What in the Weather?

Iowa Weather History On June 4, 1998, sleet and trace ice were reported in Rock Rapids, northwestern Iowa—the only official winter precipitation recorded in Iowa in June; none in July or August. 1997–1998 was a strong El Niño year, noted for heavy precipitation events. Recent and Upcoming Weather Unsettled weather with rain and severe storms in eastern Iowa over the past week. Statewide air quality alert due to wildfire smoke from Canada, reducing solar radiation and lowering temperatures by 1–2°F. Transitioning to a warmer, drier pattern with scattered rain chances. Three- to four-week outlook: warmer than normal, but precipitation outlook is uncertain (equal chances of above, below, or normal rainfall). 8–14 day hazards outlook: slight risk of high temperatures (June 12–17) and heavy precipitation (June 11–14). Storm and Precipitation Recap Severe weather affected Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and southeast Iowa. Tornado reported in Kansas City; unconfirmed tornado in Fort Madison, Iowa, possibly derailing a train. Widespread rainfall: up to 2 inches in southeast Iowa, 2–2.5 inches in north-central and northwest Iowa, at least a trace in central Iowa. 80% of Iowa received at least half an inch of rain. Temperature Trends Last week: statewide average temperature 2.4°F below normal. Earlier in May: above normal temperatures, then a cool period. Meteorological Spring Recap (March–May) Precipitation: North-central Iowa: 114% of normal (1.4 inches above average). Southwest Iowa: 66% of normal (3.5 inches below average). Statewide: 92% of normal (about 1 inch below average). South-central and southwest Iowa: 5–6 inches below average, with ongoing drought. Temperature: Central to eastern and southern Iowa: top 20 warmest springs on record (since 1895), 1.5–2.4°F above normal. Statewide: 1.7°F above average. Severe Weather: March: 1 tornado (average is 2). April: 10 tornadoes (average is 6). May: 0 tornadoes (first time since 2010 with no May tornadoes). 2024 had 59 tornadoes in April and 47 in May—much more active than 2025. Daytime vs. Nighttime Warming: March: daytime highs 9.5°F above average, overnight lows 3.1°F above average. April: daytime highs 1.5°F above average, overnight lows 1.1°F above average. May: first half 4–6°F above average, second half cooler. Specialty Crop Impacts Wind and Erosion: Sandy soils in southeast Iowa caused sandblasting of young melons, requiring replanting. Cover crops helped reduce erosion. Pests: Moist conditions favored slugs and roly-polies (pill bugs), which damaged pepper leaves. Earwigs were problematic for dahlias. Sluggo Plus (iron phosphate with spinosad) is labeled for these pests, but efficacy is uncertain. Hay Harvest and Pests: Hay harvest displaces potato leaf hoppers, which then move to green beans and potatoes. Leaf hoppers are difficult to manage due to large populations. Garlic: Garlic scapes are emerging. Removing scapes increases yield by about 15%. Garlic scape anthracnose (a disease) can occur—remove affected scapes to prevent spread. Aster leaf hoppers and aster yellows disease: this year, no positive disease tests in Michigan (last year, 4–11% positive). Flowers: Campanula and feverfew recently bloomed. Dara and volunteer rudbeckia expected to bloom soon. Summary generated by Perplexity.ai and edited by Dan Fillius

Iowa Weather History 1906 Historical Frost: Late season statewide frost on May 28th with temperatures dropping to 30-32°F across multiple Iowa cities, though crop damage was minimal due to brief duration 2021 Comparison: Similar late freeze event occurred on May 29th with 37°F statewide average (13° below normal) Recent Frost Data: Last frost dates varied by location - Sibley (April 21st), Ames (April 12th), Keokuk (April 9th), though Mason City hit 32°F as recently as May 20th Weather Forecast & Climate Trends Short-term: Nice weekend weather with 70s-80s temperatures, some scattered showers and thunderstorms Long-term outlook: Moving toward more active storm pattern with warmer and wetter conditions expected Growing season: Expanding by 10-15 days due to climate trends, with later fall freezes and earlier spring thaws Moisture transport: Southern states' wet conditions could benefit Iowa through Gulf moisture transport mechanisms Recent Weather Conditions Memorial Day weekend: Quieter weather with temperatures 6-8°F below average Soil conditions: Persistently moist and cool, excellent for plant establishment Spring assessment: Very comfortable conditions, though not quite as ideal as 2024 when no irrigation was needed Specialty Crop Impacts & Pest Management Positive Conditions Excellent plant establishment due to consistent moisture No irrigation concerns for getting crops started Good conditions for transplant survival Potential Issues Blossom end rot risk: Persistent wetness reduces water movement and calcium transport in tomatoes Weed pressure: Moist conditions favor rapid weed growth Active Pests to Monitor Colorado Potato Beetle: Now active based on degree day models, targeting potatoes and eggplants Seed Corn Maggot: Second generation emerging, threatens direct-seeded crops like beans, corn, cucumbers Slugs: Increased activity in moist conditions, causing characteristic rasping damage Roly-polies: Higher populations in high organic matter soils may damage plant stems Management Recommendations Use row covers for newly planted eggplants and direct-seeded crops to protect from Colorado Potato Beetle, flea beetles, and seed corn maggot. Scout for Colorado potato beetle eggs and larvae Hand removal and soapy water treatments for organic pest control Monitor for slug damage patterns (round holes with scraped areas) Stay vigilant about weed management during optimal growing conditions Episode Summary generated by Claude.ai and edited by Dan Fillius

Weather History: In 1873, a deadly tornado tore through southeastern Iowa, affecting Keokuk, Washington, and Louisa counties before moving into Illinois. The storm produced very large hail (up to 4.5 inches in diameter), killed 8 people, and injured at least a dozen others. This event prompted the first detailed tornado damage survey in Iowa, conducted by the U.S. Army Signal Corps. 7-Day Weather Forecast: Temperatures are expected to remain cool for the next week. Rain chances increase as the weekend approaches, with the best chance for precipitation Sunday night into Monday. The following week will be less active Climate Forecast: 6–10 Day Outlook (May 27–31): Cooler temperatures expected in the south, near normal in the north, and likely below-average rainfall statewide. 8–14 Day Outlook (May 29–June 4): The drier signal is enhanced, and temperatures are expected to be warmer than normal. 3–4 Week Outlook (mid-June): The outlook leans warm and wetter, suggesting a shift to a more active weather pattern as summer approaches. Past Week of Weather: The past week was notably cooler and wetter than usual, with 3–4 inches of rain along the I-35 corridor and surrounding counties. Des Moines International Airport recorded 4.84 inches, the highest in the state. Temperatures were about 5°F below normal. Overnight lows dipped into the 40s, which is chilly for late May Other Weather/Climate Discussion Topics: Wind and Hail: Northern Iowa experienced strong sustained winds (37–39 mph) and gusts up to 52 mph. Hail up to 2 inches was reported in Grand River (Decatur County) and Osceola. Wind Damage: Growers in northern Iowa reported significant losses of plastic mulch beds due to high winds. Wind erosion was also noted in sandy soils in southeastern Iowa. Weather Impacts on Crops: High winds caused physical damage to plants (broken leaf petioles, windblown soil particles), and some farms reported unusual leaf spotting, possibly from wind or chemical drift. Drift investigations are ongoing in affected areas. Precipitation and Irrigation: The recent rains improved abnormally dry conditions, but growers are reminded to water in new transplants as their roots are not yet established. Weeds are expected to germinate rapidly, so timely cultivation is encouraged. Specialty Crops Impacts: Wind Damage: Growers lost plastic mulch beds and experienced wind erosion, especially in northern and southeastern Iowa. Leaf Spotting: Multiple crops (potatoes, radishes, tomatoes, cabbage, Swiss chard, cucumbers) showed inter-veinal necrosis, likely due to wind or desiccation, not herbicide drift. Weed Management: Recent rains will trigger weed germination, so growers are advised to cultivate early at the white thread stage. Cold Weather Effects: Cool temperatures can increase cat-facing in tomatoes and blossom end rot in susceptible crops. Growers are reminded to monitor for these issues if crops are flowering. Irrigation: Irrigation is less necessary after recent rains, but new plantings still require watering. Flower Crops: Rain can damage open blooms, but many flowers are harvested in the bud stage. Peony growers are drying blooms before cold storage to prevent moisture issues. Listener Engagement: Listeners should share their experiences and the impact of the podcast on their growing decisions, especially if they can quantify the financial benefit of advice received   Summary provided by perplexity.ai

Weather History and Forecast Historical weather event (May 15, 1968): Major tornado outbreak in Iowa with two F5 tornadoes Caused significant damage in Charles City, Oelwein, Maynard, and other areas 20 total fatalities and over 600 injuries Current forecast: Transitioning weather pattern with thunderstorms possible Potential for 2+ inches of rain across Iowa in the coming week Brief cold snap with temperatures dropping to high 40s in central Iowa Moving from "comfortably warm" conditions to more seasonable temperatures Climate Outlook Moving past the "spring barrier" in forecasting (transition from synoptic to mesoscale/convective weather patterns) June outlook: Warmer temperatures expected across the entire U.S. June-July outlook: Warmer temperatures with drier conditions possible Soil moisture through end of May and early June will be critical for summer conditions Crop Management and Irrigation Recent conditions: Warm with minimal rainfall (only about 0.05" statewide in the past week) Importance of irrigation for early plant growth and nutrient uptake New irrigation tool mentioned: Sumisensu watering hose from Japan Pest Management Striped cucumber beetles emerging as a major pest issue Overwinter as adults and carry bacterial wilt disease Prefer cucumber family crops, especially cucumbers, cantaloupe, and maxima-type squash Control methods: Exclusion (row covers and high tunnel screening with ProtekNet) Parthenocarpic varieties that don't require pollination Kaolin clay applications on young plants Organic pesticide options (azadirachtin, pyrethrins) Soil drenches with beneficial nematodes or entomopathogenic fungi Podcast summary generated by Claude.ai

Weather Update and Forecast Current conditions feature stable, pleasant weather  A localized rain event occurred the previous night (May 7th) across central Iowa, with amounts around 0.21 inches in some areas Weather pattern is currently dictated by an "Omega block" high pressure system creating stable air Forecast shows temperatures warming into the 80s with relatively dry conditions 6-10 and 8-14 day outlooks indicate: Above normal temperatures for Iowa, though this pattern is moving eastward Above normal precipitation chances in the coming weeks Western US expected to have below normal temperatures Historical Weather Note On May 8, 1964, Iowa experienced very strong winds (60-75 mph, up to 85 mph in Des Moines) This created widespread dust storms described as the worst since the 1930s Climate Patterns Discussion A temperature gradient between western and eastern US suggests potential for a more active storm track Possible thunderstorm conditions developing May 15-21 Recent precipitation has been below normal over the past week Temperature gradient with southern Iowa cooler than normal and northern Iowa warmer than normal Specialty Crop Focus: Cut Flowers for Mother's Day Dan discussed preparing cut flowers for Mother's Day sales Highlighted benefits of overwintering certain flowers in low tunnels: Earlier blooming than spring-planted flowers Longer stems on cool-weather flowers Currently blooming: Iceland poppy, bachelor's button Nearly ready: foxglove Other successful overwintered varieties: dianthus, campanula, larkspur, delphinium, Nigella, bupleurum, bells of Ireland Shared an alternative low tunnel design using carabiners, hose clamps, and bungee cords Addressed a flower disease issue: blue mold affecting tulips Disease infects bulbs during harvest Shows variety-specific impacts Management includes identifying infected bulbs before planting Episode Summary generated by Claude.ai

This Day in Iowa Weather History In 1911, unseasonably cold air brought rain mixed with snow across northwestern Iowa. Most snow melted on contact, but some locations reported accumulations: 1 inch at Denison, 1.5 inches at Alta and Lamars, 2 inches at Algona, Mason City, New Hampton, Onawa, and Rockwell City, 2.5 inches at Rock Rapids, and 4 inches at Elma in Howard County. 7-Day Weather Forecast Showers and thunderstorms are possible today, but the weekend will bring pleasant, San Diego-like weather: sunny skies and highs in the 70s. A quieter weather pattern is expected to settle in. Climate Outlook 8–14 Days (May 8–14): Strong likelihood of above-normal temperatures. The eastern half of Iowa leans slightly below normal for precipitation, while the western half is near normal-overall, a little dry and definitely warm. 3–4 Weeks (May 10–23): The outlook leans warm with equal chances for precipitation. Precipitation remains difficult to forecast due to the spring transition. May Monthly Outlook: Most of Iowa is likely to be warmer than normal. Precipitation is split: the northeast leans slightly drier, while the southwest has equal chances for above, below, or normal precipitation. Recent Weather Impacts On Monday, Iowa experienced very windy conditions (gusts up to 70 mph in Ames) but no tornadoes. The severe weather event was well forecasted in terms of risk areas, but many Iowans did not experience significant storms, leading to a perception of overhype. The lack of severe storms in Iowa was attributed to a strong atmospheric cap, cloud cover, dust, and wind alignment that prevented updrafts, despite all other ingredients for severe weather being present. Specialty Crop Impacts Winter Rye: Beginning to flower across Iowa. Growers can terminate rye reliably by mowing and tilling at anthesis (pollen shed). One grower plans to mow and bale rye for weed-free straw mulch. Overwintered Flowers: Iceland poppies are starting to open; dianthus are looking good. More flower updates are expected next week, ahead of Mother's Day. Greenhouse Tomatoes: Ripe tomatoes are being harvested in greenhouses in Grinnell and likely at some auction houses. Garlic & Aster Yellows: Growers are on watch for aster yellows phytoplasma, which devastated garlic crops last year, especially in northeast Iowa and neighboring states. Recent lab tests found rotted garlic cloves infected with pythium and rhizoctonia, not aster yellows. The likely cause was winterkill due to low snow cover, not disease. Spring-planted garlic had much higher survival. Management Advice: Rogue out yellow, weak garlic plants now to prevent potential spread of aster yellows by leafhoppers. Mulch and snow cover help protect overwintered garlic. Soil Testing: New online and spreadsheet tools are available for interpreting soil test results and generating fertilizer recommendations. MASC Payments: A new round of Market Assistance for Specialty Crops (MASC) payments has been announced. Growers should check with their FSA office for eligibility. Podcast summary generated using Perplexity.ai

This Day in Iowa Weather History: In 1900, a resident of Creston was struck by lightning twice during the same storm and survived, though he was partially paralyzed, singed, and blackened by the strikes. 7-Day Weather Forecast: The coming weekend looks pleasant, but thunderstorms are expected to return Sunday night into Monday, with a potential severe weather outbreak (all modes possible, including strong tornadoes) on Monday. Afterward, the storm track quiets down, but temperatures remain above average. Climate Outlook: The 6–10 and 8–14 day forecasts show a warm signal for most of Iowa, especially the west, with near-normal to slightly below-normal precipitation in the north. The 3–4 week outlook (early to mid-May) is more uncertain but hints at equal chances for temperature and a slightly wetter trend. Recent Weather Events: Last week saw 19 tornado reports in southwest Iowa, large hail (up to 4 inches), and straight-line wind damage. Higher dew points in the southwest contributed to more instability and severe weather. Data gaps from missing weather balloon soundings affected forecast accuracy. Precipitation: Eastern Iowa received 2–4 inches of rain, improving drought conditions. Central Iowa saw around 0.6 inches; some western locations reported up to 2 inches. Specialty Crop Impacts: Discussion focused on potting media trials for seedling production. Vermont Compost Fort Light had high nutrients but poor germination uniformity; Pro-Mix had good germination but less vigor. Growers might start seeds in low-salt media and pot up to nutrient-rich mixes.  Grower Tips: For early melon planting, some risk of frost is accepted for the chance at early harvest and higher profits. Strawberry growers should watch for blossom pests.   Podcast summary generated using Perplexity.ai

In summary: The episode covers current severe storm risk, a warm/wet outlook, lingering (but mostly localized) frost potential, and advice for growers on weather impacts, pest and seedling management, and fieldwork timing. There's a focus on using sound data (not just forecasts) for planting decisions, and corrections on frost hardiness for strawberry crops. Weather Recap & Outlook The hosts recall a historic severe weather event: an F3 tornado in Van Buren County on April 16th, 1967. For the current day (April 17, 2025), the main severe weather threat is large hail (1–2+ inches), especially from Omaha through Des Moines and Ames; tornado risk is low due to low dew points. Forecast: Severe storms possible overnight. Friday and Saturday expected to be pleasant, with more rain chances from Saturday night into Sunday. Rainfall of 0.75–1.25 inches possible across the state. Eastern Iowa, especially between Waterloo and Cedar Rapids (D1 drought area), is currently receiving needed rain. The 6–10 and 8–14 day forecasts show a warm and wet signal, especially in southwestern Iowa. The month-ahead and seasonal outlooks are less certain, with possible slightly increased warmth and dryness moving into early summer. Frost & Soil Temperature Despite a strong signal for above-normal temperatures, the last frost of the season may not have occurred yet, especially in central and northern Iowa. Widespread frost is unlikely, but localized events could still occur, especially in valleys or low-lying, dry areas. Soil temperatures are fluctuating widely due to dry soils, with values expected mostly in the low/mid 60s to mid 40s over coming weeks. Some forecasts show soil temps as low as 42°F in northern Iowa by early May. Growers are advised not to rush warm-season crops like tomatoes and peppers into the field before mid-May or early June, due to risk of cold soil and air temperatures. Recent Weather, Climate Notables & Grower Reports It's been windier than usual, which is notable particularly in northwest Iowa. Cloud cover and cooler temps have persisted in eastern Iowa, verified by grower feedback. Accumulation of growing degree days is ahead of normal, prompting early alfalfa weevil egg hatch in southern Iowa. Some growers are experimenting with blackening cover crops to encourage warmer soils for earlier sweet corn, but cloudy weather has limited the benefits. Pest & Seedling Updates Problems with bean germination in greenhouse trays may be linked to seed maggots and/or sensitive response to high nutrient salt levels in potting media. Microclimate and possible ammonia burn are additional considerations. Growers are advised to bioassay suspect potting media using sensitive crops like beans and peas. Strawberry Correction & Field Work The host corrects a previous statement: Strawberry flower buds are hardy to 20°F; open blossoms are damaged in the high 20s. With wetter weather on the horizon, growers are encouraged to finish field prep and tillage now, before rain delays field access and results in transplants outgrowing their cells.   *Podcast transcript and summary provided using AI

7-day Weather Forecast - Dr. Justin Glisan Temperature: Above average temperatures in the 50s and 60s Temperature gradient across the state Precipitation: Quieter weather pattern after an active March Windy conditions expected Climate Forecast - Madelynn Wuestenberg 6-10 day (April 15-19): Temperature: Leaning below normal temperatures along the eastern part of the state Near normal temperatures for the rest of the state Precipitation: Southeast edge of the state leaning slightly above normal The rest of the state near normal precipitation 8-14 day (April 17-23): Temperature: Eastern part of the state: near normal temperature conditions Western half of the state: 33-40% chance of leaning above normal temperatures Precipitation: Most of the state near normal precipitation 3-4 week (April 19-May 2): Temperature: Equal chances for above, below, or near normal temperatures Precipitation: Equal chances for above, below, or near normal precipitation Normal Weather Context for This Time of Year: Temperature: Low 60s for daytime highs, upper 30s for overnight lows Precipitation: About 1/10 of an inch per day (doubling by the end of the month) Recent Weather Events - Madelynn Wuestenberg Temperature: March was the 9th warmest on record (based on 153 years of records) Recent cold snap with temperatures as low as 18°F in Audubon Precipitation/Severe Weather: First tornado of the year near Wilton, IA (EF0, traveled almost 2 miles) Localized heavy snowfall in March (band from north of Omaha through Mason City) More snow from March 20th event than the entire December-February winter period Specialty Crops Impacts Strawberry blossoms likely damaged if left uncovered during recent cold snap (temperatures reached 18-25°F) Magnolia trees in Des Moines showing brown flowers from frost damage Some growers reporting issues with greenhouse transplants showing death to cotyledons or stunting Soil conditions have been dry enough for field work preparation Innovative approach: A grower in Louisa County burned down terminated cover crop to create a blackened field that would absorb more solar radiation, potentially keeping the soil warmer for sweet corn seeds Other Weather/Climate Discussion Topics ENSO Status: Last La Niña advisory with significant chances for ENSO neutral conditions developing Spring Barrier: Transition period where global teleconnections (like ENSO) have less influence on local weather Windiness: Iowa experiencing second windiest spring on record due to three strong low-pressure systems in March April is climatologically the windiest month for Iowa This Day in Iowa Weather History - Dr. Justin Glisan: On April 10, 1930, very warm weather pushed temperatures to 96°F at Clarinda, making it the earliest date of the year on which such a temperature has ever been recorded in Iowa. Other high temperatures included 95°F at Thurman, 94°F at Atlantic, 93°F at Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, and 92°F in Des Moines, Dubuque and Keokuk. At many locations, this remains the earliest date on record of temperatures in the 90s.

Weather History and Forecast On this day in 1936: Severe blizzard in northern and northwestern Iowa Forecast for the coming week: Above average warmth Chance of a widespread system early next week Discussion on Chicago Low vs. St. Louis Low weather systems Climate Outlooks 8-14 day outlook: Leaning warmer, near normal precipitation 3-4 week outlook: Warmer signal, equal chances for precipitation March outlook: Equal chances for temperature, slightly above normal precipitation for eastern Iowa Current La Niña conditions expected to transition to ENSO neutral in spring Recent Weather and Climate Notables Warmer than normal temperatures (10-20 degrees above average) Frost depth measurements: Omaha at 0 inches, Des Moines at 24 inches (as of Feb 24) Recent precipitation events Earliest tornado on record in South Dakota (February) Meteorological Winter Summary 4th least amount of snow on record for Iowa 14 inches below normal snowfall statewide Near normal temperatures overall Below average precipitation CoCoRaHS Rain Gauge Rally Recruitment drive for new observers in March Importance of citizen science in weather data collection Specialty Crop Impacts High tunnel plastic degradation issue at Yellow Table Farm Slowed greens harvest due to recent cold spell Low tunnel crop performance update Heated high tunnel observations at Phelps Farm: Celery pest infestation (russet mites) Early emergence of spotted cucumber beetles Dandelions flowering Melon Variety Information Avatar: Large variety grown by Amish growers Cleopatra: Medium-sized, 70 days to maturity Afterglow: Medium-sized, half Tuscan, 78 days to maturity Orange Sherbet: Large variety for direct market Summary provided by perlexity.ai

This podcast episode was recorded on January 17th, 2025, at the Practical Farmers of Iowa conference. The hosts, Dan Fillius, Justin Glisan, and Madelynn Wuestenberg, presented an annual review of Iowa's weather and its impact on specialty crops in 2024. Weather Overview: 2024 was the 5th warmest year on record for Iowa The state experienced its second warmest winter Iowa received about 37 inches of precipitation, making it the 29th wettest year on record A record 125 tornadoes were recorded in 2024, with the Greenfield EF4 tornado being particularly severe Crop Impacts: The warm winter led to better pest survival, affecting crops like tomatoes and sweet corn Early season rain made pest control challenging and disrupted planting schedules Aster yellows disease was widespread, affecting various crops including garlic, carrots, and flowers Onions were identified as the worst-performing crop statewide due to various issues Spring carrots and Lacinato kale were noted as the best-performing crops Notable Weather Events: Drought conditions ended across Iowa after 200 consecutive weeks Extreme humidity was recorded on August 26-27, with dew points as high as 86°F Significant flooding occurred in northwest Iowa on June 22nd The hottest temperature recorded was 102°F in Little Sioux on June 24th The coldest temperature was -28°F in Primghar on January 14th Pest and Disease Issues: Various mite species, including crown mites, broad mites, and cyclamen mites, were significant pests Aster yellows disease affected multiple crops across the state Carrot rust fly was noted as an issue for carrot growers The episode concluded with a Q&A session addressing topics such as long-term climate predictions, sunspot activity, and recommendations for adapting to climate change in agriculture

This episode is a long one, but so good, with a lengthy visit with Craig Cogil at the National Weather Service in Johnston. We're so grateful for all of Craig's time and insights! Forecast Discussion A system moving through tomorrow will bring snow to northern Iowa, with 1-2 inches expected north of Highway 20. Strong winds and colder air will follow. The 8-14 day outlook shows high confidence in above-average temperatures, potentially reaching the 40s. There's a slight chance of above-average precipitation, likely in liquid form due to warmer temperatures. Climate Trends December has been warming in recent years, with less snow and more mixed precipitation events. The beginning of December 2024 has been close to normal in temperature and slightly drier than average. Recent Weather Events An ice storm occurred on Friday, December 13th, affecting areas including Omaha, Des Moines, and Ames. The timing of the ice storm during evening commute in Omaha led to significant impacts. Forecasting Challenges Predicting mixed precipitation (sleet, freezing rain) is particularly challenging due to the complexity of temperature profiles and freezing lines. Small changes in temperature or location can significantly affect the type of precipitation experienced. Latent heat release during phase transitions can complicate forecasts by warming surface air more quickly than anticipated.   Tornado Climatology and Technology The conversation then shifts to discussing tornado climatology and the evolution of weather technology. The official tornado climatology database started in 1950. Early records (1950s-1970s) only noted tornado occurrences without ratings. In the mid-1970s, a project retroactively rated tornadoes from 1950 onwards using newspaper archives and photos The Fujita scale for rating tornadoes was introduced in the mid-1970s There's been an apparent increase in tornado numbers over time, largely due to improved detection and reporting methods Radar Technology Evolution Weather radar technology evolved from repurposed World War II equipment. The first dedicated weather radar network, WSR-57, was introduced in 1957. This was followed by WSR-74 in 1974, which came in different frequency bands (S-band and C-band) S-band radars (10 cm wavelength) are better at penetrating heavy precipitation, while C-band radars (5 cm wavelength) are more easily attenuated  

This Day in Iowa Weather History (1880) Severe storm with hail, high winds, and snow Earliest recorded blizzard in Iowa Current Weather Update First frost and freeze for much of the region Forecast: Sunny, warm days (60s-70s), cool nights (upper 30s-low 40s) Weather and Climate Notables Driest 7-day period of the growing season Recent aurora event visible in Iowa Vegetable Crop Year in Review Garlic: Some Aster yellows phytoplasma cases Sweet corn: Early earworm infestation Peaches: Poor year, isolated crops due to winter damage Onions: Root maggot and foliar disease issues Cucurbits: Decent crop, some pest and disease pressures Peppers and Tomatoes: Foliar diseases and pest issues Brassicas: Some diseases, but low flea beetle pressure Cut flowers: Thrips issues, Aster yellows affecting various flowers Strawberries: Mixed results, some early frost damage but good yields for some growers Predicting Frost and Analyzing Weather Models Discussion on using various tools to predict frost events Importance of looking at multiple models and data points Dew point's role in predicting frost Resources for Growers Climate Prediction Center models National Weather Service frost information page Weather stories from local forecast offices Conclusion Last weekly episode of the season Moving to monthly episodes with special features Summary generated by Claude.ai

Historical weather event: Unusually early snowfall in parts of Iowa on October 10, 2009. Current forecast: Dry conditions with chances of frost in the coming week. Long-term outlook: Trending towards warmer temperatures after the frost event. Discussion of the U.S. Drought Monitor: Explanation of different drought types: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic. Current drought conditions in Iowa: 98% of the state is abnormally dry or in drought. Importance of accurate rainfall reporting (e.g., CoCoRaHS program). Specialty crop impacts: Basil harvest should be completed before frost. Sweet potatoes should be fine through the first frost night but harvested by Tuesday. Mention of a cauliflower variety (Twister) performing well. Discussion of a leaf blight issue in dill crops. Upcoming events: High tunnel short course on November 13th. Fresh Connect business coaching program launch. Brief mention of a fraud case involving ranchers tampering with weather stations to manipulate drought data. Announcement that the next episode (October 16th) will focus on frost and its impacts. The hosts noted this is their 29th episode of the year, marking a significant milestone in podcast production.

Weather History: On this day in 1938, temperatures reached 97°F in Onawa, tying Iowa's all-time October record. Other high temperatures included 96°F at Little Sioux and Sioux City. Short-Term Forecast: Current conditions are warm and dry, following the driest September on record. Upcoming temperatures expected to reach the upper 80s to low 90s, with cooler nights in the low to mid-40s. Recent Weather Events: Hurricane Helene made landfall in Florida, causing significant rainfall and landslides in North Carolina. Iowa experienced dry, hot, and windy conditions, leading to fire bans in some counties. Temperature Trends: Daily high temperatures were 11 to 15 degrees above average; lows were about 4 to 5 degrees above average. The dry air led to significant temperature drops overnight. Long-Term Forecast: The latest Drought Monitor shows severe drought expanding in parts of Western Iowa. Six to ten-day and eight to fourteen-day outlooks indicate above-average temperatures across Iowa, with a gradient of higher probabilities in the west. Precipitation Outlook: Expected to be below average for both short-term and October forecasts. Specialty Crop Impacts: Dry weather is beneficial for root crop harvesting but can make digging difficult if the ground is too hard. Local Food Purchasing Assistance (LFPA) program received additional funding from USDA, aiding growers. Some growers view LFPA funding as a short-term lifeline for capital improvements rather than a permanent solution. Flower growers faced challenges earlier in the year due to flooding affecting crops like dahlias. Transcript summary provided by perplexity.ai

This episode was recorded on 9/26, but is being published on 10/1 due to technical difficulties. The hosts are Dan Fillius (ISU extension field specialist), Dr. Justin Glisan (state climatologist), and Madelynn Wuestenberg (ISU extension agricultural climatology specialist). They discuss moving to a monthly schedule for winter, with the last weekly episode on October 16th. Historical weather events are mentioned, including a 1959 windstorm and an early snowstorm in 1942. The current weather forecast indicates sunny and warm conditions, with a stagnant weather pattern due to Hurricane Helen. Climate predictions show above-average temperatures and below-average precipitation for the next few weeks. La Niña is expected to develop by the end of the year and continue into spring. They discuss the potential for a later-than-average first frost date this year. Aster yellows was confirmed in garlic samples from Winneshiek County, and precautions for planting infected garlic are discussed. Information on overwintering flowers and their benefits is shared. Cover crop germination has been challenging due to dry conditions in some areas. Updates on lacinato kale varieties and flea beetle pressure are provided. Sweet potato harvesting, storage, and slip production techniques are discussed, including methods for an African variety grown for its vines. The importance of soil sampling in fall is emphasized. Updates on urban agriculture zoning in Des Moines are shared, potentially allowing high tunnels up to 12 feet tall in yards. The podcast concludes with a brief discussion on soil temperature tools for crop planning.

Weather History: Discussion of September 19, 1991, when freezing temperatures caused severe crop damage across Iowa. Current Weather: Describes current pleasant and balmy weather conditions. Thunderstorms forming in central and northern Iowa with a slight risk of severe weather. 7-Day Forecast: Active weather pattern expected with rain forecasted over the weekend. Anticipation of synoptic scale rain rather than thunderstorms. Soil Conditions: September is noted as the second driest in 152 years, affecting lawn care and crop growth. Discussion on reseeding lawns during this dry period. Agritourism Impact: Rain on weekends negatively affects turnout for agritourism events and farmers markets. Farmers are adapting by opening their businesses every day to mitigate losses from rainy weekends. Long-term Outlook: Near-normal precipitation expected in the coming weeks, with a warm signal for comfortable weather. Summer Glory Index: The Summer Glory Index for 2024 was calculated at 1820, indicating a mostly glorious summer. Comparison to previous years and discussion of how perceptions of summer weather differ between regions. Specialty Crop Updates: Report on sweet corn yields at Dan D Farms, which were affected by weather conditions. Discussion of diseases affecting brassicas and recommendations for crop management. Radish Growing Tips: Explanation of factors that affect radish spiciness, including growing conditions and stress levels. Strawberry Disease Alert: Mention of a new disease (Neopestalotiopsis) affecting strawberry plug production, with advice on managing risks related to crop rotation.

This episode features clips from the Farm Progress Show with Patrick O'Malley and Randall Vos, both field specialists in horticulture with ISU Extension and Outreach Patrick O'Malley's segment: Eastern Iowa has experienced a wetter year than usual, leading to fungal diseases in vegetables and fruit crops. Apples that haven't been sprayed are showing more fruit rot, while sprayed ones are doing well. Chinese chestnuts are a notable commercial nut crop in Southeast Iowa, with a co-op in Columbus Junction. Pawpaws are a potential crop for areas south of Highway 30 in Iowa, with pick-your-own operations emerging. Randall Vos's segment on grapes: Most Midwest grapes are wine grapes, which require specific harvesting considerations. Table grape varieties recommended for Iowa include Somerset seedless and Jupiter (for southern Iowa). Wine grape harvest timing depends on three main factors: Brix (sugar content), pH, and titratable acidity (TA). This year's challenge is higher TA levels due to cooler ripening temperatures. Harvest window varies by grape variety and intended wine type (e.g., rosé, dry wine, fortified wine). Early-season varieties may have a harvest window as short as a week, while later varieties can have 2-3 weeks. Flavor and aroma compounds are difficult to quantify, often relying on human tasting for assessment. Winemakers can adjust sugar levels post-harvest to balance high acidity. Risks of leaving grapes on the vine longer include rain damage, berry drop, and bird predation.

Historical Weather Event: In 1913, an unexplained weather phenomenon occurred in Albia during the Yankee Robinson Circus, resulting in the death of a 12-year-old boy and injuries to 15 others due to a collapsing tent. Residents nearby did not witness any storm. Current Weather Forecast: A cold front is moving through Iowa, bringing rain showers to Northern Iowa, with cooler temperatures expected. Next week, temperatures may rise back into the 80s and low 90s, with a dry forecast and reasonable dew points in the 60s. Recent Weather Notables: The past week was hot with some rain showers across the state. A frontal passage brought above-average rainfall, particularly in northwestern Iowa. Stagnant air and high dew points created a "tropical killer air mass." Tobacco Farming Update: Farmers in Mount Ayr are currently in tobacco harvest time but faced challenges due to wet conditions preventing field access. Long-term Weather Outlook: The 6-10 day outlook indicates warmer than average temperatures and below-normal precipitation. The 8-14 day outlook also shows above-average temperatures continuing into late September. Frost Outlook: No frost hazards are predicted for Iowa in the immediate future, but northern regions may experience frost. Average first fall freeze dates vary by county: Kossuth County (October 5), Story County (October 7), Wayne County (October 12). Climate Trends: Iowa has seen a trend of later freeze dates over the past 30 years. The state has experienced a warming trend, particularly in winter. Summer Weather Summary: Preliminary data indicates a summer average temperature of 72°F, slightly below average. Precipitation was slightly above average, with some regions experiencing significant dryness. Mosquito Population Update: A study found a significant increase in mosquito populations this year, with higher counts compared to last year, likely due to wetter conditions. Tobacco Tobacco farmers in Mount Ayr were in harvest time Wet conditions prevented field access, potentially causing issues if drying doesn't occur soon The tobacco grown is used for cigar wrappers 12 acres of tobacco are planted next to soybean fields Not shade-grown Tomatoes A farmer in Lamoni reported severe decline in tomato plants Dan Fillius observed symptoms consistent with bacterial canker: Plants showed rapid decline, with some completely dead Classic symptoms of bacterial canker were present Symptoms were more pronounced due to dry conditions Leaf margins showed brown and yellow die-back (firing) from edges inward Symptoms appeared on leaves throughout the entire plant, not just from bottom up Bacterial canker was widespread in Iowa last year but less common this year Dry conditions exacerbate symptoms as the disease affects plant transpiration The condition differs from early blight, which typically progresses from the ground up

  • Key points from the weather discussion:   - On this day in 1979, several tornadoes touched down in Iowa, with one F3-F4 tornado causing significant damage.   - Recent weather included oppressive heat, with temperatures reaching 99°F in Des Moines.   - A cold front is expected to bring rainfall and cooler temperatures.   - Some areas of Iowa are experiencing dryness, with potential expansion of abnormally dry conditions. • Specialty crop updates:   - Cut flower production is increasing in Iowa.   - Aster yellows disease is impacting various flower crops.   - Basil downy mildew is a significant issue for ornamental basil.   - Rhizoctonia root rot was found in snapdragons in a high tunnel.   - Tips for managing rabbits and deer in crop fields were shared. • Announcements:   - IDALS has a job opening for a Local Foods Program Planner.   - Upcoming events: Women's chainsaw workshop, Midwest Mechanical Weed Control Field Days. • The podcast includes a segment from the Farm Progress Show, featuring Madelynn Wuestenberg discussing various weather instruments:   - SoilVue 10 Soil Profiler for measuring soil moisture and temperature.   - Weather station components: pyranometer, sonic anemometer, air temperature and humidity sensor.   - Data logger for collecting and transmitting weather data.   - Demonstration of soil temperature differences in wet and dry soil. Podcast summary generated by claude.ai

Date: August 22, 2024 Hosts: Dan Fillius (ISU Extension Field Specialist), Justin Glisan (State Climatologist), Madelynn Wuestenberg (ISU Extension Climatology Specialist) Historical Weather Event: Discussed severe thunderstorms in Northern Iowa on August 22, 1989, resulting in golf ball-sized hail and lightning strikes that killed 750 hogs. Lightning Safety Discussion: Hosts debated the safety of showering during lightning storms, referencing CDC guidelines that advise avoiding contact with plumbing during storms. Current Weather Forecast: Upcoming heat expected with mid to upper 90s over the weekend, followed by a return to the 80s. Low chances of thunderstorms statewide, with some areas in southeastern Iowa potentially receiving 1/2 to 1 inch of rain. Climate Forecast: 6 to 10-day forecast indicates warm temperatures, while the 8 to 14-day forecast suggests cooler temperatures with near-normal precipitation. State Fair Highlights: Hosts shared experiences from the Iowa State Fair, noting impressive agricultural entries and the overall beautiful weather during the event. Recent Weather Observations: Noted hazy conditions attributed to wildfire smoke from Canada affecting visibility and air quality in Iowa. Specialty Crop Updates: General health of crops is good, but there are reports of foliar diseases and pests due to wet conditions. Specific issues discussed include soft rot in peppers and Cercospora leaf spot in watermelons. Recommendations for managing these issues include using drip irrigation and proper fungicide application. Brussels Sprouts Topping Advice: Suggested timing for topping Brussels sprouts to ensure even growth and marketability, ideally less than 60 days before harvest. Personal Crop Experiences: Dan shared positive experiences with growing Goddess melons, noting their taste and performance compared to previous varieties. podcast summary generated with perplexity.ai

Hosts: Dan Fillius (ISU extension specialist), Dr. Justin Glisan (state climatologist), and Madelynn Wuestenberg (ISU extension climatology specialist). Current date: August 15, 2024 Weather history: Discussed extreme heat in Iowa from August 1988, with temperatures reaching 107°F in some areas. Current forecast: Expect mild weather with highs in the low to mid-80s and lows in the upper 50s to low 60s for the coming week. Recent weather: Nice conditions for the Iowa State Fair, with recent heavy rainfall in some areas. Climate outlook: 6-10 day: Leaning cooler with near-normal precipitation 8-14 day: Mixed temperatures across the state, leaning slightly drier September: Leaning warmer and drier for the entire state Crop updates: Potential issues with basil cold damage and cilantro bacterial leaf spot Updates on sweet corn sales trends Pumpkin and squash outlook initially strong but now uncertain due to diseases Mental health resources for farmers were discussed, including a book recommendation: "How to Keep House While Drowning" Natural attractions: Freda Haffner Kettle Hole: A preserved native prairie area in Northwest Iowa Discussion about fens and unique ecosystems The hosts briefly discussed personal experiences, including Dan's time working in Yosemite National Park. Podcast summary generated using Claude.ai

Historical Weather Event: On August 8, 1897, severe thunderstorms hit southwestern Iowa, causing significant hail and flooding. Current Weather Trends: The podcast highlights a record number of tornadoes (129) for the season and an increase in severe weather events, including 31 occurrences of hail over 2 inches. Recent Rainfall: Central Iowa experienced widespread rainfall, with Pella receiving 7.67 inches last week and other areas reporting 3 to 8 inches. Temperature Fluctuations: The discussion includes a transition from hot to cooler temperatures, with some areas in northern Iowa potentially dropping into the 40s. Forecast for State Fair: The upcoming week is expected to have pleasant weather, with temperatures in the low 80s and cool nights. Climate Outlook: The forecast indicates a shift towards warmer temperatures and a wetter signal for the latter part of August. Agricultural Impacts: Dan shares insights from recent field visits, noting issues like reduced zucchini yields due to weather conditions and the presence of aster yellows affecting various crops. Pest Management: Discussion on the impact of pests, particularly leaf hoppers and broad mites, on crops like potatoes and aster yellows in flowers, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and management practices. Summary generated using Perplexity.ai

Date: July 30th, 2024 Hosts: Dan Fillius (ISU extension field specialist) and Dr. Justin Glisan (state climatologist) Historical weather: On July 30, 1971, Iowa experienced unseasonably cool temperatures Record low of 47°F in Des Moines; some areas reached upper 30s Current weather: Heat dome over Iowa, dividing southwest and northeast Recent squall lines and thunderstorms Heat advisories in effect for parts of the state Short-term forecast: Continued warmth and chance of thunderstorms through Thursday Hotter but quieter weather expected over the weekend Decorah temperatures: 87°F today, 90°F Wednesday, 82°F Thursday Recent weather patterns: Pulse thunderstorms common Below average precipitation last week, but month overall above average Varying temperatures across the state Fog and heavy dew reported Wildfire smoke from Canada and California visible Long-term outlook: 6-10 day precipitation near normal Possibility of wet conditions during State Fair Trend towards below-normal temperatures in upper Midwest August outlook not yet released, but expected to show continued warmth Specialty crop impacts: Issues with melon foliage: Alternaria, and gummy stem blight Heat-related wilting in tomatoes indicating vascular wilt infections Excellent garlic harvest reported Late blight on tomatoes and potatoes reported in Michigan Summary provided by Claude.ai

Weather Station Technology: Dan's personal weather station stopped working, prompting a discussion on what to look for in a new one. Basic weather stations measure temperature and precipitation, but more advanced ones can measure barometric pressure, wind speed, and direction. Historical context: National Weather Service coop stations have provided temperature and precipitation data for 152 years. Importance of proper placement and calibration for accurate wind speed and direction measurements. Types of Weather Stations: Wired vs. wireless weather stations. Different types of anemometers: cup anemometers, wind socks, and sonic anemometers. Tipping bucket rain gauges and heated rain gauges for winter measurements. Forecasting Capabilities: Some weather stations can predict weather based on barometric pressure trends. More advanced stations can use GPS data to pull forecasts from larger services. Community Weather Networks: Discussion on the CoCoRaHS network (Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow Network) and its importance for monitoring weather conditions. How to join CoCoRaHS: Purchase a rain gauge, register online, and report daily observations. Importance of consistent data reporting for federal and state programs. Data Verification and Usage: Personal weather stations can help verify extreme weather events, such as the 2020 derecho. CoCoRaHS data is used for drought monitoring and other agricultural programs. Listener Engagement: Encouragement for listeners in underrepresented areas like Northwest, West Central, and North Central Iowa to join CoCoRaHS. This podcast conversation continues with a discussion about a weather station network called NEWA (Network for Environment and Weather Applications), as discussed by Dan Fillius and Dr. Suzanne Slack. NEWA is a weather station network originally from Cornell University that provides weather data and applications for crop management, especially for fruit and vegetable growers. The network includes various apps that use weather data to help make decisions about pest control, disease management, and horticultural practices. NEWA integrates degree-day based and humidity-based models for predicting pest and disease issues in crops like apples, cabbage, potatoes, and tomatoes. Growers can join NEWA by purchasing a compatible weather station (costing between $1500-$3000) and paying an annual fee of $290 (for non-member states). The accuracy of predictions is best when a weather station is within about 5 kilometers of the crops. Anyone can access basic weather data and some predictive models on the NEWA website for free, even without owning a weather station. Dr. Slack is working to make Iowa a member state of NEWA by 2025, which requires six weather stations in the state (currently there are four). If Iowa becomes a member state, the annual fee for Iowa growers would be eliminated. Dr. Slack encourages interested growers to contact her for more information about joining NEWA.

It's Dan Fillius' birthday (July 18th), and Justin Glisan provides weather information from his birth date in 1980. The weather forecast for the coming week is seasonal with a 30% chance of thunderstorms and temperatures in the low to mid 80s. They discuss recent weather events, including a heat dome and a derecho that affected the Midwest. An EF1 tornado moved through the Des Moines metro area, causing damage but no injuries or fatalities. Dan shares information about a recent Zoom call organized by the University of Wisconsin for growers to ask questions about plant diseases. They discuss various plant issues, including: A potential tobacco mosaic virus affecting peppers and tomatoes Squash bugs hatching and control methods Powdery mildew prevention and treatment Aster yellows in garlic crops (lack of!) Garlic rust observed in Decorah The hosts mention that they will be away next week, but a special podcast about weather stations will be released. The next regular episode will be in the first week of August.

 The hosts discuss a significant flooding event in Des Moines on July 11, 1993, which left 250,000 people without water for several day • Current weather conditions: Recent flooding issues are improving, with river levels falling EXCEPT: Major flooding along the Mississippi River affecting multiple locations The first 10 days of July have been about 4°F below average for Iowa Widespread rainfall occurred recently, with the state receiving about 175% of normal precipitation • Recent weather events: Severe hail damage reported in North Central Iowa, affecting soybean and corn fields Multiple waves of thunderstorms brought heavy rainfall to parts of Iowa Remnants of Hurricane Beryl affected weather patterns in the Midwest • Upcoming weather forecast: Temperatures expected to rise to 90°F over the weekend, then cool back to the 80s A gradient of temperatures predicted across Iowa in the 6-10 day outlook • Climate and agricultural impacts: Cool temperatures and excess moisture are causing delays in crop growth in some areas • Vegetable crop issues: Zoom call scheduled for July 15th with extension experts to discuss disease and pest management Various diseases reported, including black rot in cabbage and kale Bacterial leaf spot and Phytophthora blight affecting peppers in eastern Iowa Rhubarb crown rot and carrot rust fly issues reported in Tripoli Corn earworm severely impacting early sweet corn crops Lettuce drop (Sclerotinia) affecting various crops, including Napa cabbage Cucumber beetles causing significant crop losses in some areas Watermelons nearly ready for harvest in Muscatine Japanese beetles not significantly impacting sweet corn pollination Onion purple blotch observed, potentially causing storage issues Conventional onion growers using weekly fungicide treatments Pre-emergent herbicides effectively controlling weeds in onion fields Discussion of how onion rot can affect different layers within the onion

Weather recap: Recent severe weather events, including tornado warnings and heavy precipitation in parts of Iowa Flooding has been an issue in northern, northwest, and parts of southern Iowa Weather forecast: Temperatures are expected to moderate back to normal or slightly below average in the coming week The weekend looks pleasant Cooler nights expected Widespread rainfall is forecast for the 4th of July, with 1.5-2 inches expected in northern Iowa and 0.25-1.25 inches in southern Iowa Rain chances returning Sunday night into Monday Climate outlook: The 6-10 day outlook shows a cool signal for the entire state and a slight dry signal for precipitation The July outlook has shifted to elevated wetness, especially in northeast Iowa Fourth of July weather: Chances of showers and thunderstorms are expected, which is typical for the holiday Fireworks may contribute to hazy and foggy conditions on July 5th, especially given the current wet conditions and high dew points Agricultural updates: Garlic harvest is underway Black rot affecting cabbage family crops due to wet conditions Pepper leaf spot issues observed Earwig pressure in cabbage, strawberries Sweet corn harvest beginning, with challenges due to wet fields and early corn earworm presence Early arrival of corn earworm is causing challenges for sweet corn growers, especially with difficulty in applying pesticides due to wet conditions. Farm recovery: Update on Sweet Season Farm rebuilding after losing tunnels to wind damage Cultivation techniques: Discussion of stale bedding and using a field cultivator instead of a rototiller for better soil and weed management in wet conditions Pest control Advice on fencing corn fields to protect against raccoons Hurricane Beryl - Mentioned as the earliest Category 4 (or possibly 5) hurricane on record, highlighting concerns about warm sea surface temperatures Podcast summary generated using claude.ai and perplexity.ai

This podcast highlights the challenges farmers are facing due to recent severe weather events and provides updates on crop progress and pest issues. Recent severe weather events: Significant flooding in Northwest and North Central Iowa, with some areas receiving 7-13 inches of rain over 72 hours Record-breaking river crests on the Big Sioux, Little Sioux, and West Fork of the Des Moines River, surpassing 1993 levels. Multiple funnel cloud sightings and weak tornadoes across the state. Explanation of funnel cloud formation due to strong updrafts and horizontal spin from outflow boundaries Extreme heat, with very high overnight temperatures in the 80s overnight in some areas. Historical weather event: On June 27, 1953, an F5 tornado struck Cass and Adair counties, killing one person and injuring two others The weather forecast includes: Chances of showers and thunderstorms in the coming days. A shift towards more moderate temperatures, with highs in the mid-80s and lows in the mid-60s expected for Central Iowa, though still above average. Continued elevated probability of wetter conditions. Climate forecast: Temperatures trending towards normal for early July Elevated chances of wetter conditions in the 6-10 and 8-14 day outlooks Crop updates: Some farmers experienced hail damage to tomatoes, peppers, and sweet corn. The first sweet corn of the season was harvested on June 24th using special early-season growing techniques. Japanese beetles are causing issues for some crops, particularly sweet corn. Corn earworms and squash vine borers are also active. Podcast summary created using Claude.ai and Perplexity.ai

•Historical weather note: Unusually cool weather and frost reported in parts of Iowa on June 21-22, 1902. • Recent weather highlights: Southeast Iowa has been experiencing dryness, reflected in the drought monitor. Northern Iowa has received about 2 inches of rain in the last two weeks. High wind events caused damage to greenhouses and tunnels in northeastern Iowa. • Weather forecast: Unsettled pattern with chances of showers and thunderstorms. Temperatures in the 90s expected early next week. Northern Iowa may see 3-5 inches of rain in the next 36 hours. At least an inch of rain expected statewide. • Recent weather events: Dryness in southeastern Iowa High wind events in northeastern Iowa damaging farm structures Large hail in western Iowa • Climate outlook: Warmer than average temperatures predicted for the next 6-14 days and through September. Mixed precipitation signals: wetter in short-term July may end up being downgraded to "equal chances" • Crop and pest updates: Japanese beetles are starting to appear. Powdery mildew affecting peas. Black raspberries are highly productive this year. Strawberry season is ending; time for field renovation. Downy mildew affecting some sunflowers Leaf hoppers causing damage to various crops Sweet corn expected around second week of July for many growers Garlic scapes affected by anthracnose Imported cabbage worm moths and damage observed on brassicas. Sap beetles seen in peonies and Napa cabbage. • Irrigation systems are being set up due to drier conditions and warmer forecasts. Summary created using Claude.ai and Perplexity.ai

Iowa experienced one of the wettest meteorological springs on record for most of Iowa  (March-May 2024), ending a long drought that had persisted since 2020. It was the first time since June 2020 that there was no drought anywhere in Iowa, with only abnormally dry conditions remaining in some areas. Precipitation levels were in the top 10 wettest on record for 7 out of 9 climate divisions in Iowa. The wet spring helped replenish soil moisture, stream flows, and shallow aquifers, though deeper aquifers will take years to fully recover. Growing degree days were above average while stress degree days (temperatures above 86°F) were slightly below average, providing favorable conditions for plant growth. The last frost occurred around late April in central Iowa, allowing an extended spring growing season. Vegetable growers reported good germination and growth without needing to irrigate due to the ample rainfall. However, some growers fell behind on transplanting starts and succession plantings due to the wet fields. Succession planting of crops like cucumbers, zucchini, and radishes was impacted by the delays. Overall, it was described as an archetypal, pleasant spring after coming out of a multi-year drought. Summarized using claude.ai and perplexity.ai

We discussed the rare occurrence of the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) being visible in central parts of the United States, including Iowa and Missouri on May 10-11, 2024.  The Northern Lights were visible much farther south than usual, including central Missouri, due to a powerful G5 class geomagnetic storm caused by coronal mass ejections and solar flares from the Sun Justin, vividly recalls seeing the Aurora in Columbia, Missouri, around 20 years ago during another strong geomagnetic storm, describing it as brighter than the ones he witnessed in Fairbanks, Alaska The hosts explain how the different colors (green from nitrogen, pink from oxygen) are produced by the interaction of charged particles with gases in the Earth's atmosphere They discuss the potential impacts of such space weather events on GPS, telecommunications, and electrical grids, necessitating precautionary measures like shutting down satellites and power grids There were some agricultural impacts reported, like disrupted GPS on farm equipment during the planting season. The conversation also touches upon the hosts' humorous anecdotes and pop culture references related to the Northern Lights phenomenon. Podcast summary generated using claude.ai and perplexity.ai   CopyRetry      

Weather History and Forecast The hosts discussed the weather history of Iowa in 1951, which saw unusually heavy precipitation after a dry start to the year, echoing the current wet conditions in the state. They provided a forecast for the coming week, predicting 1-2 inches of rainfall from thunderstorms across Iowa, with temperatures in the low 80s during the day and low 60s overnight.  The long-range outlooks showed a warm signal for the next 6-10 days, followed by a cooler period in the 8-14 day range, with near-normal precipitation expected.  Derecho Event They discussed a derecho (widespread, long-lived wind storm) that impacted Iowa on the previous Thursday night/Friday morning, causing damage from high winds and tornadoes. The hosts provided detailed explanations of derechos, including their definition, types (progressive vs. serial), and the atmospheric conditions that lead to such events. The recent derecho in Iowa had tornadoes and high winds concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the state, causing damage to structures, trees, and outbuildings. The hosts provided a comprehensive explanation of derechos, which are widespread, long-lived wind storms. Key points: A derecho must travel at least 400 miles, be at least 60 miles wide, and have a majority of wind gusts 58 mph or greater within that swath.  There are two types: progressive derechos (like August 2020) and serial/cold front-driven derechos (like December 2021 and the recent event). The December 2021 derecho had 63 tornadoes and exceptionally strong non-thunderstorm gradient winds due to a steep pressure gradient between a low and high pressure system. Other Impacts They also discussed the impact of the recent heavy rains on field tiles, ponding, and the potential for replenishing irrigation ponds. Impacts on specialty crops like high insect pressure from overwintered pests, strawberry peak, tomato spotted wilt virus found in greenhouse marigolds. Some vegetable growers are facing challenges getting liability insurance coverage for leafy greens production due to recent foodborne illness outbreaks. Summary generated using claude.ai and perplexity.ai

Justin Glisan, the state climatologist, provides updates on the current and upcoming weather forecasts, including precipitation totals, severe weather risks, and temperature outlooks for the next week. Madelynn Wuestenberg shares the Climate Prediction Center's forecasts for temperature and precipitation over different time periods, indicating near-normal conditions for Iowa in the short term. The drought situation in Iowa has significantly improved, with 66% of the state now out of drought conditions and only 20% experiencing moderate drought (D1) Dan Fillius discusses the impacts of the wet weather on weed control, highlighting the effectiveness of pre-emergent herbicides for some growers and the challenges of cultivation due to frequent rains. The conversation also touches on pest management, with Dan providing advice on identifying and controlling thrips and spider mites. Focused on the May 21st, 2024 tornado outbreak in Iowa that caused significant damage, especially in Greenfield where an EF3 or potentially EF4/EF5 tornado struck Justin and Dan commend the National Weather Service for their efforts in communicating severe weather warnings and express gratitude for Justin's timely email updates during the recent tornado event. Justin Glisan provided details on: The setup that led to the outbreak Number of tornado reports Widespread impacts of hail, straight-line winds, heavy rainfall the advanced forecasting capabilities that allowed warnings of the severe weather risk

Key points: Madelynn found a cicada in her driveway after returning from Missouri and sent a photo to an entomologist, who was excited as it could be a periodical cicada.  On May 16, 1997, Sioux City broke both its record high (91°F) and record low (33°F) temperatures for that date, which is highly unusual.  The upcoming week's forecast shows potential for wet weather, especially days 4-6, with around 1 inch of rain expected across most of Iowa. Next week should be warmer than average The 8-14 day climate outlook indicates slightly cooler than normal temperatures but nothing extremely cold. Normal temps for this time of year are highs of 72 and lows of 52. Recent rains have helped improve drought conditions in Iowa, with no more extreme drought (D3) remaining as of the latest update. Planting progress for crops is behind last year's pace but on track with 2015-2018 and ahead of 2022.  They discussed reasons why a rain system dissipated around I-35 in central Iowa the previous night, likely due to dry air Justin explained how meteorologists use models like the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) to analyze small-scale weather features.  Dan mentioned some phenological observations like winter rye heading out 1-2 weeks early this year. They discussed the difference between "equal chances" and "near normal" forecast terminology used by the Climate Prediction Center. Summary generated using combination of Claude.ai and Perplexity.ai

Podcast summary generated using Claude.ai and Perplexity.ai The conversation today covers weather forecasting challenges, severe weather impacts on crops, insect pest management for specialty crops like onions, and the unique biology and emergence patterns of the periodical cicadas in 2024. A discussion of Iowa's weather history, including a deadly tornado outbreak in 1918 that caused significant damage and casualties in eastern and northeastern parts of the state.  A forecast for cooler temperatures and less active weather over the next few days, followed by warmer temperatures and increased rainfall chances in mid-May, which is typical for Iowa's wet season. The chances of a late frost after the next couple of nights are considered very low based on climate outlooks and soil moisture conditions.  Impacts of recent severe weather like high winds, hail, and heavy rainfall on specialty crops like cover crops, onions, and weed pressure. An interview with Zach Schumm from the Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic at Iowa State University, who shares insights about the periodical cicadas, how to identify them, and the rarity of both broods emerging together this year across a few counties in Illinois. Details on the upcoming emergence of periodical cicadas in Iowa (Brood XIII and Brood XIX), expected in late May or early June. The 13-year brood will appear in southeastern Iowa, while the 17-year brood will be seen in eastern Iowa along rivers and forests. Details are provided on their life cycle, synchronization, and minimal impact on plants as adults with functional mouthparts.  Information on submitting plant and insect samples to the Iowa State University Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic (PIDC) for identification and diagnosis, including the option to send insect photos for free identification.

Summary provided by Claude.ai - There was some light late-season snow in northeastern Iowa on May 1, 1997, though only trace amounts for most areas. - The upcoming week's forecast called for an active storm track with 1.5-3 inches of rain expected across the state, especially in eastern Iowa. Strong thunderstorms and hail were also concerns. - The previous week saw heavy rainfall of 2-4 inches statewide, with higher amounts in southeast Iowa, along with some severe weather and strong tornadoes in western Iowa that caused damage. - Looking ahead, warmer than average temperatures were expected for the summer as an El Niño pattern transitions to a potential La Niña. Soil moisture levels would influence whether the warmth feels more extreme or mitigated. - They discussed how growers can interpret the U.S. Drought Monitor maps and drought conditions at different scales, from statewide down to an individual farm. Local input from growers on impacts helps refine the maps. - Tiling and other agricultural practices may influence how quickly drought develops in soils, though more research is needed on the relationship.

Episode Summary Historical Lightning Incident: In 1902, a resident of Creston, Iowa, was struck by lightning twice during the same storm. Remarkably, he survived both strikes. The first lightning strike rendered him unconscious, but he woke up due to the ensuing heavy rainfall and continued his journey home, where he was struck a second time. Forecast for Iowa: The forecast indicates an active jet stream pulling low pressures across the state. Between now and Sunday, there's a potential for severe weather in portions of Iowa, including hail, high winds, and possibly tornadoes. Widespread rainfall is expected, with a potential for 2 to 4 inches across the state. Southeast Iowa may see the highest rainfall totals, while eastern Iowa could receive around 2 inches. The temperature in Iowa for April is near normal but slightly warmer. Warmer air masses are expected due to the Gulf being wide open for moisture influx. Dew points will likely be in the 50s and 60s, given the abundant moisture. While not super uncomfortable, it might feel a little sticky as it gets warmer, especially in the absence of rain.  Severe Weather Potential: The convective outlook indicates a slight risk statewide for severe weather, including hail, wind, and potentially tornadoes. Western Iowa is at an enhanced risk, depending on whether the sky clears during the day. The timing of clearing skies and the formation of a dry slot play a crucial role in severe weather development. Sunshine can warm the surface, create instability, and lead to thunderstorms with large hail and tornado potential. Rooting for Clearing Skies?: If you're a grower with crops to care for, you might want to root for clearing skies. However, striking a balance is essential—clearing skies without breaking the cap (which maintains instability) is ideal. The availability of convective potential energy (CAPE) determines the severity of thunderstorms. Climate Outlook: The next couple of weeks show signals for warmth and wetness, which is beneficial for restoring soil moisture. While there has been above-average precipitation in 2024, it's not enough to fully overcome the 3-4 year deficits caused by drought. The wet signal is good for planting and crop progress but may limit fieldwork due to excess moisture. Looking ahead, there are still signals for heat and equal chances of precipitation during the summer. Soil Loss and Tillage: Heavy rains (2 to 4 inches) can lead to soil loss, so land management practices like reducing tillage are important to consider. For growers of annual vegetables, tillage remains common, but some are exploring no-till techniques. Specialty Crops: Sweet corn is on track for a pre-4th of July harvest. Overwintered cilantro and spinach are bolting, and you're experimenting with different varieties. Overwintered Cut flowers like snapdragons, foxgloves, and bupleurum are close to blooming, benefiting from the warmth and moisture. Clovergold Flower Farm is using spring annual weeds like penny cress as fillers in bouquets—they add greenery and white flowers. Fruit Crops: Strawberry King blooms are appearing on some varieties. The “king blooms” are the largest and the first to open. Unfortunately, they got damaged by cold temperatures, resulting in a black center and no fruit development. However, the next round of flowers (bright green) looks promising for a good crop, albeit with decreased yield due to the initial damage. Growers are surprised at how well the grapes are looking despite challenges. Asparagus Incident: A grower in Jasper County had an incident with herbicide spraying. The neighbor sprayed 2,4-D on a windy day, but the grower covered everything with frost fabric except for the asparagus. The asparagus spears that were already up showed a classic symptom of herbicide contact (a crooked shape). The grower removed those affected spears, and the next round of asparagus is unaffected. Aster Yellows Phytoplasma - Comparison to 2012: In 2012, many growers faced issues with Aster yellows phytoplasma on garlic. The disease is spread by the Aster Leaf Hopper coming from the South. Comparison to 2012 Drought: While it's challenging to make an exact comparison, there are echoes this year of certain elements of the 2012 drought. The intensity of the 2012 second wave of drought was significant. The current drought is structurally different but still poses challenges. Growing Degree Days (GDD): By April 1st, the accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) was almost 400 in 2012. This year, we are closer to 200 GDD, indicating slower progress. Leafhoppers appeared earlier than usual in spring 2012 and affected garlic and small grains. Aster Yellows Phytoplasma: Aster yellows is caused by a phytoplasma and affects various plants, including garlic. Leafhoppers transmit the phytoplasma from infected plants to healthy ones. Symptoms include early yellowing of garlic leaves. Roguing out affected plants is essential to prevent further spread. Phytoplasmas: Phytoplasmas are derived from bacteria but behave like parasites. They cannot live independently and rely on vectors (like leafhoppers) for transmission.

Outline Weather forecasting and climate change with an agricultural climatology extension specialist. Madelynn Wuestenberg shares her educational background and career passion in agricultural meteorology. Justin Glisan discusses Iowa weather history and forecast, mentioning late-season snowstorms and active storm track. Weather forecasting and its impact on crops. Cold temperatures forecasted for Northern Iowa, potentially impacting crop growth. Glisan and Dan discuss how wet soils can moderate temperature extremes Justin explains how wet soils can lead to a rebound or adjustment in temperature forecasts Dan Fillius provides updates on cold-sensitive crops like tomatoes, onions, and asparagus. Asparagus harvest is estimated to be a week ahead of schedule. Iowa precipitation and drought, with focus on Waterloo. Justin Glisan notes varied rainfall across Iowa, with some areas receiving over 2 inches and others less than expected. Justin Glisan highlights the complex balancing act between short-term precipitation improvements and long-term drought deficits in Iowa. Glisan notes that areas with 300-500% of normal precipitation in the past week may be key to holding off drought expansion and intensification. Dan Fillius and guests discuss severe weather in Iowa, including tornadoes and hail. Guests share their experiences with severe weather, including a grower in Dallas center who had a horse barn turned over by a tornado. Glisan and Dan discuss the timing of planting sweet corn, with  planting too early can lead to frost damage. Dan explains that inducing frost damage through flame weeding can delay sweet corn harvest by 7-10 days in organic production. Seasonal outlook transitioning from El Nino to La Nina, potential impacts on US weather. Meteorologists discuss seasonal outlook as El Niño transitions to La Niña. Justin Glisan explains how El Niño and La Niña impact US weather patterns. Warm signal in summer may be seen more in warmer lows, causing temperature stress for plants. the relationship between cotton and corn belts during El Niño events. Glisan and Dan discuss drought and its effects on crops, with Glisan mentioning a 1993-like event as one potential solution, but one that would have negative consequences. Madelynn Wuestenberg and Dan Fillius discuss the impact of warm nights on plant growth, particularly for fruiting crops like tomatoes and peppers. Growers can select for tomato varieties bred for hot climates, such as Hot Set tomatoes, to reduce flower abortion at high temperatures.

Dan's Meeting Notes Dan Fillius, Justin Glisan, and special guest Madelynn Wuestenberg discuss Iowa's weather history, including infamous tornado outbreaks and recent severe weather events, and provide an overview of the coming week's weather forecast.  In the second segment, the speakers discussed the potential for severe weather in the Midwest, particularly during the spring season, and the role of wind in these events. In the third segment, the speakers discussed the recent solar eclipse's effects on weather, and the phenomenon of temperature inversions. Finally, they covered topics such as soil temperature sensors, meteorological events' effects on soil temperatures, and the seven Sundays of rain following Easter...Is it a phenomenon?  Transcript https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ivgt1PXlt8OJUIRaB0u5zrQ-0vibY-YldQMVFlNI1bM/edit?usp=sharing  

No summary, the Otter AI transcriber was having technical difficulties today.

What in the Weather? podcast recording - February Iowa's wettest year and severe winter storm in 1993. Major winter storm brought heavy snow and freezing rain to Iowa in 1993, with totals ranging from 13-20 inches. Weather forecast and climate notables in Iowa. Dan Fillius asks Justin Glisan about the weather forecast for the coming week, with a focus on eastern Iowa. Glisan provides details on the expected precipitation, including a 10th of an inch across the state and a quarter to half an inch in eastern Iowa. In north central Iowa, the frost depth was shallow, around 5 inches, despite cold temperatures, indicating good infiltration. The National Weather Service measured unfrozen soil on top of the shallow frost depth in Johnston, just north of Des Moines. Glisan: Snowpack on ground reflects solar radiation, keeps temps cool. Winter weather patterns in Iowa. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the coldest temperatures in Prem gar, Iowa, with negative 28 degrees on January 14th. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the warmest winter on record in Iowa, with February being the fourth warmest, driest, and least snowy on record. Climate change and El Niño are contributing to the warming trend, with faster winter warming than summer warming and impacting jet stream patterns. Glisan and Dan Fillius discuss the possibility of a rapid shift from El Niño to La Niña in the upcoming summer months, with a 73% chance of ENSO neutral conditions and a 55% chance of La Niña in the July-September timeframe. Glisan provides an analogy to 2016, when a rapid shift from El Niño to lightning occurred, and suggests that near-normal to elevated precipitation potential may occur in California due to the shift. Randall Vos joins the show to discuss the impact of the unusual winter on fruit crops. Plant dormancy and chilling hours. Randall Vos explains the concept of chilling hours, which is how plants keep track of temperatures between 35-45°F to determine when to wake up from dormancy. Chilling hours are important for fruit varieties, with most requiring between 1000-1300 hours, depending on location. Randall Vos discusses the importance of choosing fruit tree cultivars adapted to the local climate, as warmer winters may require more chilling hours for proper growth. Randall Vos mentions that grape growers are looking for cultivars that break bud later to mitigate risk, with a 3-4 week difference in budbreak between grape varieties. Fruit tree cultivation and potential risks due to warm winter weather. Randall Vos expresses concern about early budbreak in blackberries due to warm temperatures, and mentions a new model (the Utah model) that predicts negative chilling hours when it gets hot. Randall Vos expresses low hopes for peach crop due to bud damage, while still having high hopes for sweet cherries. Randall expresses concern about the impact of warm winter weather on crops, particularly grapes which have an "insurance policy" to produce a secondary bud. Weather patterns and their impact on agriculture. Analogues to 2011-2012 drought and 2018-2019 wetness observed in Midwest weather history. Vegetable farmers dislike cold, wet springs the most. Weather forecasts and their impact on agriculture. Glisan and Dan discuss the Climate Prediction Center's seasonal outlooks, including the lack of a clear signal for precipitation or temperature across the upper Midwest, with a warm signal still present in the region. The March one-month outlook released about a week ago shows a bullseye of above average potential for precipitation west of Iowa and below average potential across the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, with Iowa in the middle. Some Amish farmers prioritized other pressing chores over ice harvesting during cold snap.

This week is a recording of Dan and Justin's presentation at the 2024 Iowa Specialty Producer's Conference. This day in Iowa Weather: Record High in Chariton: 68 degrees F (2003) Record Low in Elkader: -36 degrees F (1912) Record snowfall in Boone: 10.4” (2024) We themed this one as an awards show with notable superlatives from 2023 Highest rainfall: 43.83” – Little Sioux Lowest rainfall: 19.18” – Marshalltown Municipal Airport Biggest single rain event total: 8.51” - Burlington 6.5 SSW (8/5/2023) Longest stretch between rainfalls: 29 days: October 28 – November 25, Several stations in North Central IA  Hottest station: 54.8 degrees F – Keokuk Lock and Dam Highest high temperature: 105 degrees F – August 23, 2023 in Waterloo & Decorah Lowest Low temperature: -25 degrees F, January 31, 2023 in Elkader & Stanley Biggest hailstone: 4.00” – Davenport; estimated from a picture. (4/4/23) Highest wind gust: 87 mph sustained wind speed and 100 mph wind gust  - Keokuk (6/29/2023) Annual “Goldilocks” that had the most normal/average rainfall: Storm Lake, IA Annual “Goldilocks” that had the most normal/average temperature: Pocahontas, IA Crop that performed the worst (statewide) this year: Tomato Crop that performed the best (statewide) this year: Pumpkin or Garlic  

Summary Iowa weather and specialty crop growth.  Justin Glisan and Trent Ford discuss Iowa weather with Dan Fillius.Trent Ford, Illinois State Climatologist, explains why North Carolina has a large state climate office despite having a similar setup to other states. Iowa weather history and snowfall patterns.  Justin Glisan provides historical snowfall data for Iowa, highlighting isolated heavy snow events in northern parts of the state. Weather history and forecast in the Midwest. Trent Ford discusses a significant snowstorm in 2000 that hit northern Illinois, with 14.5 inches of snowfall in Chicago and led to the snowiest winter on record at Midway Airport. In 1855, Peoria, Illinois began certified weather measurements, with some original handwritten records still available today, providing insight into the region's weather history. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss a man named Gustavus Hinrich, a weather observer and professor at St. Louis University, and their forecast for the next week. Temperature variations in the Midwest. Gradient of climate prediction center shows higher probability of warmer temperatures in Minnesota and Dakotas. Winter weather forecast with El Nino influence.  Trent Ford explains how El Niño will bring milder temperatures and below-normal snowfall to the Midwest this winter. Weather forecast for Christmas with emphasis on snow probability.  Glisan, Justin: Doubts white Christmas will occur in southern Iowa, but northern areas have a higher probability. Weather forecast and its impact on specialty crops.  Trent Ford: Forecasts for Iowa and Illinois are consistently exaggerated lately, with only a fraction of predicted precipitation actually falling. Justin Glisan and Dan Fillius discuss the dry conditions in Iowa, with November being the driest on record and December starting off warm. Dan Fillius shares insights on managing specialty crops during warm and dry weather, including the importance of ventilation and irrigation to prevent disease and damage. In Iowa, specialty crops like lettuce, radishes, and turnips have been growing faster and potentially lasting longer than usual due to the warm weather, but more attention and nursing are required. Horseradish and specialty crops in Illinoisi. Trent Ford discusses horseradish harvesting, mentioning that age may affect spiciness and that it's a year-round cycle in the St. Louis area. Horseradish growers in the area face labor intensive harvesting and visa issues, with a concentrated harvest in late winter/early spring. Thunderstorm damage costs and trends.  Dan Fillius expresses concern about thunderstorm damage, which topped $50 billion in 2023, the costliest year on record. Justin Glisan highlights the damage from convective storms in the central US, with $55 million in damage this year. Severe weather events in Illinois and their impact.  Trent Ford notes that Illinois had a record number of tornadoes in 2023, with a particularly intense start to the season followed by a quieter summer and fall. Trent Ford highlights the unusual timing of severe weather events in Illinois, including a winter with more tornadoes than usual and a summer with less activity, followed by a series of intense convective storms in July and August. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the impact of hail storms on property damage, with 1000 reported hail storms in the United States this year, causing $100 million in damage. Trent Ford highlights the challenges of addressing collective damage from multiple storms, as individual events may not meet threshold requirements for federal reimbursement or emergency management assistance.

Summary Iowa weather history and forecast for the coming week Glisan, Justin: "A significant snowstorm in 1928 fell in a wide band across Iowa, with heaviest snow near Mills and Clinton counties." Glisan, Justin: "After a dry November, an active pattern emerged over the last 10 days with snowfall, ending a very dry start to the month." Glisan and Dan discuss the potential for snowfall and warmer temperatures in Iowa, with Glisan highlighting the uncertainty of the timing and location of these events. Dan questions the accuracy of the temperature predictions, citing a previous instance of warmer temperatures than expected. Dan Fillius grows lettuce, cilantro, Hakurei salad turnips, spinach, and overwintering onions in his low tunnels. He differentiates between baby spinach and regular spinach, with baby spinach being younger and planted at a higher density for salad production. Much missing here due to AI limitations Tracking weather balloons using SondeHub.org Weather balloons are tracked in real-time on a website called SoundHub.org, which aggregates data from people who receive them and shows their historical flights and predictions. Weather balloons and their role in forecasting Radio soundings are important for understanding weather patterns, as they provide temperature, pressure, and humidity data from 15-20 miles high. Launches of high-altitude balloons occur twice daily from Valley, Nebraska, and can move across Iowa and Nebraska depending on winds. Recovering weather balloons and tracking devices Clint Miller uses a device that listens on 403 megahertz to find weather radiosondes, which are used to collect weather data, and has found 11 of them so far. Clint Miller and other groups are reverse engineering and reprogramming weather radiosondes to use them as trackers for bicycles during marathons. Dan Fillius and Clint discuss the process of recovering weather balloons in the field after they burst and parachute down. Clint Miller found a lost weather balloon and tracked it for 90 days, eventually recovering it. A small group of hobbyists in Central Iowa are actively recovering lost weather balloons and sharing their experiences in a Discord group. Weather forecasting, jet streams, and radiosonde data Clint's team uses radiosondes to collect data on temperature and moisture profiles in the atmosphere, which improves forecast accuracy. Glisan and Clint discuss the impact of weather patterns on the location of weather balloons in Iowa, with stronger winds in colder months potentially transporting them further east. Jet streams are fast-moving wind currents in the atmosphere, found at high altitudes and near the poles, which can significantly impact flight routes and times. Weather balloons and geocaching with a guest Clint shared his passion for weather balloons, explaining how they fall from the sky and how he and others track them using GPS and other tools. Dan and Clint discussed geocaching, with Dan mentioning an event at a county park in Marshalltown where participants had to find geocaches to receive Halloween treats. Clint recovered a sonde after correctly answering a weather-related question on a Twitter poll.

Summary Winter weather forecast and record highs/lows.  Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss a major winter storm that hit western Iowa in 1997, with heavy snowfall and drifting. The hosts reflect on the impact of heavy wet snow and plummeting temperatures on snow drifts, and Justin Glisan provides a forecast for the upcoming storm. Glisan, Justin: Large scale low pressure system bringing widespread rain and potential snowfall, with temperatures plummeting into early next week. Dan Fillius: Questions about potential record highs and lows, with newer stations potentially setting their own records. Iowa weather and crop harvest.  Iowa's October precipitation is above average statewide, with some areas receiving more rainfall than others. Farmers in the Midwest are experiencing a mix of heavy rainfall and dry soil, with some areas experiencing drought despite recent rainfall. Temperatures in northern Iowa could drop to lower teens, while southern parts of the state remain in mid-20s. Soil temperature, crop protection, and harvesting strategies for frost damage.  Dan Fillius discusses protecting crops from cold temperatures, mentioning carrots, lettuce, chard, and kale as particularly vulnerable to damage. Justin Glisan provides insight on soil temperatures at four inches, stating that they are still in the mid to upper 50s across northern Iowa, with some insulation provided by recent moisture. Soil temperature had been particularly dry in North Iowa, which led to a more rapid decrease in soil temperature during the last cool spell. Crops such as broccoli, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts can tolerate cooler temperatures, but harvesting before frost is recommended to prevent limpness. Dan Fillius discusses potential damage to strawberries and fruit crops due to cold snap, recommends mulching or using frost fabric for protection. Weather patterns and their impact on temperature.  Snowpack in Siberia impacts US weather through albedo and polar vortex oscillations. Snowpack in the US and Siberia could lead to wavier weather patterns in North America this winter. Meteorologist Judah Cohen predicts significant polar vortex outbreak next week. El Nino weather patterns and their impact on the Midwest.  El Niño outlook for December, January, February shows elevated probabilities of warmer temperatures in upper Midwest and northern states, and unseasonably dry conditions in Montana and Dakotas. El Niño events in the last 3 years have resulted in warmer sea temperatures and less snowfall in Iowa. Climatologist Justin Glisan discusses the challenges of being wrong in meteorology.  

What in the Weather? recording Summary Weather history and current conditions in Iowa Justin Glisan, Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship climatologist, discusses recent rainfall and temperature patterns in Iowa 10/12/1899, a record-high temperature of 91 degrees Fahrenheit in Des Moines Dan Fillius expresses disappointment in the radar data availability and requests a link to a higher-resolution radar archive. Weather forecasting and thunderstorms in Iowa Forecast shows potential for heavier rain in northern Iowa. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the relationship between synoptic and mesoscale weather systems, with a focus on the importance of understanding the nature of thunderstorms in fall. The speakers speculate on the possibility of a study examining the accuracy of QPF forecasts at different points in the season, with a focus on verifying the product's reliability. Weather conditions and frost risk in Iowa Des Moines area missed out on rain, while Eastern Iowa and Northern Iowa received more. Dan Fillius advises sweet potato farmers to harvest their crops before soil temperatures drop below 55°F. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss frost watch and the varying degrees of frost damage across different locations in Iowa, with some areas experiencing more damage than others. Fillius shares his experience of visiting growers in Kalona, where some plants were affected by frost while others were not, highlighting the localized nature of frost damage. Climate, solar eclipse, and moisture recharge for agriculture Glisan, Justin: Discusses solar eclipse on Saturday, mentions cloud cover and possibility of seeing the eclipse through a telescope with a solar filter. Dan Fillius: Shares a problem with birds eating chard in gardens, suggests using hoops and bird netting to protect the crop. Glisan: Partly cloudy skies in Kansas for solar eclipse Dan Fillius asks Justin Glisan about the expected soil moisture recharge in a normal year, given a record-breaking winter like last year's. Justin Glisan explains that even with a lot of precipitation, soil profiles can remain frozen at a certain depth unless the profile is thawing, and that wetter soils don't freeze as deep or as fast. Justin Glisan explains that a warmer winter due to El Niño could lead to more precipitation and increased soil moisture, potentially benefiting crops. Dan Fillius wonders if leaving the tarp off until it freezes could help lock in moisture and kill winter weeds, but Justin suggests that snow may not infiltrate well 

Summary   Iowa weather and frost potential Justin Glisan and Dan Fillius discuss the weather forecast for Iowa, with a freeze watch issued for northwestern Iowa. Row Crop farmers in northern Iowa may benefit from a killing freeze to kill off remaining green soybean leaves, but a frost of 32°F can also damage specialty crops. Freeze watch issued for northwest Iowa, with potential for frost damage to crops. Basil is particularly tender and can show damage at warmer temperatures, so covering or harvesting early is recommended. Sweet potatoes can take damage from frost, especially if the vines die and break down, so digging them up beforehand can help prevent damage. Dan Fillius explains how grading of produce, including sweet potatoes, has shifted towards smaller sizes due to changing consumer preferences. Unseasonably warm autumn weather in Iowa Unseasonally warm temperatures are expected in Iowa, with a slight chance of precipitation in the eastern part of the state. Des Moines area received little rain, with up to half an inch of rain in western Iowa. 1963: Unseasonably hot autumn weather in Iowa in 1963, with some stations setting or breaking temperature records. Growing winter vegetables in Iowa with tips for pest management Farmers are seeing faster growth in overwintering crops due to warm temperatures. Dan Fillius advises on timing for harvesting and replanting cool-season crops, and addresses pest management for aphids and voles. Dan Fillius discusses the challenges of growing sweet potatoes and squash, including damage from rodents. Fillius recommends using traps, nematodes, and other methods to control pest populations. Soil moisture, frost, and farming strategies Justin Glisan explains how dry soils freeze faster and deeper, with implications for spring thaw and infiltration of moisture. Dan Fillius asks questions and seeks more information on the topic, highlighting the importance of understanding dry soil conditions for farmers. Justin Glisan suggests covering soil with a tarp to retain moisture during winter, but Dan Fillius wonders if this prevents water recharge. Dan Fillius questions the effectiveness of using a tarp for recharge, given the dryness of the winter season

Summary Unseasonably cold weather in Iowa. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss Iowa weather history Unseasonably cold weather set records in Iowa in September, with temperatures falling to 15°F at Sheldon and Sibley. Weather forecast and drought conditions in Iowa. Fog is expected to form easily in central Iowa due to cooling temperatures at night, with possible rain chances in the next few days. Northeastern Iowa is experiencing exceptional drought, with a pocket of dry conditions along the Minnesota-Wisconsin border. Justin Glisan mentions that 5% of stations in Iowa received anywhere from 300% to 400% of normal precipitation, leading to the removal of a Drought Designation. Dan Fillius discusses the importance of irrigation for farmers in northeast Iowa, as the days are shortening and the growing season is limited. Spotted lantern fly infestation and Dan Fillius asks Justin Glisan about the potential spread of the spotted lantern fly from neighboring states, given its recent appearance in the South Chicago area. Justin Glisan is unsure of the migratory pattern of the spotted lantern fly, but notes that it is a concern for grape growers in the area. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the potential impact of the US government shutdown on National Weather Service forecasters and hydrologists, who are considered essential workers. Despite the shutdown, the forecasts and modeling will continue, and the National Weather Service employees will do their essential duties to protect life and property, even if they don't get paid for it until later. Field scouting for drought monitoring and historical climate data.  Justin Glisan describes his field scouting process, including matching up hydrological data with farmers' concerns to provide a more accurate drought picture. Glisan's field scouting helps him understand the longer-term implications of drought on crops and informs his work with the US Drought Monitor. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the importance of farmers' observations and written records in understanding long-term drought patterns and their impact on agriculture. Farmers' personal accounts and notes on barn doors and in sheds provide valuable insights into the history of drought in a particular area, offering a "climatology of their own farm." Weather patterns and farming practices. Justin Glisan discusses Amish farmer's folklore about the last three days of summer predicting winter weather. Justin and Dan discuss February weather patterns, with a focus on El Niño forecasts and recent snowfall history in certain areas.

What in the Weather? recording Summary Iowa weather history and tornado outbreak in 1894 Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the recent rainfall in Iowa, with Justin explaining how it was concentrated in the northern half of the state and led to widespread amounts, particularly in the southern half. Justin Glisan shares a historical event in Iowa, specifically a violent tornado outbreak in 1894 that killed 53 people and injured over 200, highlighting the importance of understanding severe weather patterns in the shoulder seasons. Weather forecast and seasonal outlook for Iowa Dan Fillius asks Justin Glisan about the weather forecast for the next 7 days, with potential for severe weather on Saturday and a chance of heavy rainfall over a shorter period of time. Justin Glisan provides an update on the October outlook, mentioning that the initial outlook was released yesterday morning and highlighting the potential for moisture in the soils and seeding cover crops. Glisan, Justin: October outlook shows equal chance of warmer temperatures in southern half of Iowa, with slightly elevated chance of wetter conditions in southern two thirds of Iowa. Initial outlook suggests shift towards wetter and possibly cooler conditions in Fall due to El Nino, with potential for more moisture in soil profiles and increased sensible heat. Weather forecasting and specialty crops Dan Fillius observes increased risk of anthracnose on peppers due to wet conditions. Temperatures have been near average in northern Iowa, with pockets below average and a slight warming trend over the past 30 days. Summer Glory Index and its ranking system Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' (DNR) summer glory index (SGI), which ranks summers based on temperature, dewpoint, and rainfall. Glisan and Dan discuss summer weather patterns in Iowa, focusing on July and August. Summer weather index and its impact on agriculture Justin Glisan: June was the wettest month climatologically for the state, with the 16th driest June on record. Dan Fillius: The overall summer was in the higher end of fine to mostly glorious, with a score of around 1700 Justin Glisan and Dan Fillius discuss the SGI index, which might be used as a proxy for drought years in the Midwest, particularly in Minnesota and Iowa. They also discuss the impact of dry, hot summers on human psychology and how it affects our mood and well-being.

Summary Iowa weather and drought conditions. Justin Glisan: Discusses recent weather events, including hurricanes in the tropics and their potential impact on Iowa. Dan Fillius: Asks Justin about drought records and spring flows in the driftless area, with a focus on the delay or lack of response to the current drought. Glisan, Justin: 1961 was the wettest September ever in southeastern Iowa, with some locations recording their highest precipitation modal totals of any month on record. Glisan, Justin: Ideally, need an inch of rain every week through the end of the year to break drought condition, with at least a quarter inch to half to three quarters of an inch expected in the next 7 days across western Iowa. El Nino, hurricane season, and weather forecasts. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the upcoming weather forecast for Iowa, with a focus on the potential for warmer temperatures and increased rain chances. They mention that farmers are eager for rain, but the dry conditions are not ideal for harvesting crops like pumpkins and squash. El Niño is expected to persist into 2024, with a top and moderate strong range, suggesting a wetter signal in the middle of meteorological fall. Atlantic sea surface temperatures are not acting like they typically do during strong El Niños, with a lack of wind shear in the environment, allowing hurricanes to develop and intensify more easily. Dan Fillius asks about a potential hurricane impacting the United States, and Justin Glisan explains the location and potential strength of a disturbance in the Atlantic. Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the drought conditions in the Driftless region of northeast Iowa, including the fact that spring flows are still flowing in the springs despite the drought. Justin Glisan highlights the contrasting drought impacts across Iowa, with Northeastern regions experiencing less severe effects due to aquifers and soil moisture recharge. Drought perspectives and records in Iowa. Drought is viewed through various lenses, including meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and ecological, with different indices used to measure each type of drought. Drought conditions in Iowa are worsening due to slow-moving disaster, with all indicators pointing towards dryness. Glisan, Justin: The current drought is the longest at 168 weeks, with widespread D1-D4 conditions across the state, but crop failure has been less severe than in previous droughts due to timely rainfalls and cooler temperatures. The Dust Bowl is the most devastating drought in US history, with year-after-year arid conditions in the 30s that led to changes in agricultural practices and a focus on preventing similar conditions in the future. Natural disasters, carrot disease, and crop health in Iowa.  Dan Fillius and Justin Glisan discuss the changing weather patterns and their impact on agriculture, with a focus on soil health and land stewardship. They mention the importance of cover crops and no-till farming in preserving soil quality and mitigating the effects of extreme weather events. Dan Fillius visited a small-scale grower in NE Iowa and observed that some carrots had a foliar disease, while a larger farm with 12 acres of carrots in SE MN did not have the same issue which is good since they harvest by machine. Tomato plants in southeast Minnesota looked great, while those in much of Iowa struggled with disease, highlighting the impact of soil and water conditions on crop health. Septoria leaf spot seen in tomatoes in Decorah