and together, provide the foundation for a particular type of language, has not previously received attention. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 24115]

Language is a hallmark of modern humans: only humans have language. Yet, while no human society lacks a language, individual languages exhibit wide variety. In this, language differs greatly from bipedalism, the other hallmark of humans. Mark Aronoff, Stony Brook University, and Carol Padden, UC San Diego, explore the question of whether there is a relation between the variety among languages and genetic variation, concentrating on the emergence of sign languages in societies with a high incidence of deafness due to genetic traits. They show that the emergence of sign languages in such societies is also tied to a number of preexisting cultural factors. This type of interaction, where genetics and culture, both separately and together, provide the foundation for a particular type of language, has not previously received attention. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 24115]

How cultural traditions have shaped, and continue to shape, our genomes with presentations on Genetic Impact of Culturally-Based Mating Systems (Marcus Feldman), The Grandmother Hypothesis and Rates of Aging (Kristen Hawkes), and Do Genetic Differences Affect Language Evolution? (Mark Aronoff and Carol Padden) Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 23905]

How cultural traditions have shaped, and continue to shape, our genomes with presentations on Genetic Impact of Culturally-Based Mating Systems (Marcus Feldman), The Grandmother Hypothesis and Rates of Aging (Kristen Hawkes), and Do Genetic Differences Affect Language Evolution? (Mark Aronoff and Carol Padden) Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 23905]

If you experience any technical difficulties with this video or would like to make an accessibility-related request, please send a message to digicomm@uchicago.edu. Partha Niyogi Memorial Conference: "Overview on Language Evolution". This conference is in honor of Partha Niyogi, the Louis Block Professor in Computer Science and Statistics at the University of Chicago. Partha lost his battle with cancer in October of 2010, at the age of 43. Partha made fundamental contributions to a variety of fields including language evolution, statistical inference, and speech recognition. The underlying themes of learning from observations and a rigorous basis for algorithms and models permeated his work.

If you experience any technical difficulties with this video or would like to make an accessibility-related request, please send a message to digicomm@uchicago.edu. Partha Niyogi Memorial Conference: "Overview on Language Evolution". This conference is in honor of Partha Niyogi, the Louis Block Professor in Computer Science and Statistics at the University of Chicago. Partha lost his battle with cancer in October of 2010, at the age of 43. Partha made fundamental contributions to a variety of fields including language evolution, statistical inference, and speech recognition. The underlying themes of learning from observations and a rigorous basis for algorithms and models permeated his work.

Illegal Argument Episode 74 MeatyTopic: Synchronization in P Modules (pdf link) The future is Polyglot Persistence not just NoSQL New Programmer Slang Stringly Typed Enums CDI worse than Spring for auto-wiring Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) How to earn more money? Language Evolution and the JVM POST vs PATCH - whats the deal with partial REST updates? Someone save us from REST

What reason do we have for calling language evolution "the hardest problem in science", and how do we propose to solve it?

Warnow, T (Texas) Tuesday 04 December 2007, 14:00-15:00 http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/programmes/PLG/warnow.html

➡️ Like The Podcast? Leave A Rating: https://ratethispodcast.com/successstoryIn this episode of "Success Story: Lessons," we'll speak to Valerie Fridland, Professor at University of Nevada, Reno. We delve into the evolution of language, focusing on how historically suppressed women's voices have paradoxically set the precedent for future speech patterns in men.• The Influence of Women in Language Evolution: Valerie Fridland explores how women, often in the role of homemakers and primary caregivers, have historically led language changes. This phenomenon, termed "intimate diversification," demonstrates how children initially adopt speech features from their mothers, influencing language trends across generations.• Leapfrogging in Speech Patterns: Fridland discusses the concept of 'leapfrogging', where women are typically a generation ahead in adopting speech features. These changes are then passed down to their children, and eventually, men catch up, establishing new linguistic norms.• Gendered Speech Features: The conversation also touches on how certain speech features become gender-specific. Fridland explains how sociocultural factors influence these trends, leading to variations in speech adopted by men and women.• Sociocultural Dynamics in Language: The discussion further delves into how ethnic and cultural backgrounds shape speech patterns, particularly among young men, influenced by a desire for solidarity and group identity.➡️ Show Linkshttps://successstorypodcast.comYouTube: https://youtu.be/BfkjIlAjha4Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/success-story-with-scott-d-clary/id1484783544Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7iVUYI1XzbKPYKiS4HAltfhttps://twitter.com/FridlandValerie/➡️ Watch the Podcast On Youtubehttps://www.youtube.com/c/scottdclaryOur Sponsors:* Check out HelloFresh: http://hellofresh.com* Check out Justin Wine and use my code SUCCESS15 for a great deal: https://www.justinwine.com/* Check out Miro: https://miro.com/Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy