Podcasts about hfcs

In this episode, Ben Azadi shares five powerful, research-backed strategies to protect your brain from neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, dementia, and Parkinson's. Prevention is the key—and it starts now.

Do you ever wonder when it's appropriate to set a boundary? Or do you wish you knew what boundaries to set? Maybe unhealthy behavior was normalized in your family of origin, making it difficult to know when a request is “reasonable.” If so, this episode is for you. It's the second in a two-part series about boundaries and high-functioning codependency (HFC). In this one, we're covering the five types of boundaries, three boundary styles, and tips for when to set a boundary and how to do it. You can catch Part 1 here, where we covered boundary basics and talked about the unique challenges HFCs have in setting boundaries. Read the show notes for today's episode at terricole.com/718

Clean Fuels Alliance America CEO Donnell Rehagen joins us to discuss the budget reconciliation and extension of 45Z as it applies to biodiesel, renewable diesel, and SAF plus the RVO timeline. National Corn Growers Association president Kenny Hartman, Jr. is busy planting but he takes some time out of his day to discuss biofuels issues, trade, 45Z, HFCS and more. Plus, United Soybean Board director Tony Mellenthin joins us for a new episode of the Soy Checkoff Check-in.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Do you struggle with setting boundaries because it feels selfish or wrong to put your preferences or needs first?  Do you inadvertently trample on other people's boundaries? (Hyper-helping, auto-advice giving, etc.) Or are you a newly identified high-functioning codependent (HFC) wondering why it's especially tough to set boundaries? Then you're in the right place. In this episode, I am breaking down why it's challenging to set, stick to, and respect other people's boundaries, particularly as HFCs. This is part one, and in part two (coming next week), we'll cover boundary scripts and the different types of boundaries you might want to consider setting. Read the show notes for today's episode at terricole.com/716

In today's episode of The Daily Brief, we cover 2 major stories shaping the Indian economy and global markets:00:04   Intro00:39   HFCs have a strong quarter11:51   The rare earth dependency22:49   TidbitsWe also send out a crisp and short daily newsletter for The Daily Brief. Put your email here and we'll make you smart every day: https://thedailybriefing.substack.com/Note: This content is for informational purposes only. None of the stocks, brands, or products mentioned are recommendations or endorsements.

Hiten Samtani is the founder and editorial director of ten31, a new media company focused on market-moving insider coverage of the most important and least understood industries. He is the author of The Promote, a newsletter that readers have likened to commercial real estate's answer to Matt Levine's "Money Stuff," and a publication that has built the most highly engaged audience in B2B media (open rate: 70%). Hiten founded ten31 after a decade at The Real Deal, where he ran the newsroom and shepherded coverage of the most important stories in real estate. Chris and Hiten get into the early days of the brand, what inspired it, and why the real estate world needed a publication that's bold, sharp, and unapologetically honest. They talk about the stories that hit hardest, what makes for a good scoop, and how Hiten has built trust with sources while keeping the content unfiltered and highly readable. They also cover: Why commercial real estate is full of big personalities and even bigger stakes How operators and investors can actually get covered by the media What it's like growing a niche media company from scratch Lessons from Hiten's years at The Real Deal and why he walked away Navigating the gray areas of journalism—anonymity, accuracy, and when to publish Links: Hiten on X The Promote CRE newsletter The Promote Podcast A specialist playbook on how to get ink for your deal or company Understanding the different modes of talking to the press Key industry storylines for 2025 Support our Sponsors: Vesto - https://www.vesto.com/fort Better Pitch - https://betterpitch.com/ Topics: (00:00:00) - Intro (00:05:33) - Hiten's journey into real estate journalism (00:08:24) - Lesson from working at the Real Deal (00:12:39) - Who is the audience? (00:16:28) - Is your style of journalism unique to real estate? (00:19:40) - What it took to launch ten31 Media (00:27:55) - Where do you get inspiration, and how do you get access to the information you can get? (00:35:32) - HFCs (00:39:03) - How do you determine what is truth and what isn't? (00:48:42) - How can CRE companies get press? (00:55:40) - On the record vs. off the record (00:59:12) - CRE themes of 2024 and what to look for in 2025 (01:04:19) - Attending a Jewish circumcision ceremony in a NYC boardroom Chris on Social Media: The Fort Podcast on Twitter/X: https://x.com/theFORTpodcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thefortpodcast LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/45gIkFd   Watch The Fort on YouTube: https://bit.ly/3oynxNX Visit our website: https://bit.ly/43SOvys Leave a review on Apple: https://bit.ly/45crFD0 Leave a review on Spotify: https://bit.ly/3Krl9jO  The FORT is produced by Johnny Podcasts

Modern HVAC Systems' Reliance on Refrigerant In 2020, nearly 90% of homes used air conditioning systems in the United States. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are used by both homeowners and businesses alike, with their usage only expected to rise as climate change increases global temperatures. Refrigerant, a chemical compound that is capable of transitioning from liquid to gas and back again, has been an important part of indoor cooling systems since modern AC systems were invented in 1902. Its ability to cool as it vaporizes and heat up as it condenses facilitates heating and cooling. As part of both air conditioner and heat pump systems, refrigerant either helps transfer heat and humidity out of one's home for conditioning or draws heat from outdoor air and brings it inside for heating. Refrigeration technology has historically relied upon gases like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) to promote cooling in appliances, due to their effectiveness at transferring heat within a refrigeration system. While effective, these gases are hazardous for the environment. HFCs have a global warming potential (GWP) that can be hundreds to thousands of times greater than that of carbon dioxide. Gaseous CFCs have a high ozone depletion potential (ODP), meaning there is less protection from the sun's rays and greater exposure to UVB radiation, negatively impacting human and ecological health. Instead of relying upon harmful CFCs and HFCs in refrigeration technology, UC Berkeley researchers are on the cusp of developing a new alternative known as “ionocaloric” refrigeration, which utilizes salt water to provide cooling. How does Ionocaloric Cooling work?Created in 1987, the Montreal Protocol regulates the production and consumption of nearly 100 human made chemicals classified as ozone depleting substances (ODS). The Montreal Protocol mandated the eventual phase-out of CFCs and HCFCs, instead turning to HFCs as a replacement. Although HFCs do not deplete ozone, they were later found to have a significant GWP, prompting a recent amendment to reduce HFC usage by 80% in the next thirty years. As HFCs are phased out, ionocaloric cooling has been proposed as an alternative for refrigerant. Ionocaloric cooling relies on the principle that liquids release energy, or heat, when solidified, and solids absorb energy when liquified. In an ionocaloric refrigerant system, a mixture of a liquid and salt is frozen and melted. When a current is added, ions flow and change the material from solid to liquid, which allows them to absorb heat from their surroundings. Similarly, when ions are removed, the material crystallizes into a solid, releasing heat. The mixture is easier to manage as it is never in a gas state and is unable to enter the atmosphere. Additionally, certain solvents like ethylene carbonate, which have been used to test the technology, can be carbon-negative due to their ability to be produced from CO2 supplied by carbon capture. This means that ionocaloric cooling can prevent current emissions with high GWP and ODP, while also removing emitted gases from the atmosphere. Promise of Ionocaloric CoolingIonocaloric cooling has the potential to modify current HVAC systems, which rely upon high GWP gases that act as refrigerants. By using solid and liquid components as opposed to HFCs to function, ionocaloric refrigeration prohibits these harmful gases from ever entering the atmosphere. In addition to its cooling purposes, this technology can also be used for heating. Ionocaloric technology has the potential to compete with or even exceed the efficiency of gaseous refrigerant. Currently, ionocaloric cooling technology is still being developed. If proven successful, this innovative technology could transform the current landscape of HVAC systems. Hurdles to OvercomeAs of now, ionocaloric cooling is not fully developed. Although the material cost for the salt water is cheap, it is unclear the cost of every component needed on a larger scale. The research currently being conducted for ionocaloric cooling experimentation is heavily subsidized. As it is still under R&D, this technology's viability on a larger-market scale will be continually determined. To facilitate a transition away from gas refrigerants, ionocaloric cooling will likely need government incentives, such as consumer rebates, to make the technology competitive with conventional units.Dr. Lilley's Insights into Ionocaloric CoolingIn addition to being environmentally harmful, gas refrigerants have proven to be costly and difficult to dispose of. Dr. Lilley believes that ionocaloric cooling can thus be an advantageous solution in a variety of ways. The end of life management (or disposal) of output components from ionocaloric cooling will be much easier as it relies upon liquid inputs. Additionally, Lilley notes that there is no way to completely seal refrigerants from the atmosphere, so a liquid refrigerant eliminates that problem altogether. As the technology becomes more advanced, Dr. Lilley believes that initial cost concerns will fade with state subsidies and market adoption.About our guestDr. Drew Lilley is the CEO and co-founder of Caliion Technologies. He holds a PhD from UC Berkeley in Mechanical Engineering, where his research is focused on alternatives to current refrigerants. His main research focus is on the R&D process of solid-to-liquid ionocaloric cooling. ResourcesAC Direct, Ionocaloric Cooling is Revolutionizing Heating and Cooling TechnologiesBerkeley Engineering, Keep it CoolBerkeley Lab, Berkeley Lab Scientists Develop a Cool New Method of RefrigerationDr. Drew Lilley, Calion TechnologiesIndustrial Refrigeration Pros, The Evolution of RefrigerantsThe American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New Refrigeration Method Relies on Ionocaloric CoolingFurther ReadingCarrier, AC Refrigerant BasicsClimate & Clean Air Coalition, HFCsEIA, Nearly 90% of U.S. households used air conditioning in 2020EPA, Basic Ozone Layer ScienceUNEP, Montreal Protocol Timeline and HistoryUNEP, About the Montreal ProtocolFor a transcript, please visit https://climatebreak.org/out-with-classic-refrigerants-and-in-with-ionocaloric-refrigeration-with-dr-drew-lilley/.

Are you in a relationship with a high-functioning codependent (HFC)? Are both you and your partner HFCs? In my experience, HFCs tend to flock together. Many of my friends identify as HFCs, and my husband is also an HFC.  Some of you have asked how to navigate relationships with fellow HFCs, especially as you get into recovery and become more aware of (and perhaps annoyed by) their behavior.  If you can relate, this episode is for you because I'm talking about the dynamics of high-functioning codependency in relationships, how I've managed this in my marriage, and steps you can take to stay on your side of the street while shifting this dynamic into a healthier space. Read the show notes for today's episode at terricole.com/693

Join the Refrigeration Mentor Community here Learn more about Refrigeration Mentor Customized Technical Training Programs at https://refrigerationmentor.com/  This conversation is a comprehensive Q&A session revolving around CO2 systems and helping technicians with the transition from traditional refrigerants. It features regular guest Andrew Freeburg, a technician highly experienced in CO2, diving into the rapid transition to CO2, as well as addressing the fears many technicians face due to high pressures, and the necessary tools and methodologies for effective servicing. This is another in our CO2 Experts series, preparing technicians through education and training to ensure efficient and safe operations of CO2 systems. In this episode, we discuss: -The rise of CO2 in refrigeration -Addressing fears and apprehensions of working with CO2 systems -Overcoming CO2 challenges -Safety measures for CO2 systems -Tools and techniques for CO2 systems -Refrigerant recovery -Time and cost efficiency -Importance of following regulations -EVs vs. pulse valves -Fine-tuning and system efficiency Helpful Links & Resources: Episode 283. CO2 Experts: The Shift from HFCs to CO2 - Lessons Challenges and Solutions with Conor Eaton-Smith Episode 250. Service Call Stories and Troubleshooting Tips with Andrew Freeburg Episode 201. Removing the Fear of CO2 Refrigeration with Andrew Freeburg Andrew Freeburg on LinkedIn Refrigeration Unlimited (RUI)  

Join the Refrigeration Mentor Community here Learn more about Refrigeration Mentor Customized Technical Training Programs at https://refrigerationmentor.com/  In this episode of CO2 Experts, we're joined by Conor Eaton-Smith, Technical Director at K2 Engineering (Cooling) Ltd., to discuss the transition from HFCs to CO2 as a refrigerant. Conor shares his take on the transition, the lessons he learned, and future of refrigeration and CO2. We also cover the misconceptions around refrigerant leakage rates and load estimations, and the benefits of CO2 in terms of carbon footprint and heat recovery. This is part of our continuing CO2 Expert series where we hope to help technicians everywhere with the implementation of more CO2 systems stay informed and adaptable to new advancements in our industry. In this episode, we discuss: -Transitioning from HFCs to CO2 -Challenges with HFC systems -Refrigerant leakage rates -Overestimating loads and energy consumption -Future of refrigeration and CO2 -Heat recovery in CO2 systems -Strategies for efficient heat recovery -CO2 vs. traditional refrigerants -The case for CO2 as the future refrigerant Helpful Links & Resources: Follow Conor on LinkedIn Episode 241. Transitioning to CO2 Refrigeration in Supermarkets with John Scott & Marc Feeney Episode 279. CO2 Experts: Superheat - Controls & Common Issues with Chris Griffiths and John Rothery

The stores refrigerate food using systems that often leak powerful climate-warming gases called HFCs. Learn more at https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/ 

Are you considered “successful” by societal standards, but can't enjoy your success because you're busy moving on to whatever's next? Or do you constantly feel behind, like you could be doing more? Have you checked all the ‘big' boxes in life (degree, career, love, stuff), but still feel unfulfilled or uninspired by what you've achieved? If you answered yes, this episode is for you because I am talking about the power of redefining success for less burnout, especially for high-functioning codependents (HFCs). I'm also giving you real-life examples of how our stories about success can lead us astray and practical steps to take to clarify what success means to you. Read the show notes for today's episode at terricole.com/688

I believe there are generically three pillars to libertarianism that can be used to defend most any of our policy positions: self-ownership, the non-aggression principle and freedom of association. This episode focuses on the first, self-ownership.S H O W  N O T E SLocalsWait Song: Smoke RisingMusic by: CreatorMix.comVideo

Daily News: https://www.polnewscentral.com/ --- Live show 8PM EST: https://odysee.com/@PNNAmerica:a/PNNAmericaJan --- Help by supporting the show: TRUMP COIN: 3UBqWUYDeHmYP9XJQXKMkXjSMTFYaFL2v2vFRvZdpLDt Bitcoin: bc1q775yrp0az9e88yp3nzg0a5p7nzgex0m7e8xcdk Dogecoin: DS1Fp4wmQ1jdbYj4cqi3MJNWmzYe6tt9w4 Monero: 8BaVtQCDnQhY1Wc3twwx2NCPumhTTVCweZRQT2X7V3D9gfEUCWt6U79izJp2qiDYx3cAjPjQFEWxFbKyLoTTWSRzGC27Tdk --- MY Website! (Book included): https://www.pnnamerica.com ---

Are you overly invested in the feeling states, situations, careers, circumstances, and relationships of the people in your life, to the detriment of your own internal peace? So invested, that setting and maintaining boundaries feels selfish or impossible? If so, you're not alone, and this episode is for you. I'm looking at the Boundary Boss Bill of Rights from my first book, but through the lens of high-functioning codependency because that's what my newest book, Too Much, is all about!  For high-functioning codependents (HFCs) who are used to giving, setting boundaries can be challenging, but they're essential to our relationships. These boundary rights can serve as transformative tools for breaking free from the cycle of over-giving, people-pleasing, and self-abandonment so prevalent in HFCs. Read the show notes for today's episode at terricole.com/680

Is high fructose corn syrup as harmful as its reputation suggests? Monica revisits the HFCS debate to separate science from misinformation. Learn how HFCS compares to table sugar, why its name might be misleading, and what really matters when it comes to added sugars in your diet. New to Nutrition Diva? Check out our special Spotify playlist for a collection of the best episodes curated by our team and Monica herself!Have a nutrition question? Send an email to nutrition@quickanddirtytips.com or leave a voicemail at 443-961-6206.Follow Nutrition Diva on Facebook and subscribe to the newsletter for more diet and nutrition tips. Find Monica's blog and other programs at Nutrition Over Easy. Nutrition Diva is a part of the Quick and Dirty Tips podcast network. LINKS:Transcripts: https://nutrition-diva.simplecast.com/episodes/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/QDTNutrition/Newsletter: https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/nutrition-diva-newsletterNutrition Over Easy: https://nutritionovereasy.comQuick and Dirty Tips: https://quickanddirtytipscom

Are you tired of being the one doing all the things for all the people? Are you the point person for everything in your family life? Does it feel like you're the only one who can reliably get things done? Then this episode is for you because I am talking about a common relational dynamic I see in high-functioning codependents (HFCs): how one person over-functioning causes the other to under-function.  To illustrate this dynamic, I'm sharing an excerpt and case study from my newest book, Too Much: A Guide to Breaking the Cycle of High-Functioning Codependency. You'll learn how this dynamic impacts us, examples of how it shows up in our relationships, and how you can stop over-functioning. Read the show notes for today's episode at terricole.com/678

Alternative systems exist, but there's a shortage of workers trained to install and service them. Learn more at https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/ 

Sami & V are preparing to see their family for the holidays, and their insecurities are coming out. This week, Nancy Pelosi and Mitch McConnell's each took a big fall, RFK's started a war on corn syrup, and mysterious drones are flying over NJ. Plus, V and Sami take on the new crypto coin no one wants to talk about. We end the episode with Sami giving us some practical advice on how you can fight insurance when they deny your claim. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In today's episode, Gina shares part 2 of her interview with Terri Cole, an author and expert on high functioning codependency. Terri shares her wisdom and experience as a psychotherapist to provide important information on how to handle one's codependent social patterns. Use this information to transform your own way of relating to others and become healthier and happier as a result! Links mentioned in today's episode https://www.terricole.com https://hfcbook.com https://www.instagram.com/terricole/ Please visit our Sponsor Page to find all the links and codes for our awesome sponsors! https://www.theanxietycoachespodcast.com/sponsors/ Thank you for supporting The Anxiety Coaches Podcast. FREE MUST-HAVE RESOURCE FOR Calming Your Anxious Mind 10-Minute Body-Scan Meditation for Anxiety Anxiety Coaches Podcast Group Coaching link ACPGroupCoaching.com To learn more, go to: Website https://www.theanxietycoachespodcast.com Join our Group Coaching Full or Mini Membership Program Learn more about our One-on-One Coaching What is anxiety? Find even more peace and calm with our Supercast premium access membership: For $5 a month, all episodes are ad-free! https://anxietycoaches.supercast.com/ Here's what's included for $5/month: ❤ New Ad-Free episodes every Sunday and Wednesday ❤ Access to the entire Ad-free back-catalog with over 600 episodes ❤ Premium meditations recorded with you in mind ❤ And more fun surprises along the way! All this in your favorite podcast app! Quote: Boundaries aren't just about keeping people out; they're about letting peace in. Anxiety lessens when we protect our emotional space. -Terri Cole Chapters 0:42 Introduction to Codependency 2:02 The Struggle of High-Functioning Codependents 5:17 Understanding Our Origins 8:37 Historical Context of Codependency 11:34 Navigating Relationships as HFCs 13:42 Practical Solutions for HFCs 18:00 Setting Boundaries and Self-Care 22:09 Prioritizing Yourself in Relationships 23:30 Resources and Community for Recovery Summary In this episode of the Anxiety Coaches Podcast, I continue my insightful conversation with Terry Cole, a global empowerment and relationship expert. We dive deeper into the dynamics of high-functioning codependency, a topic that resonates with many individuals on their journey toward better mental health and empowered relationships. Terry's latest book, *Too Much: A Guide to Breaking the Cycle of High-Functioning Codependency*, serves as the backdrop for our discussion, providing a roadmap to understanding and overcoming the patterns that often hold us back. We reflect on the common struggle of over-giving in relationships—where we instinctively prioritize helping others often at the expense of our own needs. Terry poignantly articulates the tendency of high-functioning codependents (HFCs) to project positivity onto others, leading to frustration when the expected support isn't reciprocated. Together, we explore how this can create unbalanced dynamics, ultimately making HFCs feel as though they are not deserving of the care they so willingly provide to others. We examine significant societal pressures that have shaped these behaviors, particularly for women navigating the complexities of independence while managing emotional labor within their homes and relationships. Understanding the roots of these behaviors is crucial. As we discuss familial dynamics and societal expectations, we uncover the notion that HFCs might emerge not just from trauma, but also from a long history of conditioning—especially for those raised within patriarchal frameworks that undervalue emotional expression. Through shared anecdotes and personal reflections, Terry emphasizes the importance of recognizing our own boundaries and the necessity of allowing others the space to navigate their own challenges. #codependency #highfunctioningcodependency #HFC #mentalhealth #relationships #selfhelp #therapy #personalgrowth #mindfulness #anxietycoachespodcast #acp #GinaRyan Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Beloved psychotherapist Terri Cole is back by popular demand, and boy does she knock our f%cking socks off with this episode! Terri and Gabrielle break down what an HFC (high-functioning codependent) person is—essentially someone who feels compelled to over-invest in their friends or families emotional/financial/spiritual wellbeing at the expense of their own happiness and peace. Terri provides insights into the emotional labor involved in maintaining relationships this way, leading to blurred boundaries, exhaustion, and eventual burnout. Gabrielle shares her own experiences with control and trust, finding it easier to give help than to receive it—a hallmark of HFCs. The episode concludes with ways to flip the narrative, including embracing your own vulnerabilities and prioritizing self-care to find these much-needed healthier interactions. It's a must-listen episode for anyone who resonates with these situations—you don't want to miss it!  Be sure to keep up with Dr. Terri on Instagram and order her new book here! Thank you so much to our incredible sponsors! Lumen - Visit lumen.me/FMLTALK to get 15% off your Lumen Factor - Head to factormeals.com/fmltalk50 and use code fmltalk50 to get 50% off your first box and 20% off of your first month! Follow your host!      TikTok: @gabrielle_stone     Instagram: @gabriellestone & @fmltalkpodcast     YouTube: FML TALK     Website: www.eatprayfml.com          Plus, if you want to submit an FML story, email it to info@eatprayfml.com   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this special episode the HFCS members Greg, Barry and Aron discuss how summer movie season 2024 panned out and how fall movies are shaping up.

This Day in Legal History: Treaty of Fort PittOn September 17, 1778, the newly independent United States and the Lenape (Delaware) Nation signed the Treaty of Fort Pitt, marking the first formal treaty between the U.S. and a Native American tribe. The treaty established a military alliance during the American Revolutionary War, with the Lenape agreeing to assist the U.S. in its fight against the British. In return, the U.S. promised protection and the possibility of creating a 14th state for Native Americans in the future.Despite its significance as a symbol of diplomacy, the treaty was quickly undermined. U.S. forces often ignored the agreement, and American expansion continued to threaten Lenape lands. The promise of a Native American state was never realized, and tensions between the two sides worsened. This violation of the treaty set a precedent for many future treaties between the U.S. government and Native American tribes, where promises were made but rarely honored. The Treaty of Fort Pitt highlights the complex and often troubled relationship between Native nations and the U.S. government during the early years of American independence.The Biden administration is launching a new initiative to combat the smuggling of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases used in refrigeration, across U.S. borders. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and other agencies are collaborating, using new tools like artificial intelligence to identify suspicious shipments. HFC smuggling has surged as the U.S. phases out these chemicals under the 2019 American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act, which mandates an 85% reduction by 2036. Since fiscal year 2024 began, about 25 illegal shipments have been stopped, but the scale of smuggling remains large.Smugglers use various methods, such as relabeling containers and falsifying import documents, to sneak HFCs into the country. The black market for these refrigerants mirrors the illicit trade of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the 1990s after their global ban. Enforcement efforts include developing human intelligence sources, new AI technologies, and enhanced collaboration between government agencies. However, enforcement challenges persist, as it's difficult to catch every shipment and distinguish legal from illegal HFCs once they enter the market.Biden Fights Smugglers Trafficking Climate-Warming RefrigerantsCigna Group's Express Scripts is suing the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) over a July report that it claims unfairly portrays pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs). In its lawsuit, filed in Missouri, Express Scripts calls the report “unfair, biased, erroneous, and defamatory” and demands the agency retract it. This legal action intensifies the ongoing conflict between PBMs and the FTC, which has been investigating the industry for over two years.The FTC's report accuses PBMs of steering patients to their own pharmacies and charging higher rates. Express Scripts, along with other PBM giants like CVS Health and UnitedHealth Group, disputes these claims, arguing that PBMs help control drug prices and counteract pharmaceutical companies' power. Cigna's lawsuit also accuses the FTC of ignoring data it submitted, favoring instead what it calls “unsupported innuendo.” The FTC has rejected these accusations and stands by its report, stating that it aims to clarify the complexities of the PBM market. The case is now before the U.S. District Court in Missouri.Cigna Sues Federal Trade Commission Over ‘Defamatory' ReportThe U.S. antitrust trial over Kroger's $25 billion bid to acquire rival grocer Albertsons is wrapping up, but the legal battles are far from over. Following the Portland trial, where the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and several states argued that the merger would harm shoppers and unionized grocery workers, two more trials are set to challenge the deal. Washington state's attorney general began a separate trial on Monday, arguing that the merger would raise prices, reduce competition, and allow Kroger to close unionized stores. Later this month, Colorado will bring its own case, focusing on the impact on local farmers and consumers.Kroger and Albertsons, which have already spent $864 million on merger-related costs this year, argue that the deal would lower prices and allow them to compete better with retail giants like Walmart and Amazon. Despite their assurances that no stores will close due to the merger, critics warn that closures could occur in the future. The ongoing legal challenges could prolong the merger process and add significant costs for the companies.Kroger-Albertson's US anti-trust trial to end but other legal blocks loom | ReutersIn my column for Bloomberg this week, I explore how land value taxes (LVTs) can address the inequities in the current property tax systems across the U.S.Property taxes, especially in economically disadvantaged areas, have been scrutinized for burdening low-income homeowners. A land value tax, which taxes only the land's value and not any structures or improvements, could provide a fairer alternative. LVTs can stabilize tax burdens, promote development, and reduce land speculation. This tax system would also allow for income-adjusted progressivity, helping municipalities create more consistent revenue streams while avoiding the boom-and-bust cycles tied to real estate.In contrast, traditional property taxes—which tax both land and buildings—can disincentivize property improvements, make it cheaper to hold vacant land, and unfairly burden residents in areas with declining commercial property values. This is especially evident in places like Chicago's south suburbs, where declining commercial revenue is pushing low- and middle-income homeowners to the brink. Similar stories are unfolding in towns like Harvey, Illinois, and Wake County, North Carolina, where property taxes have surged beyond many residents' ability to pay.Shifting to an LVT would alleviate these problems by taxing land rather than improvements, encouraging landowners to develop or sell underused land, and ensuring more financial stability for homeowners. The switch could be an important step in revitalizing economically depressed areas, promoting development, and creating a more equitable tax system.Land Value Taxes Can Resolve Property Tax Systems' Inequities This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

Pamoja na chapisho lililotolewa leo na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la hali ya hewa (WMO) kuangazia ushahidi unaoongezeka kwamba tabaka la ozoni kwa hakika liko mbioni kurejea katika hali nzuri, Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Antonio Guterres kupitia ujumbe wake maalumu kwa ajili ya siku ya leo ya Kimataifa ya Uhifadhi wa Tabaka la Ozoni amesisitiza mataifa yote ulimwenguni kuidhinisha na kutekeleza maazimio ya maboresho ya Itifaki ya Montreal yaliyozaa Marekebisho ya Kigali kwa lengo la kupunguza gesi chafuzi zenye nguvu zinazoongeza joto duniani. Katika ujumbe huo, Bwana Guterres ameeleza kwamba Marekebisho ya Kigali ya Itifaki ya Montreal ambayo yanalenga katika kupunguza hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) ambazo ni gesi zinazoongeza joto duniani yanaweza kuchangia katika kuendeleza juhudi za kukabiliana na tabianchi, kulinda watu na sayari. “Na hilo linahitajika zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote kwani rekodi za joto zinaendelea kuongezeka.” Akasisitiza.Itifaki ya Montreal ilikubaliwa mnamo mwaka 1987 huko nchini Canada na kuanza kutumika mwaka 1989. Maboresho yake yalifanyika mwaka 2016 mjini Kigali Rwanda na marekebisho hayo ya Kigali yakawa sehemu ya Itifaki ya Montreal kuanzia mwaka 2017. Hadi kufikia Aprili mwaka huu 2024 ni nchi 158 pekee zimeidhinisha marekebisho hayo.Guterres anaendelea kueleza kwamba, “iwapo yataidhinishwa kikamilifu na kutekelezwa, Marekebisho ya Kigali ya Itifaki ya Montreal yanaweza kusaidia kuepuka ongezeko la hadi nyuzi joto 0.5 za Selsiasi duniani kufikia mwisho wa karne hii.”Anasema “wakati ambapo ushirikiano kimataifa uko chini ya shinikizo kubwa, Itifaki ya Montreal ya kusaidia kulinda tabaka la ozoni inajitokeza kama ishara yenye nguvu ya matumaini. Ni ukumbusho kwamba nchi zinapoonesha azimio la kisiasa kwa manufaa ya wote, mabadiliko yanawezekana.”Ushahidi wa mafaniko ya Itifaki ya Montreal pia uko katika ujumbe wa Mkuu wa shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP), Inger Andersen alioutoa leo kwa njia ya video akisema,“hatua zilizochukuliwa chini ya Itifaki hii ya Montreal ziliondoa gesi zilizokuwa zinatumika viwandani, gesi ambazo zilikuwa zilizoharibu tabaka la ozoni na ziliongeza joto duniani.”

High Fructose Corn Syrup's Profits over Health:  Richard Gale & Gary Null PhD Progressive Radio Network, July 24, 2024 There is an unseen culprit hiding in the shadows. It is a toxic poison contained in many of the foods and beverages that we commonly eat. A toxin that has been implicated in causing cancer, diabetes, heart disease, lowered cognitive function, addiction, depression, and obesity. The magicians and alchemists of the corporate food industry have cleverly disguised this ingredient and sing its praises.  If you are waiting for mainstream media to undertake an in-depth investigative report on this topic you will be waiting a long time. Back in 2015 Tufts University's department of nutritional sciences conducted a study published by the American Heart Association that documented the annual rates of global deaths directly due to over-consumption of beverages with high sugar content. The results estimated that 184,000 adults die annually from sugary drinks.  Dr. Gitanjali at Tufts analyzed data documenting sugar-related deaths across 51 countries between 1980 and 2010.  Deaths were compiled according to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and various cancers. Based upon the data, the study concluded that sugar contributed to 45,000 annual deaths from cardiovascular disease, 13,000 deaths from diabetic complications, and 6,450 deaths related to cancer.  Credit Suisse's Research Institute published a scathing report that brought sugar's health risks into sharper focus.  The study revealed that upward to 40% of American healthcare expenditures could be directly tied to overconsumption of sugar in the average American diet.  Today, the US' national addiction to sugar contributes to $1 trillion in healthcare costs annually, which includes coronary heart disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. There are numerous studies published in reliable peer-reviewed medical journals associating sugar with each of these life threatening diseases. As far back as 1971, I began writing about the hazards of sugar. In 2002, my documentary Seven Steps to Perfect Health was premiered on PBS stations. During a special appearance on one station's fund drive, I poured sugar out of a bag. The amount I poured equaled the number of teaspoons that an average American teenager consumes daily. My general counsel, David Slater, verified the quantity by proper measurement according to scientific food and diet data.  After the initial airing of this special, I was informed by the station's program director that they could not rebroadcast the performance, even though it was the most successful program during the fund drive. I was informed that the station had received harsh criticism from the sugar industry. The program director explained that the information I presented about sugar's dangers, even though I provided full scientific verification of the facts, ran up against the president of the station board Sharon Rockefeller. I was told she had received a phone call from a sugar-lobbying group representing soft drink makers and sugar manufacturers.  Therefore the station made the decision to pull my program. I was never asked to return to the station. Not surprisingly, a subsequent investigation revealed Sharon Rockefeller sat on Pepsi's board at the time, one of America's largest manufacturers of sweetened soft drinks.    That was my first personal encounter with the political forces supporting sugar. I wrote letters to the sugar industry, the station board and Sharon Rockefeller contesting their suppression of my program and their claim that sugar was unrelated to the declining health of Americans. They were presented with dozens of peer-reviewed studies. However in recent decades, the sweetener industry has undergone a dramatic transformation with the introduction and widespread adoption of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) throughout our food system. This shift from traditional cane sugar, which dominated my criticism earlier, to fructose corn sugars has led to deep human health and environmental concerns due to its economic benefits for food manufacturers.  High fructose corn syrup was developed in the late 1960s by Japanese scientists who discovered a method to convert glucose from cornstarch into fructose using enzymes. This innovation was spurred by the need to find a cheaper and more versatile sweetener as an alternative to the more labor-intensive production of traditional cane sugar. HFCS is made by milling corn to produce cornstarch. The starch is then hydrolyzed into glucose by adding the enzyme alpha-amylase. Finally the glucose is further processed into fructose. The result is a syrup that typically contains 42-55 percent fructose, with the rest being glucose. Some methods can produce fructose as high as 90 percent.  Today, HFCS production has been so optimized that it has become the most cost-effective and efficient means to produce sweeteners. Monsanto's genetically modified Round-Up Ready corn, enabling the use of more toxic herbicides and pesticides, has now made HFCS the cornerstone of the sugar industry.  However, the shift to HFCS has been fundamentally driven by economics and the agro-chemical industry and has absolutely nothing to do with creating a healthier sugar.  Since corn is one of the most extensively cultivated crops in the United States, which is heavily subsidized by the government, it has provided an enormous, inexpensive supply of the raw material needed for HFCS production. In addition, the enzymatic conversion process can result in a high yield of sweetener from a relatively small amount of corn.  HFCS is now a ubiquitous ingredient that permeates our entire modern food supply. Starting in the 1980s, the introduction of HFCS has gradually displaced traditional sweeteners such as natural cane sugar, glucose and honey. According to the USDA, HFCS can cost up to 50% less than cane and other traditional sugars. This cost differential is particularly significant in industries where sweeteners constitute a major portion of production costs such as in soft drinks, artificial fruit juices, sweet baked goods, snack foods and candy, breakfast cereals, condiments and sauces, sweetened dairy products such as yoghurt and ice cream, and a large variety of processed canned and prepared meals. A study published in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that HFCS accounts for over 40% increase of caloric sweeteners added to foods and beverages. Having a purview of the distribution of different sugars in the American diet helps to illustrate the dominance of HFCS in the food system. Approximately 45 percent of added sugars in the American diet come from HFCS and an additional 2 percent from pure fructose. Between 35-40 percent of sweeteners derive from sucrose, the common table sugar made from sugarcane and sugar beets -- the latter now being genetically modified. The production process involves crushing the plant material to extract the juice, which is then purified, concentrated, and crystallized to produce table sugar.  Not to be confused with HFCS, corn syrup is largely glucose and represents about 10-15 percent of the nation's sugar intake. It is the most common sugar used in baked goods and candy. Lactose and galactose each account for about 4-5 percent of consumed sugars. However they are typically not added sugars to foods but naturally present in all dairy products.  Finally, honey, which at one time was a common food ingredient, today only accounts for about 1-2 percent of sweeteners.  Moreover, according to FDA testing, a lot of commercial honey found in grocery stores has been adulterated with HFCS and other sweeteners, such sucrose derived from cane and GMO beet sugars and artificial honey-flavored imitators.  A general estimate is that 20-30 percent of honey sold is impure.  Back in the 1970s and 1980s when I frequently railed publicly against the sugar industry and the health risks of processed table sugar that then completely dominated the food industry, I would never have imagined that sucrose would be gradually replaced by HFCS. This replacement accelerated after the emergence of genetically modified (GM) corn. As noted above, the vast majority of HFCS produced in the United States, the world's larger corn producer globally, is derived from genetically modified (GM) corn. Estimates suggest that around 85-90% of the corn grown in the U.S. is genetically modified. Therefore it is reasonable to infer that approximately 85-90% of HFCS is derived from GM corn. As many court cases and exposes of corruption in the agro-chemical industry have cone to light, GM corn has dire implications for the production and consumption of HFCS, especially considering the associated health risks linked to the use of toxic herbicides such as glyphosate. Research has linked glyphosate to various health issues, including cancer. A decade ago, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as a "probable human carcinogen"; today, it is no longer probable but a medical fact. Several studies have detected glyphosate residues in food products containing HFCS. A study published in Environmental Health found glyphosate residues in a variety of food products, highlighting the widespread contamination of the food supply with this herbicide. In addition to glyphosate's carcinogenic potential, the toxin has also been shown to disrupt endocrine function and it has been implicated in gut dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome. This disruption can lead to a range of health problems, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other gastrointestinal disorders. Research published in Current Microbiology indicates that glyphosate exposure can alter the composition of the gut microbiota, leading to adverse health outcomes. HFCS and traditional sugars like table sugar differ significantly in their composition and metabolic effects. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of equal parts glucose and fructose, while HFCS is a mixture of free glucose and fructose, with the fructose content higher than that in sucrose. This difference in composition affects how the body metabolizes these sugars. Briefly, HFCS poses more serious health risks than sucrose. The free fructose in HFCS is absorbed more rapidly than the bound fructose in sucrose, leading to quicker spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels. In addition, the high fructose content in HFCS places a greater burden on the liver, leading to increased fat production and storage, contributing to fatty liver disease and metabolic disorders. In contrast, the balanced glucose-fructose composition of sucrose is metabolized more evenly, posing lower risks. However, it is crucial to realize that excessive or even moderate consumption of any form of sugar can be detrimental to health. Extensive research has linked the consumption of HFCS to a range of adverse health effects. Key among these is metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that high consumption of HFCS is associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, which includes conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. These conditions collectively elevate the risk of heart disease and stroke. HFCS has been directly implicated in America's obesity epidemic due to its high fructose content, which is metabolized differently than glucose. Fructose is primarily processed in the liver, where it can be converted into fat more readily than glucose. This process can lead to increased fat accumulation and insulin resistance, both of which are risk factors for obesity and type 2 diabetes. A study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition highlighted that high HFCS consumption is correlated with an increased risk of obesity and diabetes, particularly in children and adolescents. HFCS intake also leads to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Unlike glucose, which is metabolized by all cells in the body, fructose is metabolized almost entirely in the liver. High levels of fructose overwhelms the liver's capacity to process it, leading to fat accumulation and liver damage. Research published in Hepatology has shown a strong correlation between HFCS consumption and the progression to more severe liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Recent evidence reveals that HFCS has detrimental effects on cognitive function and mental health. Studies indicate that fructose impairs insulin signaling in the brain, which is crucial for maintaining cognitive functions. A study in the Journal of Physiology found that high-fructose diets can lead to insulin resistance in the brain, potentially increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Additionally, high sugar diets, including those high in HFCS, have been linked to mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, as detailed in a review in Nature Reviews Neuroscience. HFCS and other fructose-rich sugars can have profound adverse effects on the gut and digestive system. These sugars are known to disrupt the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to various digestive disorders and altering the gut microbiome. Fructose, unlike glucose, is not directly absorbed by the body. It requires a specific transporter, GLUT5, to be taken up by the intestinal cells. Fructose interferes with these transporters, leading to malabsorption. Unabsorbed fructose travels to the large intestine, where it undergoes fermentation by gut bacteria. This process produces gases such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, which cause bloating, gas, and abdominal pain leading to malabsorption and the intestine's inability to absorb fructose efficiently. The gut microbiome, a complex community of trillions of microorganisms living in the digestive tract, is crucial for maintaining digestive health, immune function, and overall well-being. High intake of fructose negatively affects this delicate balance. Studies have shown that diets high in fructose can lead to an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition. This imbalance is characterized by a decrease in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli and an increase in harmful bacteria like Clostridia and Enterobacteria.  A study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that high fructose levels increase intestinal permeability, also known as "leaky gut." This condition allows harmful substances, such as toxins and bacteria, to pass from the gut into the bloodstream, triggering inflammation and contributing to the development of various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Inflammatory bowel disease, which includes conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is exacerbated by promoting inflammation and altering the gut microbiota. A study in the journal Gut reported that reducing fructose intake improved symptoms in individuals with IBS, suggesting a direct link between fructose consumption and IBS symptom severity. Finally we need to also consider the catastrophic effects of HFCS on children. Children are particularly vulnerable to the health risks associated with HFCS due to their higher consumption levels relative to their body weight. According to data from the CDC, the average American child consumes approximately 12-16 teaspoons of added sugars per day, a significant portion of which comes from HFCS. This high intake is largely driven by the consumption of sweetened beverages, snacks, and processed foods that are marketed specifically to children. The high consumption of HFCS among children is a major contributor to the rising rates of childhood obesity and metabolic disorders. Studies have shown that children who consume high levels of sugary beverages and snacks are more likely to develop obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. A study published in Pediatrics found that children who consume sugary drinks daily are at a significantly higher risk of developing obesity compared to those who consume them less frequently. There is also growing concern about the impact of HFCS on children's cognitive development and behavior. High sugar diets have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other behavioral issues in children. A study in the Journal of Attention Disorders found that excessive sugar consumption, including HFCS, exacerbates symptoms of ADHD and impair cognitive functions such as memory and learning. A deeper look at the politics of the sugar industry reveals that huge sums are being doled out by the government to support and subsidize sugar companies. Writing for the Wall Street Journal, health journalist Alexandra Wexler explains that American taxpayers are currently responsible for shelling out $280 million to cover the cost of loans from the USDA which sugar producers are unable to pay back. Given the undeniable evidence demonstrating the toxicity of HFCS and other commercial sugars and their enormous toll on the wellbeing of Americans, why is it that our health agencies and elected officials are not calling for an urgent overhaul of existing policies, which graciously support the domestic sugar industry to poison the population? Where is the outrage over bailing out the purveyors of what is likely the most dangerous staple in the American diet? For our answers we must follow the money-trail.

Climate change is affecting us all. When the temperature goes up, many of us reach for the air conditioning. But that in itself is making things worse. AC units use a huge amount of electricity and most use hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants - also known as HFCs which contribute to climate change.The International Energy Agency says over the next three decades demand for air conditioning is set to soar. But what's the alternative?We'll hear from the Irish engineers who say they have the technology to revolutionise air conditioning and refrigeration by doing away with planet-warming HFC gases completely.And we'll talk to one of Africa's leading architects, Francis Kéré, about how he combines traditional materials with modern designs - removing the need for air conditioning completely in his native Burkina Faso.Plus we'll hear from an American lawyer who helped craft the law in the US to keep in line with the international mandate to phase down refrigerant gases. He'll tell us about alternatives to HFCs and how regulations have encouraged innovation.People Fixing The World from the BBC is about brilliant solutions to the world's problems. We'd love you to let us know what you think and to hear about your own solutions. You can contact us on WhatsApp by messaging +44 8000 321721 or email peoplefixingtheworld@bbc.co.uk. And please leave us a review on your chosen podcast provider.Presenter: Myra Anubi Producer/reporter: Claire Bowes Editor: Jon Bithrey

Episode 172: NAFLD and ObesityFuture Dr. Nguyen explains the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and how it relates to obesity. Dr. Arreaza gives information about screening and diagnosis of NAFLD. Written by Ryan Nguyen, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.Introduction/PathophysiologyNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to the buildup of excess fat in liver cells, occurring without the influence of alcohol or drugs. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a more severe form of NAFLD, characterized by inflammation and liver cell injury due to fat accumulation. If left untreated, NASH can progress to liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Typically, NAFLD/NASH is diagnosed after other liver conditions are ruled out, making it a diagnosis of exclusion.NAFLD -> NASH -> Cirrhosis -> Liver failure. Another term for NAFLD is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Fatty liver disease is identified when more than 5% of liver weight consists of fat, whereas, NASH is diagnosed when this fat accumulation is accompanied by inflammation and liver cell injury, sometimes leading to fibrosis. Understanding these distinctions is crucial in recognizing and managing the spectrum of liver conditions associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.BMI serves as a tool to gauge body fat levels: individuals are categorized as normal weight if their BMI falls between 18.5 and 24.9, overweight if it ranges from 25 to 29.9. Class I obesity is diagnosed with a BMI of 30 to 34.9, class II obesity between 35 and 39.9, and class III obesity when BMI exceeds 40.Obesity puts you at risk of NAFLD, but you can also see NAFLD in non-obese patients, but the prevalence is very low, about 5%. What did you learn about the demographics of NAFLD?NAFLD is most widespread in regions like South Asia, the Middle East, Mexico, Central and South America, with prevalence rates exceeding 30%. In the United States, prevalence varies with approximately 23-27%, notably higher among Asians at 30%, followed by Hispanic individuals at 21%, White individuals at 12.5%, and Black individuals at 11.6%. Across all racial groups, obesity plays a significant role, affecting more than two-thirds of individuals diagnosed with NAFLD. Understanding these demographics underscores the global impact of obesity on NAFLD prevalence.Diagnosis: Screening/Labs/Imaging/ToolsThe American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases does not recommend screening for NAFLD, but if it is discovered an appropriate workup is warranted. AST/ALT RatioLiver health can be assessed by a series of tests aimed at assessing fat accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Initial screening often includes laboratory tests such as measuring the ratio between aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), where a ratio less than 1 may suggest possible NAFLD, although it is not diagnostic on its own. Normally, AST is slightly more elevated than ALT. So, if the AST/ALT ratio is lower, then means that ALT is higher than AST. FibroSure®.Additionally, you can measure indirect markers of fibrosis with tests such as FibroSure or FibroTest blood tests that combine several biomarkers including age, sex, gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, haptoglobin, and ALT to provide insights into liver health.Some people may be more familiar with FibroSure before Hepatitis C treatment. You can get a fibrosis score (F0-F4), and it is considered significant fibrosis if the score is > or equal to F2. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing NAFLD without the need for invasive procedures like liver biopsy. Vibration-controlled transient elastography (Fibroscan) uses ultrasound to measure liver stiffness, indicating potential fibrosis and inflammation. While noninvasive and portable, it focuses solely on liver ultrasound and may not be universally accessible. MRI with proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) offers a comprehensive assessment of liver fat content, commonly used in clinical and research settings for NAFLD and NASH evaluation.For evaluating hepatic fibrosis in patients with suspected NAFLD, tools like the Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4) incorporate age, AST, ALT, and platelet count to estimate the likelihood of liver disease progression. These screening methods collectively aid in diagnosing and monitoring NAFLD, particularly in individuals at risk due to factors like prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and abnormal liver enzyme ratios. With the FIB-4 you can get a faster answer than FibroSure because you only need 4 elements: Age, platelet count, AST and ALT. Cirrhosis is less likely if FIB-4 is 3.25. Understanding these diagnostic approaches is essential for early detection and management of NAFLD in clinical practice.Some researchers are invested in diagnosis and treating NAFLD while others recommend against labeling patients with NAFLD. A 2018 Lancet article concluded that the risks of over-diagnosing and overtreating NAFLD exceed the benefits of screening or periodic imaging because of “the low hepatic mortality, high false-positive rate of ultrasonography, selection bias of current studies, and lack of viable treatment.” However, patients who suffer from metabolic syndrome should be counseled about dietary modification and physical activity regardless of their liver condition. NAFLD and obesityFatty liver disease is often caused by multiple insults towards either genetically or environmentally predisposed individuals. Family history of NAFLD and having specific genetic variants are important risk factors for NAFLD. Those with prior health conditions can have increased susceptibility to NAFLD including T2DM leading to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, sleep apnea, hepatitis C, and cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease. A sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy nutrition (especially high intake of processed carbohydrates) cause an increase in free fatty acids leading to hepatic fat deposition → ballooning of hepatocytes → leading to hepatocyte injury/death → inflammation with fibroblast recruitment → end result of fibrosis/cirrhosis. Just a quick reminder, NAFLD is defined as fatty liver with >5% hepatic fat and NASH is defined as fatty liver with >5% hepatic fat with inflammation, hepatocyte injury, with or without fibrosis that we can determine through imaging. A leading concern for the development of NAFLD is the consumption of high fructose corn syrup.  High fructose corn syrup (HFCS), commonly found in candy, processed sweets, soda, fruit juices, and other processed foods, is linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Unlike natural whole fruits, which contain fiber and are generally healthier due to their slower absorption, HFCS lacks fiber and is quickly absorbed, leading to rapid transport to the liver. This process contributes to NAFLD by increasing the hepatic synthesis of lipids and interfering with insulin signaling. To avoid HFCS, individuals are encouraged to consume whole fruits rather than fruit juices and adopt diets rich in whole grains, lean meats, plant-based proteins, fruits, and vegetables, such as the Mediterranean or DASH diets, which are less likely to promote NAFLD, especially in those with healthy body weight.NAFLD treatment.Avoiding alcohol seems very obvious, but we need to mention it. Avoiding heavy alcohol consumption is recommended and complete abstinence is suggested.Weight loss is crucial; even a modest reduction of 3–5% in body weight can alleviate hepatic steatosis, with greater improvements typically seen with 7–10% weight loss, particularly beneficial for addressing histopathological features of NASH, such as fibrosis. We must focus on tailored medical nutrition therapy and regular physical activity. A strategic meal plan is essential, emphasizing achieving a healthy body weight while limiting trans fats and ultra-processed carbohydrates. Options like the Mediterranean diet, which balances lean proteins and restricts processed carbohydrates have shown promise. Dynamic aerobic and resistance exercises play a significant role in managing NAFLD. They help maintain a healthy weight and enhance peripheral insulin sensitivity, reduce circulating free fatty acids and glucose levels, and boost intrahepatic fatty acid oxidation while curbing fatty acid synthesis. These benefits contribute to mitigating liver damage associated with NAFLD, offering therapeutic advantages beyond mere weight reduction.Exercise may not be a great tool for weight loss, but it is a great tool for weight maintenance, liver health, and overall health as well. “Most patients with NAFLD die from vascular causes, but NAFLD puts patients at increased risk of cardiovascular death”. Medications for NAFLD.Regarding pharmacotherapy, while no medications are currently FDA-approved specifically for NAFLD treatment, some options show promise in clinical settings. Vitamin E supplementation at 800 IU (international units) daily has demonstrated biochemical and histological improvements in NASH cases without diabetes or cirrhosis, though long-term use may elevate prostate cancer risks. It is important to make a shared decision with the patient before starting Vitamin E supplementation. Medications like pioglitazone can reduce liver fat and improve NASH, even as they may increase body weight. But our favorite, GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as liraglutide and semaglutide, also show potential in reducing liver fat and improving NASH symptoms, and this is an emerging therapeutic option for managing this condition.If you decide to treat, then you should monitor as part of the treatment. An aminotransferase check is recommended 6 months after starting a weight loss program. If levels do not improve or do not return to normal after 5-7% of weight loss, another cause of elevated transaminases needs to be investigated.You also need to monitor fibrosis in patients with >F2. If fibrosis has been proven by liver biopsy, you can order FibroSure every 3-4 years. Having a fatty liver may be a red flag that your patient has a metabolic problem. If you discover it, start interventions that would benefit not only the liver but the whole metabolic profile of your patient. The Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) issued a Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) regarding NAFLD and obesity stating that patients with obesity are at increased risk for NAFLD and NASH. It recommends that clinicians strive to understand the etiology, diagnosis, and optimal treatment of NAFLD with a goal to prevent NASH in their patients.Regular exercise, even walking 30 minutes a day can show many benefits in curbing fatty accumulation in the liver. Having a proper diet with avoidance of high fructose corn syrup can overall help in reducing NAFLD/NASH. _____________________Conclusion: Now we conclude episode number 172, “NAFLD and Obesity.” Future Dr. Nguyen explained that NAFLD and obesity are closely related and NAFLD can lead to NASH and cirrhosis in some patients. Dr. Arreaza explained that screening may not be recommended by some medical societies, but others are in favor of screening and treating this disease. However, most people agree that NAFLD is a sign of metabolic disease and a good reason to talk about healthy eating and physical activity with our patients. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat NAFLD, but some evidence suggests that Vitamin E can improve it and GLP-1 receptor agonists are a promising option. This week we thank Hector Arreaza and Ryan Nguyen. Audio editing by Adrianne Silva.Even without trying, every night you go to bed a little wiser. Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast. We want to hear from you, send us an email at RioBravoqWeek@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. See you next week! _____________________References:Karjoo S, Auriemma A, Fraker T, Edward H. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100027.Curry M, Afdhal N. Noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis: Overview of serologic tests and imaging examinations.  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/noninvasive-assessment-of-hepatic-fibrosis-overview-of-serologic-tests-and-imaging-examinationsRoyalty-free music used for this episode: Cool Groove (Alt-Mix) by Videvo, downloaded on Nov 06, 2023, from https://www.videvo.net

What is the main cause of inflammation and chronic disease? I'm joined by Dr. Richard Jacoby who is one of the country's leading peripheral nerve surgeons and specializes in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy. In todays' episode we discuss the causes of inflammation, diabetes, cholesterol, and the lies we've been told about sugar. Topics Discussed: Glue = Glucose Arsenic found in HFCS Is brown rice syrup better than HFCS? Sugar in baby formula Regulations for baby formula Neuropathy Why sugar is more addictive than drugs Diabetes and the main cause If cholesterol is really bad for us? His opinion on fruit sugar and if it's really better than refined Artificial sweeteners The best diet to help reverse diseases  Sponsored By: ARMRA For a discount use code DIGEST at tryarmra.com  Pique Tea piquelife.com/digest for up to 15% OFF and freebies Bite For 20% off, use code DIGEST at trybite.com/digest  Check Out Bethany: Bethany's Instagram: @lilsipper Bethany's Website My Digestive Support Protein Powder Gut Reset Book  Get my Newsletters (Friday Finds) As always, if you have any questions for the show please email us at digestthispod@gmail.com.  And if you like this show, please share it, rate it, review it and subscribe to it on your favorite podcast app. 

Will Mexico imports reach 650,000 MT? June is the start of the rainy season, but will we get any rain this summer? The 2024/25 production forecast How does this affect HFCS heading to Mexico? Our next webinar: Summer Market Outlook on June 26, 2024 Look for your email invite or register directly at mckeany-flavell.com Host: Michael Caughlan, President & CEO Expert: Kevin Combs, Vice President – Global Sweeteners Specialist  

HFC Phasedown & Regulation: Turning Up the Heat to Turn Down Global Warming Joel Eagle, partner, and Ashley Kirk, associate in Thompson Hine's Environmental practice group are joined in this episode of Environmental L.A.W.S. by guest Alex Sadvari, a partner in Canada-based Gowling WLG who practices in the areas of environmental law, renewable energy, land use planning, and development law. Joel, Ashley, and Alex discuss the international phasedown of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are widely used in the refrigerant, propellant, and foam blowing industries, and examine the similarities and differences in the U.S. and Canadian approaches to HFC regulation. They also explore the international agreements governing HFC regulation, discuss why HFC regulation and phasedowns are important tools for combatting climate change, and provide insight into some of the challenges U.S. and Canadian entities face in complying with changing HFC regulations.

A Olimpíada de Paris 2024 se apresenta como exemplar no quesito ambiental e optou por não equipar a Vila Olímpica com ar condicionado. A decisão causou insatisfação de algumas delegações, como a do Brasil, já que as competições ocorrerão em pleno verão europeu. Com a medida, Paris busca expandir a reflexão sobre quando a climatização é realmente necessária, em um mundo em plena adaptação para enfrentar temperaturas que serão cada vez mais quentes. Lúcia Müzell, da RFI Brasil em Paris Em julho e agosto, os termômetros podem chegar perto dos 40°C na capital francesa, uma realidade relativamente nova para os habitantes da cidade. Conforme a Agência Parisiense do Clima, o número médio de dias com tempo canicular por ano – ou seja, com temperatura máxima superior a 31°C durante o dia – passou de 7,2 para 16,6, na comparação com os dados do fim do século 19. O aumento, mais acelerado a partir dos anos 2000, foi ainda mais impressionante nas medições do calor noturno: na última metade do século retrasado, fazia mais de 21°C apenas 0,2 noites por ano – e, agora, esse número subiu para cinco.O comitê de organização dos Jogos Olímpicos de Paris tomou este cenário em conta na construção da Vila Olímpica, com o que há de mais moderno em isolamento térmico dos prédios e sistemas naturais de resfriamento. A concepção do local garantiria uma temperatura máxima de 28°C nas instalações, mesmo nos dias mais quentes.Em caso de calor extremo, ventiladores serão distribuídos e aparelhos móveis de ar condicionado poderão ser instalados “nos quartos mais expostos”, explicou o comitê, por email à RFI. Paris 2024 se diz pronto para adaptar “medidas estritamente proporcionais às necessidades dos atletas”, se necessário.“A responsabilidade ambiental está no coração do nosso projeto desde a nossa candidatura”, salienta o texto. Delegações vão alugar ar condicionado por conta própriaOs argumentos, entretanto, não convenceram todas as delegações que participarão do evento. Estados Unidos, Canadá e Noruega já se prepararam para alugar aparelhos e equipar os seus alojamentos. O Brasil também fez essa escolha."A gente não tem como correr riscos para a performance dos nossos atletas. A gente não é uns Estados Unidos, uma China, que têm uma abundância de possibilidades de medalhas. As medalhas e as chances de medalhas que a gente tem, a gente precisa guardar e cuidar muito bem”, justifica Sebastian Pereira, gerente de Alto Rendimento e Jogos e Operações Internacionais do Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro (COB).O COB diz valorizar as iniciativas de sustentabilidade no esporte e não considera a decisão de Paris “exagerada”. Entretanto, alega que o descanso em boas condições é fundamental para o desempenho dos competidores, que treinaram por anos para chegar à Olimpíada. "A gente está pensando em poder dar ao atleta a melhor condição para ele poder performar”, explica Pereira.Por isso, não serão estabelecidas restrições para o uso do ar condicionado nas instalações do Brasil durante as competições. "Se a gente tiver uma temperatura avançada, o que a nossa área científica e médica nos colocam é que se estiver acima de 24°C no ambiente, a recuperação do atleta pode ser prejudicada e deficiente pra aquilo que a gente almeja. A gente não pode arriscar”, ressalta.Por que o ar condicionado é solução e problema ao mesmo tempoA refrigeração do ambiente não é só uma questão de conforto: também salva milhares de vidas de pessoas mais vulneráveis, como idosos, gestantes e bebês, e mantém o funcionamento de hospitais, supermercados e fábricas. Ainda é crucial para a vida digital, ao permitir o armazenamento e transferência de informações nos data centers.O grande paradoxo é que, ao mesmo tempo em que solucionam o problema das temperaturas elevadas em ambientes fechados, os aparelhos de refrigeração contribuem, e muito, para piorar o aquecimento global. Eles representam uma fonte importante de emissões de gases de efeito estufa que causam a desregulação do clima, por duas razões principais: o elevado consumo energético e o uso de fluidos refrigerantes, os hidrofluorcarbonos (HFCs).Esses químicos despejam, lentamente, gases com uma capacidade de aquecimento da atmosfera que chega a ser três mil vezes maior que o CO₂.Um relatório da Agência Internacional de Energia (AIE) indicou, em 2018, que os equipamentos eram responsáveis pela emissão de 1 bilhão de toneladas de CO₂ por ano. O número é significativo, na comparação com o total de 40 bilhões de toneladas emitidas no mundo.Além disso, o ar quente eliminado no procedimento de refrigeração de prédios e carros piora ainda mais o calor nos centros urbanos. Diferentes estudos científicos apontaram que este ar rejeitado chega a elevar até 2,4°C a temperatura do ar. O relatório da AIE antecipa que o resfriamento de casas e escritórios vai triplicar e será uma das principais causas do uso da energia até 2050. Além da alta das temperaturas, a ascensão econômica e social de potências populosas como China e Índia também impulsionarão este consumo.Refrigeração e justiça climáticaA reflexão sobre o acesso à climatização se insere nas discussões sobre justiça climática: apenas 15% das pessoas que vivem em lugares com clima quente se beneficiam da climatização. Em 2021, uma pesquisa internacional com a participação de cientistas brasileiros antecipou que até 100 milhões de famílias no Brasil, Índia, Indonésia e México não conseguirão atender às suas necessidades de refrigeração, sobretudo nas grandes cidades, que concentram calor."Se você não tem o dinheiro para comprar o ar condicionado ou pagar a conta de luz depois, você não consegue se adaptar ao clima. Temos uma complexidade grande de as pessoas que menos contribuíram para a mudança climática, que é a população de mais baixa renda, serem as que mais sofrer com essas mudanças”, afirma  a pesquisadora Talita Borges Cruz, do Instituto de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Engenharia (Coppe/ UFRJ), uma das participantes do estudo."É claro que durante o verão é bem quente lá, mas para eles o maior problema é o aquecimento no inverno, e para a gente é o contrário. A gente quer resfriar e com as ondas de calor, ficou ainda mais evidente essa necessidade, o quanto isso demanda de energia”, analisa. Na Europa, apesar do aumento da consciência ambiental e de, culturalmente, os europeus serem avessos ao uso do ar condicionado, essa rejeição tem ficado para trás diante do desconforto das temperaturas mais elevadas. Em 2018, cerca de 90% dos lares americanos eram equipados, contra 19% dos europeus. Mas a AIE antecipa que o número deve quadruplicar na Europa até meados do século.Talita Rodrigues avalia que essa desigualdade também se reflete na decisão de Paris 2024 de não instalar os aparelhos em toda a Vila Olímpica, mas permitir que as delegações o façam por conta própria."É um paralelo com a realidade que a gente vive: as comitivas que têm recursos terão seus atletas, teoricamente, mais descansados do que os das outras que não têm os recursos para instalar o ar condicionado”, destaca Cruz.Foco deveria ser cumprir metas climáticasA pesquisadora também avalia que, ao direcionar a responsabilidade para o usuário, os governos continuar a se eximir das próprias responsabilidades de atingir as metas climáticas que assumiram nos tratados internacionais."Claro, cada pessoa tem que fazer a sua parte e ter consciência, mas eu acho que a conversa é mais ampla. Você acaba jogando a responsabilidade no mais fraco, ao invés de olhar para a sua matriz elétrica, como essa energia é fornecida para o ar condicionado”, salienta a especialista. "O mais importante é a gente poder chegar lá na frente com um clima em que as pessoas não precisem consumir tanto ar condicionado”, indica.A Agência Internacional de Energia e as Nações Unidas pedem “urgência” no desenvolvimento de aparelhos com maior eficiência energética e menor impacto ambiental, inclusive que não possam mais ser regulados para resfriar menos do que a 24°C.Os dois organismos também salientam a importância dos investimentos em técnicas de construção que limitam o calor, como imóveis melhor planejados para favorecer a circulação do ar e preservar o isolamento térmico e telhados arborizados, além do aumento das áreas verdes nas cidades.

If you are struggling to lose weight no matter how hard you've been trying, there's a hidden ingredient in most foods which puts the brakes on burning belly fat.  Here are the top 10 most common foods you're probably eating right now that contain this ingredient holding you back from burning belly fat…   1. **Flavored Yogurts** - Many fruit-flavored and low-fat yogurts contain HFCS. 2. **Granola Bars** - Often marketed as a healthy snack, some brands use HFCS as a sweetener. 3. **Protein Bars** - Similar to granola bars, many protein bars contain HFCS. 4. **Breakfast Cereals** - Some cereals, even those marketed as healthy, use HFCS for sweetness. 5. **Smoothies and Fruit Juices** - Pre-made smoothies and fruit juices, especially those not made from 100% juice, can contain HFCS. 6. **Salad Dressings** - Many low-fat or flavored dressings use HFCS as a sweetener. 7. **Ketchup and BBQ Sauces** - These condiments often contain HFCS. 8. **Whole Wheat and Multigrain Breads** - Some breads marketed as healthier alternatives still include HFCS. 9. **Sports Drinks** - Commonly used for rehydration and marketed as healthy, these drinks often have HFCS. 10. **Instant Oatmeal** - Flavored varieties of instant oatmeal can contain HFCS.     You can find a lot of these healthier swaps on Thrive Market. Thrive Market is like Whole Foods meets Costco. Get 30% OFF your first order and a FREE gift when you join Thrive Market! https://www.kqzyfj.com/click-100145759-14423881   LMNT Electrolytes: DrinkLMNT.com/KetoKamp Redmond's Re-Lyte Electrolytes: http://www.ketokampsalt.com use coupon cope KETOKAMP Text me the words "Podcast" +1 (786) 364-5002 to be added to my contacts list.  / / E P I S O D E  S P ON S O R S  ⭐ Jaspr Air Purifying Machine: The Ferrari of air purifying machines. I personally have three of them inside of my house. You can get $200 off your machine by heading to http://www.jaspr.co and use the coupon code KETOKAMP. ⭐Wild Pastures: $20 OFF per Box for Life + Free Shipping for Life + $15 OFF your 1st Box! https://wildpastures.com/promos/save-20-for-life-lf?oid=6&affid=132&source_id=podcast&sub1=ad // F O L L O W ▸ instagram | @thebenazadi | http://bit.ly/2B1NXKW  ▸ facebook | /thebenazadi | http://bit.ly/2BVvvW6  ▸ twitter | @thebenazadi http://bit.ly/2USE0so ▸clubhouse | @thebenazadi Disclaimer: This podcast is for information purposes only. Statements and views expressed on this podcast are not medical advice. This podcast including Ben Azadi disclaim responsibility from any possible adverse effects from the use of information contained herein. Opinions of guests are their own, and this podcast does not accept responsibility of statements made by guests. This podcast does not make any representations or warranties about guests qualifications or credibility. Individuals on this podcast may have a direct or non-direct interest in products or services referred to herein. If you think you have a medical problem, consult a licensed physician.  

If you are struggling to lose weight no matter how hard you've been trying, there's a hidden ingredient in most foods which puts the brakes on burning belly fat.   This hidden ingredient is found in many “healthy” products, and can even be called different names.   Here are the top 10 most common foods you're probably eating right now that contain this ingredient holding you back from burning belly fat…   1. **Flavored Yogurts** - Many fruit-flavored and low-fat yogurts contain HFCS. 2. **Granola Bars** - Often marketed as a healthy snack, some brands use HFCS as a sweetener. 3. **Protein Bars** - Similar to granola bars, many protein bars contain HFCS. 4. **Breakfast Cereals** - Some cereals, even those marketed as healthy, use HFCS for sweetness. 5. **Smoothies and Fruit Juices** - Pre-made smoothies and fruit juices, especially those not made from 100% juice, can contain HFCS. 6. **Salad Dressings** - Many low-fat or flavored dressings use HFCS as a sweetener. 7. **Ketchup and BBQ Sauces** - These condiments often contain HFCS. 8. **Whole Wheat and Multigrain Breads** - Some breads marketed as healthier alternatives still include HFCS. 9. **Sports Drinks** - Commonly used for rehydration and marketed as healthy, these drinks often have HFCS. 10. **Instant Oatmeal** - Flavored varieties of instant oatmeal can contain HFCS.   If your goal is to burn stubborn belly fat, supporting your mitochondria should be priority number one!   We've all heard that the mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, but allow me to explain how the mitochondria help you burn belly fat.   Every cell inside your body, with the exception of red blood cells, contains mitochondria.    Mitochondria produce an energy currency called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).    When you have healthy mitochondria, they produce a ton of ATP. This helps you feel energized but also with this rise in energy production, it creates heat inside of your body. This increased energy demand and heat production raises your basal metabolic rate. What does that mean?   This means you burn more calories without having to exercise or count calories. You burn more belly fat, simply sitting on the couch!   Here's the problem with this sneaky ingredient you're most likely consuming…   This ingredient is mitochondrial poison!   When you consume this ingredient in your diet, it destroys your mitochondria and its ability to produce energy. Not only does this slow down your metabolism, it also raises inflammation at the cell level, preventing your fat burning hormones from burning fat!   You can find a lot of these healthier swaps on Thrive Market. Thrive Market is like Whole Foods meets Costco. Get 30% OFF your first order and a FREE gift when you join Thrive Market! https://www.kqzyfj.com/click-100145759-14423881   LMNT Electrolytes: DrinkLMNT.com/KetoKamp Redmond's Re-Lyte Electrolytes: http://www.ketokampsalt.com use coupon cope KETOKAMP Text me the words "Podcast" +1 (786) 364-5002 to be added to my contacts list.  / / E P I S O D E   S P ON S O R S  ⭐ Jaspr Air Purifying Machine: The Ferrari of air purifying machines. I personally have three of them inside of my house. You can get $200 off your machine by heading to http://www.jaspr.co and use the coupon code KETOKAMP. ⭐Wild Pastures: $20 OFF per Box for Life + Free Shipping for Life + $15 OFF your 1st Box! https://wildpastures.com/promos/save-20-for-life-lf?oid=6&affid=132&source_id=podcast&sub1=ad // F O L L O W ▸ instagram | @thebenazadi | http://bit.ly/2B1NXKW  ▸ facebook | /thebenazadi | http://bit.ly/2BVvvW6  ▸ twitter | @thebenazadi http://bit.ly/2USE0so ▸clubhouse | @thebenazadi Disclaimer: This podcast is for information purposes only. Statements and views expressed on this podcast are not medical advice. This podcast including Ben Azadi disclaim responsibility from any possible adverse effects from the use of information contained herein. Opinions of guests are their own, and this podcast does not accept responsibility of statements made by guests. This podcast does not make any representations or warranties about guests qualifications or credibility. Individuals on this podcast may have a direct or non-direct interest in products or services referred to herein. If you think you have a medical problem, consult a licensed physician.  

In today's episode for 15th April 2024, we tell you how and why powerful climate pollutant gases called HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are being illegally traded across Europe. But before we begin, we have a question for you — Do you want to be the one writing and editing the content on the Finshots Podcast? Well, we might have a role for you that involves leading content initiatives  on this newsletter. If you have a background in finance or economics and narrative skills to transform dry financial data into engaging stories, then click this link to apply - https://bit.ly/3vBT8Sw

The contribution of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) to metabolic disorder and obesity, independent of high fat, energy-rich diets, is controversial. While high-fat diets are widely accepted as a rodent model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and metabolic disorder, the value of HFCS alone as a rodent model of DIO is unclear. Impaired dopamine function is associated with obesity and high fat diet, but the effect of HFCS on the dopamine system has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to test the effect of HFCS on weight gain, glucose regulation, and evoked dopamine release using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Mice (C57BL/6) received either water or 10% HFCS solution in combination with ad libitum chow for 15 weeks. HFCS consumption with chow diet did not induce weight gain compared to water, chow-only controls but did induce glucose dysregulation and reduced evoked dopamine release in the dorsolateral striatum. These data show that HFCS can contribute to metabolic disorder and altered dopamine function independent of weight gain and high-fat diets. Source: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190206 ----- BraveTV Official Website: https://BraveTV.com Store: https://BraveTV.com/store Podcasts: https://BraveTV.com/watch About Dr. Jason Dean: https://BraveTV.com/about ----- BRAND NEW UPDATED Jan 8, 2024 FREE BraveTV Newsletter BraveTVNews.com BLACK November Special!! Work one-on-one with Dr. Jason Dean in his practice. You will get a Full New Patient Consult as well as a Report of Findings and an opportunity to work with Dr. Dean on your customized program for only $99 up front. You can also add a on a special DNA Report for just $297! Sign up HERE! www.workwithdrdean.com/qualify NEW SAVINGS!!! Full Moon Protocol $197 Today with PROMO Code BTV - SAVE over $20 Get your Full Moon Protocol at: https://bravetv.store/ The United States Federal Government has purchased over $200 MILLION in ANTIi-Radiation Medications for a coming Nuclear Event! Grab Your Pre-Sale Special Atomic Detoxified Iodine, a SPECIAL Edgar Cayce Formula! https://bravetv.store/products/pre-sale-bravetv-iodine-formula-will-ship-early-october-1-2-oz-size To change your retirement to Silver IRA's, be sure to check out my Plan for you at http://www.kirkelliottphd.com/DrDean For Vaccinated and Spike Protein Shedding, clean your arteries out with NEW Nattokinase and Vitamin C Power at https://bravetv.store/collections/bravetv-supplements Get CLEAN American Grasslands Beef for your family at http://mylibertybox.com/Drdean ----- BraveTV interviews prolific guests that are informative, funny, interesting, controversial, and enjoy Freedom of Speech to the fullest

Today, I am blessed to have Daniel Trevor here with me. He is a citizen scientist and serial entrepreneur who has created several start-up businesses, including a high-tech CTI (computer-telephony integration) company that grew to over 300 employees.  He also created and marketed anti-aging products and produced TV & Radio infomercials, hiring celebrities as spokespersons, as well as hosting some himself. Daniel also spent time as a real estate investor and developer, a financial newsletter writer & analyst, as well as a professional day trader of precious metal mining and gas & oil stocks. Being familiar with analyzing technical data throughout his life, he was comfortable taking a dive into medical and nutritional science to reverse his heart disease after a surprising heart attack. Lean and symptom-free, he thought he was "Mr. Healthy."  In reality, he was an undiagnosed Type 2 diabetic, which was the cause of his undiagnosed heart disease, fatty liver disease, and osteoporosis. Using the research in his How-to book, he was able to reverse all four silent conditions. Daniel describes himself as "just a lower-class street kid from Philly," is the Founder & CEO of NutraNuva Anti-Aging Science, has two beautiful daughters, and lives in Southern California. In this episode, we dive into metabolic health, dissecting prevalent myths surrounding diet, plaque formation, and cardiovascular health. Daniel underscores the necessity of distinguishing between different types of plaque, shedding light on the dangers of soft plaque. He critiques historical dietary recommendations and advocates for a reevaluation based on scientific evidence. Lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet are explored in their detrimental effects on arterial health, with a particular focus on the impact of high fructose corn syrup. Challenging conventional wisdom, Daniel redefines the role of cholesterol, emphasizing nuanced assessments and the importance of comprehensive testing. He also addresses profit-driven motives in healthcare decisions, advocating for informed choices. Tune in as we chat about specialized cardiovascular tests and their implications, with a clarification of the CAC paradox.   Diabetes Method Program: https://diabetesmethod.com/ 

Get weekly tips from Gary Brecka on how to optimize your health and lifestyle routines - go to https://www.theultimatehuman.com/ For more info on Gary, please click here: ⁠⁠https://linktr.ee/thegarybrecka Order The 1 Genetic Test That Will Give You Results For Life Here: ⁠⁠⁠https://10xhealthnetwork.com/pages/genetic-testing?utm_source=gbrecka⁠⁠ Get The Supplements That Gary Recommends Here: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://10xhealthnetwork.com/pages/supplements?utm_source=gbrecka Sign up for 10X Health Affiliate Program https://10xhealthsystem.com/GBaffiliate ECHO GO PLUS HYDROGEN WATER BOTTLE http://echowater.com BODY HEALTH - USE CODE ULTIMATE10 for 10% OFF YOUR ORDER https://bodyhealth.com/ultimate Do you ever find yourself staring at ingredient labels but aren't really sure what you're looking at? Gary Brecka is breaking down how to decode the ingredient list and what to avoid. The food industry has begun to list “category summaries” rather than direct ingredient names for ingredients that they label as questionable. You've seen labels like “heart healthy” and “all natural” but what does that actually mean? From High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) to the surprising dangers of sodium nitrates and nitrites, Gary shares the top 5 ingredients you should steer clear of and how to replace them. Tune in and take control of your health, one label at a time! HIGHLIGHTS 00:00 - How to Read Ingredient Labels & What To Avoid! 00:41 - Why you need to learn how to read an ingredient label. 01:56 - What are the dangers of High Fructose Corn Syrup? (HFCS) 04:52 - What are nitrates (or sodium nitrates) and how can I avoid them? 06:06 - Are artificial sweeteners bad for you? 09:39 - Why you should avoid hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oils at all cost. Studies Mentioned: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30318075/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28198207/#:~:text=Aspartame%20(%CE%B1%2Daspartyl%2Dl,anxiety%2C%20depression%2C%20and%20insomnia FOLLOW Gary Brecka: @garybrecka The Ultimate Human: @ultimatehumanpod Subscribe on YouTube: @ultimatehumanpodcast Disclaimer: The Ultimate Human with Gary Brecka Podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing or other professional health care services, including the giving of medical advice, and no doctor/patient relationship is formed. The use of information on this podcast or materials linked from this podcast is at the user's own risk. The content of this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Users should not disregard or delay in obtaining medical advice for any medical condition they may have and should seek the assistance of their health care professionals for any such conditions. **Follow Links for YouTube** FOLLOW Gary Brecka: https://www.instagram.com/garybrecka/ The Ultimate Human: https://www.instagram.com/ultimatehumanpod/ Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5Faf5ecAnYW7AzGdblqd6R Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Welcome to a year in review of Metabolic Health in teens!  A year in review: Teen Metabolic Health in 2023   I can't think of a more prolific year for teen metabolic health than 2023. And, I'm not just talking about the FDA's approval of GLP-1 medications like wegovy. In fact, did you know I created my metabolic telehealth clinic well before I even heard of the STEP teens trial showing the results of using semaglutide in teens?  Medication is one part of the puzzle. Not the whole treatment puzzle.    It's been a frustrating year too. The most frustrating thing about what I do is that no one is focusing on health. Our culture and health systems (lots of doctors) are still attached to the Energy Balance Theory of CICO (calories in calories out). Parents are very stuck in it and then their teens are stuck in it too. Their bodies are metabolically adapted to a low number of poor quality macronutrients. That's their biggest obstacle to getting results. They often binge on refined carbohydrates at home after restricting their intake during the day.  Some teens don't feel safe eating in front of other people. It all makes sense to me. The UPF (ultra-processed food) system and its addictive triad of trans fats, salt and refined sugar (HFCS, high fructose corn syrup) along with their digital neuromarketing tactics are powerful drivers of the epidemic of poor nutrition and binge eating in teens. Our weight-biased society creates constant body judging and food shaming in teens.     The best study findings out in 2023, and there's absolutely no comparison are the TODAY study findings showing that Youth Type 2 Diabetes is a more aggressive disease than seen in adults. Learn more here:  https://www.adameetingnews.org/live-updates/session-coverage/today2-study-youth-onset-type-2-diabetes-more-severe-than-adult-onset-disease/   I want my legacy to be that I helped as many children and teens as possible enter young adulthood without the burden of metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sound easy? It's not. It's an epically difficult mission. 2023 has been a year with metabolic ups and downs and some wins.    As parents learn more about insulin resistance and metabolic health and are willing to let go of the harms of diet culture, then their teens are able to make the changes necessary to get positive health outcomes.    Medication is only one part of the puzzle. There are so many action steps to take to improve metabolic health. All health habits count. Start by downloading my What's your health why? Printable and fill it out for 2024. It's powerful work!    Start with your health why, Dr. Karla See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Our discussion continues with David Doniger, Natural Resources Defense Council senior attorney, who notes that flexible market-based emissions cap-and-trade programs have been applied somewhat ubiquitously to address a range of environmental issues, from eliminating lead in gasoline, to combatting acid rain, to phasing out ozone-depleting chemicals – even to allocating catch limits for herring, an issue incidentally connected to cases now pending before the Supreme Court challenging the long-standing legal precedent known as the Chevron doctrine.But Congress and the Supreme Court have rejected attempts to apply this flexible market-based approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Today, few in Washington even attempt to suggest emissions cap-and-trade as a response to greenhouse warming, and instead call for Congress to put a "price" on carbon. But Doniger notes that putting a price on carbon involves establishing a new tax, and he doesn't see a carbon tax gaining traction among Republicans in Congress."I don't think we're going to see carbon taxes because the one whole party has become the anti-tax party. It's a dead letter to one whole party," Doniger says. But he does see merit to cap-and trade, and points to bipartisan congressional agreement in 2017 to employ cap-and-trade in phasing down ozone-depleting HFCs. "There is life in the old cap-and-trade design yet," Doniger says. "There are variations of emissions trading that we continue to promote because the flexibility reduces costs for industry and therefore lets them reach farther for the same total regulatory costs."Support the show

The EPA is picking and choosing which companies are allowed to produce and sell hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—refrigeration chemicals commonly used in refrigerators and air conditioners—by using power that Congress unconstitutionally handed the agency. NCLA is now urging to end this unconstitutional arrangement in Choice Refrigerants v. EPA. Mark and Vec ask NCLA General Counsel and Senior Litigation Zhonette Brown about opposing the government's motion to dismiss or stay proceedings in Choice Refrigerants v. EPA.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The New Civil Liberties Alliance filed an opening brief in Choice Refrigerants v. EPA urging the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit to halt EPA picking and choosing which companies may produce and sell hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—cooling compounds for air conditioners and refrigerators. EPA wields power that Congress unconstitutionally handed the agency, stifling business for NCLA's client, Choice Refrigerants, a small American company that created and patented a popular HFC blend. The agency's use of such unbounded legislative authority must be stopped. Mark and Vec discuss the latest developments in Choice Refrigerants v. EPA with NCLA General Counsel and Senior Litigation Counsel Zhonette Brown.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Halloween season is among us and with that comes temptation. In the spirit of tradition, you may find yourself indulging in some sweet treats. Unfortunately for us, the candy that stocks the shelves is mostly made up of high fructose corn syrup. This genetically modified (GMO) ingredient not only spikes your blood sugar but can also put a severe strain on your liver and cause systemic inflammation. It is associated with a litany of metabolic issues, not limited to high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes and INFERTILITY.  Simply put - throw out the candy, processed foods, sauces, bars etc.. that contain this ingredient. High fructose corn syrup is engineered to be sweet and addictive. It often finds its way into low-quality food products, which becomes an issue when we aren't in the habit of checking ingredient labels. If you aren't careful, you can fall victim to the cycle of sweet cravings and overeating. When it comes to fertility, high fructose corn syrup sets off an inflammatory cascade that affects egg growth and maturation (i.e. egg quality), ovulation, implantation and autoimmune fertility challenges. Since these GM corn products are processed differently than natural sugars, it not only affects your ability to facilitate a healthy pregnancy but also has the potential to affect the life of the unborn child. Join us as we dive into the many negative effects of HFCS while encouraging you to pay extra attention to what enters your body. As always, I like to emphasize the aspects of our fertility that we have the most control over, diet being one of them. Tune into today's session to get the scoop on all things high fructose corn syrup and just how destructive it can be on your fertility journey and overall health. You'll Learn: What high fructose corn syrup is How high fructose corn syrup can negatively affect your fertility The effects of chronic inflammation caused by poor dietThanks so much for listening to our podcast! If you enjoyed this episode and think others would love to hear it, please share it using the social media buttons on this page. Do you have some feedback or questions about this episode or want to be a guest on the show? Leave a comment in the section below or visit the website to contact me!www.naturnalife.comSubscribing to The Podcast:If you would like to get automatic updates of new podcast episodes, you can subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, Spotify, Amazon, or whatever your favorite podcast app is!Ratings and reviews from our listeners are extremely valuable to us and greatly appreciated. They help our podcast rank higher on Apple Podcasts, which exposes our show to more awesome listeners like you. So if you have a minute, please leave a review on Apple Podcasts! 

In this podcast episode, the Nurse Doza discusses the negative effects of Halloween candy on our health, particularly in relation to fatty liver disease. He explains that high fructose corn syrup, which is commonly found in Halloween candy, is directly linked to fatty liver and can be harmful when consumed in excessive amounts. The host advises those with fatty liver disease or concerns about it to avoid eating Halloween candy. TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 START 02:07 Halloween candy can cause fatty liver. 07:06 Candy can cause fatty liver. 10:25 Artificial dyes in candy affect behavior.  20:55. Avoid Halloween candy for health. 21:12 Artificial sweeteners can worsen depression. 30:04 Limit or avoid Halloween candy.   Protect Your Liver with "Liver Boost"! With all the hidden dangers lurking in your favorite treats, give your liver the support it needs. Liver Boost focuses on phases 1 and 2 of liver detox, helping your body combat the effects of harmful ingredients. Take a stand for your health and get ahead of the game. Check out Liver Boost and ensure your liver has the defense it needs. Click here to purchase!   Show Notes 1. The Hidden Dangers of High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) in Halloween Candy: Most processed foods, including candies, contain HFCS, and the average American consumes about 50 grams daily12. HFCS is created when enzymes are added to corn syrup, converting glucose to fructose3. Fructose triggers the production of fats in the liver[^5^][^6^][^9^][^10^][^11^]. Excessive fructose consumption may cause a leaky gut leading to fatty liver disease[^10^][^11^]. Some sources also indicate the presence of mercury in HFCS.   2. ADHD Links to Artificial Colors in Candy: The increase in ADHD cases may be linked to synthetic food dyes1. Around 33% of children with ADHD might respond positively to a dietary intervention.   3. Effects of Candy Ingredients on Memory and Brain Health: Blue No. 1, used for artificial blue coloring, is permeable to the blood-brain barrier1. Certain chemicals used in candies have been linked to cancer.   4. Artificial Sweeteners & Mental Health: High-aspartame diets have been linked to mood issues and impaired spatial orientation1. Aspartame exposure can produce anxiety-like behavior in mice. 5. Migraines Triggered by Candy Ingredients: Migraines may be triggered by formaldehyde, a byproduct of aspartame.   Give Your Liver the Boost It Deserves! After diving deep into the unsettling truths about Halloween candies, it's clear that our livers have a lot to handle. Fortunately, there's Liver Boost! Specifically designed to aid in phases 1 and 2 of liver detox, it's the best companion your liver can have this spooky season. Protect yourself from the harmful effects of these hidden dangers. Grab your Liver Boost now! https://www.mswnutrition.com/products/liver-love/?ref=nursedoza   Footnotes ^1^ "How High-Fructose Intake May Trigger Fatty Liver Disease." National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-high-fructose-intake-may-trigger-fatty-liver-disease ^2^ Stevens, L.J., et al. "Dietary Sensitivities and ADHD Symptoms: Thirty-five Years of Research." Clinical Pediatrics. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0009922810384728 ^3^ "Certain Food Dyes and Cancer." Cancer Research UK. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-controversies/cosmetics-and-toiletries#Cosmetics1 ^4^ "Aspartame and its effects on health." BMJ. https://www.bmj.com/content/327/7417/751 ^5^ Abdelmalek, M.F., et al. "Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease." Hepatology. https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hep.23535 ^6^ Small, D.M., DiFeliceantonio, A.G. "Processed foods and food reward." Science. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6425/346 ^7^ "How is high fructose corn syrup made?" University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. https://ucanr.edu/sites/WREC/files/271885.pdf ^8^ Dufault, R., et al. "Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar." Environmental Health. https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-069X-8-2 ^9^ "Hershey's Cookies 'N' Creme Candy Bar." Hersheyland. https://www.hersheyland.com/products/hersheys-cookies-n-creme-candy-bar-1-55-oz.html ^10^ Miele, L., et al. "Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease." Hepatology. https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hep.22848 ^11^ Spruss, A., Bergheim, I. "Dietary fructose and intestinal barrier: potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease." Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955286309000726

This is part 3 of three, where we focus on ASHRAE 34 Flammability Testing and A2L Classification. In this podcast, HVACR expert Don Gillis delves into the R410A transition, emphasizing key milestones and exploring the physical properties of potential replacements like R32 and R454B. You can watch the full video version of this podcast on our YouTube Channel: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@HVAC-TV⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ The Engineers HVAC Podcast: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://anchor.fm/engineers-hvac-podcast⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Connect with me on LinkedIn: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.linkedin.com/in/tony-mormino⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Insight Partners (Commercial HVAC Products in NC, SC, GA): Website: ⁠⁠⁠⁠www.insightusa.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Hobbs & Assocaited, Inc. (Commercial HVAC Products in VA, TN, MD, AL): ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠www.hobbsassociates.com⁠⁠ This live podcast focuses squarely on the ASHRAE 34 A2L classification and its implications across HVAC equipment, mechanical spaces, transportation, storage, and building codes. But what exactly are A2L refrigerants? Named after their ASHRAE safety classification, A2L refrigerants exhibit mild flammability, low toxicity, and a low global warming potential (GWP). This category encompasses hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and HFO blends. A2L refrigerants mirror the operational characteristics of legacy refrigerants while presenting a safer profile compared to ammonia and hydrocarbon-based refrigerants. As the world grapples with climate change, A2L refrigerants have emerged as a substitution for older, high-impact refrigerants such as HFCs and HCFCs in air conditioning and commercial refrigeration setups. A2Ls are pivotal in aiding businesses to meet global objectives outlined in agreements like the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment, as well as regional regulations such as the U.S. AIM Act, Canada's ODSHAR, and the targets of the EU Green Deal.

This is part 2 of three, where we focus on the physical properties of R-454B vs. R-410A. In this podcast, HVACR expert Don Gillis delves into the R410A transition, emphasizing key milestones and exploring the physical properties of potential replacements like R32 and R454B. You can watch the full video version of this podcast on our YouTube Channel: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@HVAC-TV⁠⁠⁠⁠ The Engineers HVAC Podcast: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://anchor.fm/engineers-hvac-podcast⁠⁠⁠⁠ Connect with me on LinkedIn: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.linkedin.com/in/tony-mormino⁠⁠⁠⁠ Insight Partners (Commercial HVAC Products in NC, SC, GA): Website: ⁠⁠⁠www.insightusa.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ Hobbs & Assocaited, Inc. (Commercial HVAC Products in VA, TN, MD, AL): ⁠⁠⁠⁠www.hobbsassociates.com⁠ This live podcast focuses squarely on the ASHRAE 34 A2L classification and its implications across HVAC equipment, mechanical spaces, transportation, storage, and building codes. But what exactly are A2L refrigerants? Named after their ASHRAE safety classification, A2L refrigerants exhibit mild flammability, low toxicity, and a low global warming potential (GWP). This category encompasses hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and HFO blends. A2L refrigerants mirror the operational characteristics of legacy refrigerants while presenting a safer profile compared to ammonia and hydrocarbon-based refrigerants. As the world grapples with climate change, A2L refrigerants have emerged as a substitution for older, high-impact refrigerants such as HFCs and HCFCs in air conditioning and commercial refrigeration setups. A2Ls are pivotal in aiding businesses to meet global objectives outlined in agreements like the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment, as well as regional regulations such as the U.S. AIM Act, Canada's ODSHAR, and the targets of the EU Green Deal.

The primary driver of insulin resistance is known as metabolic syndrome, which 93% of us now have. Metabolic syndrome is primarily driven by food, and in particular, high fructose corn syrup. HFCS is processed differently by our bodies than regular glucose. Join Dr. Martin in today's episode as he explains why stress and sugar both cause our cortisol and insulin levels to spike.  

This is part 1 of three, where we focus on Phase Down Deadlines, Refrigerant History, and What's an HFO. In this podcast, HVACR expert Don Gillis delves into the R410A transition, emphasizing key milestones and exploring the physical properties of potential replacements like R32 and R454B. You can watch the full video version of this podcast on our YouTube Channel: ⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@HVAC-TV⁠⁠⁠ The Engineers HVAC Podcast: ⁠⁠⁠https://anchor.fm/engineers-hvac-podcast⁠⁠⁠ Connect with me on LinkedIn: ⁠⁠⁠https://www.linkedin.com/in/tony-mormino⁠⁠⁠ Insight Partners (Commercial HVAC Products in NC, SC, GA): Website: ⁠⁠www.insightusa.com⁠⁠⁠ Hobbs & Assocaited, Inc. (Commercial HVAC Products in VA, TN, MD, AL): ⁠⁠⁠www.hobbsassociates.com This live podcast focuses squarely on the ASHRAE 34 A2L classification and its implications across HVAC equipment, mechanical spaces, transportation, storage, and building codes. But what exactly are A2L refrigerants? Named after their ASHRAE safety classification, A2L refrigerants exhibit mild flammability, low toxicity, and a low global warming potential (GWP). This category encompasses hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and HFO blends. A2L refrigerants mirror the operational characteristics of legacy refrigerants while presenting a safer profile compared to ammonia and hydrocarbon-based refrigerants. As the world grapples with climate change, A2L refrigerants have emerged as a substitution for older, high-impact refrigerants such as HFCs and HCFCs in air conditioning and commercial refrigeration setups. A2Ls are pivotal in aiding businesses to meet global objectives outlined in agreements like the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment, as well as regional regulations such as the U.S. AIM Act, Canada's ODSHAR, and the targets of the EU Green Deal.

Today we will be talking about China's efforts to phase out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCS), a class of refrigerant with huge impacts on the climate. Our guest today is an expert on the topic, Prof Hu Jianxin. Professor Hu holds bachelor's and masters degrees in Chemistry from Peking University. He has been on the faculty at Peking University since 1986, and is currently professor at the College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, and also the Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University. He has published numerous academic studies of HFCs, focusing on potential emissions reductions pathways as well as the cost of mitigation in various sectors. He was involved in the negotiations leading up to the Kigali Amendment as well as several other international agreements. Topics addressed in this episode: How Prof Hu got started investigating HFCs Who needs to take action to reduce emissions of HFCs: chemical manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, consumers and repair/maintenance industry Near-term strategies for reducing and recycling HFCs Substitutes for HFCs (HFOs) - their costs, efficiencies, and timelines What does it mean when your air conditioner breaks and the repair person says you need more refrigerant For further reading: Fuli Bai et al., “Pathway and Cost-Benefit Analysis to Achieve China's Zero Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions,” Environmental Science and Technology 57(16), April 2023, at https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00166.  Liya Guo et al., "Projected increases in emissions of high global warming potential fluorinated gases in China" Communications Earth & Environment, June 2023, at htttps://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00859-6.  Lisha Liu et al., “Historical and projected HFC-410A emission from room air conditioning sector in China,” May 2019Atmospheric Environment 212(4), May 2019, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.05.022. Feng Hao, "Chinese manufacturers under pressure to phase out HFCs," China Dialogue, 28 November 2016, at https://chinadialogue.net/en/pollution/9426-chinese-manufacturers-under-pressure-to-phase-out-hfcs/.  Some useful acronyms: HFCs: Hydrofluorocarbons (replacement for CFCs but a dangerous greenhouse gas and hence targeted for reduction under the Kigali Amendment) HCFCs: hydrochlorofluorocarbons (an ozone-depleting refrigerant) CFCs: Chlorofluorocarbons (ozone-depleting refrigerant phased out by the original Montreal Protocol) HFOs: Hydrofluoolefins (current and future substitute for HFCs) UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme, pronounced "you-nep" EPA: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency