Podcasts about Glycolysis

WHY AM I SO TIRED?   Understanding Fatigue in Female Runners: Episode 6, Season 4     In this episode of the Women's Running Collective podcast, hosts Hayley and Justine discuss their weekly running routines, including group runs, hill sessions, and the importance of tempo runs for stamina. They reflect on the challenges of maintaining energy levels, especially when dealing with family and daily responsibilities.   Justine who is a health practitioner delves into the common issue of fatigue among female runners, exploring various physiological causes such as low blood sugar, glycolysis, iron and B12 deficiencies, hormonal imbalances (cortisol, thyroid, insulin, and sex hormones), overtraining, and the impact of alcohol. They emphasise the importance of proper nutrition, routine blood tests, and respectful rest and recovery. The episode concludes with practical recommendations for managing fatigue, such as staying hydrated, limiting alcohol consumption, and seeking professional advice on nutrition and supplementation.   00:00 Introduction and Episode Start 00:38 Weekly Running Recap 02:08 Discussing Running Challenges 03:54 Upcoming Long Run Plans 04:33 Main Topic: Fatigue in Women Runners 08:18 Understanding Low Blood Sugar 09:27 Glycolysis and Energy Production 12:29 Iron and B12 Deficiencies 18:01 Hormonal Imbalances and Fatigue 23:22 Understanding Fatigue and Metabolism 23:44 Insulin Imbalance and Under-fueling 26:52 Hormonal Imbalances and Their Effects 30:14 Overtraining Syndrome 33:55 Alcohol and Its Impact on Fatigue 36:26 Practical Tips and Recommendations 41:05 Listener Questions and Recommendations   Hayleys sparkling water recco is Aldi Northbrook Sparkling Water 8    Link to Nicole running nutrition https://www.instagram.com/total.balance.nutrition/   socks https://feetures.com.au/collections/womens-mini-crew-socks  

Stephanie Seneff introduces Deutenomics, a groundbreaking field reshaping our understanding of biology and medicine. Discover how this revolutionary science could transform health and disease management. #Deutenomics #BiologyRevolution #MedicalInnovation

This podcast covers the allosteric regulation of Phosphofructokinase 1( PFK-1). A key allosteric activator is F2,6 bis-phosphate, which is produced by PFK-2 in the well-fed state. The production of this molecule is increased by the dephosphorylation of PFK-2, the enzyme responsible for its production. insulin will activate this enzyme by promoting g its dephodphorylation.Thus resulting in higher levels of F2, 6 bis-phosphate in the cytoplasm and resulting in the activation of PFK-1 and Glycolysis.

In this week's episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Ben Bikman clarifies misconceptions about lactate metabolism, emphasizing that there is no lactic acid in the human body—only lactate.He explains that lactate is the end product of non-oxidative glycolysis, produced when cells, particularly muscles and red blood cells, require quick ATP energy. Dr. Bikman highlights that lactate production occurs during high-intensity activities where energy demand exceeds the capacity of mitochondria to generate ATP efficiently.Contrary to popular belief, lactate is not responsible for muscle soreness or fatigue.Ben delves into the history of lactate research, mentioning key contributors like Otto Meyerhoff, who identified lactate as a product of anaerobic metabolism, and Carl and Gerty Cori, who discovered the Cori cycle. This cycle demonstrates how lactate is recycled by the liver into glucose, which can then be used by muscles for energy. Lactate, once considered a waste product, is now understood to be an essential substrate for gluconeogenesis.Dr. Bikman introduces George Brooks' lactate shuttle theory, which reveals that lactate is a viable energy source that can be directly utilized by mitochondria for fuel. He explains that this discovery revolutionized the understanding of lactate, showing it can be oxidized within cells for energy production rather than merely being excreted as a waste product.Dr. Bikman also discusses lactate's potential in clinical contexts, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery, where lactate can serve as an alternative energy source for the brain when glucose metabolism is impaired. Moreover, he touches on how lactate influences fat cells, promoting mitochondrial uncoupling and aiding in fat burning, contributing to metabolic health. Ben suggests that continuous lactate monitoring could help identify mitochondrial dysfunction and predict type 2 diabetes risk.https://www.insuliniq.com 00:00 - Introduction to Lactate Metabolism01:09 - Lactic Acid vs. Lactate: Debunking the Myth02:16 - Glycolysis and Lactate Production04:23 - How Lactate is Produced in Muscles06:23 - Red Blood Cells and Lactate07:18 - History of Lactate Research: Otto Meyerhoff09:40 - The Cori Cycle: Lactate Recycled into Glucose13:54 - Lactate as a Viable Energy Source15:55 - George Brooks' Lactate Shuttle Theory18:44 - Lactate and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)20:55 - Lactate's Role in Fat Burning and Mitochondria23:58 - Lactate in Clinical Contexts: Metabolic Health25:09 - Continuous Lactate Monitoring and Mitochondrial Dysfunction28:59 - Lactate as a Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes29:59 - Conclusion: Lactate's Critical Role in Health and EnergyBen's favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben's favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben's favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)References:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode, we discuss the mitochondria. You know mitochondria as the "powerhouse" of the cell, but this biological process is biophysics meeting biochemistry. We discuss glycolysis, the TCA cycle (or Citric Acid cycle or Krebs cycle), and Oxidative Phosphorylation. This discussion goes deep inside the atomic molecular level with electrons and protons. Hang in there with the discussion and topic of Autism and understanding of the generational link to a loss of electrons. Jack Kruse https://www.patreon.com/DrJackKruse/postsGlycolysis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470170/#:~:text=Glycolysis%20is%20a%20central%20metabolic,use%20in%20other%20metabolic%20pathways.Citric Acid cycle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycleOxidative Phosphorylation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation0:00 Intro; Light, water, magnetism; The "powerhouse" and understanding of healthy living organisms and different cell types; Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration 4:11 Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Cytochrome C Oxidase (CCO)6:53 Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration 1) Glycolysis, 2) Citric Acid cycle, and 3) Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) 8:25 Glycolysis10:03 Citric Acid cycle12:02 OXPHOS13:51 Cytochrome I15:07 Cytochrome II16:08 Cytochrome III17:10 Cytochrome IV and creating water19:56 Not all water is equal/same; Aging; Light and Melanin and Rates of Autism29:20 Cytochrome V and ATPase; Chromophores 33:56 Evolution and losing electrons; Autism and modern health complications37:50 Environmental signals due DNA sequencing; Autism research and Genetic studies40:23 Reviews/Ratings and contact infoX: https://twitter.com/rps47586Hopp: https://www.hopp.bio/fromthespectrumemail: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

This podcast covers the regulation of pyruvate kinase allosterically and by hormone-dependent (insulin & glucagon) covalent modification. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/a-j-ghalayini/message

References Cell Metabolism 2019. 30, 720–734 Redox Biology2013. Volume 1, Issue 1: 427-432 Nature 2019. volume 575. 361–365 Mozart, WA, 1779.Sinfonia Concertante Es-Dur, KV 364 https://youtu.be/iGDfj5uM_qA?si=bKNmj1r1o9zSMaA7 Lennon-McCartney. 1966. "Im Only Sleeping" https://youtu.be/sAG3m3p9UeI?si=oT6Luxnc6eFS_pEq --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

References Front. Immunol., 21 August 2019 Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy Volume 10 Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 640869 PLoS One. 2014; 9(2): e87523 Vivaldi, A. 1719. "L 'inverno". https://youtu.be/pCqO-0339k0?si=k5xtuT8x7SfJeLok --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

References Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1151166. Inflammation Research :official journal of the European Histamine Research Society 2018.1420-908X, Vol. 67, Issue 10. J Cell Sci. 2011 Dec 15; 124(24): 4147–4159. Hunter, R. and J. Garcia 1970. "Sugaree" https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=sxF9UJ-Rm0E&si=S4F0LvlFvUsTE1OO --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

References Cell. 2021 Aug 19;184(17):4480-4494.e15 Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 5;9(1):3433 Med Hypotheses. 2021 Jan:146:110466. Hayward, J. 1967. Moody Blues. "Tuesday Afternoon" https://youtu.be/jmMPBQ4kYKk?si=X0UyZJFq2AAnKSvJ --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

Hi everyone! Part 1 of Carbohydrate Metabolism deals with glycolysis and the TCA cycle and some of the key regulatory points to be aware of within these pathways. Hope you enjoy!

Lions and tigers, and glycolytic output oh my! We can't put out all the intellectual bags of dog poo burning on the mental porches of endurance athlete's around the world. But here's a forty-five minute fire extinguisher's worth. The specific nature of lactate as relates to what can be established through testing as well as the best strategy to test is the focus of this short(ish) episode. You can also check this one out on youtube complete with the visuals. Maybe if we dump a bucket of water on the Wicked Witch of Glycolysis then we can finally be free.

In today's episode, we are diving into NAD+ and exploring how it is a critical component for breaking down fuel, such as glucose, and ultimately converting that fuel to ATP. We will explore various factors that deplete NAD+ or decrease the NAD+/NADH ratio as well as 6 proven strategies to increase NAD+ within the body. Lastly, we wrap up the episode with a conversation pertaining to the use of NAD+ therapy for CIRS/Biotoxin illness, specifically Mold Illness. Thanks so much for tuning it! Topics: 1. Understanding NAD+ and Its Role - Definition of NAD+ and NADH - Explanation of coenzymes in chemical reactions - NAD+ and NADH as coenzymes for electron transfer - Role in glucose metabolism and energy production - Importance of NAD+ for various cellular functions 2. Glycolysis and NAD+ - Illustration of glucose metabolism and insulin release - Role of GLUT4 transporters in glucose entry into cells - Introduction to glycolysis and its steps - Role of NAD+ as a coenzyme in glycolysis - Generation of NADH during glycolysis 3. TCA (Krebs) Cycle and NAD+ - Transition of pyruvate to acetyl-coA - Overview of the krebs cycle and its steps - NAD+ as a coenzyme in the krebs cycle - Accumulation of NADH during the cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain and NADH - Movement of pyruvate into the mitochondria - Role of NADH as an electron donor in the electron transport chain (ETC) - ATP production through the ETC 5. Factors Disrupting NAD+ Balance - Impact of toxins and pesticides on the ETC - Role of drugs, like NSAIDs, in inhibiting the ETC - Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) - Role of ROS in mitochondrial damage and NAD+ depletion - Link between NAD+ decline and aging 6. Consequences of NAD+ Depletion - Effect of NAD+ reduction on metabolism - Connection between NAD+ and metabolic diseases - Therapeutic potential of NAD+ in age-related diseases 7. 6 Strategies for NAD+ Restoration - Which supplemental NAD+ precursors are more effective - Inhibition of the CD38 enzyme using dietary nutrients - NAD+ IVs and patches: cost and quality - Intermittent fasting - Exercise and NAD+ - Other less well-known lifestyle factors that have a big impact on NAD+ 8. NAD+ Therapies to Support Recovery from Mold Illness - Link between NAD+ depletion and mold illness - Thoughts on and logic behind the use of NAD+ therapies for CIRS recovery Thanks for tuning in! If you liked this episode, please leave a rating and review or share it to your stories over on Instagram. If you tag @synthesisofwellness, Chloe would love to personally thank you for listening! Follow Chloe on Instagram @synthesisofwellness Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠ to purchase products, subscribe to our mailing list, and more! Or visit ⁠linktr.ee/synthesisofwellness⁠ to see all of Chloe's links, schedule a BioPhotonic Scanner consult with Chloe, or support the show! Thanks again for tuning in! --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

Today, I am blessed to have here with me Dr Chris Palmer. He received his medical degree from Washington University School of Medicine and did his internship and psychiatry residency at McLean Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School. Dr. Palmer leads McLean Hospital's Department of Postgraduate and Continuing Education. In this role, he has developed hundreds of educational conferences, workshops, Grand Rounds, and other professional educational activities, most of them under the aegis of Harvard Medical School. His leadership has transformed the department from a small, subsidized department of the hospital into a flourishing educational program that is now leading mental health education for professionals nationwide. He has held numerous leadership positions in the continuing education field beyond McLean Hospital's program, including serving on leadership, advisory, and strategic planning committees of Harvard Medical School, Partners Healthcare, the Massachusetts Medical Society, and the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME). In this episode, Dr. Palmer will delve into various topics including nicotine's effects on mitochondrial function, the cell danger response and its relationship with mitochondria, the impact of stressors on mitochondrial responses, variations in mitochondrial responses among different tissues and cell types, and the concept of energy allocation and optimization within the body's systems. Tune in as we chat about the relationship of Ketogenic Diet and overall health. Join my 90 day heavy metals detox program (6 spots left) http://www.ketokampdetox.com  Order Keto Flex: http://www.ketoflexbook.com -------------------------------------------------------- Download your FREE Vegetable Oil Allergy Card here: https://onlineoffer.lpages.co/vegetable-oil-allergy-card-download/ / / E P I S O D E   S P ON S O R S  Wild Pastures: $20 OFF per Box for Life + Free Shipping for Life + $15 OFF your 1st Box! https://wildpastures.com/promos/save-20-for-life-lf?oid=6&affid=132&source_id=podcast&sub1=ad BonCharge: Blue light Blocking Glasses, Red Light Therapy, Sauna Blankets & More. Visit https://boncharge.com/pages/ketokamp and use the coupon code KETOKAMP for 15% off your order.  Text me the words "Podcast" +1 (786) 364-5002 to be added to my contacts list. [03:22] The Transformative Power of the Ketogenic Diet in Mental Health Long-term adherence to a ketogenic diet can lead to significant health improvements. The ketogenic diet has shown potential in improving mental health conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Weight loss goals can serve as a powerful motivator for individuals with mental health challenges to embark on dietary changes. The ketogenic diet has the potential to reduce symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia in certain individuals. The success of the ketogenic diet in mental health has sparked scientific research and clinical trials, positioning it as a promising approach in the field of neuroscience. [13:08] Mitochondria: Its Intricate Role in Mental Health Mitochondria, often known as the powerhouse of the cell, have far-reaching functions beyond energy production. Mitochondria play critical roles in the functioning of cells, including tasks relevant to mental health. High mitochondrial concentration is observed at synapses, the communication points between neurons. Mitochondria actively contribute to neurotransmitter release and the restoration of ion gradients at synapses. Disruption of mitochondrial function at synapses can impair neurotransmitter release and impact mental health. [21:16] Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Dietary Impact on Health Mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by oxidative stress, can lead to cell death. The standard American diet high in processed carbs and seed oils may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction. Adopting a low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diet or practicing fasting can stimulate mitochondrial adaptation and improvement. Fasting and ketogenic diet trigger autophagy, a process that removes defective proteins and promotes cellular renewal. Mitochondrial biogenesis occurs during fasting or a ketogenic diet, leading to an increase in healthy mitochondria and potentially benefiting both metabolic and mental health. [29:20] Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuronal Vulnerability Malfunctioning mitochondria struggle to process fuel sources, leading to insufficient ATP production and cellular dysfunction. Glycolysis becomes the alternative energy pathway in cells with dysfunctional mitochondria, resulting in lactic acid buildup and further impairments. Excessive reactive oxygen species exacerbate the cellular struggles, leading to apoptosis in most cells but posing challenges in neurons. Neurons lack programmed cell death (apoptosis) and rely on protective mechanisms, making them highly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Neuronal death and shrinkage can contribute to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. [50:14] Nicotine's Effects on Mitochondria and the Cell Danger Response Nicotine, as a stimulant, can enhance mitochondrial function in low doses, potentially improving mood, cognition, and memory. Pure nicotine can be beneficial if used appropriately and in moderation, but excessive use or underlying health issues can lead to harm. Mitochondria play a role in the cell danger response, where they adjust energy production based on perceived threats, such as infections or stressors. Mitochondrial responses to stressors vary among different tissues and cell types, with some increasing energy production and others reducing it. The body constantly reallocates energy resources to optimize overall function, guided by complex coordination between cells, mitochondria, and the nervous system. AND MUCH MORE! Resources from this episode:  Website: https://www.chrispalmermd.com/  Get Dr Palmer's brand new book Brain Energy here: https://amzn.to/3ppQQCH Free Newsletter: https://brainenergy.com/  Follow Dr Palmer Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ChrisPalmerMD/  Twitter: https://twitter.com/ChrisPalmerMD/  YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@chrispalmermd4244  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chrispalmermd/  Join the Keto Kamp Academy: https://ketokampacademy.com/7-day-trial-a Watch Keto Kamp on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUh_MOM621MvpW_HLtfkLyQ Join my 90 day heavy metals detox program (6 spots left) http://www.ketokampdetox.com  FREE DETOX TRAINING: https://www.ketokamp.com/Detox-Masterclass Order Keto Flex: http://www.ketoflexbook.com -------------------------------------------------------- Download your FREE Vegetable Oil Allergy Card here: https://onlineoffer.lpages.co/vegetable-oil-allergy-card-download/ / / E P I S O D E   S P ON S O R S  Wild Pastures: $20 OFF per Box for Life + Free Shipping for Life + $15 OFF your 1st Box! https://wildpastures.com/promos/save-20-for-life-lf?oid=6&affid=132&source_id=podcast&sub1=ad BonCharge: Blue light Blocking Glasses, Red Light Therapy, Sauna Blankets & More. Visit https://boncharge.com/pages/ketokamp and use the coupon code KETOKAMP for 15% off your order.  Text me the words "Podcast" +1 (786) 364-5002 to be added to my contacts list. // F O L L O W ▸ instagram | @thebenazadi | http://bit.ly/2B1NXKW ▸ facebook | /thebenazadi | http://bit.ly/2BVvvW6 ▸ twitter | @thebenazadi http://bit.ly/2USE0so ▸ tiktok | @thebenazadi https://www.tiktok.com/@thebenazadi Disclaimer: This podcast is for information purposes only. Statements and views expressed on this podcast are not medical advice. This podcast including Ben Azadi disclaim responsibility from any possible adverse effects from the use of information contained herein. Opinions of guests are their own, and this podcast does not accept responsibility of statements made by guests. This podcast does not make any representations or warranties about guests qualifications or credibility. Individuals on this podcast may have a direct or non-direct interest in products or services referred to herein. 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References Dr Guerra Intermediary metabolic lecture notes-graduate biochemistry lecture archives Epigenetics. 2019; 14(12): 1183–1193. Drug Discov Today. 2017 Jan; 22(1): 186–193. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.532898v1?rss=1 Authors: Watanuki, S., Kobayashi, H., Sugiura, Y., Yamamoto, M., Karigane, D., Shiroshita, K., Sorimachi, Y., Koide, S., Oshima, M., Nishiyama, A., Murakami, K., Miho, H., Tamaki, S., Yamamoto, T., Yabushita, T., Tanaka, Y., Honda, H., Okamoto, S., Goda, N., Tamura, T., Nakamura-Ishizu, A., Suematsu, M., Iwama, A., Suda, T., Takubo, K. Abstract: Metabolic pathways are plastic and rapidly change in response to stress or perturbation. Current metabolic profiling techniques require lysis of many cells, complicating the tracking of metabolic changes over time after stress in rare cells such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, we aimed to identify the key metabolic enzymes that define metabolic differences between steady-state and stress conditions in HSCs and elucidate their regulatory mechanisms. Through quantitative 13C metabolic flux analysis of glucose metabolism using high-sensitivity glucose tracing and mathematical modeling, we found that HSCs activate the glycolytic rate-limiting enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) during proliferation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibition. Real-time measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in single HSCs demonstrated that proliferative stress or OXPHOS inhibition led to accelerated glycolysis via increased activity of PFKFB3, the enzyme regulating an allosteric PFK activator, within seconds to meet ATP requirements. Furthermore, varying stresses differentially activated PFKFB3 via PRMT1-dependent methylation during proliferative stress and via AMPK-dependent phosphorylation during OXPHOS inhibition. Overexpression of Pfkfb3 induced HSC proliferation and promoted differentiated cell production, whereas inhibition or loss of Pfkfb3 suppressed them. This study reveals the flexible and multilayered regulation of HSC metabolism to sustain hematopoiesis under stress and provides techniques to better understand the physiological metabolism of rare hematopoietic cells. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.15.532748v1?rss=1 Authors: Fernandez-Moncada, I., B. Fundazuri, U., Lavanco, G., Bollmohr, N., Hachaguer, P., Dalla Tor, T., Mountadem, S., Serrat, R., Bellocchio, L., Cannich, A., Nasu, Y., Campbell, R. E., Drago, F., Bouzier-Sore, A.-K., Pellerin, L., Bolanos, J. P., Bonvento, G., Barros, L. F., Oliet, S. H. R., Panatier, A., Marsicano, G. Abstract: Control of brain energy metabolism and regulation of synaptic activity through gliotransmission are two important ways, through which astrocytes contribute to mental functions. However, the potential functional and molecular links between these two astrocyte-dependent processes have been scantly explored so far. Here we show that a lactate-dependent shift of glycolysis underlies the production of the gliotransmitter D-serine by acute activation of astrocyte type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors, thereby gating synaptic and cognitive processes. Acute cannabinoid application causes a CB1 receptor-dependent rapid and reversible increase of lactate production and release in primary astrocyte cultures. As shown before, mutant mice lacking the CB1 receptor gene in astrocytes (GFAP-CB1-KO) were impaired in a novel object recognition (NOR) task. Notably, this phenotype was rescued not only by the gliotransmitter D-serine, but also by its precursor L-serine. Surprisingly, the administration of lactate also reverted the memory impairment of GFAP-CB1-KO mice. This rescue effect was abolished by in vivo blockade of the astrocyte-specific phosphorylated pathway (PP), which diverts glycolysis towards L-serine synthesis, suggesting that lactate itself might promote the accumulation of this amino acid. Consistent with this idea, lactate increased the co-agonist occupancy of CA1 post-synaptic hippocampal NMDA receptors in a PP-dependent manner. By establishing a mechanistic link between lactate, serine availability, synaptic activity and behavior, these results reveal an unforeseen functional connection between energy metabolism and gliotransmission to control cognitive processes. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

References&Inspirations Guerra intermediary metabolic lectures https://youtu.be/nDidA8_gfbU --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.03.522525v1?rss=1 Authors: Hu, X., Zhu, Q., Lou, T., Hu, Q., Niu, X., He, L., Huang, H., Xu, Y., Qiu, M., Shen, Y., Jia, J.-M., Tao, Y. Abstract: White matter abnormalities are an emerging feature of schizophrenia, yet the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are largely unknown. Disruption of ErbB signaling that is essential for peripheral myelination has been genetically associated with schizophrenia and white matter lesions in schizophrenic patients. However, the roles of ErbB signaling in oligodendrocytes remain elusive. Here, we used a pan-ErbB inhibition strategy and demonstrated the synergistic functions of endogenous ErbB receptors in oligodendrocytes. Through analyses of the cellular, histological, biochemical, behavioral, and electrophysiological differences in mice with manipulation of ErbB activities in oligodendrocytes at different differentiation stages, we found that ErbB signaling regulates myelination and aerobic glycolysis in oligodendrocytes, and both functions are required for working memory. ErbB inhibition in oligodendrocytes at early differentiation stages induces hypomyelination by suppressing the differentiation of newly-formed oligodendrocytes. In contrast, ErbB inhibition in mature oligodendrocytes alters neither myelination nor oligodendrocyte numbers, but accelerates axonal conduction decline under energy stress. Mechanistically, mature oligodendrocytes with ErbB inhibition reduce the expression of lactate dehydrogenase A, failing to provide lactate to electrically active axons. Supplementation of L-lactate restores axonal conduction and working memory capacity that are suppressed by ErbB inhibition in mature oligodendrocytes. These findings reveal the indispensable roles of ErbB signaling in white matter integrity and function, and provide insights into the multifaceted contributions of white matter abnormalities to cognitive impairment. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

References for Chapter 10We did not mention many references in our discussion today but our listeners may enjoy some of the references below. Effects of pH on Potassium: New Explanations for Old Observations - PMC although the focus of this article is on potassium, this elegant review by Aronson and Giebisch reviews intracellular shifts as it relates to pH and K+.Josh swooned for Figure 10-1 is this right? Which figure was it? which shows the relationship between [H+] and pH. You can find this figure in the original reference from Halperin ML and others, Figure 1 here. Factors That Control the Effect of pH on Glycolysis in Leukocytes Here's Leticia Rolon's favorite Henderson-Hasselbalch calculator website: ​​Henderson-Hasselbalch Calculator | Buffer Solutions [hint! for this site, use the bicarbonate (or “total CO2”) for A- and PCO2 for the HA] There's also a cooking tab for converting units! Fundamentals of Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation - PMC this review published posthumously from the late but beloved Jerry Yee and his group at Henry Ford Hospital, explores the details and underpinnings of our understandings of arterial blood gas interpretation (and this also addresses how our colleagues in clinical chemistry measure total CO2 - which JC referenced- but JC said “machine” and our colleagues prefer the word “instrument.”)Amy went deep on bicarbonate in respiratory acidosis. Here are her refs:Sodium bicarbonate therapy for acute respiratory acidosisSodium Bicarbonate in Respiratory AcidosisBicarbonate therapy in severe metabolic acidosisEffect of Intravenous Sodium Bicarbonate on Ventilation, Gas Exchange, and Acid-Base Balance in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary InsufficiencyBicarbonate Therapy in Severe Metabolic Acidosis | American Society of Nephrology this review article from Sabatini and Kurtzman addresses the issues regarding bicarbonate therapy including theoretical intracellular acidosis. Bicarbonate in DKA? Don't do it: Bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis - a systematic review Here's a review from Bushinsky and Krieger on the effect acidosis on bone https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0085253822002174Here is the primary resource that Anna used in here investigation of meat replacements Nutritional Composition of Novel Plant-Based Meat Alternatives and Traditional Animal-Based MeatsWe enjoyed this paper that Dr. Rose references from the Journal of Clinical Investigation 1955 in which investigators infused HCl into nephrectomized dogs and observed changes in extracellular ions. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/103073/pdWe wondered about the amino acids/protein in some available meat alternatives they are explored in this article in the journal Amino Acids: Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates - PMC and you may enjoy this exploration of the nutritional value of these foods: Full article: Examination of the nutritional composition of alternative beef burgers available in the United StatesOutlineChapter 10: Acid-Base Physiology - H concentration regulated tightly - Normal H+ is 40 nm/L - This one millionth the concentration of Na and K - It needs to be this dilute because H+ fucks shit up - Especially proteins - Cool foot note H+ actually exists as H3O+ - Under normal conditions the H+ concentration varies little from normal due to three steps - Chemical buffering by extracellular and intracellular bufffers - Control of partial pressure of CO2 by alterations of alveolar ventilation - Control of plasma bicarbonate by changes in renal H+ excretion - Acid and bases - Use definition by Bronsted - Acid can donate protons - Base can accept protons - There are two classes of acids** - Carbonic acid H2CO3 - Each day 15000 mmol of CO2 are generated - CO2 not acid but combines with water to form carbonic acid H2CO3 - CO2 cleared by the lungs - Noncarbonic acid - Formed from metabolism of protein. Sulfur containing AA generate H2SO4. Only 50-100 mEq of acid produced from these sources. - Cleared by the kidneys - Law of Mass Action - Velocity of reaction proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants - Goes through mass action formula for water - Concludes that water has H of 155 nanoM/L, more than the 40 in plasma - Says you can do the same mass experiment for every acid in the body - Can do it also for bases but he is not going to. - Acids and Bases can be strong or weak - Strong acids completely dissociate - Weak acids not so much - H2PO4 is only 80% dissociated - Weak acids are the principle buffers in the body - Then he goes through how H is measured in the blood and it becomes clear why pH is a logical way to measure. - Then there is a lot of math - HH equation - Derives it - Then uses it to look at phos. Very interesting application - Buffers - Goes tot he phosphate well again. Amazing math describing how powerful buffers can be - Big picture the closer the pKa is to the starting pH the better buffer, i.e. it can absorb lots of OH or H without appreciably changing pH - HCO3 CO2 system - H2CO3 to H + HCO3 has a PKA of 2.72 but then lots of Math and the bicarb buffer system has a pKa of 6.1 - But the real power of the bicarb buffer is that it is not a sealed system. The ability to ventilate and keep CO2 constant increases the buffering efficiency by 11 fold and the ability to lower the CO2 below normal increases 18 fold. - Isohydric principle - There is only one hydrogen ion concentration and since that is a critical part of the buffer equation, all buffer eq are linked and you can understand all of them by understanding one of them. So we just can look at bicarb and understand the totality of acid base. - Bicarb is the most important buffer because - High concentration in plasma - Ability for CO2 to ventilate - Other buffers include - Bone - Bone is more than just inorganic reaction - Live bone releases more calcium in response to an acid load than dead bone - More effect with metabolic acidosis than respiratory acidosis - Hgb - Phosphate - Protein

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.08.519618v1?rss=1 Authors: Knebel, E., Peleg, S., Dai, C., Cohen-Fultheim, R., Glaser, B., Levanon, E., Powers, A., Klochendler, A., Dor, Y. Abstract: A major hypothesis for the etiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) postulates initiation by viral infection, leading to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated interferon response; however, a causal virus has not been identified. Here we use a mouse model, corroborated with human data, to demonstrate that endogenous dsRNA in beta-cells can lead to a diabetogenic immune response, thus identifying a virus-independent mechanism for T1D initiation. We found that disruption of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR in beta-cells triggers a massive interferon response, islet inflammation and beta-cell failure, with features bearing striking similarity to early-stage human T1D. Glycolysis via calcium enhances the interferon response, suggesting an actionable vicious cycle of inflammation and increased beta-cell workload. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Hello, everyone! We're back with another episode this week - thank you to everyone who donated to save wild salmon in the lower snake river. It means a ton. We've linked back up with Jacob (@ecchi.chad) to discuss... well... just about everything. We cover keyboards, yu-gi-oh, lunarcore, hyperpop, mister purple, getting a little too sauced, and more. It's a wild, random, and very fun conversation with a longtime and very close friend of the podcast. We hope you all enjoy!

Learn about how to interpret markers on the Organic Acids Test that relate to energy production and the Krebs cycle through the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and protein; undercover nutrient deficiencies, particularly in the B vitamins; and reveal problems with detoxification processes. Lindsey Parsons, your host, helps clients solve gut issues and reverse autoimmune disease naturally. Take her quiz to see which stool or functional medicine test will help you find out what's wrong. She's a Certified Health Coach at High Desert Health in Tucson, Arizona. She coaches clients locally and nationwide. You can also follow Lindsey on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or Pinterest or reach her via email at lindsey@highdeserthealthcoaching.com to set up a free 30-minute Gut Healing Breakthrough Session. Show Notes

On today's ID the Future, Miracle of Man author and biologist Michael Denton continues his conversation with host Eric Anderson. Here Denton does a rapid flyover of several more anthropic “coincidences” in chemistry, biochemistry, and Earth science that are fine tuned to allow air-breathing, bipedal, technology-developing terrestrial creatures like ourselves to exist and thrive. The fine tuning, what Denton calls anthropic prior fitness, would seem to require foresight and planning on literally a cosmic scale. The wide-ranging conversation, the final one in a four-part series, gives a flavor for the breadth—if not the depth and richness—of Denton's new book from Discovery Institute Press, available here. Source

References Dr. Guerra's notes Cancer Res. 2011 May 1; 71(9): 3400–3409 Front. Neurosci., 17 May 2017 --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message

metabolism and aerobic systemtest at muscle level with a Moxy sensoraerobic use is a dial, not an on/off switchtesting VO2maxCooper Run or 2K on Rowercompare to the populationTemplate  MWF = lifting: Cardio T, Th, maybe SatModality, start with a bike if you have the option, less depletion of O2 overallIn the Phys Flex Course, I go over pH and O2 / CO2 mechanics and how to program for itThis podcast is brought to you by the Physiologic Flexibility Certification course. In the course, I talk about the body's homeostatic regulators and how you can train them. The benefit is enhanced recovery and greater robustness. We cover breathing techniques, CWI, sauna, HIIT, diet, and more. Sign up for the waitlist, and you'll be notified as soon as the course opens.Articles:3 Metabolic Tests by Dr Mike T Nelsonhttps://miketnelson.com/3-metabolic-tests-from-rmr-to-vo2-max/How To Test Your VO2 Max with the Concept 2 Rowerhttps://miketnelson.com/forgotten-factor-in-training/Podcastshttps://flex-diet-podcast.simplecast.com/episodes/s2-ep-23-cranial-face-structures-nasal-breathing-orthodontics-tongue-position-and-more-unlikely-performance-limiters-interview-with-zac-cupples-nUobdSwo/transcripthttps://miketnelson.com/interview-with-james-nestor-author-of-breath-the-new-science-of-a-lost-art-2/ReferencesBrooks GA. The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory. Cell Metab. 2018 Apr 3;27(4):757-785. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.008. PMID: 29617642. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29617642/Brooks GA. Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism. Redox Biol. 2020 Aug;35:101454. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101454. Epub 2020 Feb 9. PMID: 32113910; PMCID: PMC7284908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32113910/Lacour JR. Activité musculaire et dépense d'énergie [Muscle activity and energy expenditure]. Rev Mal Respir. 2011 Dec;28(10):1278-92. French. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.06.014. Epub 2011 Nov 6. PMID: 22152936. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22152936/Ortenblad N, Macdonald WA, Sahlin K. Glycolysis in contracting rat skeletal muscle is controlled by factors related to energy state. Biochem J. 2009 May 13;420(2):161-8. doi: 10.1042/BJ20082135. PMID: 19250062.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19250062/Rothman DL, Shulman RG. Two transition states of the glycogen shunt and two steady states of gene expression support metabolic flexibility and the Warburg effect in cancer. Neoplasia. 2021 Sep;23(9):879-886. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.06.004. Epub 2021 Jul 21. PMID: 34303218; PMCID: PMC8322124. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34303218/Shulman RG, Rothman DL. The "glycogen shunt" in exercising muscle: A role for glycogen in muscle energetics and fatigue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 16;98(2):457-61. doi: 10.1073/pnas.98.2.457. PMID: 11209049; PMCID: PMC14608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11209049/Shulman RG, Hyder F, Rothman DL. Cerebral energetics and the glycogen shunt: neurochemical basis of functional imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 22;98(11):6417-22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.101129298. Epub 2001 May 8. PMID: 11344262; PMCID: PMC33483. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11344262/Shulman, Robert & Rothman, Douglas. (2015). Homeostasis and the glycogen shunt explains aerobic ethanol production in yeast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112. 10.1073/pnas.1510730112. https://www.pnas.org/content/112/35/10902.figures-onlyShulman RG. Glycogen turnover forms lactate during exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2005 Oct;33(4):157-62. doi: 10.1097/00003677-200510000-00002. PMID: 16239831. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16239831/Shulman RG, Rothman DL. The Glycogen Shunt Maintains Glycolytic Homeostasis and the Warburg Effect in Cancer. Trends Cancer. 2017 Nov;3(11):761-767. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.09.007. Epub 2017 Nov 6. PMID: 29120752. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29120752/

Today we speak to Dr. Jason Fung, a nephrologist and world-renowned expert on fasting.  We discuss his book, The Cancer Code, a departure from traditional medical approaches which view cancer as a series of genetic mutations, or unregulated growth.  We aim to answer the question What Exactly Is Cancer? Why does it occur in every cell of the body and how is it found in all mammals, and species other than our own?  We explore the shortcomings of the somatic mutation theory and present a new evolutionary paradigm for cancer - that it is a return to an earlier form of cells.  We explore the differences between multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms and the hallmarks that cancer shares with each.  We discuss the Warburg effect and cancer's seemingly bizarre preference for glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen.  We also explore how lactic acid production may lend an evolutionary advantage to the progression of cancer. We overlay genetic mutations with environmental contributions- the seed (genetic) and the soil (environment) as an explanation for how cancer can grab hold and become metastatic.  We finish talking about solutions we can all use through dietary modifications including fasting, improving glucose control, and insulin sensitivity.  Share this episode far and wide for anyone you think will benefit from this potentially life-saving information.  Loving the show? Please rate and leave us a review! We'd like to thank our sponsors, Athletic Greens - redeem an exclusive offer here: athleticgreens.com/stephanieLMNT Electrolytes - A FREE 7-flavor sample pack! - https://www.drinklmnt.com/DrEstimaOrion Red Light Therapy - get 10% off your order with Promo Code “STEPHANIE10” https://www.orionrlt.ca/?ref=StephanieLumen - get $25 off your order with Promo Code “DRSTEPHANIE25” https://www.lumen.me/?fid=1799Ancestral Supplements - Use Promo Code “ASA10” for 10% off any purchase https://shop.ancestralsupplements.com/discount/Tribe10?rfsn=5900205.652074&utm_source=refersion&utm_medium=affiliate&utm_campaign=5900205.652074PRIMEADINE - get 10% Off your Order with Promo Code “DRSTEPHANIE10” - https://oxfordhealthspan.com/products/best-spermidine-supplement And follow me on social:Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dr.stephanie.estimaFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/betterwithdrstephanie Join the Hello Betty Community here - https://hellobetty.club/membership/ Episode Overview:1:26 Introduction5:30 Welcoming Dr. Jason Fung7:05 What Is Cancer? 15:50 Cancer Regression From Multicellular to Single Cellular 31:10 Glycolysis, Lactic Acid, and Metastasis39:00 Genetic Mutations and Cancer 45:30 How Environment Affects Cancer Risk56:00 Seed vs.Soil1:04:00 Conclusion Get yourself a copy of my best-selling book, The Betty Body - https://bettybodybook.comJoin the Hello Betty Community here - https://hellobetty.club/membership/

If you missed the last episode, go back and listen to it, but the takeaway was that your MITOCHONDRIA ARE REALLY, REALLY,  IMPORTANT for autoimmunity, or anything else. Like - the most important thing for your health. These little cellular batteries power your brain, your heart, your muscles, everything. When they become dysfunctional, it leads to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain/inability to lose weight, brain fog, malaise, and eventually disease processes like autoimmunity, dementia, and metabolic diseases like heart disease and diabetes. HOW DO MITOCHONDRIA MALFUNCTION? To understand how mitochondria MALfunction, you have to understand some basics about how they are SUPPOSED TO FUNCTION PROPERLY (and how to test that!) so that you can support your mitochondria appropriately with strategies I will discuss in the next episode. In this podcast I describe 4 main aspects of mitochondrial function that you need to understand in order to understand your personal metabolism:1. Glycolysis - this is a sugar-fermenting pathway that actually occurs outside the mitochondria, but dysfunctional cells can get "stuck" in glycolysis, which ferments sugar to produce energy less efficiently than "respiration". YOU DON'T WANT THAT! Viruses induce a glycolytic shift, it helps them survive. Toxins induce a glycolytic shift. But most of all, a high sugar diet and a sedentary lifestyle will encourage your cells to get "stuck" in this glycolytic shift, which is a hallmark of many cancer and Alzheimer's cells. 2. Kreb's Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation - sounds fancy, don't get PTSD from high school bio, but this is the BIG MOTOR that we want our cells to use, and glycolysis is the TROLLING MOTOR (listen to episode 30 if that doesn't make sense!). We WANT the body to use the Kreb's Cycle and then the Electron Transport Chain to produce ATP (energy) because it produces the most energy with the least exhaust!3. Electron Transport Chain - your food gets broken down and goes through the Kreb's Cycle and those electrons get put into something called the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), which is a "chain" of 5 proteins that pass electrons from one to the other, this drives the pumping of protons and like quantum cellular magic, out spits ATP, or ENERGY. YOU WANT THAT!!!Poisons like cyanide and carbon monoxide shut this down immediately and you die. Popular supplements like CoQ10 help this. You want electrons passing through this chain at the highest rate possible!4. Beta-Oxidation - this process shuttles fat into the mitochondria to be burned for fuel, and many people have broken or "less-than-optimal" beta-oxidation function (think: "I can't burn this last 20 lbs even though I'm exercising!")If you have metabolic issues, it's really important to know what's wrong with YOUR mitochondria - you could have issues in #1, #2, #3, #4, or in ALL FOUR!!Many basic lab tests actually give you an idea of your mitochondrial function (iron, thyroid, blood sugar, inflammation....almost all labs because mitochondria power all functions). These labs are obviously very important for any case or condition, but my favorite testing for mitochondrial function is Urinary Organic Acids testing that actually shows specific markers for Glycolysis, markers of Kreb's Cycle dysfunction, Beta-Oxidation dysfunction, and much more, and gives us more detailed answers on how the mitochondria are malfunctioning so that we can support them properly!

On Episode 4 of the Conscious Breathing Podcast with Steve Scott, Dr. Daniel Thomas shows us the next-generation strategies he is successfully using with his cancer patients who come from all over the world to get treatment from him at his medical clinic in the Orlando Florida area.    Dr. Thomas is a highly educated, experienced, and forward-thinking physician. For over 30 years, he has helped people all over the world by providing innovative solutions to reverse disease, improve mental and physical vigor, and increase lifespan. His expertise is in the practical application of cutting-edge biomedical research. Dr. Thomas spends 20-30 hours a week poring over the latest scientific literature in search of promising therapeutic strategies.   In this show, he goes over his 8 step treatment protocol. You'll learn why the most aggressive tumors are hypoxic and how carbon dioxide treatments may be an effective tool in the battle against cancer.    If you or a loved one has cancer, make sure to listen to the entire show and learn some strategies you may have never heard of before.    00:00:00 Introduction  00:01:19 Breathing with the Relaxator 00:01.51 Introducing Dr. Daniel Thomas 00:02:53 Dr. Daniels Tomas' background & how he got interested in cancer 00:04:39 The reason for reading science journals instead of medical journals 00:05:48 The Gerson Institute nutritional therapy  00:06:39 The history of the Gerson Therapy 00:09:37 What is the cause of cancer? Genomic vs metabolic 00:11:31 Recent discovery - cancer's love affair of iron 00:12:33 Cancer & iron levels, absorption & excretion 00:13:56 Could high iron levels be a potential sign of cancer? 00:15:12 Optimal ferritin levels 00:15:46 The benefit of blood donation in reducing iron levels & the advantage of female menstruation, especially for protecting the heart 00:16:40 Pulling down iron levels with natural supplementation & commercial drugs  00:18:03 Excess iron & genetic mutations. Iron's role in assisting or magnifying cancer's ability to get the energy it needs, especially from glucose 00:19:15 Cancer's need for glucose & how cancer gets its energy. Glutamine, fatty acids & autophagy. 00:21:09 Glycolysis vs aerobic use of sugar & The “Warburg Effect” 00:22:36 The use of carbon dioxide in cancer treatment – BodyStream & Carbohaler.  Hypoxia & Normaxia. Tumor & tissue oxygenation. Bohr Effect.  00:25:08 Preferences for how to use carbon dioxide for different types of cancer, topically (BodyStream) vs inhalation (Carbohaler) 00:27:01 Breathing methods & the importance of oxygenating the cancer tumor to make it vulnerable. IV therapies. Ozonated salin. Increasing efficacy of chemotherapy & radiation.  00:29:04 Hyperthermia & heating tumor tissue for increased blood flow & delivery of chemo drugs or natural compounds. Cytotoxic effect.  00:30:57 How heat affects hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.  00:31:59 Dr. Daniel's protocols for the cancer patients that seek him out & why patients usually get the best results when combining conventional & alternative medicine. Reducing risk of developing chemo resistance & radio resistance   00:35:02 Next generation medicine, going beyond alternative medicine & blending the best of both worlds. Functional medicine. Integrative medicine.   00:37:04 Diet & cancer. The use of repurposed medicine, Ivermectin. A twofold approach.     00:39:23 Hyperthermia. The procedure of heating up the cancer tumor   00:41:02 Benefits of regular sauna & infrared sauna in comparison to medical hyperthermia machines?    00:42:07 What is more important - treating the whole person (environment of tumor), vs the tumor itself? Dr. Daniel's eightfold approach to cancer treatment   00:43:54 The role of the essential amino acid methionine & why Dr. Daniel advocates for a plant based diet for most cancer patients    00:46:19 Dr. Daniel's walks us through his eightfold approach to treating cancer  First approach – to target cancer's addiction to methionine & iron & its resistance to ferroptosis (iron mediated cell death)   00:47:50 Second approach –to inhibit cancer's ability to metabolize glucose or glutamine for energy. Metformin. Sodium selenite.   00:49:03 Recent data on shutting down fat metabolism by cancer   00:50:25 Third approach – Increasing tumor blood flow & reducing tumor hypoxia    00:51:08 Fourth approach – Lowering inflammatory markers 00:51:39 Fifth approach – Immunotherapy. Stimulating the immune system & removing the barriers that can inhibit a strong immune system from working   00:52:14 Sixth approach – Suppressing the metastatic potential of cancer. Help preventing the lymphatic system from spreading the cancer. The reason people die from cancer & the use of lithium.   00:53:29 Seventh approach – The importance of not only targeting cancer cells, but also cancer stem cells.    00:53:43 Eight approach – Promoting efficient removal of tumor debris & and how your body removes the tumor debris   00:54:56 The different stages of cancer. The possibility of integrating conventional therapies with alternative therapies & the reason for Dr. Daniel's high success rate    00:58:02 The importance of hope in people's success rate   01:00:21 Having a student's perspective & being open minded   01:01:34 Solasonin & solamargin, natural compounds found in eggplant that potentially can work as strong as chemo & might give lasting immunity to cancer    01:04:07 Plant compounds may hold the key to all ills of mankind   01:04:57 Different approaches for different types of cancer   01:07:43 The different treatment options offered at Dr. Daniel Thomas' clinic & how to get in touch.

This podcast covers the mutual regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by allosteric regulators, thus preventing the likelihood of a futile cycle from occurring. This biochemistry content may be useful to premedical and medical students. Similar content is available at: MEDBIOCHEM.ORG --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

Anaerobic training is important for many athletes, but does its high-sugar burning nature lower your FTP? We'll dig into the science of anaerobic training, lactate threshold, glycolysis, meal timing and much more in Episode 326 of the Ask a Cycling Coach Podcast! ---------------------------------------------- TOPICS COVERED IN THIS EPISODE - TrainerRoad launched a Free Trial! - How much is too much anaerobic training? - What anaerobic training does to your body - Does anaerobic training hurt FTP? - How does your body break down, store, and use sugar? - How to time your meals for ideal performance - Easy recipes for athletes - Should you hire a nutritionist? - Pairing nutrition with load and deload phases ---------------------------------------------- TRY TRAINERROAD FOR FREE TrainerRoad makes cyclists faster. Athletes get structured indoor workouts, science-backed training plans, and easy-to-use performance analysis tools to reach their goals. Get Started: https://bit.ly/3unoSnx Adaptive Training: What it is, how to use it: https://bit.ly/3dIRClW Build Your Custom Plan: https://bit.ly/3oR8sme Train Together with Group Workouts: https://bit.ly/3fkaYyd ---------------------------------------------- LEARN MORE ABOUT ADAPTIVE TRAINING Adaptive Training Video: https://youtu.be/gE2yPYZ15ew Adaptive Training: What it is, how to use it: https://bit.ly/3dIRClW How Adaptive Training Makes You Faster: https://bit.ly/2ZNfWLq ---------------------------------------------- SUCCESSFUL ATHLETES PODCAST Listen to the Successful Athletes Podcast now!: https://www.TrainerRoad.com/SAP ---------------------------------------------- SCIENCE OF GETTING FASTER PODCAST Listen to the Science of Getting Faster Podcast now!: https://www.TrainerRoad.com/SOGF ---------------------------------------------- STAY IN TOUCH Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TrainerRd Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/trainerroad/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TrainerRoad Strava Club: https://www.strava.com/clubs/trainerroad

Utilization of a protein cysteine SH derived thioester intermediate alters the free energy hurdle for the synthesis of 1,3 bis PGA thus allowing for glycolytic ATP and NADH synthesis. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

The MCAT Basics Podcast begins a new series on Metabolism, and in today's episode, Alex Starks talks about Glycolysis. The series covers the chemistry, biochemistry, and biology of glucose metabolism and how this high-yield MCAT topic can be tested on the AAMC MCAT Exam. [00:55] Metabolism for the MCAT [05:20] Insulin-dependent Cells [06:25] Cellular-level Catalyzation of Glucose [09:57] Glycolysis Explained in 10 Steps [21:50] The Presence and Absence of Oxygen During Respiration [25:35] Quiz and Important Takeaways Full show notes

u will be learning glycolysis and krebs cycle.

This podcast covers 5 important questions to ask about glycolysis that could be helpful in organizing the pathway (and other pathways), while focusing on key information about the pathway. This biochemistry content may be useful to premedical and medical students. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

Finally we bring to you, the most requested topic ever... Respiration! This week we tackle the first stage of respiration - Glycolysis! We will be covering respiration over four weeks - next week the link reaction. Find us on the internet! Our website - Teachmescience.co.ukEmail  - teachmebiologycast@gmail.comTwitter - twitter.com/teachmebiocastInstagram - @teachmebiologycastDonate! - www.buymeacoffee.com/teachmebiology

Glycolysis is the first step of metabolism and the biochemical pathway by which glucose is converted into pyruvate. Some cells use glycolysis to make pyruvate to use in other metabolic processes; others, like erythrocytes, rely on glycolysis as their main means of energy production. Because glycolysis is central to energy production, it is tightly regulated by many mechanisms. Metabolites along the glycolytic pathway also regulate other processes in the body. Figure 1 shows the overall pathway of glycolysis with all its intermediates, enzymes, and cofactors. It looks daunting, but don't worry! We'll break down all the important components and go through it step by step. After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to: Describe the reactions of glycolysis in sequence and know where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is used and where ATP is made. Identify the reactions that are rate-limiting in the pathway. Explain the regulation of the pathway with emphasis on the rate-limiting reactions. Describe the roles of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of glycolysis and the enzyme targets. Explain why glycolysis occurs in all cells, including erythrocytes, and explain the relevance of oxygen availability and mitochondria in terms of the end products of glycolysis. Explain 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and its relevance to glycolysis and the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. Identify the diseases associated with defects in glycolysis, particularly pyruvate kinase defect. You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology. *** If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts.  It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/ from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.

This week we conclude our two-part discussion with ecologist Mark Ritchie of Syracuse University on how he and his SFI collaborators are starting to rethink the intersections of thermodynamics and biology to better fit our scientific models to the patterns we observe in nature. Most of what we know about the enzymatic processes of plant and animal metabolisms comes from test tube experiments, not studies in the context of a living organism. What changes when we zoom out and think about life's manufacturing and distribution in situ?Starting where we left off in in Episode 62, we tour the implications of Mark's biochemistry research and ask: What can studying the metabolism of cells tell us about economics? How does a better model of photosynthesis change the way we think about climate change and the future of agriculture? Why might a pattern in the failure of plant enzymes help biologists define where to direct the search for life in space?A better theory of the physics of biomolecules — and the networks in which they're embedded — provides a clearer understanding of the limits for all living systems, and how those limits shape effective strategies for navigating our complex world.Welcome to COMPLEXITY, the official podcast of the Santa Fe Institute. I'm your host, Michael Garfield, and every other week we'll bring you with us for far-ranging conversations with our worldwide network of rigorous researchers developing new frameworks to explain the deepest mysteries of the universe.If you value our research and communication efforts, please subscribe, rate, and review this show at Apple Podcasts, and/or consider making a donation at santafe.edu/give. You can find numerous other ways to engage with us at santafe.edu/engage. Thank you for listening!Join our Facebook discussion group to meet like minds and talk about each episode.Follow us on social media:Twitter • YouTube • Facebook • Instagram • LinkedInRelated Reading & Listening:Ritchie Lab at Syracuse University | Mark's Google Scholar Page | Mark's soil ecology startupReaction and diffusion thermodynamics explain optimal temperatures of biochemical reactionsby Mark Ritchie in Scientific ReportsThermodynamics Of Far From Equilibrium Systems, Biochemistry, And Life In A Warming World [Mark Ritchie's 2021 SFI Seminar + @SFIscience Twitter thread on Mark's talk]Scale and information-processing thresholds in Holocene social evolutionby Jaeweon Shin, Michael Holton Price, David H. Wolpert, Hajime Shimao, Brendan Tracey & Timothy A. KohlerGeneralized Stoichiometry and Biogeochemistry for Astrobiological Applicationsby Christopher P. Kempes, Michael J. Follows, Hillary Smith, Heather Graham, Christopher H. House & Simon A. Levin Complexity 4: Luis Bettencourt on The Science of CitiesComplexity 5: Jennifer Dunne on Food Webs & ArchaeoEcologyComplexity 17: Chris Kempes on The Physical Constraints on Life & EvolutionComplexity 35: Scaling Laws & Social Networks in The Time of COVID-19 with Geoffrey WestComplexity 41: Natalie Grefenstette on Agnostic Biosignature DetectionAlien Crash Site 15: Cole Mathis on Pathway Assembly and AstrobiologyPodcast theme music by Mitch Mignano.Cover artwork adapted from photos by Peter Nguyen and Torsten Wittmann (UCSF).

This podcast covers the last 6 steps in glycolysis from Aldolase A to Lactate dehydrogenase. Key regulation of the entire pathway is also covered. This biochemistry content may be useful to premed and medical students. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

This podcast describes the regulation of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1) in some detail and its allosteric activation by fructose 2, 6 -bis- phosphate. This biochemistry content might be useful to premedical and medical students. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

This podcast presents an overview of glycolysis including some tissue specific aspects of the pathway. This biochemistry content may be useful for premed and medical students. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

This podcast describes the first step in glycolysis and covers the properties of the two isozymes hexokinase and glucokinase in some detail. This biochemistry content might be useful to premedical and medical students. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

Understanding the damaging effects of Fructose on your brain and body. We discuss Fructose's impact on hunger cues and reward centers in the brain, its effect on brain development, and metabolic dysfunction. We also touch on oxidative stress, glycation, carbohydrates, and the strategies you may explore to optimize your health.  Thank you to our sponsors: Athletic Greens - athleticgreens.com/stephanieOrion Red Light Therapy - Use promo code STEPHANIE10 for 10% off - https://www.orionrlt.ca/?ref=StephanieLumen - Use promo code DRSTEPHANIE25 for $25 Dollars off - https://www.lumen.me/Some of the links above are affiliate links. Making a purchase through these links won't cost you anything (and in many cases give you a discount), but we will receive a small commission. This is an easy, free way of supporting the podcast. Thank you! Social: https://www.instagram.com/dr.stephanie.estimahttps://www.facebook.com/groups/betterwithdrstephanie Membership Site:https://hellobetty.club/ Episode Overview: 0:32 Introduction1:32 Glucose Is The Molecule Of Life 2:22 Fructose Impact On Hunger 4:45 Leptin And Brain Development 8:20 Fructose And BDNF 10:03 Fructose And Reward Centres Of Brain 17:58 Fructose and Metabolic Processes 22:53 Oxidative Stress 28:33 Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Fructose  31:33 Truth about Carbohydrates 40:57 Strategies You May Explore For Better Health More information about the book at The Betty Body Book Join the Betty Booty ChallengeJoin the Hello Betty Community here! 

Deep inside your cells, the chemistry of life is hard at work to make the raw materials and channel the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Few systems are as intricate or as mysterious. For this reason, how a cell does what it does remains a frontier for research — and, consequently, theory often grows unchecked by solid data. Most of what we know about the enzymatic processes of plant and animal metabolisms comes from test tube experiments, not studies in the context of a living organism. How much has this necessarily reductionist approach misled us, and what changes when we zoom out and think about life's manufacturing and distribution in situ?Welcome to COMPLEXITY, the official podcast of the Santa Fe Institute. I'm your host, Michael Garfield, and every other week we'll bring you with us for far-ranging conversations with our worldwide network of rigorous researchers developing new frameworks to explain the deepest mysteries of the universe.This week we open a two-part discussion with ecologist Mark Ritchie of Syracuse University on how he and his SFI collaborators are starting to rethink the intersections of thermodynamics and biology to better fit our scientific models to the patterns we observe in nature. Beginning with his history of research into biodiversity, environmental science, and plant-herbivore dynamics, this conversation leads us to his latest work on photosynthesis and scaling laws in cells — an inquiry with potent implications that reach far beyond the microscopic realm, to economics and the future of sustainability.Subscribe to stay tuned for Part Two, in which we travel even deeper into how Mark's work relates to other SFI research — and what his new perspectives may reveal about the nature of the complex crises faced by both human beings and the biosphere at large...If you value our research and communication efforts, please rate and review us at Apple Podcasts, and/or consider making a donation at santafe.edu/podcastgive. You can find numerous other ways to engage with us at santafe.edu/engage. Thank you for listening!Join our Facebook discussion group to meet like minds and talk about each episode.Podcast theme music by Mitch Mignano.Follow us on social media:Twitter • YouTube • Facebook • Instagram • LinkedInRelated Reading & Listening:Ritchie Lab at Syracuse University | Mark's Google Scholar Page | Mark's soil ecology startupReaction and diffusion thermodynamics explain optimal temperatures of biochemical reactions by Mark Ritchie in Scientific ReportsThermodynamics Of Far From Equilibrium Systems, Biochemistry, And Life In A Warming World [Mark Ritchie's 2021 SFI Seminar + @SFIscience Twitter thread on Mark's talk]Complexity Podcast 17: Chris Kempes on The Physical Constraints on Life & EvolutionComplexity Podcast 35: Scaling Laws & Social Networks in The Time of COVID-19 with Geoffrey WestMentioned in this episode:Sidney RednerGeoffrey WestJohn HartePablo MarquetJennifer DunneBrian ArthurChris Kempes

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 3 Cellular EnergeticsWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name Morgan and I am your host for episode #72 called Unit 3 Cellular Energetics: Glycolysis. Today we will be discussing the first step in the process of cellular respiration Segment 1: Introduction to Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first of roughly three, kind of three and a half, steps in the process of cellular respiration. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, and is an anaerobic process. This means that it does not require oxygen to occur, although the overall process of cellular respiration does require oxygen. The purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration is to start the breakdown of glucose in order to extract energy needed for cell work and metabolism, made in the form of ATP. In organisms that do not use aerobic respiration and cannot perform cellular respiration, the goal of glycolysis is to produce a little bit of ATP, as well as generating NADH to restart the process and continue making small amounts of ATP. The process is started with a molecule of glucose, and at the end we are left with 2 molecules of ATP, 2 of NADH and 2 of a molecule known as pyruvate. So, let's take a deeper look into the steps and energy transfers in glycolysis Segment 2: More About Steps of Glycolysis and Energy TransfersThe starting molecule of glucose enters the cytoplasm of the cell, and is rearranged into 2 3-carbon sugars with phosphate groups attached. These phosphate groups come from two molecules of ATP splitting into ADP and P. From there, both of these 3-carbon sugars are oxidized, meaning they lose their electrons. These electrons go to molecules of NAD+, and reduce them to NADH. This is an oxidation-reduction reaction, since the molecules of glucose leave and go to NAD+, so glucose is oxidized and once again NAD+ is reduced to NADH. What's left of the oxidized glucose is now our key 3-carbon molecule of pyruvate. Through the reactions oxidizing the 3-carbon sugars of glucose into pyruvate, we have made 2 molecules of ATP and 1 of NADH. However, we must remember that there are 2 molecules of pyruvate that were made, meaning we have a total yield of 4 ATP and 2 NADH. And since we used up two molecules of ATP to get our phosphate groups in the beginning, we have a net yield of only 2 ATP.  Throughout the process of glycolysis, and really all of cellular respiration we are focused on oxidizing and breaking down glucose. This means we are breaking chemical bonds, which we know releases energy. Therefore, glycolysis is an exergonic process. Segment 3: Connection to the CourseGlycolysis has many important connections to our unit of cellular energetics and our ap biology course overall. First, we remembered OILRIG and oxidation-reduction reactions when dealing with glucose and NAD+/NADH. We also talked about how glycolysis is an exergonic process, since the breaking of bonds releases energy. This means that the delta G of the process is negative. Additionally, glycolysis occurs in all organisms, whether they are in anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Glycolysis is part of anaerobic respiration for organisms to produce a small amount of ATP as energy and keep regenerating NADH, but for more information on anaerobic respiration listen to episode #76. Lastly, we can connect topics of enzymes to the process of glycolysis. Each step in the process of glycolysis has a specific enzyme to catalyze it, the most important one being phosphofructokinase. We can apply our knowledge of enzyme activity here, to know that increasing or decreasing factors like pH and temperature can speed up or slow down the rate of the reaction, since they affect the enzyme's ability to lower activation energy.  Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit http://www.hvspn.com (www.hvspn.com).  Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin...

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 3 Cellular EnergeticsWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Nidhi and I am your host for episode #71 called Unit 3 Cellular Energetics: Cellular Respiration:An overview. Today we will be discussing what cellular respiration is,who uses it, and why it's important.  Segment 1: Introduction to Cellular Respiration All organisms perform cellular respiration. The reactants of cellular respiration are glucose, which is oxidized, and oxygen which is reduced and they both produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The purpose of cellular respiration is to make energy for cell work in the form of ATP. This occurs in a series of metabolic reactions. The reactions involved are catabolic reactions, which break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process which is supported by the overall reactions negative delta G. The ATP produced is eventually recycled and used to make more ATP. Most of the energy is released when reduced molecules are fully oxidized to create CO2. The oxidation occurs in a series of small steps allowing the cell to harvest 34% of the energy released. The rest of the energy is lost as heat. Segment 2: More About Cellular Respiration The two types of cellular respiration are anaerobic and aerobic. Anaerobic respiration can occur without oxygen while aerobic respiration requires oxygen to be present. Anaerobic respiration does not release enough energy to power human cells for long. It primarily occurs in muscle cells during hard exercise, after the oxygen has been used up. It also occurs in yeast during fermentation. Many prokaryotes perform anaerobic respiration.Through Anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down to form 2 pyruvates. The purpose is to regenerate NAD plus for glycolysis, which is a part of aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration also keeps the pyruvate produced in the cytoplasm and uses it there. The main reactants are glucose, ADP, and Pi. This then produces ethanol, carbon dioxide and 2 atp. Anaerobic respiration has different products in animals. In animals instead of ethanol being produced, lactic acid is produced.  Aerobic respiration has 4 steps, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport system occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria. In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate, ATP is produced, and NADH is produced. The energy transfers include 2 ATP used to produce 4 ATP ,NAD+ being reduced, Glucose being oxidized, and energy lost as heat. Overall, 2 net ATP are produced and no oxygen is used. Next, in pyruvate oxidation, Pyruvate is oxidized which reduces NAD+ to NADH. Coenzyme A reacts with the decarboxylated pyruvate to create acetyl CoA. This process occurs two times per glucose molecule. Again, energy is lost as heat is released. This time, CO2 is produced as a waste product. In the citric acid cycle, Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid . Citrate gets oxidized and loses carbons in the form of CO2. In that process, NAD+ and FAD are reduced into NADH and FADH2. Oxaloacetate is also regenerated since the process is a cycle. ADP+Pi makes ATP and total of 2 ATP is produced. Acetyl COA from the pyruvate oxidation and Pyruvate is needed for the reaction and CO2 is produced and heat is released. Lastly, in the electron transport system, Cells transfer energy from NADH and FADH2 to ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. NADH oxidation is used to actively transport H plus across the inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a proton gradient. Electrons from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 pass from one carrier to the next in the chain. The oxidation reactions are exergonic and the energy released is used to actively transport H+...

In this episode we discuss: Why lactate is not a harmless byproduct of glycolysis How lactate drives swelling and prevents proper mineral balance, oxygenation, and pH balance Misconceptions around pH balance and the idea that alkalinity is healthy Why we want our cells to be acidic rather than alkaline What we can do to maintain proper pH balance throughout our bodies   Sign up for the Free Energy Balance Mini-Course here: https://jayfeldmanwellness.com/energy   Click here to check out the show notes: https://jayfeldmanwellness.com/ep-57-glycolysis-lactate-and-ph-balance-oxygenation-swelling-and-ph-balance-part-2/   Timestamps: 3:13 – contrasting complete glucose oxidation with anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis 17:28 - the harmful and degenerative effects of inefficient glucose metabolism and excess lactate production 25:19 – the effect of lactate/lactic acid production and inefficient metabolism on swelling, mineral balance, oxygenation, and pH balance 35:35 – whether there's validity to the acid alkaline ash diet 48:16 – the impact of mitochondrial respiration on pH balance 51:13 – physiological control of pH balance  

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Glycolysis from the Biochemistry section. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/medbulletsstep1/message

Glycolysis, Glucose transport, Carbohydrate metabolism, Glycogenesis

Welcome to the new year, 2018! It is going to be a great year.  With the start of any new year, everyone is ready to eat better and lose weight. Since when did my fat jeans' become my regular jeans lol!  With the holiday festivities behind us, it is time to get back on track with our eating and get back into our skinny jeans!   Over the years there have been numerous diet' programs for weight loss.  As many of us know, diets are not sustainable, which is why we might lose 15 lbs but gain it back and more.  Or we lose a little weight only to plateau and feel like our efforts are fruitless.   One approach that seems to have spanned the ages is, eat less, exercise more.'  We all have tried it once or many times, even though it always backfires on us.  People still keep trying to rein in their calories and exercise like crazy after the new year.  Reducing calories is not a good strategy for weight loss. One of two things will happen when you cut calories: You will lose weight initially, and then you will gain it back plus more.  Either by binging, because your body cannot take the starvation mode.' Or you eventually begin to eat like a normal human.  The intake of normal eating' is too much for your already starved body that the weight come back.  The rebound weight gain is inevitable.   You initially lose 8-15 lbs, making you super encouraged.  However, after that initial weight loss, it stops.  You frustratingly stop losing weight no matter how little you eat or how much more you exercise. A few things that reducing calories can do to you: Caloric restriction will lower your thyroid function. If your body thinks it is starving, your thyroid function will drop, which will reduce your metabolism.' Lower thyroid function can also cause hair loss, dry skin, and fatigue.  Cutting calories can also force your body to break down muscle tissue, further lowering your metabolism. Caloric restriction will also Increase cravings for carbs and sugar. There are many hormonal and neurotransmitter changes that occur when you drop your calories. Specifically, a neurotransmitter called Neuropeptide-Y will increase, which makes you want to eat sugar and processed refined carbohydrates. Caloric restriction stresses the adrenal glands. Reducing calories will cause cortisol to rise.  Elevated cortisol will also break down muscle tissue. Breaking down muscle tissue will raise your blood sugar, which in turn causes your insulin to increase. Insulin will take the blood sugar from the breakdown of muscle and cause you to store fat around your midsection. Essentially, you are trading muscle for fat. The Ketogenic Diet has been around for decades but is currently trendy for weight loss and overall health.  There are many opinions regarding its viability as a dietary strategy.  It is a low carbohydrate diet, but there are many more aspects to it.  A Ketogenic Diet is much better than just reducing your calories for weight loss.   What is Ketosis? When we eat carbohydrates, our bodies run by a process called, Glycolysis. This is the process of burning glucose/sugar is our primary fuel source for energy.  When we dr